625:
646:
3188:
3170:
633:
69:
4048:
2377:
Another example relates to the cow, the most important animal in the symbolism of Indo-European culture: in
Mazanderani there are more than 1000 recognized words used for different types of cow. The table below lists some specimens of this rich vocabulary. In Mazandaran there are even contests held
565:(later translated into Persian) and the poetry of Amir Pazevari. Use of Mazanderani, however, has been in decline for some time. Its literary and administrative prominence had begun to diminish in favor of Persian by the time of the integration of
678:, there is no distinction between the dative and accusative cases, and the nominative in the sentence takes almost no indicators but may be inferred from word order (depending on dialect it may end in a/o/e). Since Mazanderani lacks
3279:
Coon, "Iran:Demography and
Ethnography" in Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume IV, E.J. Brill, pp. 10,8. Excerpt: "The Lurs speak an aberrant form of Archaic Persian" See maps also on page 10 for distribution of Persian languages and
906:
Adpositions in
Mazanderani are after words, while most of other languages including English and Persian have preposition systems in general. The only common postpositions that sometimes become preposition are
440:, which belongs to the Southwestern branch. Though the Persian language has influenced Mazandarani to a great extent, Mazandarani still survives as an independent language with a northwestern Iranian origin.
552:, Mazanderani has one of the longest written traditions, from the tenth to the fifteenth century. This status was achieved during the long reign of the independent and semi-independent rulers of
340:
3728:. v. 5, p. 5, Tehran: Eḥyā’-ketāb”: 2002/1381 A.P. A comparative glossary containing lexical units from almost all major urban and rural centers of the region of the three provinces of
3289:
Kathryn M. Coughlin, "Muslim cultures today: a reference guide," Greenwood
Publishing Group, 2006. p. 89: "...Iranians speak Persian or a Persian dialect such as Gilaki or Mazandarani"
443:
Mazandarani is closely related to Gilaki, and the two languages have similar vocabularies. The Gilaki and
Mazandarani languages (but not other Iranian languages) share certain
590:
The dialects of
Mazanderani are Saravi, Amoli, Baboli, Ghaemshahri, Chaloosi, Nuri, Shahsavari, Ghasrani, Shahmirzadi, Damavandi, Firoozkoohi, Astarabadi and Katouli.
428:. As of 2021, there were 1.36 million native speakers. The language appears to be decreasing, as it is threatened, and due to the majority of its speakers shifting to
624:
4674:
1714:
Spoken in a territory sheltered by the high Alborz mountains, Mazanderani preserves many ancient Indo-European words no longer in common use in modern
3047:
The following verses are in an eastern
Mazandarani dialect spoken in the Caspian littoral in northern Iran. They were transcribed and translated by
3744:, 2006, 10(2). Volume 4 contains a Persian-Mazanderani index of approximately 190 pp. Volume 5 includes a grammar of the Mazanderani language.
3048:
4925:
4920:
3509:
432:. As a member of the Northwestern branch (the northern branch of Western Iranian), etymologically speaking, it is rather closely related to
4310:
4036:
3027:
In Iran, there are some popular companies and products, like Rika (boy) or Kija (girl), which take their name from
Mazanderani words.
1649:
2350:, although they are not all of the same gender. While many Indo-Iranian languages use a masculine noun taking such related forms as
516:
The earliest references to the language of
Mazandaran, called Tabari, are to be found in the works of the early Muslim geographers.
3941:. Asian and African Grammatical Manual. Vol. 17. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.
3201:
4915:
4014:
3899:
Borjian, Habib; Borjian, Maryam (2008). "The Last Galesh
Herdsman: Ethno-Linguistic Materials from South Caspian Rainforests".
3528:
3312:
273:
None. However, the Linguistic faculty of Mazandaran University officially gathers materials and resources about the language.
3878:
Borjian, Habib; Borjian, Maryam (2007). "Ethno-Linguistic Materials from Rural Mazandaran: Mysterious Memories of a Woman".
3992:
1620:
1580:
362:
682:, there is no inflection for nouns in the sentence (no modifications for nouns). For definition, nouns take the suffix
718:). There exist some remnants of old Mazanderani indicating that, in the nominative case, female nouns used to end in
506:(which was the name of an ancient language spoken somewhere in former Tapuria) is now used in preference to the name
3602:
Fakhr-Rohani, Muhammad-Reza. 2004. She means only her 'husband': politeness strategies amongst Mazanderani-speaking
1542:
1438:
4303:
4029:
3619:
1528:
1265:
352:
17:
3995:. Among other services, archives PDFs of articles from linguistics journals, including those written in Persian.
3928:
Le Coq, P. (1989). "Les dialects Caspiens et les dialects du nord-ouest de l'Iran". In Schmitt, Rüdiger (ed.).
421:
178:
4343:
4945:
3981:. Iranian Studies. Vol. 10. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.
3231:
1595:
1491:
1722:. Listed below are a few common Mazanderani words of archaic, Indo-European provenance with Vedic cognates.
4935:
4348:
3648:. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. Series: Iranian Studies; 10.
3235:
1746:
1574:
1535:
1279:
326:
2328:, some such nouns also retaining the gender they possessed in Indo-European times: for instance the words
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1320:
1316:
1312:
742:). Grammatical gender is still present in certain modern languages closely related to Mazandarani such as
4277:
3607:
1558:
1242:
268:
3632:
4940:
4930:
4296:
4022:
4009:
1627:
1431:
1424:
1293:
1026:
3688:
4746:
4583:
4358:
3789:
Borjian, Habib (2006). "The Oldest Known Texts in New Tabari: The Collection of Aleksander Chodzko".
3660:
When Tradition Meets Modernity: Five Life Stories from the Galesh Community in Ziarat, Golestan, Iran
3256:
1588:
1549:
1356:
1352:
1302:
452:
173:
3434:
3331:
Nasidze, Ivan; Quinque, Dominique; Rahmani, Manijeh; Alemohamad, Seyed Ali; Stoneking, Mark (2006).
