4232:
3651:
3179:
2333:, less than 6 times longer than tall. The cervicals gradually increase in size and proportional length, with the ninth cervical typically being the largest vertebra in the skeleton. In general structure, the elongated cervicals resemble the axial pleurocentrum. However, the axis also has a keel on its underside and an incomplete neural canal, unlike its immediate successors. In the rest of the cervicals, all but the front of each neural spine is so low that it is barely noticeable as a thin ridge. The zygapophyses are closely set and tightly connected between vertebrae. The epipophyses develop into hooked spurs. The cervicals are also compressed from the side, so they are taller than wide. Many specimens have a longitudinal lamina (ridge) on the side of each cervical. Ventral keels return to vertebrae in the rear half of the neck.
1893:
1882:
962:
1557:
1731:
2212:
1913:
5637:
1902:
5497:
4497:
4047:
3411:
2543:
2459:
6210:
5520:
4527:
3441:
2280:
2102:
5989:
2006:
11334:
1475:
2685:
2392:
115:
2124:(front lower component) is less specialized; it lies flat and tapers forwards to a blade-like cultriform process. The rear part of the bone has a deep triangular excavation (known as a median pharyngeal recess) on its underside, flanked by low crests and a pair of small basipterygoid processes (knobs connecting to the pterygoid). The remainder of the braincase is fully fused together into a strongly ossified composite bone, and its constituents must be estimated by comparison to other reptiles. The
137:
5762:
2291:
2172:
1546:
5567:
4631:
4128:
3493:
4255:
2662:
6058:
6198:
10693:
11650:
10678:
11321:
714:
10685:
11328:
3260:
2935:
4930:
4584:
4108:
3473:
4898:
4439:
4322:
3981:
3693:
3343:
3230:
5786:), which was bitten at cervical 5 and severed at cervical 7. The authors further suggested that since the decapitation occurred in the mid-section of the neck, this was likely an optimal target due to its distance from the head and the muscular base of the neck. While many contemporary marine reptiles were capable of attacking PIMUZ T 3901, only the largest predators of the Besano Formation could have attacked PIMUZ T 2819.
1742:
5035:
4393:
3841:
3297:
723:
2063:. The squamosal is deep and rectangular when viewed from the side, with little differentiation between the tall suture with the postorbital and the small suture with the quadratojugal. As a result, most of the posterior skull is clustered together, and the infratemporal fenestra is reduced to a small diagonal hole. The quadratojugal is a curved sliver of bone which twists back alongside the quadrate. Relative to
3732:
1768:(skull roof bones above the orbits) have been described as "axe-shaped flanges", projecting broad curved plates above each orbit. Together, the frontals are narrowest at the front, terminating at a three-lobed contact with the nasals. The sutures between the frontals and their neighboring bones are coarse and interdigitating (interlocking). A small triangular bone, the
5833:, which is found in some living lizards. The quadrate is also loosely connected to the pterygoid, and the quadratojugal fails to contact the jugal, two qualities which allow movement of the quadrate without hindrance. While streptostyly is possible in the reconstructed skull, it cannot be demonstrated whether it was actively used by the living animal.
1603:(bones at the top edge of the snout) are poorly known, but were likely narrow and flat. A 2020 reinvestigation revealed that the front part of the nasals and the inner spur of the premaxillae are too short to keep the nares divided. This leaves a single central narial opening for the nostrils, opening upwards. An undivided naris is seen in few other
2446:. The first few caudals are large, with closely interlinked zygapophyses and widely projecting pleurapophyses (a term for transverse processes lacking ribs). The length of the pleurapophyses decreases until they disappear between the eighth and thirteenth caudal. The height of the neural spines also decreases gradually down the tail. A row of long
2345:
dorsal (torso) vertebra. This was justified by its general stout shape and supposedly dichocephalous (two-headed) rib facets, unlike the cervicals. However, specimen GMPKU-P-1527 has shown that the 13th vertebra's rib simply has a single wide articulation and an unconnected forward branch, more similar to the cervical ribs than the dorsal ribs.
2383:(an increase in the overall number of presacral vertebrae during early development). Instead, their overall number of presacral vertebrae remains at a constant count of 25, the same as their shorter-necked ancestors. This would require a shift in regionalization, encouraging the development of new cervical vertebrae rather than dorsals.
2059:(upper skull holes behind the eye) are wide and semi-triangular, exposed almost entirely from above. The postorbital has large and blocky ventral and medial processes (lower and inward branches), which meet at a sharper angle than in any other early archosauromorph. The jugal, conversely, is basically indistinguishable from that of
5782:) is preserved up to cervical vertebra 10, which is splintered by punctures and scoring. The shape of the marks indicate that the neck was severed in two rapid bites by a predator attacking from above and behind. A similar predation attempt occurred against PIMUZ T 3901 (the Meride Limestone specimen of
6190:
was compressed vertically (from top-to-bottom) at the base and thinned towards the tip, so it would not have been useful as a fin for lateral (side-to-side) movement. The long neck and short front limbs shifted the center of mass back to the long hind limbs, which would have made four-limbed swimming
928:
specimens from Monte San
Giorgio have long been segregated into two morphotypes based on their tooth structure. Smaller specimens bear tricuspid teeth at the back of the jaw while larger specimens have a set of single-pointed fangs. The two morphotypes were originally considered to represent juvenile
6044:
likely stayed in shallow waters or on land, since its semicircular canals are much thinner than those of deep-diving seabirds. The anterior semicircular canal, which curves up and around the flocculus, is enlarged. The posterior semicircular canal (which slopes backwards and outwards from the brain)
5963:
A specimen described by
Renesto in 2005 displayed an unusual "black material" around the rear part of the body, with smaller patches at the middle of the back and tail. Although most of the material was amorphous, the portion just in front of the hip seemingly preserved scale impressions, indicating
2344:
The 12th cervical and its corresponding ribs, though still longer than tall, are notably shorter (from front-to-back) than their predecessors. The 12th cervical has a prominent neural spine and robust zygapophyses, also unlike its predecessors. The 13th vertebra has long been assumed to be the first
1973:
has a nearly vertical rear edge of the premaxilla, without a postnarial process. The maxilla is low, with a large and rectangular front portion. There is a perforation near the front of the bone, which would have been penetrated by the tenth dentary tooth when the mouth was closed. Towards the rear,
6092:
was lighter than previously suggested, and that the entire front half of the body was more lightly built than the more robust and muscular rear half. In addition to strengthening the hind limbs, the large hip and tail muscles would have shifted the animal's center of mass rearwards, stabilizing the
5950:
is around 1 cm (0.4 inches), for a neck 1.7 meters (5.6 feet) in length. During periods of high activity, the only lung structure capable of meeting oxygen needs is a multicameral lung (partitioned into multiple smaller chambers) with unidirectional air flow and infrequent breathing. This type
1075:
fossils, more than double the number collected from Monte San
Giorgio. Though the Miedary specimens are individually limited to isolated postcranial bones, they are preserved in three dimensions and show great potential for elucidating the morphology of the genus. The Miedary locality represents an
5925:
volume, which imposes a biological limitation on breathing. Every time the animal inhales, a significant portion of oxygenated air (so-called dead space volume) fails to pass fully through the trachea and reach the lungs. Many long-necked animals have adaptations meant to overcome this limitation.
2340:
via facets at their front lower corner. Each cervical rib bears a short stalk connecting to two spurs running under and parallel to the vertebrae. The forward-projecting spurs were short and stubby, while the rear-projecting spurs were extremely narrow and elongated, up to three times longer than
6032:(inner ear canals). A large flocculus may relate to greater head and eye stabilization, though evidence is inconclusive. Long-necked sauropods show a reduction of the flocculus and there is no clear correlation between flocculus size and function in modern mammals and birds. Like other reptiles,
2378:
acquired four additional elongated cervicals in the front half of the neck, in addition to a stout vertebra which shifted from the dorsal series into the base of the neck, transforming into the 13th cervical. Tanystropheids are unusual among reptiles in that they acquire their long necks without
3569:
and close to the base of
Archosauromorpha. These results have driven paleontologists to the conclusion that "Protorosauria" / "Prolacertiformes" is not a natural monophyletic clade and fails to adequately describe the structure of Archosauromorpha. In the modern cladistic framework, it could be
663:
is unknown from drier environments and its neck is rather stiff and ungainly, suggesting a reliance on water. Conversely, the limbs and tail lack most adaptations for swimming and closely resemble their equivalents in terrestrial reptiles. Recent studies have supported an intermediate position,
2186:
with an interdigitating suture. The front end of the dentary hosts a prominent keel on its lower edge, a unique trait of the species. There are at least 18 dentary teeth; the first three are by far the largest teeth in the skull, forming the lower half of the interlocking "fish trap" with the
6263:
cannot be disregarded as a potential swimming style; vertebrae near the hips have extended transverse processes, which are associated with powerful undulating tail muscles in reptiles such as crocodilians. Tail movements may be more effective for swimming than paddling or thrusting with the
1831:
bone. The dentary is downturned at its tip and its outer surface is dotted with a row of prominent foramina (blood vessel pits). There are up to 19 teeth in the dentary. Most commonly, the first six teeth are prominent conical fangs, akin to the premaxilla, while the remainder are small and
3026:
were always placed as members of
Archosauromorpha, closer to archosaurs than to squamates. "Protorosauria" and "Prolacertiformes" were used interchangeably for the archosauromorph subgroup encompassing these superficially lizard-like reptiles. Some authors preferred "Protorosauria" for its
6101:) were the driving force behind neck movement instead. The zygapophyses of the neck overlap horizontally, which would have limited lateral movement. The elongated cervical ribs would have formed a brace along the underside of the neck. They may have played a similar role to the
5821:, the connection between the quadrate and squamosal is loose, with the upper extremity of the quadrate hooking into a deep concavity on the squamosal. This would have enabled a degree of flexibility along the quadrate-squamosal contact, allowing the quadrate to swivel around an
1864:
species with known skull material, both the articular and prearticular contribute equally to a segment of the jaw extending back beyond the level of the jaw joint. This projection, known as a retroarticular process, is enlarged to a similar degree to that of early rhynchosaurs.
2643:(outermost) is very stout and subtly hooked, slotting into the ankle along a smooth joint. The estimated phalangeal formula (joints per toe) is 2-3-4-5-4. The first phalange of the fifth toe was very long, filling a metatarsal-like role as seen in other tanystropheids.
1974:
the maxilla develops a concave edge overlooking a long and slender posterior process (rear branch) that projects under the rounded orbit. There are 15 teeth in the maxilla, increasing in size up to the eighth tooth, which is about as large as the premaxillary fangs.
6251:
tracks seem to represent a succession of paired sprawling footprints from the hind limbs, without any hand prints. These tracks may have been created by the same form of movement which
Renesto and Saller (2018) hypothesized as the preferred method of swimming in
2152:, which extensively contacts the parabasisphenoid and hosts a range of larger nerve foramina. The prootic forms much of the front edge of the paroccipital process, akin to the condition in archosauriforms. Another archosauriform-like feature is the presence of a
6081:(1973/1974, 1980) argued that it was an active terrestrial predator, keeping its head held high with an S-shaped flexion. Though this interpretation is not wholly consistent with its proposed neck biomechanics, more recent arguments have supported the idea that
6225:
was adapted for an unusual style of swimming. They noted that, based on reconstructions of muscle mass, the hind limbs would have been quite flexible and powerful according to muscle correlations on the legs, pelvis, and tail vertebrae. Their proposal was that
1682:, a bone with a slender anterior process (front branch) and a somewhat broader dorsal process (upper branch). There is also a very short pointed posterior process (rear branch) which ends freely and fails to contact any other bone. The shape of the jugal in
933:, though many studies have supported the hypothesis that they represent separate species. A 2020 study found numerous differences between the skulls of large and small specimens, formalizing the proposal to divide the two into separate species. Moreover, a
2577:
Two pairs of large, curved bones, known as heterotopic ossifications or postcloacal bones, sit behind the hips in about half of known specimens preserving the area. They occupy the base of the tail, a region which lacks chevrons. These bones are possibly
2478:, a plate-like bone at the center of the chest with a rhombic (broad, diamond-shaped) front region followed by a long stalk at the rear. The interclavicle is rarely preserved and its connections to the rest of the pectoral girdle are mostly inferred from
6174:
lacked the musculature to raise its neck above the ground, and that it was probably completely aquatic, swimming by undulating its body and tail side-to-side like a snake or crocodile. This interpretation has been contradicted by later studies, although
5686:) are noted to possess tricuspid teeth at the back of the jaw. This shape is unorthodox and uncommon among extinct or living reptiles. Wild (1973/1974) considered these three-cusped teeth to be an adaptation for gripping insects. Cox (1985) noted that
1528:
individual of that length, the weight estimate varied between 32.9 kg (72.5 lbs) and 74.8 kg (164.9 lbs), depending on the volume estimation method. This was significantly lighter than crocodiles of the same length, and more similar to large lizards.
1819:
bones are also supplied with rows of teeth: up to six relatively large teeth in the former and at least 12 small teeth in the latter. Teeth on the vomers, palatines, and pterygoids are the norm for early archosauromorphs and reptiles as a whole.
7274:
Skawiński, Tomasz; Ziegler, Maciej; Czepiński, Łukasz; Szermański, Marcin; Tałanda, Mateusz; Surmik, Dawid; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz (2017-05-19). "A re-evaluation of the historical 'dinosaur' remains from the Middle-Upper
Triassic of Poland".
2830:
developed from the groundwork set by Peyer. Both hypotheses were justified by patterns of skull fenestration (the shape of holes in the skull behind the eye) and cranial kinesis (the flexibility of joints within the skull). One idea was that
6105:
of many large dinosaurs, transmitting forces from the weight of the head and neck down to the pectoral girdle, as well as providing passive support by limiting dorsoventral (vertical) flexion. Unlike ossified tendons, the cervical ribs of
5887:, smoothing out and strengthening that part of the bone as the animal grows. There is no evidence for woven-fibered bone, a type of uneven fast-developing texture apparent in many archosauromorphs, including other "protorosaurs" like
2529:
III and IV, while the much smaller inner distal carpal connects to metacarpals II and III. Metacarpals III and IV are the largest bones in the hand, followed closely by metacarpal II. Metacarpals I and V are both short. The hand's
8163:"Osteology of a New Specimen of Macrocnemus aff. M. fuyuanensis (Archosauromorpha, Protorosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Europe: Potential Implications for Species Recognition and Paleogeography of Tanystropheid Protorosaurs"
2623:, which meet each other along a straight or shallowly indented contact in most specimens. Like most non-aquatic reptiles, a set of small pebble-shaped distal tarsals are present between the proximal tarsals and the foot bones.
1982:, a neomorphic bone at the rear tip of the naris in some reptiles. The nasals are broad and plate-like, with a depressed central portion. The lacrimal and prefrontal, though incompletely known, were likely similar to those of
6045:
is smaller, as is the lateral semicircular canal (which arches outwards). The lateral semicircular canal is nearly horizontal in orientation, which possibly relates to a horizontal head posture. There is also a long straight
835:
to be recognised as a non-flying reptile, more than 40 years after its original description. Its supposed elongated finger bones were recognized as neck vertebrae, which compared favorably with those previously described as
6191:
inefficient and unstable if that was the preferred form of locomotion. He additionally claimed that thrusting with only the hind limbs, as in swimming frogs, was an inefficient form of locomotion for a large animal such as
4743:
A set of phylogenetic analyses by
Spiekman et al. (2021) attempted to tackle the question of "protorosaur" relationships using an expanded and updated sample of archosauromorph species described over the past few decades.
1780:, the parietals are fairly broad and flat, with a shallowly concave outer edge. Like the frontals, the paired parietals are seemingly separate bones, unfused to each other in every member of the species. A large hole, the
1784:(sometimes called the parietal foramen), is present at the midline of the skull between the front part of each parietal. When seen from below, a pair of curved crests along the frontals and parietals mark the edge of the
2090:, even the palatines and pterygoids, which bear tooth rows in most early archosauromorphs. The pterygoids are also unusual for their broad palatal ramus (front plate) and a loose, strongly overlapping connection to the
5705:
The most likely function of tricuspid teeth, as explained by
Nosotti (2007), was that they assisted the piscivorous diet of the reptile by helping to grip slippery prey such as fish or squid. Several modern species of
2199:. In addition, the rear of the dentary overlaps a large portion of the surangular, rather than the surangular acting as the overlapping bone where they meet. The surangular internally bears a large fossa for the jaw's
9728:
6230:
made use of a specialized mode of underwater movement: extending the hind limbs forward and then simultaneously retracting them, creating a powerful 'jump' forward. Further support for this hypothesis is based on the
1832:
tricuspid, akin to the maxilla. There is some variation in the number of each tooth shape, and some individuals may have up to 11 conical teeth. The inner surface of the dentary is joined by a splint-shaped bone, the
4770:, and GMPKU P1527 always formed a clade, though the latter two were excluded from some analyses as "wildcards". Under some settings (but not the most stable analysis), another tanystropheid was added to this clade:
5773:
While long necks were a successful evolutionary strategy for many marine reptile clades during the
Mesozoic, they also increased the animals' vulnerability to predation. Spiekman and Mujal (2023) investigated two
6133:. Renesto (2005) supported this type of lifestyle as well. A later published estimate argued that the neck comprised about 30 to 43% of the body mass. Terrestrial or semi-terrestrial habits are supported by
9546:"Late Triassic tanystropheids (Reptilia, Archosauromorpha) from northern New Mexico (Petrified Forest Member, Chinle Formation) and the biogeography, functional morphology, and evolution of Tanystropheidae"
6141:
specimens preserved at Monte San Giorgio have high completeness (most bones are present in an average fossil) but variable articulation (bones are not always preserved in life position). This is similar to
1379:. The Wolfville Formation spans the Anisian to Carnian stages, and the Economy Member is likely Middle Triassic (Anisian-Ladinian) in age. It is a rare example of predominantly freshwater strata preserving
1678:. The prefrontal is tall and projects a low vertical ridge in front of the orbit. The small, sliver-shaped lacrimal is nestled further down along the maxilla. The lower edge of the orbit is formed by the
1636:
dentition, meaning that it had more than one type of tooth shape. In contrast to the simple fang-like premaxillary teeth, most or all of the maxillary teeth have a distinctive tricuspid shape, with the
3007:, leads to archosaurs. Cladistics was one of many lines of evidence that helped to demonstrate the dinosaurian origin of birds. This left crocodilians and birds as the two surviving archosaur groups.
2442:
are low but robust, bridging over to the hip with expanded sacral ribs. The latter sacral rib is a single unit without a bifurcated structure. The tail is long, with at least 30 and possible up to 50
1925:. Digital reconstruction in lateral views (top); dorsal, ventral, and occipital views (left middle); line diagram in left lateral, dorsal, and ventral views (right middle); 3D printed model (bottom).
937:
investigation revealed that one small specimen, PIMUZ T 1277, was a skeletally mature adult at a length of only 1.5 meters (4.9 ft). The larger one-cusped morphotype was named as a new species,
8624:
Wild, R. 1973. Tanystropheus longbardicus (Bassani) (Neue Egerbnisse). in Kuhn-Schnyder, E., Peyer, B. (eds) — Triasfauna der Tessiner Kalkalpen XXIII. Schweiz. Paleont. Abh. Vol. 95 Basel, Germany.
1706:, which forms the rear edge of the skull and upper half of the jaw joint, is wide and tall. It has a strong lateral crest and a low pterygoid ramus (a vertical internal plate, articulating with the
859:
fossils continue to be recovered from Monte San Giorgio up to the present day. Fossils from the mountain are primarily stored at the rebuilt Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano (MSNM), the
3031:. Most others used "Prolacertiformes" arguing that "Protorosauria" was a name that carried too much historical baggage, since it had previously encompassed non-archosauromorph "euryapsids" like
1324:. Although the postcrania is complete and indistinguishable from the fossils of Monte San Giorgio, no skull material is preserved, and their younger age precludes unambiguous placement into any
2187:
premaxilla. Most other teeth in the dentary are small, with the exception of the tenth tooth, which juts up to pierce the maxilla. The remainder of the jaw contains the same set of bones as in
672:, so it would not been a fatal hindrance to terrestrial locomotion. The hindlimbs and the base of the tail were large and muscular, capable of short bursts of active swimming in shallow water.