3187:
3169:
3506:
1452:
1251:
4044:
4811:
4338:
1604:
1484:
1477:
1445:
540:, and they are sweet , related to them is the language of Tabaristan, save for its speediness."
460:
158:
4333:
3429:
3391:"The Tati Language Group in the Sociolinguistic Context of Northwestern Iran and Transcaucasia"
163:
3301:
661:. It is SOV, but in some tenses it may be SVO, depending on the particular dialect involved.
4892:
4272:
3823:
Borjian, Habib (2006). "Textual sources for the study of Tabari language. I. Old documents".
1614:
1506:
1392:
1385:
4729:
4463:
4203:
4198:
4157:
4085:
3344:
1498:
3633:
Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion: Case Studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic.
8:
4885:
4427:
4380:
3536:
1699:
1517:
1413:
658:
448:
444:
3348:
3234:[Decreased attention to Mazandarani language in the 20th century] (in Persian).
3202:"Considerations about the dialect of Alamut district from the northern dialects of Iran"
645:
4800:
4777:
4767:
4514:
4400:
3916:
3802:
Borjian, Habib (2006). "A Mazanderani account of the Babi Incident at Shaikh Tabarsi".
3475:
3410:
1678:/ may appear as a voiceless trill in word-final position . An occasional glottal stop /
1346:
747:
488:
425:
130:
3570:
317:
4792:
4772:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4696:
4598:
4567:
4525:
4456:
4405:
4375:
4319:
4213:
4193:
4052:
3920:
3737:
3588:
Windfuhr, G. L. (1989). "New Iranian languages: Overview". In Rüdiger Schmitt (ed.).
3362:
3308:
1715:
1567:
1470:
1372:
1272:
679:
675:
549:
183:
168:
107:
4010:
Dictionary of Mazanderani, with translations into Saravi, Baboli, and Amoli dialects
3333:"Concomitant Replacement of Language and mtDNA in South Caspian Populations of Iran"
3135:, the solar calendar (365 days per year) which is official in Iran and Afghanistan.
358:
4821:
4806:
4782:
4717:
4657:
4652:
4637:
4631:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4561:
4469:
4410:
4395:
4256:
4251:
4243:
4223:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4147:
4110:
4095:
4069:
3908:
3887:
3866:
3845:
3811:
3767:
3467:
3463:
3402:
3352:
3132:
3036:
1736:
1728:
1719:
1367:
1341:
1336:
743:
437:
417:
256:
3756:"Mysterious Memories of a Woman: Ethno-Linguistic Materials from Rural Mazandaran"
3525:
4762:
4734:
4724:
4682:
4625:
4620:
4489:
4484:
4432:
4367:
4233:
4218:
4208:
4152:
4132:
4122:
4090:
3532:
3513:
1379:
1362:
751:
578:
433:
429:
150:
103:
99:
3492:
Windfuhr, G. L. 1989. New Iranian languages: Overview. In Rüdiger Schmitt, ed.,
2368:, in Mazandarani the most commonly used name for the mouse is the feminine noun
331:
4881:
4839:
4826:
4541:
4530:
4479:
4422:
4416:
4390:
4385:
4228:
1741:
1703:
1641:
1408:
521:
249:
3912:
3815:
3548:
3406:
3357:
3332:
513:
However, both Gilan and Mazanderan formed part of the state known as Tapuria.
4909:
4787:
4741:
4662:
4552:
4535:
4127:
4115:
4004:
3891:
3849:
3771:
3522:
Languages, Communities & Education: A Volume of Graduate Student Research
3471:
3052:
1224:
561:
3870:
3857:
Borjian, Habib (2008). "Two Mazanderani Texts from the Nineteenth Century".
3303:
Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages
2378:
to determine those with the greatest knowledge of this bovine nomenclature.
3366:
1460:
614:
464:
339:
3606:. (Conference abstract) CLPG Conference, University of Helsinki, Finland,
3175:
3157:
632:
300:
293:
68:
4832:
3603:
1236:
1219:
455:), reflecting the history, ethnic identity, and close relatedness to the
119:
3215:
Jaafari Dehaghi, Mahmoud; Khalilipour, Nazanin; Jaafari Dehaghi, Shima.
2781:
Strong, young bull left ungelded for the purposes of breeding or combat
636:
Map depicting areas where the various dialects of Mazandarani are spoken
4507:
3733:
3553:
3479:
3414:
3390:
3180:
3162:
1287:
1229:
598:
594:
583:
581:
and the two languages have similar vocabularies. In 1993, according to
566:
553:
517:
480:
479:(and variants of it) derives from the name of the historical region of
87:
4689:
3689:"language-keyboard.com - language-keyboard Resources and Information"
3214:
1259:
654:
618:
310:
284:
4288:
3755:
4642:
4100:
2325:
610:
569:
into the national administration in the early seventeenth century.
456:
370:
74:
520:(or Moqaisi, 10th century), for example, notes: "The languages of
4862:
4494:
4449:
3954:. Tehran: Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies: 217–231.
3428:"Bilingualism in Mazandaran: Peaceful Coexistence with Persian".
366:
3379:
Academic American Encyclopedia By Grolier Incorporated, page 294
2759:
Cow whose first calf is female and has reached two years of age
2633:
Black cow with a white line running along its spine to its tail
4647:
4501:
4474:
4142:
4105:
3620:
Turkic-Iranian Contact Areas Historical and Linguistic Aspects.
3330:
2473:
Castrated male bovine cattle to eliminate it from washing down
1315:/ may also range to near-open or a more back . Allophones of /
525:
95:
91:
3836:
Borjian, Habib (2008). "Tabarica II: Some Mazanderani Verbs".
3729:
3507:
Bilingualism in Mazandaran: Peaceful Coexistence With Persian
3373:
2347:
602:
559:
The rich literature of this language includes books such as
4816:
4055:
4047:
621:
are Mazanderani people and speak the Mazanderani language.
606:
3454:
Borjian, Habib (2004). "Māzandarān: Language and People".
2619:
Black cow with black spots on the tail end of the frontal
369:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3998:
3707:
3082:
The nightingale brought the news that it is early spring.
3972:. Tehran: Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies.
3963:. Tehran: Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies.
587:, there were three million native Mazanderani speakers.
3946:
Shokri, Giti (1990). "Verb Structure in Sāri dialect".
3658:
Shokri, Guiti; Jahani, Carina; Barani, Hossein (2013).
2927:
A cow that refuses to give milk to calves or its owner
2809:
Place where young bulls and breeding cattle are raised
3292:
2837:
Bullock more than two years old that has done no work
2823:
Bullock less than two years old that has done no work
2535:
The new wide calf rain caused a sharp volley crumbled
344:
Areas where Mazandarani is spoken as the mother tongue
3382:
3086:
I have a blasted heart for the care of the beloved.
3017:
2225:
2150:
2104:
2036:
1918:
1782:
3326:
3324:
2997:Cow that leans due to food shortages in the winter
3657:
3631:Csató, Éva Ágnes, Bo Isaksson, and Carina Jahani.
3300:
2773:Two-and-a-half-year-old cow that is ready to mate
1025:The list below is a sample list obtained from the
2899:A cow that lies down on the ground while working
2717:Pair of four-year-old cows inseminated naturally
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2298:
2270:
2242:
2201:
2195:
2167:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2087:
2081:
2053:
2019:
1991:
1963:
1935:
1901:
1873:
1845:
1799:
1759:
407:
397:
57:
51:
44:
38:
4907:
3321:
2907:Open cow horns that grow in opposite directions
3587:
3499:
3217:Iranian Languages and Dialects Past and Present
2801:Young bull that is not yet ready for ploughing
1690:/ may also be heard, depending on the dialect.
577:The Mazanderani language is closely related to
3898:
3877:
3753:
3449:
3447:
3445:
2627:Cow with horns growing in opposite directions
2577:Red cow with a white stripe from neck to tail
702:). The indefinite article for single nouns is
4304:
4030:
3999:Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies
3118:May Dervish Muhammad kill him (lit. 'them')!
3084:Tell the tree branches not to lament so much,
2305:
2277:
2249:
2215:
2209:
2174:
2140:
2094:
2060:
2026:
1998:
1970:
1942:
1908:
1880:
1852:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1772:
1766:
383:
3035:There are some Mazanderani loanwords in the
491:. People traditionally call their language
3932:. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert. pp. 296–312.
3747:
3496:. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert. pp. 246–249.
3442:
3114:On its top had sat the Dynasty of Muhammad.
3030:
4311:
4297:
4037:
4023:
4005:Audio recordings available for Mazanderani
3307:. Columbia University Press. p. 226.
3232:"کاهش توجه به زبان مازندرانی در قرن بیستم"
2549:Cow streaked with white from nose to tail
2409:Young plough bull used for the first time
556:in the centuries after the Arab invasion.
487:in Mazanderani), which was part of former
338:
3675:The Mazandarani Dialect of Kalijān Rostāq
3563:
3433:
3356:
3076:I was sitting the heights, on the lofty
3754:Borjian, Habib; Borjian, Maryam (2007).
3581:
2431:Miner's tool, ending in two wooden arcs
901:
644:
631:
3856:
3835:
3822:
3801:
3788:
3672:
3453:
3229:
3131:In dates given below, A.P. denotes the
2739:Ox that has not been taught to portage
1698:Mazanderani is commonly written in the
363:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
4908:
3976:
3967:
3958:
3945:
3936:
3927:
3592:. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert. p. 490.
3257:"ساری | مرکز دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی"
2571:Rust-coloured cow killed by two bulls
2479:Young bull with red and black streaks
4318:
4292:
4018:
3388:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3022:
1027:Online Mazanderani-Persian dictionary
915:. Frequently used postpositions are:
649:Linguistic Map of Mazandaran Province
3298:
3116:Whoever lay the blame on you and me,
3093:
3057:
2745:Cow with bells hung around his neck
451:(specifically the non-Indo-European
408:
398:
52:
39:
3542:
3526:Society for International Education
3518:Language, Communities and Education
2683:Ox that once trained for ploughing
2501:Sharp, red points of a cow's horns
384:
24:
4891:Languages between parentheses are
3782:
3140:
3069:batεrkessέ dεl dā́rmo qam-e yār-ε
2731:A cow that is ready for ploughing
1176:One who performs actions in water
623:
73:Mazanderani (Mazeruni) written in
25:
4957:
3986:
3724:Nasri-Ashrafi, Jahangir-e (ed.).
3705:
3571:"Spoken L1 Language: Mazanderani"
3018:Influences exerted by Mazanderani
2675:A cow with a white head and tail
2669:A bull that has large open horns
2605:Black cow with a white forehead.
1682:/ or voiceless uvular fricative /
1648:
1626:
1619:
1603:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1573:
1557:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1505:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1459:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1391:
1384:
1301:
1292:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1250:
1241:
762:
572:
4865:(unknown further classification)
4046:
3186:
3168:
3112:The lofty balcony, the long mat;
2767:Bull bison that used for mating
67:
3993:Society for Iranian Linguistics
3930:Compendium linguarum Iranicarum
3718:
3699:
3681:
3666:
3651:
3638:
3625:
3612:
3596:
3590:Compendium linguarum Iranicarum
3494:Compendium linguarum Iranicarum
3486:
3421:
3230:Borjian, Habib (16 July 2018).
3105:vεšúnnε bákuše Darviš Mohammεd
3101:vέne sar ništ bío Āl-e Mohammεd
3099:bεlεnd-e bālxεnε, bεlεnd-e lamε
3067:dār-e čel-ču-rε bār ánde nέnāle
2703:Miner's cow, only to be closed
2423:Single bull used for ploughing
1706:, for example in SMS messages.
495:, as the Tabari themselves do.
4916:Northwestern Iranian languages
4895:of the language on their left.
3635:London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005.
3622:Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2006.