6301:, using its long neck to stealthily approach schools of fish or squid while keeping its large body undetected. Upon selecting a suitable prey item, it would dash forwards or snap to the side.
2726:'s discoveries in the 1920s and 1930s, but its relationship to other reptiles remained enigmatic for much of the 20th century. Most paleontologists (including modern authorities) agree that
2074:
has several unique traits. The vomers are wide and tongue-shaped, each hosting a single row of 15 relatively large curved teeth along the outer edge of the bone, adjacent to the elongated
1628:
The maxilla is triangular, reaching its maximum height at mid-length and tapering to the front and rear. There are up to 14 or 15 teeth in the maxilla, though some individuals have fewer.
860:
6339:"Making Sense of 'One of the Most Baffling Animals That Ever Lived' - Important mysteries have been solved about a reptile with a giraffe-like neck that hunted prey 242 million years ago"
2983:
were invented to evaluate reptile evolution in a quantitative manner, by collecting a set of characteristics in sampled species and then using computational models to find the simplest (
1595:(the succeeding toothed bone) along a long, slanted contact. This shape is produced by an elongated postnarial process (rear prong) of the premaxilla, which extends below and behind the
2148:, a bone which transmits vibrations from the ear to the braincase, is slender and splits into two small prongs where it contacts the opisthotic. The opisthotic merges forwards into the
6283:
have large undivided nares positioned on the upper surface of the snout, a location consistent with this lifestyle in other animals. In addition, the femur density approaches that of
2987:) path evolution could take to produce that character distribution. Cladistics stabilized and defined a fundamental split in the family tree of reptiles: one side of the family tree,
6305:
was particularly well-suited for lateral biting, thanks to its low skull and procumbent fangs. A methodical and intermittent approach to underwater hunting would be appropriate for
5964:
that the black material was the remnants of soft tissue. The scales seem to be semi-rectangular and do not overlap with each other, similar to the integument reported in a juvenile
4763:
characters and character state ordering, while the other included these settings. In some analyses, "wildcard" taxa with inconsistent positions were excluded to improve resolution.
5745:) lack three-cusped teeth, instead possessing typical conical fangs along the entire rim of the mouth. This difference in dentition indicates a degree of niche partitioning, with
483:
archosauromorphs, known from numerous fossils, including nearly complete skeletons. Some species within the genus may have reached a total length of 6 meters (20 ft), making
2116:(rear lower component of the braincase) was small, with inset basitubera (vertical plates connecting to neck muscles) linked by a transverse ridge, similar to allokotosaurs and
6162:
would have housed powerful tendons and ligaments that would have made the body more stiff, keeping the belly off the ground and preventing the neck from pulling the body over.
2785:
In the early and mid-20th century, it was commonplace for Permian and Triassic reptiles of uncertain affinity to intermingle together in classification schemes. Names such as "
1852:, is well-exposed under the dentary and surangular, though sutures between these bones are difficult to interpret with certainty. The joint at the back of the jaw lies on the
6870:"Tanystropheus longobardicus (Reptilia Protorosauria): Re-interpretations of the anatomy based on new specimens from the Middle Triassic of Besano (Lombardy, northern Italy)"
1718:, a bone which normally lies along the quadrate at the rear lower corner of the skull. Nevertheless, a quadratojugal was likely present in the species, since it occurs in
1457:
7387:"A new phylogenetic hypothesis of Tanystropheidae (Diapsida, Archosauromorpha) and other "protorosaurs", and its implications for the early evolution of stem archosaurs"
2588:. Heterotopic ossifications may be linked to reproductive biology, supporting reproductive organs (if they belong to males) or an egg pouch (if they belong to females).
4838:
The following cladogram is a simplified representation of the most stable analysis preferred by Spiekman et al. (2021), analysis 4. In this particular analysis, ratio (
1957:. All teeth in the skull have a single cusp which is sharp, curved, and unserrated. They have an oval-shaped cross section and shallow subthecodont implantation. Like
7867:
de Souza, Ray Brasil Bueno; Klein, Wilfried (2022-11-04). "Modeling of the respiratory system of the long-necked Triassic reptile Tanystropheus (Archosauromorpha)".
2501:(upper arm bone) is straight and slightly constricted at the middle. Near the elbow it is expanded and twisted, with an ectepicondylar groove on its outer edge. The
11844:
2423:
s dorsals are smaller and less specialized than the cervicals. Though their neural spines are taller than those of the cervicals, they are still rather short. The
2255:(second cervical) is larger, with a small axial intercentrum followed by a much larger axial pleurocentrum. The axial pleurocentrum is longer than tall, has a low
2247:, which slots between the atlas and skull in some other reptiles. The intercentrum and pleurocentrum are not fused to each other, unlike the single-part atlas of
5976:. These chemicals suggest that the black material was formed as a product of the specimen's proteins decaying in a warm, stagnant, and acidic environment. As in
2525:, and two distal carpals. The ulnare and radiale are large and cuboid, enclosing a small foramen (gap) between them. The larger outer distal carpal connects to
1317:, as described by Li (2007) and Rieppel (2010). They are also among the youngest and easternmost fossils in the genus, hailing from the upper Ladinian or lower
2137:
6097:
has low neural spines, a condition which posits that its epaxial musculature was underdeveloped. This would suggest that intrinsic back muscles (such as the
2596:
2025:. This shape may have resulted from fusion between the parietals' anterolateral processes (front branches) and the postfrontals, which are separate bones in
1587:(the toothed bone at the tip of the snout) has a long tooth row, with six teeth. The premaxillary teeth are conical, fluted by longitudinal ridges, and have
467:
in Europe, Asia, and North America. It is recognisable by its extremely elongated neck, longer than the torso and tail combined. The neck was composed of 13
7475:
5879:. This corresponds to slow and sturdy bone accumulation. Lamellar deposition is characteristic of the cervical ribs and the upper part of the vertebra, and
3581:
category of archosauromorphs united by "primitive" characteristics (such as a slender neck and lizard-like body) rather than a shared evolutionary history.
7662:
7176:
Spiekman, Stephan N. F.; Neenan, James M.; Fraser, Nicholas C.; Fernandez, Vincent; Rieppel, Olivier; Nosotti, Stefania; Scheyer, Torsten M. (2020-11-20).
6981:
Spiekman, Stephan N. F.; Neenan, James M.; Fraser, Nicholas C.; Fernandez, Vincent; Rieppel, Olivier; Nosotti, Stefania; Scheyer, Torsten M. (2020-08-06).
2852:
1994:, a tubular channel opening out of the rear of the lacrimal. The frontals are quite wide and form much of the upper edge of the orbit, a condition akin to
7767:"A long-necked tanystropheid from the Middle Triassic Moenkopi Formation (Anisian) provides insights into the ecology and biogeography of tanystropheids"
7598:
1857:
7663:"Stratigraphic and temporal context and faunal diversity of Permian-Jurassic continental tetrapod assemblages from the Fundy rift basin, eastern Canada"
1663:
have tricuspid teeth along their entire maxilla, while in others up to seven maxillary teeth are single-cusped fangs similar to the premaxillary teeth.
883:
848:
and its anatomy was revised into a long-necked, non-pterosaur reptile. Specimen PIMUZ T 2791, which was discovered in 1929, has been designated as the
8037:"Extreme neck elongation evolved despite strong developmental constraints in bizarre Triassic reptiles—implications for neck modularity in archosaurs"
5778:
fossils (PIMUZ T 2819 and PIMUZ T 3901), each consisting solely of a skull attached to an articulated partial neck. PIMUZ T 2819 (a large specimen of
6154:(which was fully aquatic). Renesto and Franco Saller's 2018 follow-up to Renesto (2005) offered more information on the reconstructed musculature of
2571:
2570:(lower rear hip blade) converges towards the pubis, but does not contact it. The large oval-shaped gap between the pubis and ischium is known as the
1645:(points). The cusps are arranged in a line from front-to-back, with the central cusp larger than the other two cusps. Among Triassic reptiles, early
2522:
2153:
1340:
8949:
11743:
5980:, the concentration of this material at the base of the tail suggests that the specimen had a quite noticeable amount of muscle behind its hips.
5955:'s lung capacity was too small for frequent activity or life at higher altitudes. This supports its proposed ecology as coastal ambush predator.
2240:
2091:
2851:. This hypothesis was supported up until the 1980s by German and Swiss paleontologists, including Rupert Wild, and Peyer's successor at Zürich,
2627:
has a reduced number of distal tarsals: only a small fourth distal tarsal and a minuscule third distal tarsal. There are five closely appressed
1836:, at its lower edge. The splenial was most likely not visible in lateral view. At its rear, the dentary seems to be partially overlapped by the
2236:
1979:
1588:
2251:. The tiny crescent-shaped intercentrum is overlain by a semicircular pleurocentrum, which acts as a base to the backswept neural arches. The
871:
reviewed and redescribed all specimens known at the time via several large monographs in 1973/4 and 1980. In 2005, Silvio Renesto described a
6078:
868:
1694:, which links the jugal to the top of the skull, was tall and roughly boomerang-shaped, though poor preservation obscures some details. The
1520:
species, the animal was lightly built. One mass estimate used crocodiles as a density guideline for a 3.6 meter (11.8 feet)-long model of a
769:
border, revealed a fragmentary fossil of an animal with three-cusped (tricuspid) teeth and elongated bones. Monte San Giorgio preserves the
5822:
2133:
1217:. However, these fossils were later determined to be tail vertebrae belonging to theropod dinosaurs, which were named under the new genus
5946:
predictions based on modern reptiles. In a compromise between energy usage and minimizing dead space volume, the ideal trachea width for
3127:
is from Dilkes (1998), a study with a small sample of "prolacertiforms" but closer resemblance to most analyses of the 2000s and 2010s:
3074:
clade in many analyses of the 1980s and 1990s. Within Archosauromorpha, "prolacertiforms" are joined by several other groups. The clade
1145:
fossils are easily distinguishable, and it is currently considered a valid species of archosauromorph, though its referral to the genus
11794:
9996:
9975:
9599:
Spiekman, Stephan N. F.; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Rytel, Adam; Wang, Wei; Mujal, Eudald; Buchwitz, Michael; Schoch, Rainer R. (2024-03-15).
2886:
In 1975, a paper by South African paleontologist C.E. Gow argued that none of these hypotheses were entirely correct. He proposed that
9852:
Tschanz, K. 1988. Allometry and Heterochrony in the Growth of the Neck of Triassic Prolacertiform Reptiles. Paleontology. 31:997–1011.
9393:"A bird-like skull in a Triassic diapsid reptile increases heterogeneity of the morphological and phylogenetic radiation of Diapsida"
2954:
archosauromorphs. Many studies from the 1970s to 1990s referred to long-necked basal archosauromorphs as "prolacertiforms" (namesake
2736:, a smaller and less specialized reptile found in the same geological strata. Beyond this conclusion, Peyer initially suggested that
2149:
805:
610:
was recovered from primarily freshwater sediments. The youngest fossils in the genus are a pair of well-preserved skeletons from the
11730:
9811:
Beardmore, S.R.; Furrer, H. (2017). "Land or water: using taphonomic models to determine the lifestyle of the Triassic protorosaur
5972:. Many small spherical structures are also present in this portion, which upon further preparation were revealed to be composed of
2105:
Digital reconstruction of the braincase of PIMUZ T 2790. Basioccipital (blue), parabasisphenoid (red), and composite bone (yellow).
831:
in the late 1920s and 1930s revealed many more complete fossils of the species from Monte San Giorgio. Peyer's discoveries allowed
8341:"The phylogenetic relationships of basal archosauromorphs, with an emphasis on the systematics of proterosuchian archosauriforms"
9729:"Skin remains in a juvenile Macrocnemus bassanii Nopsca (Reptilia, Prolacertiformes) from the Middle Triassic of Northern Italy"
8094:
De-Oliveira, Tiane M.; Pinheiro, Felipe L.; Da-Rosa, Átila Augusto Stock; Dias-Da-Silva, Sérgio; Kerber, Leonardo (2020-04-08).
7987:"The relationship between diet and tooth complexity in living dentigerous saurians: MELSTROM-SAURIAN DENTAL COMPLEXITY AND DIET"
2595:(thigh bone) is long, slender, and sigmoid (curved at both ends). It has a longitudinal muscle crest for muscle attachment (the
567:. These two species were formally differentiated in 2020 primarily on the basis of their strongly divergent skull anatomy. When
11849:
11839:
9295:
Nesbitt, S.J.; Flynn, J.J.; Pritchard, A.C.; Parrish, M.J.; Ranivoharimanana, L.; Wyss, A.R. (2015). "Postcranial osteology of
7550:"Tanystropheus and other archosauromorph reptile remains from the Middle and Late Triassic of Villány (Villány Hills, Hungary)"
6117:
estimated that the neck made up only 20% of the entire animal's mass, due to its light and hollow vertebrae. By comparison, in
4231:
3650:
3178:
5883:
are abundant in the cervical ribs and postcloacal bones. The upper part of the vertebra is subject to remodeling by secondary
9523:
9095:
6479:
1998:. However, the paired frontals meet along a straight suture with a low ridge on the lower (internal) surface, in contrast to
1939:. The first five of six teeth in the premaxilla are very large and fang-like, forming an interlocking "fish trap" similar to
8219:"Bone histology of the Middle Triassic long-necked reptiles Tanystropheus and Macrocnemus (Archosauromorpha, Protorosauria)"
6404:
Rieppel, Olivier; Jiang, Da-Yong; Fraser, Nicholas C.; Hao, Wei-Cheng; Motani, Ryosuke; Sun, Yuan-Lin; Sun, Zuo-Yu (2010). "
6110:
are dense and fully ossified throughout the animal's lifetime, so its neck was even more inflexible than that of dinosaurs.
4842:) characters are included, certain characters are ordered, and five wildcard taxa are excluded before running the analysis:
11814:
6125:, which were clearly large terrestrial predators, the neck and head made up almost 50% of their mass. Witton proposed that
2243:(large lower component), and a pair of atlantal neural arches (prong-like upper components). There does not appear to be a
9083:
9021:
2358:, which achieve a long neck by the addition of numerous cervicals, for a total cervical count exceeding 30. Nevertheless,
11789:
9787:
9762:
4207:
The following cladogram is from Ezcurra (2016), a study focused generally on archosauromorphs and early archosauriforms:
2033:. A prominent pineal foramen is positioned near the straight contact with the frontals, one of the few similarities with
1892:
744:
9788:"Mark Witton.com Blog: The lifestyle of Tanystropheus, part 2: coastal fisher or first-day-on-the-job aquatic predator?"
11809:
9920:
7765:
Formoso, Kiersten K.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Pritchard, Adam C.; Stocker, Michelle R.; Parker, William G. (2019-11-21).
4814:, was an unpredictable "wildcard", sometimes placed within Dinocephalosauridae and other times within Tanystropheidae.
2435:
extend along the belly, each gastral element represented by a pair of segmented rods which intermingle at the midline.
7766:
7239:
Czepiński, Łukasz; Pawlak, Wojciech; Rytel, Adam; Tałanda, Mateusz; Szczygielski, Tomasz; Sulej, Tomasz (2023-10-27).
6073:
is controversial, with different studies favoring a terrestrial or aquatic lifestyle for the animal. Major studies on
5718:, also have multi-cusped teeth which assist their diet to a similar effect. Similar teeth have also been found in the
2341:
their respective vertebrae. This bundle of rod-like bones running along the neck afforded a large degree of rigidity.
1807:. The scant available evidence suggests that these regions of the skull are rather unspecialized in this species. The
1591:
implantation, meaning that the inner wall of each tooth socket is lower than the outer wall. The premaxilla meets the
668:
as an animal equally capable on land and in the water. Despite its length, the neck was lightweight and stabilized by
8410:
6471:
2984:
1023:
224:
5667:(fish-eating) reptile. The teeth at the front of the snout are long, conical, and interlocking, similar to those of
2591:
The hindlimbs are significantly larger than the forelimbs, though similar in overall structure and proportions. The
875:
specimen from Switzerland which preserved the impressions of skin and other soft tissue. Five new MSNM specimens of
9142:"A new prolacertiform diapsid from the Triassic of North Africa and the interrelationships of the Prolacertiformes"
3561:
in a position close to archosauriforms and away from other "prolacertiforms". In addition, a 2009 redescription of
2352:'s neck is mostly a consequence of particular vertebrae lengthening. This is a contrast to trachelosaurids such as
813:
8876:"A new aquatic Eosuchian from the Newark Supergroup (Late Triassic–Early Jurassic) of North Carolina and Virginia"
8274:"A new aquatic Eosuchian from the Newark Supergroup (Late Triassic–Early Jurassic) of North Carolina and Virginia"
6893:"A re-evaluation of two species of Tanystropheus (Diapsida, Protorosauria), from Monte San Giorgio, southern Alps"
2875:. Some publications from the mid-20th century argued that "protorosaurs" were "euryapsids" (reptiles with only an
2534:
formula (joints per finger) is 2-3-4-4-3. The terminal phalanges (fingertips) may have formed thick, blunt claws.
1516:
was significantly smaller, with an absolute maximum size of two meters (6.6 feet). Despite the large size of some
11834:
9299:(?Middle to Upper Triassic, Isalo Group, Madagascar) and its systematic position among stem archosaur reptiles".
2086:
included, have restricted vomers with rows of minuscule teeth. The rest of the palate is completely toothless in
980:
specimens to be described were found in the mid-19th century. They included eight large vertebrae from the Upper
7827:; Rieppel, O. (2006). "A new protorosaur (Diapsida) from the Upper Buntsandstein of the Black Forest, Germany".
7712:"Diverse assemblage of Middle Triassic continental tetrapods from the Newark Supergroup of Nova Scotia (Canada)"
7693:
7632:"TANYSTROPHEUS (ARCHOSAUROMORPHA, PROLACERTIFORMES) REMAINS FROM THE TRIASSIC OF THE NORTHERN FRIULI (NE ITALY)"
6186:
lacked clear adaptations for underwater swimming to the same degree as most other aquatic reptiles. The tail of
9968:
6491:
2922:-like species, were described in the 1970s, not long after the field of paleontology was reinvigorated by the "
7840:
7613:
5871:
had a fairly slow growth rate. The femur, cervical vertebrae, cervical ribs, and postcloacal bones all have a
2235:(first cervical), which connects to the skull, is a small, four-part bone complex. It consists of an atlantal
11829:
9544:
Pritchard, Adam C.; Turner, Alan H.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Irmis, Randall B.; Smith, Nathan D. (2015-03-04).
6645:
5992:
Digital endocast of PIMUZ T 2790, showing the brain cavity (blue), inner ear (red), and nerve canals (yellow)
3010:
A series of phylogenetic analyses in the late 1980s and 1990s strongly supported the proposal of Gow (1975).
2486:(upper shoulder blade) has the form of a large semicircular plate on a short, broad stalk. It lies above the
2231:, most of which are massive, though the two closest to the head are smaller and less strongly developed. The
1686:
is typical for early archosauromorphs; the underdeveloped posterior process indicates that the margin of the
2168:, which were presumably fused together as a continuous surface sloping smoothly down to the foramen magnum.
1702:, and many supposed squamosal fossils in the species have been reinterpreted as displaced postorbitals. The
879:
were described by Stefania Nosotti in 2007, allowing for a more comprehensive view of the species' anatomy.
8096:"A new archosauromorph from South America provides insights on the early diversification of tanystropheids"
6338:
5679:
tentacles have been found in the stomach region of some specimens, further support for a piscivorous diet.