3283:
3273:
3249:
3223:
3208:
3194:
3103:har ki mεn o tέrε bázunε tomεt
3065:bεlbεl xavεr biārdε nо̄bεhār ε
3063:bεlεndi níšmε vεlεnd-e nεfār-ε
2941:Cow missed after giving birth
1693:
1670:/ appears as an allophone of /
1118:
321: Mazanderani–Shahmirzadi
225:Kelarestaqi-Mazandarani (West)
90:and parts of the provinces of
13:
1:
4926:Verb–subject–object languages
4921:Subject–verb–object languages
3126:
2753:Bovine of a yellowish colour
2585:Cow with a two-year-old calf
2557:Place where bull fights held
2465:Crimson cow with black spots
2221:
2146:
2100:
2032:
1914:
1778:
1709:
1326:
1323:/ can also be heard as or .
848:
710:for determination of number (
669:
27:Northwestern Iranian language
3236:Islamic Republic News Agency
2969:Black cow with yellow spots
2955:Cow fighting with its horns
2885:Bovine with bicoloured coat
2865:Quarrel between young bulls
2591:Black-and-white-spotted cow
2451:A cow that is ready to mate
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2299:
2271:
2243:
2202:
2196:
2168:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2088:
2082:
2054:
2020:
1992:
1964:
1936:
1902:
1874:
1846:
1800:
1760:
1285:
1257:
1234:
1204:
1032:
722:, while male nouns ended in
470:
231:Taleqani-Mazandarani (South)
58:
45:
7:
4278:Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language
3512:September 21, 2006, at the
3042:
2963:Relating to lactating cows
2711:Cow that is bred to plough
2521:Bull with a white forehead
2507:Bull with a white forehead
2306:
2278:
2250:
2216:
2210:
2175:
2141:
2095:
2062:pedar bozorg / pedar gozorg
2061:
2027:
1999:
1971:
1943:
1909:
1881:
1853:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1773:
1767:
1674:/ in word-final position. /
1020:
664:
228:Galeshi-Mazandarani (South)
219:Tabari-Mazandarani (Center)
10:
4962:
3726:Farhang-e vāžegān-e Tabarī
3011:Black cow with white legs
2991:Cow with a white forehead
2921:Cow that goes to everyone
2641:Cow with large open horns
2226:
2151:
2105:
2037:
1919:
1783:
640:
543:
213:Gorgani-Mazandarani (East)
4872:
4855:
4755:
4591:
4582:
4441:
4366:
4357:
4326:
4265:
4242:
4186:
4078:
4062:
3913:10.1080/00210860801981336
3816:10.1080/00210860600808227
3693:www.language-keyboard.com
3407:10.1080/00210868108701585
3389:Stilo, Donald L. (1981).
3358:10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.021
3204:. پرتال جامع علوم انسانی.
3097:
3061:
2655:Cow with spreading horns
2613:Provoke a bull to attack
2563:Ox bearing a wooden yoke
1640:
1613:
1572:
1516:
1407:
1378:
1333:
1209:
453:South Caucasian languages
349:
337:
325:
308:
282:
277:
267:
262:
246:
222:Kojuri-Mazandarani (West)
216:Katuli-Mazandarani (East)
207:
147:
137:
125:
114:
82:
66:
37:
32:
3892:10.1163/157338407X265469
3850:10.1163/157338408X326217
3772:10.1163/157338407X265469
3472:10.1163/1573384043076045
3031:In non-Iranian languages
2346:all have the meaning of
1702:. However, some use the
757:
674:Just as in other modern
304: – Shahmirzadi
297: – Mazandarani
143:1.36 million (2021)
3977:Yoshie, Satoko (1996).
3937:Nawata, Tetsuo (1984).
3871:10.2143/SI.37.1.2032296
3673:Borjian, Habib (2019).
3559:(subscription required)
3505:Borjian, Maryam. 2005.
3456:Iran & the Caucasus
2599:Two-year-old bull calf
2324:Mazandarani is rich in
3662:. Uppsala Universitet.
3644:Yoshie, Satoko. 1996.
3219:. Tehran. p. 261.
3110:
3074:
2935:Bridegroom's gift cow
2697:Pair of cows for work
839:Ablative/Instrumental
650:
637:
629:
528:are similar, they use
351:This article contains
4273:Persian Sign Language
3968:Shokri, Giti (2006).
3959:Shokri, Giti (1995).
3880:Iran and the Caucasus
3838:Iran and the Caucasus
3760:Iran and the Caucasus
3742:Iran and the Caucasus
3299:Dalb, Andrew (1998).
2725:Cow ready for mating
2437:Cattle for ploughing
1686:/ or voiced plosive /
902:Notable postpositions
648:
635:
627:
593:The native people of
4946:Mazanderani language
4886:historical languages
3549:Mazanderani language
3535:, Teachers College,
2893:Cow with open horns
2829:Black and white cow
2661:Gelded calf or bull
2493:Brown-and-white cow
692:The daughter of mine
628:Mazandaranis in Iran
463:of Mazandaranis and
436:and also related to
4936:Mazandaran province
3537:Columbia University
3349:2006CBio...16..668N
2843:Young cow - heifer
2445:Bullock and traces
2382:
1747:Proto-Indo-European
1700:Perso-Arabic script
919:
659:genderless language
449:Caucasian languages
422:Northwestern branch
234:Shahmirzadi (South)
118:South coast of the
4187:Minority languages
4079:Regional languages
3677:. Iranian Studies.
3531:2011-07-27 at the
3023:Modern-day of Iran
2647:White-bellied cow
2515:Light yellow bull
2459:Reddish-brown cow
2386:Mazanderani name
2381:
2214:(after the noun),
2206:(before the noun)
1926:infinitive of verb
1319:/ are heard as . /
918:
798:(Action) the Home
653:Mazanderani is an
651:
638:
630:
489:Kingdom of Tapuria
426:Mazandarani people
86:Iran (Province of
77:script. (مازِرونی)
4941:Caspian languages
4931:Languages of Iran
4903:
4902:
4851:
4850:
4578:
4577:
4320:Iranian languages
4286:
4285:
4244:Working languages
4063:Official language
3791:Archiv Orientální
3557:(18th ed., 2015)
3539:. pp. 65–73.