3552:
1278:
fossil to be discovered, the vertebra is now lost, and surviving jaw fragments and other fossil scraps of "
1239:, in 2001. However, this species may be dubious due to the difficulty of distinguishing its vertebrae from
513:
contains at least two valid species as well as fossils which cannot be referred to a specific species. The
11333:
7599:"A juvenile Tanystropheus sp. (Protorosauria, Tanystropheidae) from the Middle Triassic of Guizhou, China"
6049:
extending outwards, and a long cochlear duct typically indicates good hearing ability in living reptiles.
5844:. These hyobranchials are very slender and disarticulated, without a bony corpus (thickened "body" of the
2611:(shin bones) are straight, with the former much thicker and more expanded at the knee. The large proximal
1387:-like tanystropheid fossils are known from another freshwater formation in North America: the Anisian-age
136:
6983:"Aquatic Habits and Niche Partitioning in the Extraordinarily Long-Necked Triassic Reptile Tanystropheus"
5968:
described in 2002. The portion of the material at the base of the tail is particularly thick and rich in
3626:
The following cladogram is from Pritchard et al. (2015), a study focused specifically on tanystropheids:
2554:(hip) are proportionally small, though their shape is unremarkable relative to other tanystropheids. The
9763:"Mark Witton.com Blog: The lifestyle of Tanystropheus, part 1: was that neck too heavy for use on land?"
1512:
was around the same size, with the largest specimens at an estimated length of 5.25 meters (17.2 feet).
8536:
Parrington, F.R. (1935-08-01). "XVI.—On Prolacerta broomi, gen. et sp. n., and the origin of lizards".
7329:
Sennikov, A. G. (2011). "New tanystropheids (Reptilia: Archosauromorpha) from the Triassic of Europe".
5675:. This was likely an adaptation for catching aquatic prey. Additionally, fish scales and hooklets from
2203:(vertical biting) muscles, and a prominent surangular foramen is positioned in front of the jaw joint.
2195:. For example, the splenial is plate-like and covers a larger portion of the internal dentary than in
687:
is supplied with three-cusped teeth suited for holding onto slippery prey, while the broader skull of
11824:
11653:
9961:
8218:
7711:
7240:
6892:
5788:
2427:
are double-headed close to the shoulder and single-headed in the rest of the torso, sitting on stout
1881:
1811:(front components of the palate) are narrow and dotted with at least nine tiny teeth. The succeeding
1791:
The eye was supported by more than 10 rectangular ossicles (tiny plate-like bones) connecting into a
9655:
Scheyer et al. (2014): Early Triassic Marine Biotic Recovery: The Predators' Perspective. PLoS ONE
9240:
961:
882:
A small but well-preserved skull and neck, specimen PIMUZ T 3901, was found in the slightly younger
11804:
11252:
11143:
10677:
10627:
9545:
1267:(Lettenkeuper) of Germany was described in 1846 as one of several fossils gathered under the name "
6874:
Memorie della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano
6309:, considering its lack of adaptations for an exclusively aquatic life. It was likely incapable of
2132:(spinal cord hole), are perforated with nerve foramina. Each exoccipital merges outwards into the
2112:
is a rare example of an early archosauromorph with a three-dimensionally preserved braincase. The
2067:, the quadrate has a larger pterygoid ramus and a strongly hooked projection at its upper extent.
11819:
11799:
11784:
11708:
11320:
10576:
9874:
9669:
5934:
dinosaurs supplement their trachea with air sacs that allow for greater air movement through the
5794:
5051:
3116:
were also included by many analyses, though more recently they have been reinterpreted as a more
2876:
2056:
1840:, a bone which comprises much of the rear part of the jaw. Although it is plausible that a small
1795:, though a full reconstruction of the ring, with 18 ossicles, is conjectural. Few details of the
1556:
1133:
of Poland, was based on cervical vertebrae which were proportionally shorter than those of other
11327:
8901:
2819:
was the namesake of yet another term introduced into the convoluted space of reptile taxonomy: "
1730:
1095:, from the Norian of Germany, was later reevaluated as an indeterminate theropod vertebra and a
11761:
11670:
10602:
8875:
8273:
6764:(Reptilia, Protorosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Switzerland and the ecology of the genus"
4825:, with their family as the sister taxon to Tanystropheidae. Dinocephalosauridae was renamed to
2632:
1687:
11748:
10692:
5836:
Fragments of rod-like hyobranchial elements (throat bones) have been found in fossils of both
2902:, a diverse group of reptiles with lightweight skulls and serrated teeth set in deep sockets.
1772:, wedges behind the rear outer corner of each frontal. A pair of larger plate-like bones, the
11756:
11281:
10684:
9356:, a possibly arboreal archosauromorph (Reptilia) from the Upper Triassic of northern Italy".
7058:"Die Saurier des Muschelkalkes mit Rücksicht auf die Saurier aus buntem Sandstein und Keuper"
6506:
von Arthaber, G. (March 1922). "Über Entwicklung, Ausbildung und Absterben der Flugsaurier".
3117:
3028:
2980:
2951:
2640:
2636:
2211:
2045:
along the midline of the skull. This trend is shared with other large archosauromorphs, like
9879:
Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy)
9609:-like marine reptile and its systematic implications for long-necked early archosauromorphs"
5636:
2639:
being the longest. Though the first four metatarsals are slender and similar in length, the
2156:, an additional braincase component in front of the prootic and above the exit hole for the
2002:, where the frontals meet at an interdigitating suture with a broad furrow on the underside.
11717:
11184:
9685:
9620:
9557:
9476:
9404:
9365:
9256:
9153:
9029:
8917:
8729:
8670:
8588:
8442:
8230:
8174:
8107:
8048:
7876:
7723:
7631:
7338:
7284:
6994:
6515:
6421:
5029:
2923:
2428:
2183:
1912:
1655:
developed an equivalent tooth shape, and tricuspid teeth can also be found in a few modern
1421:
1064:
824:
3592:. Tanystropheidae hosts a growing list of former "protorosaurs" with closer affinities to
2676:. Since the 1930s, the two genera have been nearly universally regarded as close relatives
2474:(collarbones) were curved and slightly twisted rods. They lie along the front edge of the
1295:
579:". Starting in the 1920s, systematic excavations at Monte San Giorgio unearthed many more
8:
10072:
7986:
6037:
5880:
5084:
4975:
4839:
4801:
2038:
1583:
is roughly triangular when seen from the side and top, narrowing towards the snout. Each
1497:
was one of the longest known non-archosauriform archosauromorphs. Vertebrae referred to "
1368:
1190:
1084:
758:
364:
9689:
9624:
9561:
9480:
9408:
9369:
9260:
9157:
9124:
The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds
8954:
from the Lower Triassic of Russia, and the relationships of the prolacertiform reptiles"
8921:
8733:
8713:
8674:
8592:
8572:
8446:
8234:
8178:
8111:
8079:
8052:
8036:
7880:
7727:
7342:
7288:
6998:
6519:
6425:
2879:) related to sauropterygians, though later accounts admitted that Euryapsida was likely
2336:
All cervicals, except potentially the atlas, connected to holocephalous (single-headed)
1901:
1844:
bone could be present in front of the surangular, evidence is ambiguous at best for all
1013:
894:. Later reinvestigations failed to confirm the validity of these differences, rendering
11617:
9875:"EVIDENCES FOR A SEMI AQUATIC LIFE STYLE IN THE TRIASSIC DIAPSID REPTILE TANYSTROPHEUS"
9832:
9709:
9581:
9433:
9334:
9224:
9195:
9169:
9064:
9042:
8998:
8811:
8798:
8781:
8694:
8518:
8505:
8488:
8466:
8375:
8340:
8254:
8138:
8095:
8014:
7962:
7927:
7908:
7844:
7806:
7747:
7685:
7579:
7421:
7386:
7354:
7308:
7216:
7177:
7057:
7038:
6912:
6675:
6531:
6445:
6437:
6343:
6260:
5935:
5856:
is rejected, since it is correlated with a more robust and integrated hyoid apparatus.
3574:
2979:(all-encompassing groups defined by shared ancestry) over other categorization styles.
2969:
2947:
2910:
and their prehistoric ancestors. Several newly discovered "prolacertiforms", including
2542:
2404:
2329:, ranging from three to 15 times longer than tall. They are somewhat less elongated in
2228:
1715:
1388:
1321:
611:
323:
131:
8659:
Nopcsa aus der anisischen Stufe der Trias des Monte San Giorgio (Kt. Tessin, Schweiz)"
3588:
has come to succeed those older names, acting as a monophyletic clade oriented around
2458:
2450:
is present under a short portion of the tail, though not immediately behind the hips.
2431:
projecting outwards from the front half of each vertebra. More than 20 angled rows of
10486:
10355:
10299:
9894:
9836:
9713:
9701:
9638:
9585:
9573:
9519:
9511:
9492:
9460:
9438:
9420:
9392:
9326:
9272:
9141:
9119:
9091:
9056:
9002:
8803:
8745:
8698:
8686:
8604:
8553:
8510:
8458:
8406:
8380:
8362:
8246:
8192:
8143:
8125:
8066:
8006:
7967:
7949:
7912:
7900:
7892:
7810:
7798:
7751:
7739:
7583:
7571:
7495:
7426:
7408:
7312:
7300:
7256:
7221:
7203:
7042:
7030:
7022:
6916:
6869:
6759:
6679:
6667:
6646:"A taxonomic revision of the genus Tanystropheus (Archosauromorpha, Tanystropheidae)"
6535:
6475:
6467:
6310:
6209:
5973:
5930:
have a narrow trachea and infrequent breathing, which reduces the dead space volume.
5519:
5496:
4790:
4760:
4759:
specimen). Two types of analyses were designed to test for bias: one disregarded non-
4526:
4496:
4227:
4046:
3646:
3440:
3410:
2988:
2612:
2579:
2563:
2354:
1991:
1941:
1130:
942:
785:
754:
544:
295:
9744:
9488:
9338:
9068:
8470:
8258:
8161:
Jaquier, Vivien P.; Fraser, Nicholas C.; Furrer, Heinz; Scheyer, Torsten M. (2017).
8018:
7848:
7689:
7535:
7358:
6449:
2101:
10724:
10711:
10645:
10530:
10436:
10322:
10283:
10242:
10202:
10151:
10134:
10121:
10084:
9984:
9886:
9824:
9740:
9693:
9628:
9565:
9484:
9428:
9412:
9377:
9373:
9316:
9308:
9268:
9264:
9219:
9211:
9165:
9161:
9046:
9038:
8994:
8925:
8856:
8815:
8793:
8737:
8678:
8596:
8545:
8522:
8500:
8450:
8370:
8352:
8238:
8182:
8133:
8115:
8074:
8056:
7998:
7957:
7939:
7926:
Zahradnicek, Oldrich; Buchtova, Marcela; Dosedelova, Hana; Tucker, Abigail (2014).
7884:
7836:
7788:
7778:
7731:
7677:
7643:
7561:
7531:
7491:
7416:
7398:
7346:
7292:
7248:
7211:
7193:
7012:
7002:
6908:
6904:
6657:
6523:
6429:
6102:
6012:
specimen PIMUZ T 2790 allowed for a partial reconstruction of the brain cavity and
5988:
5889:
5729:
5694:, also have three-cusped teeth. As a result, he attributed the same preferences to
5561:
5108:
4875:
4826:
4751:
4625:
4289:
4122:
3871:
3663:
3487:
3320:
3200:
3075:
3004:
2820:
2628:
2526:
2466:
The pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) has a fairly standard form shared with other
2443:
2279:
2223:
is its hyperelongate neck, equivalent to the combined length of the body and tail.
2157:
2121:
2117:
2021:. They are fused into a single X-shaped bone, somewhat resembling the parietals of
2005:
1769:
1691:
1604:
1436:
1283:
1264:
1210:
1119:
1105:
770:
648:
540:
504:
480:
372:
274:
191:
9605:
from the Buntsandstein (Middle Triassic) of Bernburg, Germany: the first European
8242:
8035:
Rytel, Adam; Böhmer, Christine; Spiekman, Stephan N. F.; Tałanda, Mateusz (2024).
7735:
7710:
Sues, Hans-Dieter; Olsen, Paul E.; Fedak, Tim J.; Schoch, Rainer R. (2021-07-04).
7296:
7252:
6221:
Contrary to earlier arguments, Renesto and Saller (2018) found some evidence that
1856:, a lumpy rectangular bone which is floored and reinforced by a similar bone: the
1407:
11612:
11546:
11411:
11241:
11132:
10934:
10925:
10820:
10806:
10464:
10399:
10383:
10336:
10171:
9924:
9569:
8910:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences
8120:
7824:
6433:
6298:
6005:
5853:
5848:) to connect elements from either side of the throat. These traits indicate that
5845:
5826:
5800:
5698:. Taylor (1989) rejected both of these hypotheses, as he interpreted the neck of
5652:
5228:
5156:
5007:
4806:
4372:
3820:
3585:
3276:
3255:
3105:
2801:", and others were all applied by different authors with little consistency. The
2467:
2260:
2160:(also known as cranial nerve V). The laterosphenoid is small, similar to that of
2098:(vertical bones in front of the braincase) are tall and flattened from the side.
2022:
1671:
1667:
1462:
1430:
1399:
1173:
are also known from throughout Germany and the fossiliferous Winterswijk site in
997:
946:
680:
595:
492:
464:
457:
204:
9312:
7385:
Spiekman, Stephan N. F.; Fraser, Nicholas C.; Scheyer, Torsten M. (2021-05-03).
5663:
has been strongly debated in the past, though most recent studies consider it a
2391:
1474:
1332:) specimen, GMPKU-P-1527, and an indeterminate juvenile skeleton, IVPP V 14472.
114:
11627:
11206:
11111:
11061:
10970:
10836:
10565:
10541:
10429:
10344:
10212:
10192:
9656:
9633:
9600:
9512:"The relationships among diapsid reptiles and the influence of taxon selection"
8833:
7888:
7182:(Tanystropheidae, Archosauromorpha) as revealed by synchrotron microtomography"
6237:
6150:
6114:
6029:
5910:
5715:
5644:
5492:
4610:
4492:
4041:
3405:
3100:
2802:
2794:
2754:
2723:
2684:
2264:
2248:
2232:
2165:
2129:
2042:
1853:
1841:
1816:
1781:
1707:
1695:
1642:
1612:
1228:
1158:
965:
899:
828:
627:
499:
collecting many long-necked Triassic archosauromorphs previously described as "
437:
9890:
9828:
9697:
8654:
8549:
8430:
7647:
7526:
Schoch, R.R. (2011). New archosauriform remains from the German Lower Keuper.
7350:
7007:
6982:
3553:
Recent studies and the rejection of "prolacertiform" monophyly (2000s-present)
781:
11778:
11693:
11622:
11581:
11576:
11381:
11230:
11219:
11095:
11071:
10948:
10895:
10865:
10858:
10796:
10786:
10617:
10479:
10421:
10372:
10365:
10314:
10271:
10222:
10041:
9898:
9642:
9577:
9496:
9424:
9330:
9276:
9006:
8764:
8749:
8690:
8608:
8557:
8462:
8366:
8250:
8196:
8187:
8162:
8129:
8070:
7953:
7944:
7896:
7802:
7743:
7681:
7575:
7566:
7549:
7480:(Reptilia: Protorosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Makhtesh Ramon, Israel"
7412:
7304:
7260:
7207:
7026:
6671:
6243:
6046:
5951:
of respiratory system is seen in modern archosaurs and turtles. In any case,
5876:
5872:
5761:
5723:
5687:
5515:
5336:
5204:
4956:
4891:
4579:
4522:
4355:
4315:
3895:
3758:
3686:
3436:
3223:
3158:
3090:
3048:
2798:
2772:
2741:
2691:
2584:
2509:(inner forearm bone) is similar in shape to the humerus and lacks a distinct
2502:
2491:
2475:
2380:
2252:
2171:
2113:
2051:
1946:
1812:
1773:
1703:
1675:
1651:
1638:
1080:
fossils suggests that it was an animal well-suited for this kind of habitat.
1018:
1016:, the publication containing this name is lost and its genus is considered a
691:
bears an interlocking set of large curved fangs similar to the fully aquatic
615:
500:
345:
65:
9914:
7448:
7241:"A new Middle Triassic vertebrate assemblage from Miedary (southern Poland)"
5566:
4784:, whenever included in an analysis, was never found to clade with the other
4630:
4127:
3492:
2290:
2267:(rear articular plates) are separated by a broad trough and support pointed
11602:
11443:
11401:
11391:
11371:
11270:
11051:
10977:
10872:
10413:
10306:
10232:
10161:
9705:
9442:
9215:
9060:
9019:
8929:
8807:
8514:
8384:
8147:
8010:
7971:
7904:
7430:
7225:
7034:
6318:
6122:
5830:
5707:
5672:
5648:
5132:
4844:
4254:
4250:
4066:
3043:
2992:
2898:, occupied an extinct spur on the reptile family tree near the ancestry of
2872:
2812:
2696:
2559:
2555:
2531:
2514:
2337:
2256:
2125:
2095:
2079:
1849:
1792:
1765:
1545:
1372:
1344:
1048:
1031:
989:
817:
528:
514:
472:
233:
7453:(Reptilia: Squamata) aus dem Unteren Muschelkalk von Winterswijk, Holland"
5702:
to be too inflexible for the animal to be successful at either lifestyle.
2826:
As the century progressed, two competing hypotheses for the affinities of
2562:(lower front hip blade) is vertically oriented, with a small but distinct
1690:(lower skull hole behind the eye) was incomplete and open from below. The
11702:
11607:
11586:
11556:
11536:
11516:
11506:
11496:
11486:
11466:
11421:
11041:
11000:
10984:
10941:
10851:
10829:
10745:
10591:
10520:
10450:
10392:
9939:
Sitzungsberichte der königlich-böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften
9051:
8741:
8600:
7514:
n.sp. (Reptilia, Squamata) o nouă specie pentru fauna triasică a României
6314:
6313:, in contrast to more persistent and specialized marine reptiles such as
6285:
6197:
6144:
6057:
5905:
5711:
5180:
4553:
4416:
4387:
3958:
3915:
3835:
3610:
3557:
Starting with Dilkes (1998), many phylogenetic analyses began to recover
3291:
3113:
3095:
3079:
2844:
2778:
2732:
2700:
2668:
2661:
2558:(upper hip blade) is low and extends to a tapered point at the rear. The
2447:
2268:
2144:, the paroccipital processes are shorter and narrower at their base. The
1608:
1416:
1376:
1219:
1174:
1076:
isolated brackish body of water close to the coast, and the abundance of
981:
766:
607:
552:
40:
9416:
8061:
7403:
7198:
7017:
6441:
3608:
is well-nested within Tanystropheidae, sometimes as the sister taxon to
2490:(lower shoulder blade), which is a large oval-shaped plate with a broad
1573:". Skull and partial neck (top) and a closer view of the skull (bottom).
11735:
11526:
11456:
11287:
11160:
11118:
11104:
11081:
11031:
10955:
10911:
10904:
10844:
10776:
10765:
10755:
10634:
10457:
10443:
10406:
10292:
10257:
10182:
10057:
10014:
9173:
8860:
8682:
8454:
8357:
8093:
8002:
7793:
6527:
6412:
from the early Late Triassic of Guizhou Province, southwestern China".