3314:978-0-231-11568-1
3184:(27th ed., 2024)
3166:(27th ed., 2024)
3124:
3123:
3092:
3091:
3015:
3014:
3005:Lovely young cow
2532:şelāb beze gozūr
2487:Yellow / red cow
2392:Mazanderani name
2322:
2321:
1716:Iranian languages
1664:
1663:
1570:
1524:
1473:
1420:
1309:
1308:
1202:
1201:
1116:
1115:
1101:Relating to home
1018:
1017:
899:
898:
846:
845:
676:Iranian languages
550:Iranian languages
548:Among the living
461:Caucasian peoples
377:
376:
359:rendering support
355:phonetic symbols.
269:Regulated by
16:(Redirected from
4953:
4747:Zoroastrian Dari
4589:
4588:
4364:
4363:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4290:
4289:
4178:Khorasani Turkic
4051:
4050:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4016:
4015:
3982:
3973:
3964:
3955:
3942:
3933:
3924:
3895:
3874:
3853:
3832:
3819:
3798:
3776:
3775:
3751:
3745:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3706:بهشهر, شهرداری.
3703:
3697:
3696:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3655:
3649:
3642:
3636:
3629:
3623:
3618:Johanson, Lars.
3616:
3610:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3546:
3540:
3503:
3497:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3451:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3401:(3/4): 137–185.
3386:
3380:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3328:
3319:
3318:
3306:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3173:
3172:
3155:
3133:Iranian calendar
3094:
3058:
3037:Turkmen language
2826:titāppeli mango
2689:Pale yellow cow
2383:
2380:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2309:
2302:
2281:
2274:
2253:
2246:
2229:
2228:
2219:
2213:
2205:
2199:
2178:
2171:
2154:
2153:
2144:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2108:
2107:
2098:
2091:
2085:
2064:
2057:
2040:
2039:
2030:
2023:
2002:
1995:
1974:
1967:
1946:
1939:
1922:
1921:
1912:
1905:
1884:
1877:
1856:
1849:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1803:
1786:
1785:
1776:
1770:
1763:
1725:
1724:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1652:
1630:
1623:
1607:
1598:
1591:
1583:
1577:
1566:
1561:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1522:
1509:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1469:
1463:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1418:
1395:
1388:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1254:
1245:
1214:
1213:
1123:
1122:
1090:At the plantain
1037:
1036:
920:
917:
853:
852:
767:
766:
418:Iranian language
411:
410:
401:
400:
387:
386:
342:
320:
303:
296:
287:
257:Persian alphabet
252:
153:
71:
61:
55:
54:
48:
42:
41:
30:
29:
21:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4898:
4868:
4847:
4751:
4574:
4437:
4353:
4322:
4317:
4287:
4282:
4261:
4238:
4182:
4074:
4058:
4045:
4043:
3989:
3970:Ramsarī Dialect
3901:Iranian Studies
3804:Iranian Studies
3785:
3783:Further reading
3780:
3779:
3752:
3748:
3723:
3719:
3712:www.behshahr.ir
3708:"شهرداری بهشهر"
3704:
3700:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3671:
3667:
3656:
3652:
3643:
3639:
3630:
3626:
3617:
3613:
3601:
3597:
3586:
3582:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3547:
3543:
3533:Wayback Machine
3514:Wayback Machine
3504:
3500:
3491:
3487:
3452:
3443:
3435:10.1.1.501.9468
3427:
3426:
3422:
3395:Iranian Studies
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3337:Current Biology
3329:
3322:
3315:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3274:
3265:
3263:
3261:www.cgie.org.ir
3255:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3228:
3224:
3213:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3174:
3167:
3156:
3141:
3129:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3045:
3033:
3025:
3020:
2417:Black-eyed cow
1712:
1696:
1412:
1357:
1345:
1329:
1212:
1207:
1121:
1068:Mulberry limit
1035:
1023:
1014:among / inside
904:
851:
765:
760:
672:
667:
643:
575:
546:
473:
430:Iranian Persian
412:); also called
392:; also spelled
357:Without proper
345:
316:
299:
298:
292:
291:
283:
263:Official status
253:
248:
240:Qasrani (South)
237:Ilikaei (South)
203:
174:Western Iranian
154:
151:Language family
149:
140:
139:Native speakers
78:
50:
28:
23:
22:
18:Tabari language
15:
12:
11:
5:
4959:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4889:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4840:Middle Persian
4836:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4804:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4727:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4635:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4606:
4601:
4595:
4593:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4538:
4533:
4511:
4504:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4472:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4344:Middle Iranian
4341:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4316:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4293:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4266:Sign languages
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4229:Zargari Romani
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4093:
4088:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4042:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3988:
3987:External links
3985:
3984:
3983:
3974:
3965:
3956:
3943:
3934:
3925:
3907:(3): 365–402.
3896:
3886:(2): 226–254.
3875:
3859:Studia Iranica
3854:
3833:
3825:Guyesh-shenâsi
3820:
3810:(3): 381–400.
3799:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3766:(2): 226–254.
3746:
3740:. Reviewed in
3717:
3698:
3680:
3665:
3650:
3637:
3624:
3611:
3595:
3580:
3562:
3541:
3498:
3485:
3441:
3420:
3381:
3372:
3343:(7): 668–673.
3320:
3313:
3291:
3282:
3272:
3248:
3222:
3207:
3193:
3138:
3137:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3108:
3090:
3089:
3072:
3049:Maryam Borjian
3044:
3041:
3032:
3029:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:zemessūni kar
2992:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2806:jonde kā sare
2803:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2610:dūşt hākerden
2607:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2207:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2138:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2092:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1892:auxiliary verb
1889:
1887:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1804:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1764:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1711:
1708:
1704:Roman alphabet
1695:
1692:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1646:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1349:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1000:
999:
996:
992:
991:
990:under / below
988:
984:
983:
980:
976:
975:
972:
968:
967:
964:
960:
959:
956:
952:
951:
948:
944:
943:
940:
936:
935:
932:
928:
927:
924:
903:
900:
897:
896:
893:
892:Determinative
890:
886:
885:
882:
879:
875:
874:
871:
868:
864:
863:
860:
857:
850:
847:
844:
843:
840:
837:
833:
832:
829:
826:
822:
821:
818:
815:
811:
810:
807:
804:
800:
799:
796:
793:
789:
788:
785:
782:
781:Sere -(a/o/e)
778:
777:
774:
771:
764:
763:Function cases
761:
759:
756:
671:
668:
666:
663:
642:
639:
574:
573:Classification
571:
545:
542:
510:by the young.