6232:
6213:
Reconstruction of the major muscles between the legs, hip, and tail in
6025:
5942:
would need to rely on exceptionally specialized lungs which exceed any
5895:
5734:
5676:
5318:
5245:
4924:
4863:
4858:
4830:
4772:
4102:
3778:
3726:
3467:
3084:
3058:
2965:
2956:
2907:
2807:
2790:
2745:
2620:
2600:
2432:
2009:
The flattened single-cusped skull of PIMUZ T 2819, a large morphotype (
1950:
1837:
1679:
1633:
1616:
1600:
1584:
1501:" may correspond to an animal up to five or six meters (16.4 to 20 feet
1214:
890:, based on a set of skull and vertebral traits proposed to differ from
692:
85:
50:
6496:. Vertebrate Palaeontology at Milano University. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
4829:, and the Trachelosauridae + Tanystropheidae clade was given the name
2566:
and a concave rear edge. The lower front tip of the large, fan-shaped
713:
11567:
11431:
11196:
11173:
11021:
10963:
10880:
10551:
10503:
10329:
9321:
6290:
6134:
6118:
6021:
6013:
6001:
5969:
5943:
5931:
5864:
5719:
5668:
5664:
5546:
5476:
4796:
3578:
3571:
3259:
3124:
3109:
2973:
2899:
2880:
2752:
were one possibility, and another was the fragmentary German reptile
2749:
2616:
2510:
1954:
1796:
1785:
1646:
1621:
1269:
1154:
1063:" specimens have been recovered from a Lower Keuper bonebed near the
934:
789:
677:
631:
614:, a geological unit in China which dates to the earliest part of the
572:
148:
103:
90:
11664:
8982:
8301:
Peyer, Bernhard (1937). "Die Triasfauna der Tessiner Kalkalpen XII.
4929:
4583:
4107:
3472:
2934:
2362:
does have more vertebrae in its neck than typical archosauromorphs.
1359:
fossil in Europe is a vertebra from the lower Carnian Fusea site in
11687:
10008:
9953:
9204:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B
7925:
7273:
6696:
Peyer, Bernhard (1931). "Die Triasfauna der Tessiner Kalkalpen II.
6179:
may have still spent a large portion of its life in shallow water.
6017:
4897:
4438:
4321:
3980:
3692:
3342:
3229:
3174:
3053:
2996:
2903:
2786:
2487:
2471:
2424:
2244:
1833:
1824:
1005:
797:
778:
732:
603:
468:
168:
80:
75:
60:
55:
45:
9937:
Fritsch, 1905. "Synopsis der Saurier der böhm. Kreideformation" .
6662:
2582:, and have also been reported in the small American tanystropheid
10023:
7783:
5927:
5922:
5034:
4392:
3840:
3618:
is most commonly the basal-most (first diverging) tanystropheid.
3296:
3000:
2767:
2567:
2498:
2483:
1828:
1755:
1592:
1392:
1318:
1310:
1299:
1252:
1068:
1001:
985:
849:
774:
619:
599:
532:
460:
178:
95:
70:
34:
30:
11722:
9516:
Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates
9090:. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences. pp. 1–55.
4750:
T. longobardicus, T. hydroides, T. "conspicuus", "T. antiquus" (
3731:
2929:
1741:
1698:, which extends behind the postorbital, is also poorly known in
1141:
fossils were rediscovered in the late 2010s. The proportions of
11476:
10032:
10002:
8634:
Emil, Kuhn-Schnyder (1954). "Über die Herkunft der Eidechsen".
8307:
Abhandlungen der Schweizerischen Paläontologischen Gesellschaft
6702:
Abhandlungen der Schweizerischen Paläontologischen Gesellschaft
5884:
5737:
and other soft invertebrates are also plausible food items for
4214:
3633:
3134:
2848:
2615:(ankle or heel bones contacting the shin) consist of a rounded
2608:
2551:
2518:
2505:(outer forearm bone) is slender and somewhat curved, while the
2439:
2145:
2075:
1800:
1656:
1453:
1425:
1367:
cervical vertebra was described from the Economy Member of the
1360:
1352:
1232:
993:
864:
722:
669:
555:. Monte San Giorgio fossils belong to two species: the smaller
536:
158:
7764:
2906:
are among the most famous subset of archosaurs, as are modern
2041:
excavate into the outer edge of the parietal and define a low
1255:
in 1975. It has also been considered possibly synonymous with
1169:
may be the oldest in the genus. Specimens likely referable to
743:) until the late 1920s. Fossil (left) and 1923 restoration by
9200:
and the interrelationships of basal archosauromorph reptiles"
7175:
6980:
6158:. This study determined that the first few tail vertebrae of
6130:
5691:
3063:
2976:
2943:
2604:
2592:
1827:
is slender, and most of its length is devoted to the toothed
1808:
1596:
1444:
though a few studies continued to retain that species within
1348:
1314:
919:
809:
762:
571:
was first described in 1886, it was initially mistaken for a
548:
496:
453:
447:
441:
9459:
Gottmann-Quesada, Annalise; Sander, P. Martin (2009-03-19).
9294:
7484:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen
6268:
are narrowly bundled together with little room for webbing.
2182:
In the lower jaw, the dentaries meet each other at a robust
1137:
species. Long considered destroyed in World War II, several
606:
stages), with some exceptions. For example, a vertebra from
11258:
9543:
7548:Ősi, Attila; Szabó, Márton; Botfalvai, Gábor (2020-05-11).
7528:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen
7238:
6644:
Spiekman, Stephan N. F.; Scheyer, Torsten M. (2019-12-16).
6241:, which was likely created by small tanystropheids such as
2651:
2506:
1328:
species. The Chinese material includes a large morphotype (
1161:) to the lower Anisian in age. Assuming they belong within
949:), while the smaller tricuspid morphotype retains the name
8906:, a new eosuchian reptile from the late Triassic of India"
8766:
The dinosaur book: the ruling reptiles and their relatives
8160:
8034:
6000:
fossils indicate that that species at least had a bulbous
1042:
fossils undiagnostic relative to other species, rendering
9670:"Decapitation in the long-necked Triassic marine reptile
7841:
10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[866:ANPDFT]2.0.CO;2
6148:(which was terrestrial) and opposite the pattern seen in
2399:
specimen missing only the skull and a portion of the neck
1776:, sit directly behind the frontals on the skull roof. In
1008:
stages. Though the fossils were initially given the name
886:
at Monte San Giorgio. Wild (1980) gave it a new species,
9930:
Huene, 1902. "Übersicht über die Reptilien der Trias" .
9598:
9020:
Jacques Gauthier; Arnold G. Kluge; Timothy Rowe (1988).
6275:
shows additional support for a semiaquatic habits: both
6093:
animal as it maneuvered its elongated neck. The neck of
6024:
is large and broad and leads forward to the rest of the
5938:. Birds utilize both air sacs and infrequent breathing.
2164:. The upper rear part of the braincase is formed by the
863:(PIMUZ), and the Museo Cantonale di Scienze Naturali di
487:
the longest non-archosauriform archosauromorph as well.
3082:
archosaurs and their predatory close relatives such as
2871:. This was popular among American paleontologists like
2407:. This count is very low among early archosauromorphs:
2094:(linking bones between the pterygoid and maxilla). The
1532:
1114:", have been reconsidered as indeterminate material of
9514:. In Arratia, G; Wilson, M.V.H.; Cloutier, R. (eds.).
9458:
8983:"Classification and phylogeny of the diapsid reptiles"
8948:
Benton, Michael J.; Allen, Jackie L. (November 1997).
8217:
Jaquier, Vivien P.; Scheyer, Torsten M. (2017-03-04).
3108:
additionally qualify as archosauromorphs. The bizarre
2175:
PIMUZ T 2793, a lower jaw and associated vertebrae of
9120:"The early history and relationships of the Diapsida"
7516:(in Romanian). Vol. 3. Nymphaea. pp. 45–52.
7384:
6403:
5852:
relied on biting and enlarged teeth to capture prey.
2321:
The third to eleventh cervicals are hyperelongate in
11552:
11542:
11532:
11522:
11512:
11502:
11492:
11482:
11472:
11462:
11452:
11427:
11417:
11407:
11397:
11387:
11377:
11367:
11226:
11215:
11170:
11129:
11092:
11077:
11067:
11057:
11047:
11037:
11027:
11017:
10922:
10892:
10817:
10802:
10792:
10782:
10772:
10761:
10751:
10741:
10614:
10588:
10562:
10547:
10537:
10526:
10516:
10254:
10238:
10228:
10218:
10208:
10198:
10188:
10178:
10167:
10157:
10147:
9668:
Spiekman, Stephan N.F.; Mujal, Eudald (2023-06-20).
7928:"The development of complex tooth shape in reptiles"
7709:
6890:
6129:
would have hunted prey from the seashore, akin to a
5542:
5512:
5489:
5004:
4972:
4952:
4920:
4887:
4606:
4576:
4549:
4519:
4489:
4369:
4351:
4311:
4285:
4247:
4098:
4062:
4037:
3817:
3774:
3754:
3722:
3682:
3463:
3433:
3401:
3273:
3252:
3219:
3154:
2766:
closer to "protorosaurs", a term initially used for
2740:
was related to other long-necked Triassic reptiles.
2140:(thick outer branch) to the edge of the cranium. In
594:
fossils hail from marine or coastal deposits of the
302:
285:
269:
240:
9245:, a new diapsid reptile from the Triassic of Texas"
7629:
5769:
specimen which was decapitated by a larger predator
4748:was split into five taxonomic units in this study:
1868:
1309:fossils outside of Monte San Giorgio come from the
583:fossils, revealing that the putative wing bones of
9301:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
9539:
9537:
9535:
9139:
9022:"Amniote phylogeny and the importance of fossils"
7547:
5913:more similar to lizards than to archosauriforms.
1758:PIMUZ T 2791 (top) and MSNM BES SC 1018 (bottom).
784:recognised for its spectacular fossils. In 1886,
626:, a European species from the latest part of the
11776:
9915:George Olshevsky expands on the history of "P."
9518:. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 379–408.
9465:Meyer, 1832, and its phylogenetic relationships"
9390:
9135:
9133:
7636:Rivista italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia
6768:Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia
2703:". Some 20th-century paleontologists classified
1125:One of Von Huene's species appears to be valid:
11845:Taxa named by Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer
10722:
10132:
9810:
9726:
9088:The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight
9084:"Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds"
7328:
6891:Fraser, N.C.; Nosotti, S.; Rieppel, O. (2004).
6643:
5829:(movement among bones in the cranium) known as
4788:taxa. Instead, it was consistently allied with
4768:T. longobardicus, T. hydroides, T. "conspicuus"
3120:type of reptile unrelated to Archosauromorpha.
2374:have eight. To achieve a cervical count of 13,
2366:, for example, has only seven cervicals, while
1414:were named as a new genus and species in 2006:
642:species, so some paleontologists consider that
9848:
9846:
9532:
9461:"A redescription of the early archosauromorph
9290:
9288:
9286:
8216:
4780:clade was well-nested within Tanystropheidae.
3078:is a diverse archosauromorph subset including
2883:, with its members lacking a common ancestor.
1722:and nearly every other early archosauromorph.
1434:by A.G. Sennikov. He also named the new genus
1180:
1038:, to the fossils. They were later regarded as
788:interpreted the unusual tricuspid fossil as a
622:stage). The oldest putative fossils belong to
9969:
9932:Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen
9872:
9733:Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie
9667:
9391:Pritchard, A.C.; Nesbitt, S.J. (2017-10-01).
9130:
8652:
8428:
7866:
7823:
7446:
7324:
7322:
2930:Cladistics and Archosauromorpha (1980s-1990s)
2307:. The modeled skeleton is reconstructed from
2303:(top) and mounted model skeleton (bottom) of
1099:. Several more von Huene species, including "
1071:. This is the largest known concentration of
773:(also known as the Grenzbitumenzone), a late
739:, misinterpreted as a long-tailed pterosaur (
638:had a proportionally shorter neck than other
9806:
9804:
9661:
9657:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088987
9189:
9187:
9185:
9183:
9126:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 221–260.
6505:
6205:in the water, from Renesto and Saller (2018)
5749:preferring larger and more active prey than
1965:has a single central narial opening. Unlike
1153:The Gogolin Formation ranges from the upper
996:. These geological units occupy part of the
956:
703:
9843:
9345:
9283:
8947:
8620:
8618:
7817:
7502:
7467:
6330:
6052:
5733:, both of which are considered piscivores.
2815:, also became involved upon its discovery.
2462:Shoulder region and forearm of PIMUZ T 2817
1921:The skull of PIMUZ T 2790, the holotype of
531:applied to particularly large fossils from
9976:
9962:
9238:
8899:
8714:"The relationships of the Permian reptile
8535:
7661:Sues, Hans-Dieter; Olsen, Paul E. (2015).
7319:
5643:(11) with other marine predators from the
2603:(hip socket) at a broad smooth joint. The
1788:, as defined by a bulbous central hollow.
113:
10056:
9817:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments
9801:
9727:Renesto, Silvio; Avanzini, Marco (2002).
9632:
9432:
9320:
9223:
9180:
9050:
8987:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
8797:
8504:
8374:
8356:
8186:
8137:
8119:
8078:
8060:
7961:
7943:
7792:
7782:
7660:
7630:MARCO DALLA VECCHIA, FABIO (2000-07-31).
7565:
7420:
7402:
7215:
7197:
7055:
7016:
7006:
6661:
6113:A pair of 2015 blog posts by paleoartist
5859:
3604:, or other major archosauromorph groups.
2453:
1710:in the roof of the mouth). No fossils of
1670:(eye socket) is marked by two bones: the
806:Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano
9873:Renesto, Silvio; Saller, Franco (2018).
9081:
8615:
8577:and the protorosaurian reptiles; Part I"
8405:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8396:
8394:
7984:
7062:Zur Fauna der Vorwelt, Zweite Abtheilung
6867:
6462:Dal Sasso, C. and Brillante, G. (2005).
6456:
6208:
6196:
6056:
5987:
5804:are all candidates for the latter case.
5760:
5682:Small specimens from Monte San Giorgio (
5635:
2933:
2652:Historical interpretations (1920s-1980s)
2599:) on its underside, and it contacts the
2541:
2457:
2390:
2210:
2170:
2136:, which sends out a straight, elongated
2100:
2004:
1473:
1263:-like vertebra from the middle Ladinian
960:
9351:
8762:
8338:
7508:
7473:
6757:
6165:
6088:Renesto (2005) argued that the neck of
6085:was fully capable of movement on land.
4810:, another species formerly referred to
2017:The parietals are strongly modified in
1803:(bony roof of the mouth) are known for
1355:, Italy, and Switzerland. The youngest
539:. Complete skeletons are common in the
11777:
9785:
9781:
9779:
9760:
9756:
9754:
9509:
9454:
9452:
9193:
9113:
9111:
9109:
9107:
8980:
8976:
8974:
8943:
8941:
8939:
8827:
8825:
8782:"Unorthodoxies in Reptilian Phylogeny"
8538:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
8482:
8480:
8424:
8422:
8334:
8332:
8330:
8328:
8326:
8324:
8322:
8320:
8212:
8210:
8208:
8206:
8030:
8028:
7862:
7860:
7858:
7442:
7440:
7171:
7169:
7167:
7165:
7163:
7161:
7159:
7157:
7155:
7153:
7151:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7141:
7139:
7137:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7111:
7109:
7107:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7091:
6976:
6974:
6972:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6952:
6950:
6948:
6946:
6336:
5983:
4776:, from the Carnian of Italy. The main
4755:), and GMPKU P1527 (the large Chinese
1347:and various Anisian-Ladinian sites in
1294:vertebrae have also been found in the
698:
479:is one of the most well-described non-
11669:
11668:
11349:
10709:
10119:
9995:
9957:
9868:
9866:
9864:
9862:
9860:
9858:
9117:
8873:
8834:"The morphology and relationships of
8779:
8711:
8489:"Early Reptilian Evolution Re-Viewed"
8486:
8400:
8391:
8300:
8296:
8294:
8271:
7380:
7378:
7376:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7368:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7073:
7071:
6944:
6942:
6940:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6932:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6841:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6803:
6801:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6695:
6639:
6637:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6629:
6627:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6601:
6599:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6565:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6381:
5812:
2968:saw a paradigm shift in the field of
1428:were given the new genus and species
659:has been the subject of much debate.
10710:
10120:
9983:
8633:
8570:
7596:
7064:. Frankfurt: Heinrich Keller: 1–167.
6799:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6733:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6715:
6691:
6689:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6485:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6361:
6170:Tschanz (1986, 1988) suggested that
5996:Impressions on the frontal bones of
3914:(a small unnamed tanystropheid from
3621:
3052:, a much smaller tanystropheid from
2537:
2263:(front articular plates). The large
1935:is broader and flatter than that of
683:: the narrow subtriangular skull of
9776:
9751:
9592:
9503:
9449:
9384:
9104:
9013:
8971:
8936:
8831:
8822:
8477:
8419:
8317:
8203:
8154:
8087:
8025:
7855:
7520:
7437:
6264:hindlimbs, since the foot bones of
2513:(elbow projection). There are four
1410:in Germany, previously referred to
1402:genera have been named from former
918:were the only valid species in the
13:
11350:
9855:
9550:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
9358:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
9249:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
9146:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
9043:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1988.tb00514.x
8999:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01796.x
8799:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01863.x
8506:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1967.tb03436.x
8291:
8223:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
7829:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
7716:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
7365:
7245:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
7068:
6923:
6897:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
6414:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
5921:As neck length increases, so does
3094:. Stocky Triassic herbivores like
2215:Atlas-axis complex of PIMUZ T 2790
1848:species. A sheathe-like bone, the
1641:split into three stout triangular
1460:in Italy, was given its own genus
1406:fossils. Fossils from the Anisian
988:, and a partial skeleton from the
14:
11861:
11795:Olenekian genus first appearances
9949:
9786:Witton, Mark (11 December 2015).
9761:Witton, Mark (13 November 2015).
9239:Chatterjee, Sankar (1986-12-24).
8981:Benton, Michael J. (1985-06-01).
8339:Ezcurra, Martín D. (2016-04-28).
6778:
6712:
6686:
6542:
6358:
6028:, which is narrowest between the
2855:. The other idea maintained that
2646:
2395:PIMUZ T 2817, a large morphotype
2386:
2219:The most recognisable feature of
1235:were described as a new species,
1091:species from Germany and Poland.
11649:
11648:
11332:
11326:
11319:
10691:
10683:
10676:
9196:"The Early Triassic rhynchosaur
7447:Wild, R.; Oosterink, H. (1984).
6337:Elbein, Asher (12 August 2020).
5825:. This a condition is a form of
5565:
5518:
5495:
5033:
4928:
4896:
4800:, forming the newly named clade
4629:
4582:
4525:
4495:
4437:
4391:
4320:
4253:
4230:
4126:
4106:
4045:
3979:
3839:
3730:
3691:
3649:
3491:
3471:
3439:
3409:
3341:
3295:
3258:
3228:
3177:
2683:
2660:
2289:
2278:
2082:). Most other archosauromorphs,
1911:
1900:
1891:
1880:
1740:
1729:
1555:
1544:
1339:remains are also known from the
861:Paleontological Museum of Zürich
721:
712:
135:
38:
9908:
9815:(Diapsida, Archosauromorpha)".
9720:
9649:
9232:
9075:
8893:
8867:
8780:Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1971).
8773:
8756:
8705:
8646:
8627:
8564:
8529:
8487:Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1967).
8265:
7978:
7919:
7758:
7703:
7654:
7623:
7590:
7541:
7474:Rieppel, Olivier (2001-08-31).
7267:
7232:
7049:
6884:
5867:sampling has demonstrated that
5807:
5626:
3056:. Another small tanystropheid,
2859:was a "protorosaur", closer to
1750:Casts of complete skeletons of
840:from Germany and Poland. Thus,
9927:, on the Dinosaur Mailing List
9613:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
9378:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011537
9269:10.1080/02724634.1986.10011627
9166:10.1080/02724634.1997.10010998
8431:"Wege der Reptiliensystematik"
6909:10.1080/02724634.2004.10010643
6499:
6217:from Renesto and Saller (2018)
6040:ringing out of the inner ear.
5958:
5916:
5909:) retained an ancestrally low
4804:, outside of Tanystropheidae.
2938:Cladistic analyses agree that
587:were actually neck vertebrae.
491:is the namesake of the family
1:
11850:Taxa with lost type specimens
11840:Fossil taxa described in 1852
9469:Palaeontographica Abteilung A
9297:Azendohsaurus madagaskarensis
8243:10.1080/02724634.2017.1296456
7736:10.1080/02724634.2021.2023168
7297:10.1080/08912963.2016.1188385
7253:10.1080/02724634.2023.2265445
6324:
5727:and the fellow tanystropheid
2999:(lizards and snakes) and the
2672:, a Triassic contemporary of
2191:, but some details differ in
2128:, which mostly encompass the
1659:species. Some individuals of
9570:10.1080/02724634.2014.911186
8663:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
8653:Kuhn-Schnyder, Emil (1962).
8435:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
8429:Kuhn-Schnyder, Emil (1963).
8121:10.1371/journal.pone.0230890
7985:Melstrom, Keegan M. (2017).
6508:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
6466:. Indiana University Press.
6434:10.1080/02724634.2010.483548
6008:. The complete braincase of
5756:
3042:is typically considered the
2964:In the 1980s, the advent of
2718:Knowledge on the anatomy of
2239:(small lower component) and
1565:PIMUZ T 3901, a specimen of
1420:. In 2011, fossils from the
753:19th century excavations at
409:Rieppel, 2001 (nomen dubium)
7:
11815:Triassic reptiles of Europe
9313:10.1206/amnb-899-00-1-126.1
8722:American Journal of Science
8581:American Journal of Science
7536:10.1127/0077-7749/2011/0133
7178:"The cranial morphology of
7056:von Meyer, Hermann (1855).
6868:Nossotti, Stefania (2007).
6698:Tanystropheus longobardicus
6293:. When hunting underwater,
6182:Renesto (2005) argued that
5998:Tanystropheus longobardicus
5739:Tanystropheus longobardicus
5410:Tanystropheus longobardicus
4766:Regardless of the setting,
2926:" in the 1960s and beyond.
1752:Tanystropheus longobardicus
1581:Tanystropheus longobardicus
1567:Tanystropheus longobardicus
1535:Tanystropheus longobardicus
1274:". Though likely the first
846:Tanystropheus longobardicus
808:(Natural History Museum of
737:Tanystropheus longobardicus
646:deserves a separate genus,
10:
11866:
11790:Prehistoric reptile genera
9634:10.1186/s13358-024-00309-6
9397:Royal Society Open Science
9140:Nour-Eddine Jalil (1997).
9122:. In Benton, M. J. (ed.).
9086:. In Padian, Kevin (ed.).
9082:Gauthier, Jacques (1986).
8763:Colbert, Edwin H. (1951).
8655:"Ein weiterer Schädel von
8167:Frontiers in Earth Science
8041:Royal Society Open Science
7889:10.1007/s00114-022-01824-7
7771:Palaeontologia Electronica
7612:(1): 37–42. Archived from
7496:10.1127/njgpa/221/2001/271
6650:Palaeontologia Electronica
5801:Helveticosaurus zollingeri
4865:Elessaurus gondwanoccidens
2847:", an antequated term for
2758:. Later, Peyer classified
2271:(additional projections).
2078:(internal openings of the
1978:is not known to possess a
1469:
1458:Argillite di Riva di Solto
842:Tribelesodon longobardicus
833:Tribelesodon longobardicus
802:Tribelesodon longobardicus
794:Tribelesodon longobardicus
759:UNESCO world heritage site
471:strengthened by extensive
448:
442:
397:Jurcsák, 1975 (synonym of
344:Münster vide Meyer, 1852 (
11810:Carnian genus extinctions
11677:
11644:
11595:
11566:
11441:
11360:
11356:
11345:
11316:
11269:
11240:
11204:
11195:
11169:
11158:
11128:
11091:
11013:
11009:
10998:
10921:
10891:
10816:
10737:
10733:
10718:
10705:
10674:
10644:
10613:
10587:
10561:
10512:
10501:
10382:
10354:
10282:
10266:
10252:
10143:
10128:
10115:
10083:
10065:
10052:
9991:
9829:10.1007/s12549-017-0299-7
9745:10.1127/njgpa/224/2002/31
9698:10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.027
9510:Müller, Johannes (2004).
9489:10.1127/pala/287/2009/123
9194:Dilkes, David M. (1998).
8550:10.1080/00222933508655037
8403:Osteology of the Reptiles
7351:10.1134/S0031030111010151
7008:10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.025
6065:hunting from the seashore
5789:Paranothosaurus giganteus
5560:
5540:
5533:
5510:
5487:
5480:
5406:
5383:
5366:
5359:
5333:
5317:-like tanystropheid from
5309:
5302:
5295:
5242:
5225:
5218:
5201:
5194:
5177:
5170:
5153:
5146:
5129:
5122:
5105:
5098:
5081:
5074:
5048:
5026:
5019:
5012:
4997:
4970:
4950:
4943:
4918:
4911:
4886:
4879:
4850:Tanystropheus "conspicuus
4624:
4604:
4597:
4574:
4567:
4547:
4540:
4517:
4510:
4487:
4480:
4430:
4413:
4406:
4384:
4377:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4310:
4303:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4245:
4225:
4218:
4121:
4096:
4089:
4060:
4035:
4028:
4021:
3972:
3955:
3948:
3909:
3892:
3885:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3832:
3825:
3810:
3772:
3752:
3745:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3644:
3637:
3486:
3461:
3454:
3431:
3424:
3399:
3392:
3334:
3317:
3310:
3288:
3281:
3250:
3243:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3172:
3152:
3145:
3138:
2711:as Triassic protorosaurs.
2546:Hind foot of PIMUZ T 2817
2229:cervical (neck) vertebrae
1990:has a particularly large
1209:) from the Late Triassic
1193:named three supposed new
1052:possibly synonymous with
970:Tanystropheus conspicuus"
957:Polish and German species
704:Monte San Giorgio species
329:
322:
266:
261:
239:
232:
132:Scientific classification
130:
121:
112:
23:
16:Extinct genus of reptiles
9118:Evans, Susan E. (1988).
8769:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
8188:10.3389/feart.2017.00091
7945:10.3389/fphys.2014.00074
7682:10.4138/atlgeol.2015.006
7567:10.31577/GeolCarp.71.3.5
6053:Terrestrial capabilities
4817:A 2024 study recognized
4782:"Tanystropheus antiquus"
2405:dorsal (torso) vertebrae
2259:set forwards, and small
1571:Tanystropheus meridensis
1478:Size comparison between
1431:Augustaburiania vatagini
1417:Amotosaurus rotfeldensis
1305:The most well-preserved
1282:represent indeterminate
1061:Tanystropheus conspicuus
1028:Tanystropheus conspicuus
812:), and was destroyed by
452:'hinged') is an extinct
245:Tanystropheus conspicuus
9891:10.13130/2039-4942/9541
9603:Trachelosaurus fischeri
8900:Chatterjee, S. (1980).
8874:Olsen, Paul E. (1979).
8849:Palaeontologia Africana
8272:Olsen, Paul E. (1979).
7932:Frontiers in Physiology
7648:10.13130/2039-4942/5394
7512:Tanystropheus biharicus
7509:Jurcsák, Tibor (1975).
7331:Paleontological Journal
7180:Tanystropheus hydroides
6077:anatomy and ecology by
6061:Life reconstruction of
6010:Tanystropheus hydroides
5795:Cymbospondylus buchseri
5743:Tanystropheus hydroides
5631:
5370:Tanystropheus hydroides
5052:Macrocnemus fuyuanensis
4821:as a close relative of
3038:As a "prolacertiform",
2877:upper temporal fenestra
2730:was closely related to
2631:(foot bones), with the
2206:
2057:supratemporal fenestrae
1933:Tanystropheus hydroides
1923:Tanystropheus hydroides
1871:Tanystropheus hydroides
1754:preserving skulls: the
1666:The front edge of each
1569:formerly described as "
1412:Tanystropheus antiquus,
1247:. Another new species,
1112:Thecodontosaurus primus
939:Tanystropheus hydroides
929:and adult specimens of
814:allied bombing of Milan
463:which lived during the
417:Wild, 1980 (synonym of
11835:Fossils of Switzerland
9243:Malerisaurus langstoni
9216:10.1098/rstb.1998.0225
8930:10.1098/rstb.1980.0131
7606:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
6218:
6206:
6066:
5993:
5860:Growth and development
5770:
5741:. Larger individuals (
5656:
4854:Tanystropheus antiquus
4807:Sclerostropheus fossai
4773:Raibliania calligarisi
2961:
2835:and kin (particularly
2550:The components of the
2547:
2463:
2454:Shoulder and forelimbs
2440:sacral (hip) vertebrae
2400:
2216:
2179:
2106:
2014:
1688:infratemporal fenestra
1491:
1101:Procerosaurus cruralis
1087:named several dubious
1014:Count Georg Zu Münster
973:
11757:Paleobiology Database
9463:Protorosaurus speneri
8712:Romer, A. S. (1947).
8401:Romer, A. S. (1956).
7991:Journal of Morphology
7869:The Science of Nature
7457:Grondboor & Hamer
6297:may have acted as an
6212:
6200:
6060:
5991:
5899:. This suggests that
5764:
5639:
3565:shifted it away from
3066:, is allied with the
2981:Phylogenetic analyses
2937:
2843:) were ancestral to "
2545:
2461:
2394:
2214:
2174:
2104:
2008:
1599:(nostril holes). The
1477:
1450:Tanystropheus fossai,
1251:, was described from
964:
906:. A 2019 revision of
11830:Triassic Switzerland
9601:"A redescription of
9352:Renesto, S (1994). "
8742:10.2475/ajs.245.1.19
8657:Macrocnemus bassanii
8601:10.2475/ajs.243.1.17
8571:Camp, C. L. (1945).
8303:Macrocnemus bassanii
7619:on 22 February 2017.
7554:Geologica Carpathica
6993:(19): 3889–3895.e2.
6758:Renesto, S. (2005).
6201:Life restoration of
6166:Aquatic capabilities
5875:or parallel-fibered
5030:Macrocnemus bassanii
3911:Hayden Quarry taxon
2924:dinosaur renaissance
2429:transverse processes
2299:Skeletal diagram of
2138:paroccipital process
2039:supratemporal fossae
2029:but not apparent in
1486:(PIMUZ T 2793), and
1422:Lipovskaya Formation
1286:with no relation to
1157:(latest part of the
825:University of Zürich
575:and given the name "
281:Von Huene, 1907-1908
9690:2023CBio...33R.708S
9625:2024SwJP..143...10S
9562:2015JVPal..35E1186P
9481:2009PalAA.287..123G
9417:10.1098/rsos.170499
9409:2017RSOS....470499P
9370:1994JVPal..14...38R
9261:1986JVPal...6..297C
9158:1997JVPal..17..506J
8922:1980RSPTB.291..163C
8832:Gow, C. E. (1975).
8734:1947AmJS..245...19R
8675:1962PalZ...36S.110K
8593:1945AmJS..243...17C
8447:1963PalZ...37...61K
8235:2017JVPal..37E6456J
8179:2017FrEaS...5...91J
8112:2020PLoSO..1530890D
8062:10.1098/rsos.240233
8053:2024RSOS...1140233R
7881:2022SciNa.109...55D
7728:2021JVPal..41E3168S
7404:10.7717/peerj.11143
7343:2011PalJ...45...90S
7289:2017HBio...29..442S
7199:10.7717/peerj.10299
6999:2020CBio...30E3889S
6760:"A new specimen of
6520:1922PalZ....4....1A
6426:2010JVPal..30.1082R
6038:semicircular canals
6030:endosseus labyrinth
5984:Brain and inner ear
5085:Macrocnemus obristi
4976:Dinocephalosauridae
4802:Dinocephalosauridae
2890:, and by extension
2722:was transformed by
2597:internal trochanter
2517:(wrist bones): the
2494:(shoulder socket).
1377:Nova Scotia, Canada
1369:Wolfville Formation
1363:. In 2015, a large
1227:specimens from the
1149:has been questioned
1085:Friedrich von Huene
1083:In the late 1900s,
972:, described in 1855
699:History and species
547:, on the border of
11618:Ichthyosauromorpha
11608:Drepanosauromorpha
9923:2016-04-12 at the
9885:(1): N. 1 (2018).
8683:10.1007/BF02987896
8455:10.1007/BF02989601
8358:10.7717/peerj.1778
8003:10.1002/jmor.20645
7476:"A new species of
7277:Historical Biology
6528:10.1007/BF03041557
6464:Dinosaurs of Italy
6344:The New York Times
6261:lateral undulation
6235:(trackway fossil)
6219:
6207:
6099:m. longus cervicis
6067:
5994:
5936:respiratory system
5903:(and its relative
5813:Skull biomechanics
5771:
5657:
4859:Orovenator mayorum
4845:Czatkowiella harae
3003:. The other side,
2962:
2853:Emil Kuhn-Schnyder
2580:sexually dimorphic
2548:
2464:
2401:
2348:The elongation of
2217:
2180:
2107:
2015:
1632:is a reptile with
1492:
1389:Moenkopi Formation
1322:Zhuganpo Formation
1026:supplied the name
1000:, from the latest
974:
804:was stored in the
676:was most likely a
612:Zhuganpo Formation
11772:
11771:
11671:Taxon identifiers
11662:
11661:
11640:
11639:
11636:
11635:
11341:
11340:
11314:
11313:
11310:
11309:
11306:
11305:
11302:
11301:
11298:
11297:
11154:
11153:
10994:
10993:
10701:
10700:
10672:
10671:
10668:
10667:
10664:
10663:
10497:
10496:
10487:Sharovipterygidae
10356:Sharovipterygidae
10300:Dinocephalosaurus
10111:
10110:
10107:
10106:
10103:
10102:
9684:(13): R708–R709.
9607:Dinocephalosaurus
9525:978-3-89937-052-2
9210:(1368): 501–541.
9198:Mesosuchus browni
9097:978-0-940228-14-6
8916:(1048): 163–200.
8840:Prolacerta broomi
8836:Youngina capensis
7597:Chun, Li (2007).
6480:978-0-253-34514-1
6311:pursuit predation
6069:The lifestyle of
5974:calcium carbonate
5651:substage) to the
5623:
5622:
5614:
5613:
5605:
5604:
5596:
5595:
5587:
5586:
5578:
5577:
5466:
5465:
5457:
5456:
5448:
5447:
5439:
5438:
5430:
5429:
5421:
5420:
5348:
5347:
5322:
5284:
5283:
5275:
5274:
5266:
5265:
5257:
5256:
5063:
5062:
4986:
4985:
4823:Dinocephalosaurus
4791:Dinocephalosaurus
4740:
4739:
4732:
4731:
4723:
4722:
4714:
4713:
4705:
4704:
4696:
4695:
4687:
4686:
4678:
4677:
4669:
4668:
4660:
4659:
4651:
4650:
4642:
4641:
4468:
4467:
4459:
4458:
4450:
4449:
4267:Archosauromorpha
4228:Lepidosauromorpha
4202:
4201:
4193:
4192:
4184:
4183:
4175:
4174:
4166:
4165:
4157:
4156:
4148:
4147:
4139:
4138:
4078:
4077:
4010:
4009:
4001:
4000:
3992:
3991:
3937:
3936:
3928:
3927:
3919:
3799:
3798:
3790:
3789:
3647:Lepidosauromorpha
3549:
3548:
3540:
3539:
3531:
3530:
3522:
3521:
3513:
3512:
3504:
3503:
3381:
3380:
3372:
3371:
3363:
3362:
3354:
3353:
3190:
3189:
2989:Lepidosauromorpha
2985:most parsimonious
2942:belongs within a
2867:and unrelated to
2770:reptiles such as
2564:obturator foramen
2538:Hip and hindlimbs
2355:Dinocephalosaurus
2047:Dinocephalosaurus
1992:nasolacrimal duct
1942:Dinocephalosaurus
1296:Villány Mountains
1280:Zanclodon laevis"
1165:, the fossils of
1131:Gogolin Formation
1024:Hermann von Meyer
941:(referencing the
792:, which he named
786:Francesco Bassani
755:Monte San Giorgio
655:The lifestyle of
545:Monte San Giorgio
429:
428:
422:
410:
402:
388:
379:
368:
357:
349:
335:
316:
299:
282:
253:
228:
107:
11857:
11825:Fossils of Italy
11765:
11764:
11752:
11751:
11739:
11738:
11726:
11725:
11713:
11712:
11711:
11698:
11697:
11696:
11666:
11665:
11652:
11651:
11596:Possible members
11554:
11544:
11534:
11524:
11514:
11504:
11494:
11484:
11474:
11464:
11454:
11429:
11419:
11409:
11399:
11389:
11379:
11369:
11358:
11357:
11347:
11346:
11336:
11330:
11324:
11323:
11228:
11217:
11202:
11201:
11172:
11167:
11166:
11131:
11094:
11079:
11069:
11059:
11049:
11039:
11029:
11019:
11011:
11010:
11007:
11006:
10924:
10894:
10819:
10804:
10794:
10784:
10774:
10763:
10753:
10743:
10735:
10734:
10731:
10730:
10725:Archosauriformes
10720:
10719:
10712:Archosauriformes
10707:
10706:
10696:
10695:
10688:
10687:
10680:
10646:Archosauriformes
10616:
10590:
10564:
10549:
10539:
10531:Cryptovaranoides
10528:
10518:
10510:
10509:
10437:Langobardisaurus
10323:Protanystropheus
10284:Trachelosauridae
10264:
10263:
10256:
10243:Vritramimosaurus
10240:
10230:
10220:
10210:
10203:Mecistotrachelos
10200:
10190:
10180:
10169:
10159:
10152:Aenigmastropheus
10149:
10141:
10140:
10135:Archosauromorpha
10130:
10129:
10122:Archosauromorpha
10117:
10116:
10085:Archosauromorpha
10063:
10062:
10054:
10053:
10047:
10046:
9993:
9992:
9985:Archosauromorpha
9978:
9971:
9964:
9955:
9954:
9903:
9902:
9870:
9853:
9850:
9841:
9840:
9808:
9799:
9798:
9796:
9794:
9783:
9774:
9773:
9771:
9769:
9758:
9749:
9748:
9724:
9718:
9717:
9665:
9659:
9653:
9647:
9646:
9636:
9596:
9590:
9589:
9541:
9530:
9529:
9507:
9501:
9500:
9475:(4–6): 123–220.
9456:
9447:
9446:
9436:
9388:
9382:
9381:
9349:
9343:
9342:
9324:
9292:
9281:
9280:
9236:
9230:
9229:
9227:
9191:
9178:
9177:
9137:
9128:
9127:
9115:
9102:
9101:
9079:
9073:
9072:
9054:
9026:
9017:
9011:
9010:
8978:
8969:
8968:
8958:
8945:
8934:
8933:
8897:
8891:
8890:
8880:
8871:
8865:
8864:
8846:
8829:
8820:
8819:
8801:
8777:
8771:
8770:
8760:
8754:
8753:
8709:
8703:
8702:
8650:
8644:
8643:
8631:
8625:
8622:
8613:
8612:
8568:
8562:
8561:
8533:
8527:
8526:
8508:
8484:
8475:
8474:
8426:
8417:
8416:
8398:
8389:
8388:
8378:
8360:
8336:
8315:
8314:
8298:
8289:
8288:
8278:
8269:
8263:
8262:
8214:
8201:
8200:
8190:
8158:
8152:
8151:
8141:
8123:
8091:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8064:
8032:
8023:
8022:
7982:
7976:
7975:
7965:
7947:
7923:
7917:
7916:
7864:
7853:
7852:
7821:
7815:
7814:
7796:
7786:
7762:
7756:
7755:
7707:
7701:
7700:
7699:on 8 March 2019.
7698:
7692:. Archived from
7670:Atlantic Geology
7667:
7658:
7652:
7651:
7627:
7621:
7620:
7618:
7603:
7594:
7588:
7587:
7569:
7545:
7539:
7524:
7518:
7517:
7506:
7500:
7499:
7471:
7465:
7464:
7444:
7435:
7434:
7424:
7406:
7382:
7363:
7362:
7326:
7317:
7316:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7236:
7230:
7229:
7219:
7201:
7173:
7066:
7065:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7020:
7010:
6978:
6921:
6920:
6888:
6882:
6881:
6865:
6776:
6775:
6755:
6710:
6709:
6693:
6684:
6683:
6665:
6641:
6540:
6539:
6503:
6497:
6489:
6483:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6420:(4): 1082–1089.