472:
469:
447:features with
424:spoken by the
382:(Mazanderani:
375:
374:
361:, you may see
347:
346:
343:
335:
334:
329:
323:
322:
314:
306:
305:
288:
280:
279:
278:Language codes
275:
274:
271:
265:
264:
260:
259:
254:
250:Writing system
247:
244:
243:
242:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
209:
205:
204:
202:
201:
200:
199:
198:
197:
196:
195:
194:
193:
192:
191:
157:
155:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
127:
123:
122:
116:
112:
111:
84:
83:Native to
80:
79:
72:
64:
63:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4958:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4812:Caucasian Tat
4810:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4334:Proto-Iranian
4332:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4314:
4309:
4307:
4302:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4049:
4040:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3797:(2): 153–171.
3796:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3676:
3669:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3641:
3634:
3628:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3591:
3584:
3576:
3575:Glottolog 4.6
3572:
3566:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3502:
3495:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3436:
3431:
3424:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3325:
3316:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3295:
3286:
3276:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3197:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3119:
3109:
3106:
3096:
3095:
3087:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3053:Habib Borjian
3050:
3040:
3038:
3028:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2862:jūnekkā jang
2861:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2820:jone kā kole
2819:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2787:A young bull
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2403:Bull subdued
2402:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2327:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1324:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1187:Mouse-finder
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:Berry-seller
1153:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:Water-sucker
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1028:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:near / about
997:
994:
993:
989:
986:
985:
981:
978:
977:
973:
970:
969:
965:
962:
961:
957:
954:
953:
949:
946:
945:
941:
938:
937:
933:
930:
929:
925:
922:
921:
916:
914:
910:
894:
891:
888:
887:
883:
880:
877:
876:
872:
869:
866:
865:
861:
858:
855:
854:
841:
838:
835:
834:
830:
827:
824:
823:
819:
816:
813:
812:
808:
805:
802:
801:
797:
794:
791:
790:
786:
783:
780:
779:
775:
772:
769:
768:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
662:
660:
656:
647:
634:
626:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
588:
586:
585:
580:
570:
568:
564:
563:
562:Marzban Nameh
557:
555:
551:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
511:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
405:
395:
391:
381:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
354:
348:
341:
336:
333:
330:
328:
324:
319:
315:
313:
312:
307:
302:
295:
289:
286:
281:
276:
272:
270:
266:
261:
258:
255:
251:
245:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
210:
206:
190:
187:
186:
185:
182:
181:
180:
177:
176:
175:
172:
171:
170:
167:
166:
165:
162:
161:
160:
159:Indo-European
156:
152:
146:
142:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
70:
65:
60:
47:
36:
31:
19:
4877:
4838:
4831:
4799:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4669:
4630:
4608:
4560:
4551:
4540:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4415:
4137:
4053:Languages of
3979:Sārī Dialect
3978:
3969:
3961:Sārī Dialect
3960:
3951:
3947:
3938:
3929:
3904:
3900:
3883:
3879:
3862:
3858:
3844:(1): 73–82.
3841:
3837:
3828:
3824:
3807:
3803:
3794:
3790:
3763:
3759:
3749:
3741:
3725:
3720:
3711:
3701:
3692:
3683:
3674:
3668:
3659:
3653:
3646:Sārī Dialect
3645:
3640:
3627:
3614:
3598:
3589:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3552:
3544:
3524:. New York:
3521:
3517:
3501:
3493:
3488:
3459:
3455:
3423:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3375:
3340:
3336:
3302:
3294:
3285:
3275:
3264:. Retrieved
3260:
3251:
3239:. Retrieved
3225:
3216:
3210:
3196:
3179:
3161:
3130:
3111:
3098:
3077:
3075:
3062:
3046:
3034:
3026:
2918:lase sar gū
2913:Alarmed cow
2896:xes xesi go
2851:Young bulls
2624:elā elā şāğ
2616:seyā kachal
2442:baKhte bāri
2376:
2323:
2316:
2288:
2260:
2232:
2185:
2157:
2111:
2071:
2043:
2009:
1981:
1953:
1925:
1891:
1863:
1835:
1789:
1733:Mazanderani
1713:
1697:
1665:
1310:
1165:Wolf-hunter
1024:
923:postposition
912:
908:
905:
881:Comparative
870:Applicative
842:By the Home
831:To the Home
803:Sere -(o/e)
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
673:
652:
592:
589:
582:
576:
560:
558:
547:
537:
533:
529:
518:Al-Muqaddasī
515:
512:
507:
503:
499:
497:
492:
484:
476:
474:
465:Gilak people
442:
413:
403:
393:
389:
379:
378:
350:
309:
188:
179:Northwestern
164:Indo-Iranian
129:4.6 million
4833:Old Persian
4670:Mazanderani
4464:Khwarezmian
4349:New Iranian
4339:Old Iranian
4138:Mazanderani
4086:Azerbaijani
3939:Māzandarāni
3865:(1): 7–50.
3604:rural women
3466:: 289–328.