6410:T. Longobardicus
6401:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6334:
6281:T. longobardicus
6103:ossified tendons
6063:T. longobardicus
5890:Aenigmastropheus
5881:sharpey's fibers
5842:T. longobardicus
5784:T. longobardicus
5765:PIMUZ T 2819, a
5751:T. longobardicus
5730:Langobardisaurus
5690:, which feed on
5684:T. longobardicus
5569:
5562:Archosauriformes
5544:
5536:
5535:
5522:
5514:
5499:
5491:
5483:
5482:
5362:
5361:
5312:
5305:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5221:
5220:
5197:
5196:
5173:
5172:
5149:
5148:
5125:
5124:
5109:Langobardisaurus
5101:
5100:
5077:
5076:
5037:
5022:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4974:
4954:
4946:
4945:
4932:
4922:
4914:
4913:
4900:
4889:
4882:
4881:
4876:Archosauromorpha
4872:
4871:
4827:Trachelosauridae
4752:Protanystropheus
4633:
4626:Archosauriformes
4608:
4600:
4599:
4586:
4578:
4570:
4569:
4551:
4543:
4542:
4529:
4521:
4513:
4512:
4499:
4491:
4483:
4482:
4441:
4409:
4408:
4395:
4380:
4379:
4371:
4353:
4345:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4324:
4313:
4306:
4305:
4290:Aenigmastropheus
4287:
4279:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4257:
4249:
4234:
4221:
4220:
4211:
4210:
4130:
4123:Archosauriformes
4110:
4100:
4092:
4091:
4064:
4049:
4039:
4031:
4030:
4024:
4023:
3983:
3951:
3950:
3913:
3888:
3887:
3872:Langobardisaurus
3864:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3843:
3828:
3827:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3776:
3756:
3748:
3747:
3734:
3724:
3716:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3695:
3684:
3677:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3664:Archosauromorpha
3653:
3640:
3639:
3630:
3629:
3622:
3495:
3488:Archosauriformes
3475:
3465:
3457:
3456:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3426:
3413:
3403:
3395:
3394:
3345:
3321:Langobardisaurus
3313:
3312:
3299:
3284:
3283:
3275:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3245:
3232:
3221:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3201:Archosauromorpha
3181:
3156:
3148:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3076:Archosauriformes
3005:Archosauromorpha
2821:Prolacertiformes
2687:
2664:
2444:caudal vertebrae
2323:T. longobardicus
2309:T. longobardicus
2293:
2282:
2197:T. longobardicus
2189:T. longobardicus
2158:trigeminal nerve
2142:T. longobardicus
2122:parabasisphenoid
2084:T. longobardicus
2065:T. longobardicus
2061:T. longobardicus
2035:T. longobardicus
2027:T. longobardicus
2000:T. longobardicus
1996:T. longobardicus
1984:T. longobardicus
1967:T. longobardicus
1959:T. longobardicus
1937:T. longobardicus
1915:
1904:
1895:
1884:
1805:T. longobardicus
1778:T. longobardicus
1744:
1733:
1712:T. longobardicus
1700:T. longobardicus
1692:postorbital bone
1661:T. longobardicus
1630:T. longobardicus
1605:archosauromorphs
1559:
1548:
1524:skeleton. For a
1514:T. longobardicus
1488:T. longobardicus
1437:Protanystropheus
1395:and New Mexico.
1265:Erfurt Formation
1257:T. longobardicus
1245:T. longobardicus
1211:Chinle Formation
1120:archosauromorphs
1106:Thecodontosaurus
1010:Macroscelosaurus
951:T. longobardicus
931:T. longobardicus
912:T. longobardicus
904:T. longobardicus
892:T. longobardicus
884:Meride Limestone
877:T. longobardicus
873:T. longobardicus
857:T. longobardicus
852:of the species.
771:Besano Formation
725:
716:
685:T. longobardicus
649:Protanystropheus
569:T. longobardicus
558:T. longobardicus
541:Besano Formation
451:
450:
445:
444:
419:T. longobardicus
416:
408:
399:T. longobardicus
396:
387:Species synonymy
386:
377:
373:Protanystropheus
363:
355:
343:
341:Macroscelosaurus
333:
310:
304:
293:
290:T. longobardicus
287:
280:
271:
249:
242:
223:
216:
203:
192:Archosauromorpha
140:
139:
117:
101:
100:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
11865:
11864:
11860:
11859:
11858:
11856:
11855:
11854:
11805:Ladinian genera
11775:
11774:
11773:
11768:
11760:
11755:
11747:
11742:
11734:
11729:
11721:
11716:
11707:
11706:
11701:
11692:
11691:
11686:
11673:
11663:
11658:
11632:
11613:Kuehneosauridae
11591:
11562:
11547:Vjushkovisaurus
11437:
11412:Protecovasaurus
11352:
11337:
11318:
11294:
11265:
11253:Avemetatarsalia
11242:Avemetatarsalia
11236:
11191:
11163:
11150:
11144:Proterochampsia
11133:Proterochampsia
11124:
11087:
11003:
10990:
10935:Bharitalasuchus
10926:Erythrosuchidae
10917:
10887:
10821:Proterosuchidae
10812:
10807:Syntomiprosopus
10727:
10714:
10697:
10690:
10682:
10660:
10640:
10609:
10583:
10557:
10506:
10493:
10465:Sclerostropheus
10400:Augustaburiania
10384:Tanystropheidae
10378:
10350:
10337:Sclerostropheus
10278:
10260:
10248:
10172:Elachistosuchus
10137:
10124:
10099:
10079:
10048:
9998:
9997:
9987:
9982:
9952:
9925:Wayback Machine
9911:
9906:
9871:
9856:
9851:
9844:
9809:
9802:
9792:
9790:
9784:
9777:
9767:
9765:
9759:
9752:
9725:
9721:
9678:Current Biology
9666:
9662:
9654:
9650:
9597:
9593:
9542:
9533:
9526:
9508:
9504:
9457:
9450:
9389:
9385:
9354:Megalancosaurus
9350:
9346:
9293:
9284:
9237:
9233:
9192:
9181:
9138:
9131:
9116:
9105:
9098:
9080:
9076:
9024:
9018:
9014:
8979:
8972:
8956:
8946:
8937:
8898:
8894:
8878:
8872:
8868:
8844:
8830:
8823:
8778:
8774:
8761:
8757:
8710:
8706:
8669:(S1): 110–133.
8651:
8647:
8632:
8628:
8623:
8616:
8569:
8565:
8544:(92): 197–205.
8534:
8530:
8485:
8478:
8427:
8420:
8413:
8399:
8392:
8337:
8318:
8299:
8292:
8276:
8270:
8266:
8229:(2): e1296456.
8215:
8204:
8159:
8155:
8106:(4): e0230890.
8092:
8088:
8033:
8026:
7983:
7979:
7924:
7920:
7865:
7856:
7822:
7818:
7763:
7759:
7722:(4): e2023168.
7708:
7704:
7696:
7665:
7659:
7655:
7628:
7624:
7616:
7601:
7595:
7591:
7546:
7542:
7525:
7521:
7507:
7503:
7472:
7468:
7445:
7438:
7383:
7366:
7327:
7320:
7272:
7268:
7237:
7233:
7174:
7069:
7054:
7050:
6987:Current Biology
6979:
6924:
6889:
6885:
6866:
6779:
6756:
6713:
6694:
6687:
6642:
6543:
6504:
6500:
6490:
6486:
6461:
6457:
6402:
6359:
6349:
6347:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6299:ambush predator
6168:
6055:
6006:olfactory bulbs
5986:
5961:
5919:
5862:
5854:Suction feeding
5846:hyoid apparatus
5827:cranial kinesis
5815:
5810:
5759:
5655:(Anisian stage)
5653:Middle Triassic
5634:
5629:
5624:
5615:
5606:
5597:
5588:
5579:
5570:
5467:
5458:
5449:
5440:
5431:
5422:
5349:
5311:AMNH FARB 7206
5285:
5276:
5267:
5258:
5229:Sclerostropheus
5157:Augustaburiania
5064:
5010:
5008:Tanystropheidae
4987:
4901:
4741:
4733:
4724:
4715:
4706:
4697:
4688:
4679:
4670:
4661:
4652:
4643:
4634:
4469:
4460:
4451:
4442:
4375:
4373:Tanystropheidae
4325:
4203:
4194:
4185:
4176:
4167:
4158:
4149:
4140:
4131:
4079:
4011:
4002:
3993:
3984:
3938:
3929:
3912:
3823:
3821:Tanystropheidae
3800:
3791:
3696:
3586:Tanystropheidae
3555:
3550:
3541:
3532:
3523:
3514:
3505:
3496:
3382:
3373:
3364:
3355:
3346:
3279:
3277:Tanystropheidae
3256:Drepanosauridae
3233:
3191:
2932:
2742:Sauropterygians
2716:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2688:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2665:
2654:
2649:
2572:thyroid foramen
2540:
2456:
2389:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2261:prezygapophyses
2209:
2166:supraoccipitals
2118:archosauriforms
1947:sauropterygians
1929:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1874:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1538:
1480:T. 'conspicuus'
1472:
1463:Sclerostropheus
1284:archosauriforms
1187:
1175:the Netherlands
998:Middle Triassic
959:
947:Greek mythology
855:Well-preserved
844:was renamed to
827:paleontologist
823:Excavations by
751:
750:
749:
748:
728:
727:
726:
718:
717:
706:
701:
681:ambush predator
664:reconstructing
596:Middle Triassic
561:and the larger
505:prolacertiforms
493:Tanystropheidae
465:Triassic Period
458:archosauromorph
425:
390:
389:
382:
337:
336:
257:
256:Von Meyer, 1855
254:
248:
222:
214:
205:Tanystropheidae
201:
134:
108:
99:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
37:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11863:
11853:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11837:
11832:
11827:
11822:
11820:Triassic Italy
11817:
11812:
11807:
11802:
11800:Anisian genera
11797:
11792:
11787:
11785:Tanystropheids
11770:
11769:
11767:
11766:
11753:
11740:
11727:
11714:
11699:
11683:
11681:
11675:
11674:
11660:
11659:
11657:
11656:
11645:
11642:
11641:
11638:
11637:
11634:
11633:
11631:
11630:
11628:Thalattosauria
11625:
11620:
11615:
11610:
11605:
11599:
11597:
11593:
11592:
11590:
11589:
11584:
11579:
11573:
11571:
11564:
11563:
11561:
11560:
11550:
11540:
11530:
11520:
11510:
11500:
11490:
11480:
11470:
11460:
11449:
11447:
11439:
11438:
11436:
11435:
11425:
11415:
11405:
11395:
11385:
11375:
11364:
11362:
11354:
11353:
11351:Related topics
11343:
11342:
11339:
11338:
11317:
11315:
11312:
11311:
11308:
11307:
11304:
11303:
11300:
11299:
11296:
11295:
11293:
11292:
11291:
11290:
11284:
11275:
11273:
11267:
11266:
11264:
11263:
11262:
11261:
11255:
11246:
11244:
11238:
11237:
11235:
11234:
11224:
11212:
11210:
11207:Incertae sedis
11199:
11193:
11192:
11190:
11189:
11188:
11187:
11178:
11176:
11164:
11159:
11156:
11155:
11152:
11151:
11149:
11148:
11147:
11146:
11137:
11135:
11126:
11125:
11123:
11122:
11115:
11112:Halazhaisuchus
11108:
11100:
11098:
11089:
11088:
11086:
11085:
11075:
11065:
11062:Marcianosuchus
11055:
11045:
11035:
11025:
11014:
11004:
10999:
10996:
10995:
10992:
10991:
10989:
10988:
10981:
10974:
10971:Guchengosuchus
10967:
10960:
10952:
10945:
10938:
10930:
10928:
10919:
10918:
10916:
10915:
10908:
10900:
10898:
10889:
10888:
10886:
10885:
10877:
10869:
10862:
10855:
10848:
10841:
10837:Chasmatosuchus
10833:
10825:
10823:
10814:
10813:
10811:
10810:
10800:
10790:
10780:
10770:
10759:
10749:
10738:
10728:
10723:
10716:
10715:
10703:
10702:
10699:
10698:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10669:
10666:
10665:
10662:
10661:
10659:
10658:
10657:
10656:
10650:
10648:
10642:
10641:
10639:
10638:
10631:
10623:
10621:
10611:
10610:
10608:
10607:
10606:
10605:
10596:
10594:
10585:
10584:
10582:
10581:
10580:
10579:
10577:Allokotosauria
10570:
10568:
10566:Allokotosauria
10559:
10558:
10556:
10555:
10545:
10542:Tasmaniosaurus
10535:
10524:
10513:
10507:
10502:
10499:
10498:
10495:
10494:
10492:
10491:
10483:
10476:
10469:
10461:
10454:
10447:
10440:
10433:
10430:Gwyneddosaurus
10426:
10418:
10410:
10403:
10396:
10388:
10386:
10380:
10379:
10377:
10376:
10369:
10361:
10359:
10352:
10351:
10349:
10348:
10345:Trachelosaurus
10341:
10333:
10326:
10319:
10311:
10303:
10296:
10288:
10286:
10280:
10279:
10277:
10276:
10267:
10261:
10253:
10250:
10249:
10247:
10246:
10236:
10226:
10216:
10213:Prolacertoides
10206:
10196:
10193:Malutinisuchus
10186:
10176:
10165:
10155:
10144:
10138:
10133:
10126:
10125:
10113:
10112:
10109:
10108:
10105:
10104:
10101:
10100:
10098:
10097:
10096:
10095:
10089:
10087:
10081:
10080:
10078:
10077:
10076:
10075:
10066:
10060:
10050:
10049:
10045:
10044:
10035:
10026:
10017:
10011:
10005:
9989:
9988:
9981:
9980:
9973:
9966:
9958:
9951:
9950:External links
9948:
9947:
9946:
9935:
9928:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9904:
9854:
9842:
9823:(2): 243–258.
9800:
9775:
9750:
9719:
9660:
9648:
9591:
9556:(2): e911186.
9531:
9524:
9502:
9448:
9403:(10): 170499.
9383:
9344:
9307:(398): 1–126.
9282:
9255:(4): 297–312.
9231:
9179:
9152:(3): 506–525.
9129:
9103:
9096:
9074:
9037:(2): 105–209.
9012:
8970:
8935:
8892:
8866:
8821:
8792:(1): 103–112.
8772:
8755:
8704:
8645:
8626:
8614:
8563:
8528:
8499:(4): 821–833.
8476:
8441:(1–2): 61–87.
8418:
8411:
8390:
8316:
8290:
8264:
8202:
8153:
8086:
8024:
7997:(4): 500–522.
7977:
7918:
7854:
7816:
7757:
7702:
7653:
7622:
7608:(in Chinese).
7589:
7560:(3): 264–273.
7540:
7519:
7501:
7490:(2): 271–287.
7466:
7436:
7364:
7318:
7283:(4): 442–472.
7266:
7231:
7067:
7048:
6922:
6903:(supp3): 60A.
6883:
6777:
6711:
6685:
6541:
6498:
6484:
6455:
6357:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6259:Nevertheless,
6249:Gwyneddichnium
6238:Gwyneddichnium
6215:Tanystropheus,
6193:Tanystropheus.
6167:
6164:
6151:Serpianosaurus
6121:of the family
6054:
6051:
6016:via a digital
5985:
5982:
5960:
5957:
5918:
5915:
5911:metabolic rate
5861:
5858:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5758:
5755:
5716:crabeater seal
5710:, such as the
5688:marine iguanas
5645:Early Triassic
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5564:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5539:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5493:Allokotosauria
5486:
5481:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5386:GMPKU P 1527 (
5382:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5365:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5308:
5303:
5301:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5224:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5200:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5176:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5152:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5128:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5104:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5080:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5025:
5020:
5018:
5013:
5011:
5003:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4949:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4917:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4895:
4885:
4880:
4878:
4870:
4819:Trachelosaurus
4738:
4737:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4628:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4611:Tasmaniosaurus
4603:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4573:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4546:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4516:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4493:Allokotosauria
4486:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4412:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4383:
4378:
4376:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4348:
4343:
4341:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4319:
4309:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4282:
4277:
4275:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4224:
4219:
4217:
4209:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4125:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4095:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4042:Trilophosaurus
4034:
4029:
4027:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3954:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3891:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3867:
3862:
3860:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3831:
3826:
3824:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3719:
3714:
3712:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3690:
3680:
3675:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3643:
3638:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3490:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3460:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3430:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3406:Trilophosaurus
3398:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3227:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3129:
3123:The following
3106:azendohsaurids
3101:Trilophosaurus
2972:, emphasizing
2931:
2928:
2803:Early Triassic
2795:Younginiformes
2755:Trachelosaurus
2724:Bernhard Peyer
2689:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2666:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:Classification
2645:
2539:
2536:
2468:tanystropheids
2455:
2452:
2421:Tanystropheus'
2411:has up to 19,
2397:(T. hydroides)
2388:
2387:Torso and tail
2385:
2298:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2265:postzygophyses
2208:
2205:
2154:laterosphenoid
2130:foramen magnum
2092:ectopterygoids
2070:The palate of
2043:sagittal crest
2023:erythrosuchids
1920:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1782:pineal foramen
1749:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1708:pterygoid bone
1696:squamosal bone
1564:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1471:
1468:
1341:Jilh Formation
1335:Indeterminate
1229:Makhtesh Ramon
1207:T. longicollis
1189:In the 1880s,
1186:
1179:
1159:Early Triassic
968:vertebrae of "
958:
955:
900:junior synonym
829:Bernhard Peyer
741:"Tribelesodon"
731:The destroyed
730:
729:
720:
719:
711:
710:
709:
708:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
628:Early Triassic
585:"Tribelesodon"
481:archosauriform
427:
426:
424:
423:
411:
403:
385:
384:
383:
381:
380:
378:Sennikov, 2011
369:
358:
350:
334:Genus synonymy
332:
331:
330:
327:
326:
320:
319:
318:
317:
300:
283:
264:
263:
262:Other species
259:
258:
255:
237:
236:
230:
229:
212:
208:
207:
199:
195:
194:
189:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
128:
127:
119:
118:
110:
109:
102:Possible late
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11862:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11783:
11782:
11780:
11763:
11758:
11754:
11750:
11745:
11741:
11737:
11732:
11728:
11724:
11719:
11715:
11710:
11709:Tanystropheus
11704:
11700:
11695:
11689:
11685:
11684:
11682:
11680:
11679:Tanystropheus
11676:
11672:
11667:
11655:
11647:
11646:
11643:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11623:Sauropterygia
11621:
11619:
11616:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11600:
11598:
11594:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11582:Protorosauria
11580:
11578:
11577:Proterosuchia
11575:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11565:
11559:
11558:
11551:
11549:
11548:
11541:
11539:
11538:
11531:
11529:
11528:
11521:
11519:
11518:
11511:
11509:
11508:
11501:
11499:
11498:
11491:
11489:
11488:
11481:
11479:
11478:
11471:
11469:
11468:
11461:
11459:
11458:
11451:
11450:
11448:
11446:
11445:
11440:
11434:
11433:
11426:
11424:
11423:
11416:
11414:
11413:
11406:
11404:
11403:
11396:
11394:
11393:
11386:
11384:
11383:
11382:Lucianosaurus
11376:
11374:
11373:
11366:
11365:
11363:
11359:
11355:
11348:
11344:
11335:
11331:
11329:
11322:
11289:
11285:
11283:
11279:
11278:
11277:
11276:
11274:
11272:
11268:
11260:
11256:
11254:
11250:
11249:
11248:
11247:
11245:
11243:
11239:
11233:
11232:
11225:
11222:
11221:
11220:Sikannisuchus
11214:
11213:
11211:
11209:
11208:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11194:
11186:
11182:
11181:
11180:
11179:
11177:
11175:
11168:
11165:
11162:
11157:
11145:
11141:
11140:
11139:
11138:
11136:
11134:
11127:
11121:
11120:
11116:
11114:
11113:
11109:
11107:
11106:
11102:
11101:
11099:
11097:
11096:Euparkeriidae
11090:
11084:
11083:
11076:
11074:
11073:
11072:Polymorphodon
11066:
11064:
11063:
11056:
11054:
11053:
11046:
11044:
11043:
11036:
11034:
11033:
11026:
11024:
11023:
11016:
11015:
11012:
11008:
11005:
11002:
10997:
10987:
10986:
10982:
10980:
10979:
10975:
10973:
10972:
10968:
10966:
10965:
10961:
10958:
10957:
10953:
10951:
10950:
10949:Erythrosuchus
10946:
10944:
10943:
10939:
10937:
10936:
10932:
10931:
10929:
10927:
10920:
10914:
10913:
10909:
10907:
10906:
10902:
10901:
10899:
10897:
10896:Protopyknosia
10890:
10883:
10882:
10878:
10875:
10874:
10870:
10868:
10867:
10866:Samsarasuchus
10863:
10861:
10860:
10859:Proterosuchus
10856:
10854:
10853:
10849:
10847:
10846:
10842:
10839:
10838:
10834:
10832:
10831:
10827:
10826:
10824:
10822:
10815:
10809:
10808:
10801:
10799:
10798:
10797:Sarmatosuchus
10791:
10789:
10788:
10787:Koilamasuchus
10781:
10779:
10778:
10771:
10768:
10767:
10760:
10758:
10757:
10750:
10748:
10747:
10740:
10739:
10736:
10732:
10729:
10726:
10721:
10717:
10713:
10708:
10704:
10694:
10689:
10686:
10679:
10654:
10653:
10652:
10651:
10649:
10647:
10643:
10637:
10636:
10632:
10630:
10629:
10625:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10618:Prolacertidae
10612:
10604:
10603:Rhynchosauria
10600:
10599:
10598:
10597:
10595:
10593:
10592:Rhynchosauria
10586:
10578:
10574:
10573:
10572:
10571:
10569:
10567:
10560:
10554:
10553:
10546:
10544:
10543:
10536:
10533:
10532:
10525:
10523:
10522:
10515:
10514:
10511:
10508:
10505:
10500:
10489:
10488:
10484:
10482:
10481:
10480:Tanytrachelos
10477:
10475:
10474:
10473:Tanystropheus
10470:
10467:
10466:
10462:
10460:
10459:
10455:
10453:
10452:
10448:
10446:
10445:
10441:
10439:
10438:
10434:
10432:
10431:
10427:
10424:
10423:
10422:Gracilicollum
10419:
10416:
10415:
10411:
10409:
10408:
10404:
10402:
10401:
10397:
10395:
10394:
10390:
10389:
10387:
10385:
10381:
10375:
10374:
10373:Sharovipteryx
10370:
10368:
10367:
10363:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10353:
10347:
10346:
10342:
10339:
10338:
10334:
10332:
10331:
10327:
10325:
10324:
10320:
10317:
10316:
10315:Gracilicollum
10312:
10309:
10308:
10304:
10302:
10301:
10297:
10295:
10294:
10290:
10289:
10287:
10285:
10281:
10274:
10273:
10272:Jesairosaurus
10269:
10268:
10265:
10262:
10259:
10251:
10245:
10244:
10237:
10235:
10234:
10227:
10225:
10224:
10223:Protorosaurus
10217:
10215:
10214:
10207:
10205:
10204:
10197:
10195:
10194:
10187:
10185:
10184:
10177:
10174:
10173:
10166:
10164:
10163:
10156:
10154:
10153:
10146:
10145:
10142:
10139:
10136:
10131:
10127:
10123:
10118:
10114:
10093:
10092:
10091:
10090:
10088:
10086:
10082:
10074:
10070:
10069:
10068:
10067:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10055:
10051:
10043:
10042:Archelosauria
10039:
10036:
10034:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10012:
10010:
10006:
10004:
10000:
9999:
9994:
9990:
9986:
9979:
9974:
9972:
9967:
9965:
9960:
9959:
9956:
9944:
9941:, II Classe.
9940:
9936:
9933:
9929:
9926:
9922:
9919:
9918:
9913:
9912:
9900:
9896:
9892:
9888:
9884:
9880:
9876:
9869:
9867:
9865:
9863:
9861:
9859:
9849:
9847:
9838:
9834:
9830:
9826:
9822:
9818:
9814:
9813:Tanystropheus
9807:
9805:
9789:
9782:
9780:
9764:
9757:
9755:
9746:
9742:
9738:
9734:
9730:
9723:
9715:
9711:
9707:
9703:
9699:
9695:
9691:
9687:
9683:
9679:
9675:
9673:
9672:Tanystropheus
9664:
9658:
9652:
9644:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9626:
9622:
9618:
9614:
9610:
9608:
9604:
9595:
9587:
9583:
9579:
9575:
9571:
9567:
9563:
9559:
9555:
9551:
9547:
9540:
9538:
9536:
9527:
9521:
9517:
9513:
9506:
9498:
9494:
9490:
9486:
9482:
9478:
9474:
9470:
9466:
9464:
9455:
9453:
9444:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9418:
9414:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9398:
9394:
9387:
9379:
9375:
9371:
9367:
9363:
9359:
9355:
9348:
9340:
9336:
9332:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9314:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9298:
9291:
9289:
9287:
9278:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9254:
9250:
9246:
9244:
9235:
9226:
9221:
9217:
9213:
9209:
9205:
9201:
9199:
9190:
9188:
9186:
9184:
9175:
9171:
9167:
9163:
9159:
9155:
9151:
9147:
9143:
9136:
9134:
9125:
9121:
9114:
9112:
9110:
9108:
9099:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9078:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9053:
9052:2027.42/73857
9048:
9044:
9040:
9036:
9032:
9031:
9023:
9016:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8993:(2): 97–164.
8992:
8988:
8984:
8977:
8975:
8967:(4): 931–953.
8966:
8962:
8961:Palaeontology
8955:
8953:
8944:
8942:
8940:
8931:
8927:
8923:
8919:
8915:
8911:
8907:
8905:
8896:
8888:
8884:
8877:
8870:
8862:
8858:
8854:
8850:
8843:
8841:
8837:
8828:
8826:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8791:
8787:
8783:
8776:
8768:
8767:
8759:
8751:
8747:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8719:
8717:
8716:Protorosaurus
8708:
8700:
8696:
8692:
8688:
8684:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8668:
8665:(in German).
8664:
8660:
8658:
8649:
8641:
8638:(in German).
8637:
8630:
8621:
8619:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8576:
8567:
8559:
8555:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8532:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8483:
8481:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8440:
8437:(in German).
8436:
8432:
8425:
8423:
8414:
8412:0-89464-985-X
8408:
8404:
8397:
8395:
8386:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8335:
8333:
8331:
8329:
8327:
8325:
8323:
8321:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8297:
8295:
8286:
8282:
8275:
8268:
8260:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8213:
8211:
8209:
8207:
8198:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8172:
8168:
8164:
8157:
8149:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8090:
8081:
8076:
8072:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8038:
8031:
8029:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7981:
7973:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7922:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7902:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7863:
7861:
7859:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7825:Fraser, N. C.
7820:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7761:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7706:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7664:
7657:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7633:
7626:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7600:
7593:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7544:
7537:
7533:
7530:260: 87–100.
7529:
7523:
7515:
7511:
7505:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7481:
7479:
7478:Tanystropheus
7470:
7463:(5): 142–148.
7462:
7458:
7454:
7452:
7451:Tanystropheus
7443:
7441:
7432:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7381:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7337:(1): 90–104.
7336:
7332:
7325:
7323:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7270:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7235:
7227:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7181:
7172:
7170:
7168:
7166:
7164:
7162:
7160:
7158:
7156:
7154:
7152:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7140:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7104:
7102:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7072:
7063:
7059:
7052:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6977:
6975:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6963:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6935:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6927:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6887:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6840:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6814:
6812:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6774:(3): 377–394.
6773:
6769:
6765:
6763:
6762:Tanystropheus
6754:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6742:
6740:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6716:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6692:
6690:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6664:
6663:10.26879/1038
6659:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6640:
6638:
6636:
6634:
6632:
6630:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6620:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6584:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6510:(in German).
6509:
6502:
6495:
6494:
6493:Tanystropheus
6488:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6472:0-253-34514-6
6469:
6465:
6459:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6406:Tanystropheus
6400:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6390:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6382:
6380:
6378:
6376:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6362:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6333:
6329:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6307:Tanystropheus
6304:
6300:
6296:
6295:Tanystropheus
6292:
6289:, an aquatic
6288:
6287:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6273:Tanystropheus
6271:The skull of
6269:
6267:
6266:Tanystropheus
6262:
6257:
6255:
6254:Tanystropheus
6250:
6246:
6245:
6244:Tanytrachelos
6240:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6228:Tanystropheus
6224:
6216:
6211:
6204:
6203:Tanystropheus
6199:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6188:Tanystropheus
6185:
6184:Tanystropheus
6180:
6178:
6177:Tanystropheus
6173:
6172:Tanystropheus
6163:
6161:
6160:Tanystropheus
6157:
6156:Tanystropheus
6153:
6152:
6147:
6146:
6140:
6139:Tanystropheus
6136:
6132:
6128:
6127:Tanystropheus
6124:
6120:
6116:
6111:
6109:
6108:Tanystropheus
6104:
6100:
6096:
6095:Tanystropheus
6091:
6090:Tanystropheus
6086:
6084:
6083:Tanystropheus
6080:
6076:
6075:Tanystropheus
6072:
6071:Tanystropheus
6064:
6059:
6050:
6048:
6047:cochlear duct
6043:
6042:Tanystropheus
6039:
6035:
6034:Tanystropheus
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5990:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5956:
5954:
5953:Tanystropheus
5949:
5948:Tanystropheus
5945:
5941:
5940:Tanystropheus
5937:
5933:
5929:
5926:For example,
5924:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5901:Tanystropheus
5898:
5897:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5869:Tanystropheus
5866:
5857:
5855:
5851:
5850:Tanystropheus
5847:
5843:
5839:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5797:
5796:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5776:Tanystropheus
5768:
5763:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5725:
5724:Eudimorphodon
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5703:
5701:
5700:Tanystropheus
5697:
5696:Tanystropheus
5693:
5689:
5685:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5661:Tanystropheus
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5641:Tanystropheus
5638:
5619:
5618:
5610:
5609:
5601:
5600:
5592:
5591:
5583:
5582:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5538:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5516:Rhynchosauria
5508:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5485:
5484:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5462:
5461:
5453:
5452:
5444:
5443:
5435:
5434:
5426:
5425:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5364:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5337:Tanytrachelos
5331:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5315:Tanytrachelos
5307:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5280:
5279:
5271:
5270:
5262:
5261:
5253:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5223:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5199:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5175:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5151:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5127:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5103:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5079:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5024:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5009:
5002:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4957:Jesairosaurus
4948:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4916:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4893:
4892:Protorosaurus
4884:
4883:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4815:
4813:
4812:Tanystropheus
4809:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4786:Tanystropheus
4783:
4779:
4778:Tanystropheus
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4757:Tanystropheus
4754:
4753:
4747:
4746:Tanystropheus
4736:
4728:
4727:
4719:
4718:
4710:
4709:
4701:
4700:
4692:
4691:
4683:
4682:
4674:
4673:
4665:
4664:
4656:
4655:
4647:
4646:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4602:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4580:Prolacertidae
4572:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4545:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4523:Rhynchosauria
4515:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4464:
4463:
4455:
4454:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4433:Tanystropheus
4428:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4411:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4382:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4356:Jesairosaurus
4347:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4317:
4316:Protorosaurus
4308:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4281:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4198:
4197:
4189:
4188:
4180:
4179:
4171:
4170:
4162:
4161:
4153:
4152:
4144:
4143:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4094:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4033:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4006:
4005:
3997:
3996:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3975:Tanystropheus
3970:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3953:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3933:
3932:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3896:Tanytrachelos
3890:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3866:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3830:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3795:
3794:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3759:Rhynchosaurus
3750:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3718:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3687:Protorosaurus
3679:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3606:Tanystropheus
3603:
3602:Protorosaurus
3599:
3595:
3594:Tanystropheus
3591:
3590:Tanystropheus
3587:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3570:considered a
3568:
3567:Tanystropheus
3564:
3563:Protorosaurus
3560:
3545:
3544:
3536:
3535:
3527:
3526:
3518:
3517:
3509:
3508:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3437:Rhynchosauria
3429:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3397:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3377:
3376:
3368:
3367:
3359:
3358:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3337:Tanystropheus
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3315:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3224:Protorosaurus
3216:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3159:Gephyrosaurus
3150:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3091:Proterosuchus
3087:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3072:Tanytrachelos
3069:
3068:Tanystropheus
3065:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3049:Tanytrachelos
3045:
3041:
3040:Tanystropheus
3036:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3020:Protorosaurus
3017:
3013:
3012:Tanystropheus
3008:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2940:Tanystropheus
2936:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2916:Protorosaurus
2913:
2912:Tanystropheus
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2896:Tanystropheus
2893:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2861:Protorosaurus
2858:
2857:Tanystropheus
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2833:Tanystropheus
2829:
2828:Tanystropheus
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2799:Protorosauria
2796:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2773:Protorosaurus
2769:
2765:
2761:
2760:Tanystropheus
2757:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2738:Tanystropheus
2735:
2734:
2729:
2728:Tanystropheus
2725:
2721:
2720:Tanystropheus
2710:
2706:
2705:Tanystropheus
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2692:Protorosaurus
2686:
2675:
2674:Tanystropheus
2671:
2670:
2663:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2625:Tanystropheus
2622:
2619:and a blocky
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2585:Tanytrachelos
2581:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2492:glenoid facet
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2476:interclavicle
2473:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2409:Protorosaurus
2406:
2403:There are 12
2398:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2381:somitogenesis
2377:
2376:Tanystropheus
2373:
2369:
2365:
2364:Protorosaurus
2361:
2360:Tanystropheus
2357:
2356:
2351:
2350:Tanystropheus
2346:
2342:
2339:
2338:cervical ribs
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2305:Tanystropheus
2302:
2292:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:allokotosaurs
2246:
2242:
2241:pleurocentrum
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:Tanystropheus
2222:
2221:Tanystropheus
2213:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2162:Azendohsaurus
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2114:basioccipital
2111:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2096:epipterygoids
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2052:Azendohsaurus
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1931:The skull of
1924:
1914:
1903:
1894:
1883:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1862:Tanystropheus
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:Tanystropheus
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1732:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1716:quadratojugal
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:quadrate bone
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:Tanystropheus
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1652:Eudimorphodon
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1613:allokotosaurs
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:The skull of
1572:
1568:
1558:
1547:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1526:Tanystropheus
1523:
1522:Tanystropheus
1519:
1518:Tanystropheus
1515:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1499:T. conspicuus
1496:
1495:Tanystropheus
1490:(MSNM V 3730)
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:Tanystropheus
1443:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1408:Röt Formation
1405:
1404:Tanystropheus
1401:
1400:tanystropheid
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:Tanystropheus
1382:
1381:Tanystropheus
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:Tanystropheus
1362:
1361:Friuli, Italy
1358:
1357:Tanystropheus
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:Tanystropheus
1333:
1331:
1330:T. hydroides?
1327:
1326:Tanystropheus
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:Tanystropheus
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:Tanystropheus
1289:
1288:Tanystropheus
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:Tanystropheus
1273:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1261:Tanystropheus
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:T. conspicuus
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:Tanystropheus
1222:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:T. willistoni
1200:
1196:
1195:Tanystropheus
1192:
1184:
1183:Tanystropheus
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:Tanystropheus
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:Tanystropheus
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:Tanystropheus
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1116:Tanystropheus
1113:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:Tanystropheus
1086:
1081:
1079:
1078:Tanystropheus
1074:
1073:Tanystropheus
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:T. conspicuus
1041:
1040:Tanystropheus
1037:
1036:Tanystropheus
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1019:nomen oblitum
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
978:Tanystropheus
971:
967:
963:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
926:Tanystropheus
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:Tanystropheus
905:
901:
897:
896:T. meridensis
893:
889:
888:T. meridensis
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:Tanystropheus
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
746:
742:
738:
734:
724:
715:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
679:
675:
674:Tanystropheus
671:
667:
666:Tanystropheus
662:
661:Tanystropheus
658:
657:Tanystropheus
653:
651:
650:
645:
641:
640:Tanystropheus
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:"T. antiquus"
621:
617:
616:Late Triassic
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:Tanystropheus
588:
586:
582:
581:Tanystropheus
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:
560:
559:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:
524:T. conspicuus
520:
519:Tanystropheus
516:
512:
511:Tanystropheus
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:Tanystropheus
486:
485:Tanystropheus
482:
478:
477:Tanystropheus
474:
473:cervical ribs
470:
466:
462:
459:
455:
439:
435:
434:
433:Tanystropheus
420:
415:
414:T. meridensis
412:
407:
404:
400:
395:
392:
391:
375:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:Procerosaurus
359:
356:Bassani, 1886
354:
351:
347:
346:nomen oblitum
342:
339:
338:
328:
325:
321:
314:
309:
308:
301:
297:
292:
291:
284:
279:
278:
276:
268:
267:
265:
260:
252:
247:
246:
238:
235:
231:
226:
221:
220:
219:Tanystropheus
213:
210:
209:
206:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
138:
133:
129:
125:
124:Tanystropheus
120:
116:
111:
105:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
36:
32:
26:
25:Tanystropheus
22:
19:
11678:
11603:Choristodera
11568:Paraphyletic
11555:
11545:
11535:
11525:
11515:
11505:
11495:
11485:
11475:
11465:
11455:
11444:Nomina dubia
11442:
11430:
11420:
11410:
11402:Palaeosaurus
11400:
11392:Tecovasaurus
11390:
11380:
11372:Crosbysaurus
11370:
11325:
11288:crocodilians
11282:Pseudosuchia
11271:Pseudosuchia
11229:
11218:
11205:
11117:
11110:
11103:
11080:
11070:
11060:
11052:Litorosuchus
11050:
11040:
11030:
11020:
10983:
10978:Shansisuchus
10976:
10969:
10962:
10954:
10947:
10940:
10933:
10910:
10903:
10879:
10873:Tsylmosuchus
10871:
10864:
10857:
10850:
10843:
10835:
10828:
10805:
10795:
10785:
10775:
10764:
10754:
10744:
10681:
10633:
10626:
10550:
10540:
10529:
10519:
10485:
10478:
10472:
10471:
10463:
10456:
10449:
10442:
10435:
10428:
10420:
10414:Fuyuansaurus
10412:
10405:
10398:
10391:
10371:
10364:
10343:
10335:
10328:
10321:
10313:
10307:Fuyuansaurus
10305:
10298:
10291:
10270:
10241:
10233:Rhombopholis
10231:
10221:
10211:
10201:
10191:
10181:
10170:
10162:Czatkowiella
10160:
10150:
10037:
10028:
10019:
9942:
9938:
9931:
9916:
9909:Bibliography
9882:
9878:
9820:
9816:
9812:
9793:23 September
9791:. Retrieved
9768:23 September
9766:. Retrieved
9739:(1): 31–48.
9736:
9732:
9722:
9681:
9677:
9671:
9663:
9651:
9616:
9612:
9606:
9602:
9594:
9553:
9549:
9515:
9505:
9472:
9468:
9462:
9400:
9396:
9386:
9364:(1): 38–52.