3241:19 December
3176:Shahmirzadi
3158:Mazandarani
2983:Yellow cow
2815:Small bull
2795:Young bull
2560:sembe band
2529:Blonde cow
2420:paei varzā
1751:Example of
1694:Orthography
1615:Approximant
1198:Bandmaster
1119:Subjectives
1112:Underneath
1057:Good place
982:on / above
884:Great Home
878:Gat e Sere
867:And-e Sere
836:Sere ye jä
795:Accusative
784:Nominative
700:my daughter
508:Mazandarani
477:Mazanderani
459:region and
445:typological
380:Mazandarani
365:instead of
332:Shahmirzadi
189:Mazandarani
131:Mazanderani
120:Caspian Sea
33:Mazandarani
4910:Categories
4508:Sarghulami
4428:Yazghulami
4381:Ishkashimi
4204:Circassian
3734:Mazandaran
3554:Ethnologue
3266:2024-03-25
3181:Ethnologue
3163:Ethnologue
3127:References
2977:Young cow
2938:zām borde
2879:Ox plough
2602:seyā bare
2596:demis mār
2582:demes mār
2574:serxe sel
2490:raş kamer
2476:raş jūnkā
2470:batkoniye
2038:*dʰugh₂tḗr
1710:Vocabulary
1327:Consonants
1151:Halikrush
1087:Chenarbon
1003:vāri/ tarā
971:həmrā / jā
950:from / by
895:That Home
889:untä Sere
856:Adjective
849:Adjectives
670:Morphology
584:Ethnologue
567:Mazandaran
554:Mazandaran
481:Mazandaran
88:Mazandaran
4893:varieties
4880:indicate
4801:Pahlavani
4793:Bakhtiari
4778:Kuhmareyi
4768:Bashkardi
4690:Old Azeri
4401:Sanglechi
4001:, Tehran.
3921:162393586
3430:CiteSeerX
2932:lūş beni
2924:xik chaf
2890:lāch kal
2784:teş kūle
2742:tāle mār
2652:elā şiro
2630:seyā sel
2554:das kare
2543:Fawn cow
2540:būrmango
2484:būr gele
2289:adjective
2016:daughter
1836:adjective
1790:adjective
1523:voiceless
1518:Fricative
1419:voiceless
1414:Affricate
1205:Phonology
1054:Kharkash
1033:Locatives
859:Position
817:Genitive
806:Vocative
787:The Home
773:Position
748:Sangesari
732:the woman
712:a-tā kijā
688:me dətere
655:inflected
619:Tonekabon
532:, as in
498:The name
475:The name
471:Etymology
311:Glottolog
285:ISO 639-3
126:Ethnicity
40:مازِرونی
4822:Hazaragi
4773:Garmsiri
4713:Sangsari
4708:Lasgerdi
4697:Parthian
4675:Tabaroid
4643:Kurmanji
4599:Ashtiani
4568:Yaghnobi
4526:Ossetian
4515:Scythian
4490:Southern
4485:Northern
4457:Bactrian
4406:Sarikoli
4376:Bartangi
4214:Georgian
4199:Assyrian
4194:Armenian
4101:Kurmanji
3738:Golestan
3529:Archived
3510:Archived
3367:16581511
3043:Examples
2980:zargele
2966:zar xāl
2952:zanā gū
2904:lachchi
2882:xāl dār
2871:Bullock
2854:tūz kel
2848:jūnekkā
2834:jūndekā
2770:tersekā
2714:tağr in
2658:şir vej
2638:elā kal
2498:būr şāx
2395:Meaning
2389:Meaning
2326:synonyms
2106:*mḗh₁n̥s
2050:grandpa
1988:brother
1718:such as
1642:Tap/Flap
1358:alveolar
1347:Alveolar
1195:vəngyel
1140:Au Chaf
1132:Meaning
1129:Example
1109:Bənesar
1098:Səre Ja
1079:Yoshian
1046:Meaning
1043:Example
1021:Suffixes
942:of / to
926:meaning
862:Meaning
825:Sere re
814:Sere şe
792:Sere re
776:Meaning
738:meaning
730:meaning
714:meaning
696:me dəter
690:meaning
680:articles
665:Typology
611:Nowshahr
457:Caucasus
416:) is an
390:Mazeruni
385:مازِرونی
371:Help:IPA
318:maza1305
208:Dialects
108:Golestan
75:Nastaliq
46:Mazeruni
4882:extinct
4878:Italics
4863:Badeshi
4807:Persian
4783:Kumzari
4725:Taleshi
4718:Sorkhei
4703:Semnani
4658:Kordali
4638:Kurdish
4632:Gorgani
4610:Daylami
4604:Balochi
4584:Western
4562:Sogdian
4521:Alanian
4495:Wanetsi
4480:Central
4470:Parachi
4450:Avestan
4411:Shughni
4396:Roshani
4359:Eastern
4327:History
4257:Russian
4252:English
4224:Jadgali
4173:Semnani
4168:Turkmen
4163:Qashqai
4148:Balochi
4096:Kurdish
4070:Persian
3948:Farhang
3480:4030997
3415:4310364
3345:Bibcode
3280:dialect
3008:zingāl
2974:mārşan
2876:Khāmod
2812:teşkel
2792:jinekā
2778:jānekā
2764:jandek
2756:tarise
2750:ğalfer
2728:tal go
2666:elāşāx
2588:setāre
2568:de jet
2546:selnāz
2526:būreng
2462:raş go
2456:bāreng
2406:nū dūş
2295:damage
2033:dúhitā
2028:dokhtar
2000:barâdar
1960:mother
1932:father
1842:better
1737:Persian
1729:English
1720:Persian
1373:Glottal
1353:Palato-
1317:e,u,o,ɑ
1225:Central
1184:Galvej
1162:Vərgsu
1126:Suffix
1076:Yoshij
1065:Tutkel
1040:Suffix
873:
828:Dative
820:Home's
744:Semnani
740:the man
726:(as in
641:Grammar
544:History
485:Mazerun
438:Persian
420:of the
367:Unicode
290:Either:
184:Caspian
169:Iranian
4856:Others
4763:Achomi
4735:Tatoid
4683:Median
4653:Xwarin
4648:Sorani
4626:Gorani
4621:Gilaki
4542:Jassic
4502:Ormuri
4475:Pashto
4442:Others
4433:Yidgha
4234:Khalaj
4219:Hebrew
4209:Domari
4153:Talysh
4143:Arabic
4133:Gilaki
4123:Gorani
4111:Xwarin
4106:Sorani
4091:Achomi
3919:
3736:, and
3478:
3432:
3413:
3365:
3311:
3002:merem
2960:mango
2949:A cow
2910:xetūr
2868:varzā
2840:tolom
2736:fares
2708:ezāli
2700:tā şū
2644:seyel
2512:būrek
2428:alaşt
2267:right
2152:*gʷṓws
2055:gatepa
1920:*bʰuH-
1898:being
1864:adverb
1854:behtar
1847:better
1814:gozorg
1808:bozorg
1796:great
1784:*néwos
1779:návas
1568:voiced
1471:voiced
1368:Uvular
1342:Dental
1337:Labial
1210:Vowels
809:Home!