9361:
9357:
9353:
9347:
9304:
9300:
9296:
9252:
9248:
9242:
9234:
9207:
9203:
9197:
9149:
9145:
9123:
9087:
9077:
9034:
9028:
9015:
8990:
8986:
8964:
8960:
8951:
8913:
8909:
8904:Malerisaurus
8903:
8895:
8886:
8882:
8869:
8852:
8848:
8839:
8835:
8789:
8785:
8775:
8765:
8758:
8728:(1): 19–30.
8725:
8721:
8715:
8707:
8666:
8662:
8656:
8648:
8639:
8635:
8629:
8587:(1): 17–32.
8584:
8580:
8574:
8566:
8541:
8537:
8531:
8496:
8492:
8438:
8434:
8402:
8348:
8344:
8310:
8306:
8302:
8284:
8280:
8267:
8226:
8222:
8170:
8166:
8156:
8103:
8099:
8089:
8044:
8040:
7994:
7990:
7980:
7935:
7931:
7921:
7872:
7868:
7832:
7828:
7819:
7784:10.26879/988
7774:
7770:
7760:
7719:
7715:
7705:
7694:the original
7673:
7669:
7656:
7639:
7635:
7625:
7614:the original
7609:
7605:
7592:
7557:
7553:
7543:
7527:
7522:
7513:
7510:
7504:
7487:
7483:
7477:
7469:
7460:
7456:
7450:
7394:
7390:
7334:
7330:
7280:
7276:
7269:
7244:
7234:
7189:
7185:
7179:
7061:
7051:
7018:10141/622898
6990:
6986:
6900:
6896:
6886:
6877:
6873:
6771:
6767:
6761:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6653:
6649:
6511:
6507:
6501:
6492:
6487:
6463:
6458:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6348:. Retrieved
6342:
6332:
6315:ichthyosaurs
6306:
6303:T. hydroides
6302:
6294:
6284:
6280:
6277:T. hydroides
6276:
6272:
6270:
6265:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6242:
6236:
6227:
6223:Tanstropheus
6222:
6220:
6214:
6202:
6192:
6187:
6183:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6169:
6159:
6155:
6149:
6143:
6138:
6126:
6123:Azhdarchidae
6112:
6107:
6098:
6094:
6089:
6087:
6082:
6074:
6070:
6068:
6062:
6041:
6033:
6009:
6004:with paired
5997:
5995:
5977:
5965:
5962:
5952:
5947:
5939:
5920:
5904:
5900:
5894:
5888:
5868:
5865:Histological
5863:
5849:
5841:
5838:T. hydroides
5837:
5835:
5831:streptostyly
5819:T. hydroides
5818:
5816:
5808:Paleobiology
5799:
5793:
5787:
5783:
5780:T. hydroides
5779:
5775:
5772:
5767:T. hydroides
5766:
5750:
5747:T. hydroides
5746:
5742:
5738:
5728:
5722:
5704:
5699:
5695:
5683:
5681:
5660:
5659:The diet of
5658:
5649:Griesbachian
5640:
5627:Paleoecology
5545:
5541:
5511:
5488:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5391:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5335:
5334:
5314:
5313:(an unnamed
5310:
5244:
5243:
5227:
5226:
5203:
5202:
5179:
5178:
5155:
5154:
5133:Fuyuansaurus
5131:
5130:
5107:
5106:
5083:
5082:
5050:
5049:
5028:
5027:
4971:
4955:
4951:
4923:
4919:
4890:
4864:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4822:
4818:
4816:
4811:
4805:
4795:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4767:
4765:
4756:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4734:
4609:
4605:
4575:
4552:
4548:
4518:
4488:
4432:
4431:
4415:
4414:
4386:
4385:
4354:
4350:
4314:
4288:
4284:
4251:Choristodera
4246:
4226:
4206:
4101:
4097:
4067:Teraterpeton
4065:
4061:
4040:
4036:
3974:
3973:
3957:
3956:
3910:
3894:
3893:
3870:
3869:
3834:
3833:
3777:
3773:
3757:
3753:
3725:
3721:
3685:
3645:
3625:
3615:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3579:polyphyletic
3572:paraphyletic
3566:
3562:
3558:
3556:
3466:
3462:
3432:
3404:
3400:
3336:
3335:
3319:
3318:
3290:
3289:
3251:
3222:
3173:
3157:
3153:
3122:
3114:drepanosaurs
3099:
3096:rhynchosaurs
3089:
3083:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3047:
3044:sister taxon
3039:
3037:
3032:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3009:
2974:monophyletic
2963:
2955:
2939:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2908:crocodilians
2895:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2881:polyphyletic
2873:Alfred Romer
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2845:lacertilians
2840:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2816:
2813:South Africa
2806:
2784:
2777:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2737:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2717:
2708:
2704:
2697:Late Permian
2690:
2673:
2667:
2624:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2549:
2496:
2479:
2465:
2437:
2420:
2416:
2415:has 18, and
2412:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2330:
2327:T. hydroides
2326:
2322:
2320:
2313:T. hydroides
2312:
2308:
2304:
2301:T. hydroides
2300:
2257:neural spine
2237:intercentrum
2224:
2220:
2218:
2200:
2196:
2193:T. hydroides
2192:
2188:
2181:
2177:T. hydroides
2176:
2161:
2141:
2126:exoccipitals
2110:T. hydroides
2109:
2108:
2088:T. hydroides
2087:
2083:
2080:nasal cavity
2072:T. hydroides
2071:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2046:
2034:
2031:T. hydroides
2030:
2026:
2019:T. hydroides
2018:
2016:
2011:T. hydroides
2010:
1999:
1995:
1988:T. hydroides
1987:
1983:
1980:septomaxilla
1975:
1971:T. hydroides
1970:
1966:
1963:T. hydroides
1962:
1958:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1870:
1861:
1858:prearticular
1845:
1822:
1804:
1793:scleral ring
1790:
1777:
1763:
1751:
1720:T. hydroides
1719:
1711:
1699:
1683:
1665:
1660:
1650:
1629:
1627:
1620:
1617:crocodilians
1609:rhynchosaurs
1589:subthecodont
1580:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:T. hydroides
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1484:T. hydroides
1483:
1479:
1461:
1449:
1445:
1442:T. antiquus,
1441:
1435:
1429:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1398:Several new
1397:
1384:
1380:
1373:Bay of Fundy
1364:
1356:
1345:Saudi Arabia
1336:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1313:province of
1306:
1304:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1249:T. biharicus
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1224:
1223:. Authentic
1218:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1108:latespinatus
1104:
1100:
1097:nomen dubium
1096:
1093:T. posthumus
1092:
1088:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1060:
1058:
1054:T. hydroides
1053:
1049:nomen dubium
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:type species
1027:
1017:
1009:
990:Lower Keuper
977:
975:
969:
950:
938:
935:histological
930:
925:
924:
915:
911:
907:
903:
895:
891:
887:
881:
876:
872:
856:
854:
845:
841:
837:
832:
822:
818:World War II
801:
800:specimen of
793:
752:
745:Franz Nopcsa
740:
736:
689:T. hydroides
688:
684:
673:
665:
660:
656:
654:
647:
643:
639:
635:
623:
591:
589:
584:
580:
577:Tribelesodon
576:
568:
564:T. hydroides
563:
562:
557:
556:
529:dubious name
523:
522:
518:
515:type species
510:
509:
501:protorosaurs
488:
484:
476:
432:
431:
430:
418:
413:
405:
398:
394:T. biharicus
393:
371:
360:
353:Tribelesodon
352:
340:
312:
307:T. hydroides
306:
305:
289:
288:
273:
272:
251:nomen dubium
250:
244:
243:
234:Type species
218:
217:
185:
123:
24:
18:
11703:Wikispecies
11587:Thecodontia
11557:Wangisuchus
11537:Microcnemus
11517:Fenhosuchus
11507:Exilisuchus
11497:Collilongus
11487:Blomosuchus
11467:Ankistrodon
11422:Uatchitodon
11197:Archosauria
11185:Phytosauria
11174:Phytosauria
11042:Heteropelta
11001:Eucrocopoda
10985:Uralosaurus
10942:Chalishevia
10852:Jaikosuchus
10830:Archosaurus
10746:Antarctanax
10521:Boreopricea
10451:Macrocnemus
10393:Amotosaurus
8952:Boreopricea
8861:10539/16290
8842:Parrington"
7794:10919/99898
7777:(3): 1–15.
7676:: 139–205.
6700:Bass. sp".
6656:(3): 1–46.
6514:(1): 1–47.
6319:plesiosaurs
6286:Lariosaurus
6145:Macrocnemus
6115:Mark Witton
6079:Rupert Wild
5978:Macrocnemus
5966:Macrocnemus
5959:Soft tissue
5917:Respiration
5906:Macrocnemus
5735:Crustaceans
5712:hooded seal
5673:plesiosaurs
5665:piscivorous
5181:Amotosaurus
4554:Boreopricea
4417:Amotosaurus
4388:Macrocnemus
3959:Amotosaurus
3916:Ghost Ranch
3836:Macrocnemus
3616:Macrocnemus
3611:Amotosaurus
3584:The family
3292:Macrocnemus
3080:crown group
3033:Araeoscelis
3016:Macrocnemus
2993:lepidosaurs
2991:, leads to
2892:Macrocnemus
2865:Araeoscelis
2837:Macrocnemus
2779:Araeoscelis
2764:Macrocnemus
2746:plesiosaurs
2733:Macrocnemus
2701:protorosaur
2669:Macrocnemus
2629:metatarsals
2527:metacarpals
2480:Macrocnemus
2425:dorsal ribs
2417:Macrocnemus
2368:Macrocnemus
2331:T. antiquus
2269:epipophyses
1976:T.hydroides
1951:plesiosaurs
1770:postfrontal
1764:The paired
1714:preserve a
1220:Coelophysis
1171:T. antiquus
1167:T. antiquus
1143:T. antiquus
1139:T. antiquus
1129:, from the
1127:T. antiquus
1067:village of
1022:. In 1855,
982:Muschelkalk
916:T. antiquus
910:found that
869:Rupert Wild
782:lagerstätte
767:Switzerland
693:plesiosaurs
678:piscivorous
644:T. antiquus
636:T. antiquus
608:Nova Scotia
553:Switzerland
446:~ 'long' +
275:T. antiquus
11779:Categories
11527:Megacnemus
11457:Albisaurus
11361:Tooth taxa
11161:Crurotarsi
11119:Osmolskina
11105:Euparkeria
11082:Vancleavea
11032:Dorosuchus
10956:Fugusuchus
10912:Triopticus
10905:Kranosaura
10845:Gamosaurus
10777:Kalisuchus
10766:Eorasaurus
10756:Cuyosuchus
10655:see below↓
10635:Prolacerta
10628:Kadimakara
10458:Raibliania
10444:Luxisaurus
10407:Cosesaurus
10293:Austronaga
10258:Tanysauria
10183:Elessaurus
10094:see below↓
10073:Sauropsida
10058:Sauropsida
10015:Sauropsida
9934:. 6, 1-84.
9917:exogyrarum
9030:Cladistics
8855:: 89–131.
8838:Broom and
8642:: 215–221.
8575:Prolacerta
7835:(4): 866.
7397:: e11143.
7192:: e10299.
6325:References
6233:ichnogenus
6137:evidence:
6135:taphonomic
6119:pterosaurs
6036:has three
6026:cerebellum
5944:allometric
5896:Prolacerta
5823:otic joint
5677:cephalopod
5669:nothosaurs
5319:New Jersey
5246:Raibliania
4925:Prolacerta
4840:continuous
4831:Tanysauria
4478:Crocopoda
4103:Prolacerta
3779:Teyumbaita
3727:Mesosuchus
3598:Prolacerta
3559:Prolacerta
3468:Prolacerta
3085:Euparkeria
3059:Cosesaurus
3024:Prolacerta
2966:cladistics
2957:Prolacerta
2920:Prolacerta
2900:archosaurs
2888:Prolacerta
2869:Prolacerta
2841:Prolacerta
2817:Prolacerta
2808:Prolacerta
2791:Euryapsida
2750:nothosaurs
2709:Macronemus
2621:astragalus
2601:acetabulum
2532:phalangeal
2413:Prolacerta
2379:prolonged
2372:Prolacerta
2134:opisthotic
2013:) specimen
1955:nothosaurs
1838:surangular
1672:prefrontal
1647:pterosaurs
1634:heterodont
1585:premaxilla
1215:New Mexico
1059:Over 500 "
1004:to middle
976:The first
11432:Zanclodon
11286:includes
11257:includes
11022:Asperoris
10964:Garjainia
10881:Vonhuenia
10552:Teyujagua
10504:Crocopoda
10330:Pectodens
10001:Kingdom:
9945:(8), 1–7.
9899:2039-4942
9837:133762329
9714:259207369
9643:1664-2384
9619:(1): 10.
9586:130089407
9578:0272-4634
9497:0375-0442
9425:2054-5703
9331:0003-0090
9322:2246/6624
9277:0272-4634
9007:0024-4082
8786:Evolution
8750:0002-9599
8699:129660030
8691:0031-0220
8609:0002-9599
8558:0374-5481
8493:Evolution
8463:0031-0220
8367:2167-8359
8351:: e1778.
8305:Nopcsa".
8251:0272-4634
8197:2296-6463
8130:1932-6203
8071:2054-5703
7954:1664-042X
7913:253269489
7897:1432-1904
7875:(6): 55.
7811:210088772
7803:1094-8074
7752:247181044
7744:0272-4634
7584:225862812
7576:1335-0552
7413:2167-8359
7313:133166493
7305:0891-2963
7261:0272-4634
7208:2167-8359
7043:221012988
7027:0960-9822
6917:220415208
6680:211105850
6672:1094-8074
6536:131644821
6350:14 August
6291:nothosaur
6022:flocculus
6014:inner ear
6002:forebrain
5970:phosphate
5757:Predation
5720:pterosaur
5547:Teyujagua
5477:Crocopoda
5392:hydroides
4797:Pectodens
3125:cladogram
3110:chameleon
2997:squamates
2960:pictured)
2904:Dinosaurs
2617:calcaneum
2511:olecranon
2472:clavicles
2433:gastralia
2184:symphysis
2037:. Strong
1945:and many
1869:Skull of
1854:articular
1825:lower jaw
1817:pterygoid
1797:braincase
1786:forebrain
1774:parietals
1622:Teyujagua
1615:, modern
1607:, namely
1533:Skull of
1505:in length
1466:in 2019.
1452:from the
1383:fossils.
1371:, in the
1270:Zanclodon
1197:species (
1191:E.D. Cope
1155:Olenekian
1118:or other
790:pterosaur
632:Olenekian
573:pterosaur
469:vertebrae
365:von Huene
311:Spiekman
155:Kingdom:
149:Eukaryota
126:skeleton
122:Modelled
104:Olenekian
11688:Wikidata
11654:Category
10024:Diapsida
10009:Chordata
10007:Phylum:
10003:Animalia
9921:Archived
9706:37343555
9443:29134065
9339:86289421
9069:83502693
9061:34949076
8883:Postilla
8808:28562932
8636:Endeavor
8515:28563088
8471:84757407
8385:27162705
8281:Postilla
8259:90637424
8148:32267850
8100:PLOS ONE
8080:11285776
8019:12313074
8011:28145089
7972:24611053
7905:36331664
7849:86244612
7690:17520371
7431:33986981
7359:85193597
7226:33240633
7035:32763168
6708:: 9–110.
6450:86315078
6442:40864387
6018:endocast
5932:Sauropod
5928:giraffes
5923:tracheal
5873:lamellar
4761:discrete
3596:than to
3175:Squamata
3054:Virginia
3029:priority
2995:such as
2970:taxonomy
2805:reptile
2787:Eosuchia
2744:such as
2488:coracoid
2448:chevrons
2438:The two
2419:has 17.
2315:material
2245:proatlas
2201:adductor
1949:such as
1842:coronoid
1834:splenial
1813:palatine
1766:frontals
1676:lacrimal
1649:such as
1237:T. haasi
1199:T. bauri
1110:", and "
1065:Silesian
1006:Ladinian
867:(MCSN).
798:holotype
779:Ladinian
747:(right).
733:holotype
634:stage).
604:Ladinian
449:στροφευς
406:T. haasi
324:Synonyms
198:Family:
179:Reptilia
169:Chordata
165:Phylum:
159:Animalia
145:Domain:
33:– early
11749:1020148
11736:4823442
11723:4532608
11694:Q131782
10013:Class:
9686:Bibcode
9621:Bibcode
9558:Bibcode
9477:Bibcode
9434:5666248
9405:Bibcode
9366:Bibcode
9257:Bibcode
9225:1692244
9174:4523832
9154:Bibcode
8918:Bibcode
8889:: 1–14.
8816:5391625
8730:Bibcode
8671:Bibcode
8589:Bibcode
8523:2076679
8443:Bibcode
8376:4860341
8313:: 1–87.
8287:: 1–14.
8231:Bibcode
8175:Bibcode
8139:7141609
8108:Bibcode
8049:Bibcode
7963:3933779
7877:Bibcode
7724:Bibcode
7422:8101476
7339:Bibcode
7285:Bibcode
7217:7682440
6995:Bibcode
6516:Bibcode
6422:Bibcode
6247:. Some
5885:osteons
3001:tuatara
2918:-, and
2849:lizards
2811:, from
2768:Permian
2613:tarsals
2568:ischium
2523:radiale
2515:carpals
2499:humerus
2484:scapula
2227:has 13
2150:prootic
2076:choanae
1850:angular
1829:dentary
1756:neotype
1611:, most
1593:maxilla
1470:Anatomy
1393:Arizona
1319:Carnian
1311:Guizhou
1300:Hungary
1253:Romania
1185:fossils
1069:Miedary
1002:Anisian
986:Germany
850:neotype
777:-early
775:Anisian
761:on the
670:tendons
620:Carnian
618:(early
600:Anisian
598:epoch (
533:Germany
461:reptile
298:, 1886)
296:Bassani
211:Genus:
175:Class:
35:Carnian
31:Anisian
11570:groups
11477:Avipes
10366:Ozimek
10033:Sauria
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5798:, and
5205:Ozimek
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3634:Sauria
3135:Sauria
3112:-like
3104:, and
3022:, and
2977:clades
2633:fourth
2609:fibula
2552:pelvis
2519:ulnare
2503:radius
2482:. The
2470:. The
2146:stapes
2120:. The
2055:. The
1809:vomers
1801:palate
1657:lizard
1619:, and
1601:nasals
1454:Norian
1426:Russia
1353:France
1272:laevis
1233:Israel
1205:, and
1181:Other
1030:, the
994:Poland
865:Lugano
796:. The
630:(late
537:Poland
503:" or "
367:, 1902
315:, 2020
313:et al.
227:, 1852
106:record
11762:38196
11744:IRMNG
11259:birds
10038:Clade
10029:Clade
10020:Clade
9833:S2CID
9710:S2CID
9582:S2CID
9335:S2CID
9170:JSTOR
9065:S2CID
9025:(PDF)
8957:(PDF)
8879:(PDF)
8845:(PDF)
8812:S2CID
8695:S2CID
8519:S2CID
8467:S2CID
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8277:(PDF)
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7580:S2CID
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7355:S2CID
7309:S2CID
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7039:S2CID
6913:S2CID
6676:S2CID
6532:S2CID
6446:S2CID
6438:JSTOR
6131:heron
5708:seals
5692:algae
3575:grade
3118:basal
3064:Spain
3062:from
2952:basal
2948:grade
2944:clade
2641:fifth
2637:third
2605:tibia
2593:femur
2560:pubis
2556:ilium
2233:atlas
1860:. In
1680:jugal
1668:orbit
1643:cusps
1639:crown
1597:nares
1456:-age
1349:Spain
1315:China
943:Hydra
920:genus
810:Milan
763:Italy
590:Most
549:Italy
497:clade
454:genus
438:Greek
225:Meyer
186:Clade
11731:GBIF
11280:see
11251:see
11231:Smok
11183:see
11142:see
10601:see
10575:see
10071:see
9943:1905
9895:ISSN
9795:2018
9770:2018
9702:PMID
9639:ISSN
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