752:Zazaki
716:a girl
698:means
694:while
617:, and
615:Chalus
579:Gilaki
538:hāk-un
534:hā-dih
526:Gurgan
522:Komish
504:Tabari
500:Tapuri
493:Tabari
434:Gilaki
414:Geleki
404:Tabari
394:Mazani
133:(2021)
115:Region
104:Semnan
100:Qazvin
96:Tehran
92:Alborz
59:Tabari
53:تَبَری
4827:Tajik
4756:South
4592:North
4531:Digor
4423:Wakhi
4417:Vanji
4391:Munji
4386:Khufi
4368:Pamir
3917:S2CID
3730:Gilan
3476:JSTOR
3464:Brill
3462:(2).
3411:JSTOR
3078:nefār
2988:mārū
2946:māgū
2857:bull
2798:teşk
2694:eşte
2686:şūkā
2680:emūj
2672:şirū
2518:sārū
2504:sārū
2448:raji
2434:parū
2359:muska
2348:mouse
2300:damej
2227:*méne
2222:máma
2164:wolf
2147:gáuṣ
2101:mā́s
2083:moong
2078:moon
2021:deter
1993:berar
1972:mâdar
1944:pedar
1915:bhū-
1910:budan
1882:budeh
1870:been
1820:gonde
1742:Vedic
1380:Nasal
1363:Velar
1237:Close
1220:Front
1173:Ukaf
1148:Rush
1137:Chaf
1051:Kash
1006:like
974:with
770:Case
758:Usage
736:mərdē
706:with
603:Babol
599:Shahi
402:) or
399:مازنی
4817:Dari
4788:Luri
4742:Zaza
4730:Tati
4663:Laki
4616:Fars
4553:Saka
4536:Iron
4158:Tati
4128:Luri
4116:Laki
4056:Iran
3363:PMID
3309:ISBN
3243:2020
3051:and
2722:fal
2414:āhy
2400:ahl
2365:mušk
2343:gerz
2317:noun
2307:âsib
2279:râst
2272:rast
2261:verb
2239:gab
2233:verb
2186:noun
2176:gorg
2169:verg
2158:noun
2118:cow
2112:noun
2089:mong
2072:noun
2044:noun
2010:noun
1982:noun
1954:noun
1937:piar
1903:bien
1875:bine
1756:new
1409:Stop
1288:Open
1230:Back
1192:Yel
1181:Vej
1170:Kaf
1106:Sar
1084:Bun
1062:Kel
1011:derū
995:pəli
987:bəne
979:səri
958:for
955:vəse
931:dəle
911:and
750:and
734:and
728:jənā
704:a-tā
657:and
607:Amol
595:Sari
536:and
524:and
409:تبری
106:and
4884:or
3909:doi
3888:doi
3867:doi
3846:doi
3812:doi
3768:doi
3608:PDF
3551:at
3520:.
3468:doi
3403:doi
3353:doi
3178:at
3160:at
2371:gal
2362:or
2356:or
2353:muš
2337:gal
2331:miš
2251:gap
2244:gab
2192:my
2142:gâv
2135:guw
2096:mâh
1965:mâr
1826:got
1801:gat
1774:now
1761:neo
1492:d͡ʒ
1439:t͡ʃ
1260:Mid
1159:Su
1095:Ja
1073:Ij
966:to
934:in
353:IPA
327:ELP
301:srz
294:mzn
4912::
3950:.
3915:.
3905:41
3903:.
3884:11
3882:.
3863:37
3861:.
3842:12
3840:.
3827:.
3808:39
3806:.
3795:74
3793:.
3764:11
3762:.
3758:.
3732:,
3710:.
3691:.
3573:.
3516:.
3474:.
3458:.
3444:^
3409:.
3399:14
3397:.
3393:.
3361:.
3351:.
3341:16
3339:.
3335:.
3323:^
3259:.
3142:^
3055:.
3039:.
2374:.
2340:,
2334:,
2217:om
2211:am
2203:mi
2200:/
2197:me
2132:/
2129:gu
2126:/
2123:go
2086:/
1823:,
1817:,
1811:,
1771:/
1768:no
1584:)
1578:~(
1510:)
1464:)
1029:.
963:tā
947:je
939:re
913:tā
909:Še
754:.
746:,
708:tā
613:,
609:,
605:,
601:,
597:,
530:hā
502:/
467:.
388:,
102:,
98:,
94:,
4888:.
4312:e
4305:t
4298:v
4038:e
4031:t
4024:v
3952:6
3923:.
3911::
3894:.
3890::
3873:.
3869::
3852:.
3848::
3831:.
3829:4
3818:.
3814::
3774:.
3770::
3714:.
3695:.
3577:.
3482:.
3470::
3460:8
3438:.
3417:.
3405::
3369:.
3355::
3347::
3317:.
3269:.
3245:.
3080:;
1688:ɢ
1684:ʁ
1680:ʔ
1676:ɾ
1672:v
1668:w
1666:/
1650:ɾ
1628:j
1621:l
1605:ʁ
1596:ʒ
1589:z
1581:w
1575:v
1559:h
1550:x
1543:ʃ
1536:s
1529:f
1507:ɢ
1504:(
1499:ɡ
1485:d
1478:b
1461:ʔ
1458:(
1453:q
1446:k
1432:t
1425:p
1411:/
1393:n
1386:m
1355:)
1351:(
1344:/
1321:ə
1313:a
1311:/
1303:ɑ
1294:a
1280:o
1273:ə
1266:e
1252:u
1243:i
724:e
720:a
686:(
684:e
483:(
406:(
396:(
373:.
110:)
62:)
56:(
49:)
43:(
20:)
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