1014:
Alexander's permission, they occupied much of coastal Coele-Syria, with the cooperation of
Alexander's Jewish allies who expanded and took over more of the Judean hills and interior. As Ptolemy VI marched north, he switched sides and demanded his son-in-law hand over his chief minister on likely faked charges. Presumably Demetrius II had offered to legitimize Ptolemaic rule of Coele-Syria if he switched to aiding his faction. Ptolemy VI now marched on Antioch; Alexander abandoned the city, apparently disliking his chances in a siege. Ptolemy VI now ruled from Syria itself, with Demetrius II as a puppet; Cleopatra Thea was remarried to the new king. Alexander Balas's loyalists harassed the countryside outside of Antioch. Eventually, Ptolemy VI rallied his forces and the Ptolemaic-Demetrius II coalition went to meet him at a nearby river. The
854:
885:
finance an attempt to reclaim Coele-Syria, but died unexpectedly in 180 BC; in the paranoid atmosphere of the era, many assumed he had been poisoned, perhaps by courtiers who wished to keep the peace and avoid taxes or levies to finance a war, or because they preferred a young king and regent who would be easier to manipulate. Cleopatra, the regent, favored the peace faction at court, whether because she agreed a war made no sense, or because of lingering loyalties to the
Seleucid royal family she descended from. Cleopatra I died in 176 BC, but her eldest son
33:
142:
1022:(Arab) allies, where he was murdered by two of his own men. Ptolemy VI died of wounds. The unexpected winner was thus Demetrius II who, with the Ptolemaic king dead and the Seleucids briefly unified, turned on his former Egyptian allies and was able to banish the Ptolemaic occupation force out of Coele-Syria.
915:. This was possibly out of a desire to find a unifying issue to rally the state around, possibly due to political gains in the pro-war faction, and likely influenced by a vast misunderstanding of how easy it would be to win such a war. Antiochus IV had gotten word of Egyptian preparations for war and was in
962:, potentially freeing up armies with which it could credibly threaten the Seleucids. Antiochus begged to have time to consider but Popilius drew a circle round him in the sand with his cane and told him to decide before he stepped outside it. Antiochus chose to obey the Roman ultimatum to avoid a new
923:
in
November 170 BC. Just as the Ptolemaic army moved out of Pelusium to begin its invasion of Coele-Syria, the Seleucids defeated the Ptolemaic army in the Sinai desert, perhaps due to Egyptian surprise at the Seleucids being ready to fight immediately. Ptolemaic losses mounted as they retreated to
1164:
Grainger 2010, p. 302–308. Note that
Grainger portrays Antiochus as considerably more reconciled to the results of the war than other sources - Grainger believes Antiochus was unsurprised his client regime defected in 169, happy to be given an excuse by Rome to not engage in a costly siege of
957:
again. While at
Memphis, he even issued an official decree as Egyptian king. The Ptolemaic armies failed to offer any major field battles, instead staying fortified in garrisons. Antiochus was now prepared to march on the capital of Alexandria again. At Eleusis, on the outskirts of Alexandria, he
970:
described as personally humiliating for
Antiochus. The "Day of Eleusis" ended the Sixth Syrian War and Antiochus' hopes of conquering Egyptian territory. Still, the Ptolemies were greatly weakened by the war as well as the conflict between Ptolemy VI and VIII. A rebel named Dionysus Petrosarapis
936:
subordinate to
Seleucid power. Archaeological records show that even Thebes in the southern part of Egypt were occupied by a foreign army (surely the Seleucids) in October 169 BC. However, this occupation was unacceptable to the people of Alexandria who responded by proclaiming Ptolemy Physcon as
889:
was still only 10 years old, necessitating a continued regency. Eulaeus and
Lenaeus, a eunuch and a slave, became the two regents of the young king of Egypt, likely as a compromise between the relevant Egyptian factions who could not bear to see a rival on the throne who might have the backing and
836:
In 200 BC, Roman emissaries came to Philip and
Antiochus demanding that they refrain from invading Egypt. The Romans would suffer no disruption of the import of grain from Egypt, key to supporting the massive population in Italy. As neither monarch had planned to invade Egypt itself, they willingly
1013:
However, this peace did not last. Demetrius II, Demetrius I's son, made a play to overthrow Balas, who gained a reputation as a weak ruler (whether deserved or not). The civil war resumed, and
Egyptian forces massed on the border around 147 BC, ready to intervene in the Seleucid civil war. With
931:
The Egyptians suffered internal unrest over the poor progress of the war: Eulaeus and Lenaeus were overthrown and replaced by two new regents, Comanus and Cineas. Envoys were sent to negotiate a peace treaty. Antiochus took Ptolemy VI (who was his nephew) under his guardianship, perhaps with the
884:
Internal dissent and rebellions weakened the Ptolemies over time. In particular, the power of the monarchy waned, and the influence of aristocrats of high standing in Alexandria grew, as did the power of Egyptian nativist movements. Ptolemy V seemed to possibly be intending to raise funds to
770:
Ptolemy's victory preserved his control over Coele-Syria, and the weak king declined to advance further into Antiochus' empire, even to retake Seleucia Pieria. The Ptolemaic kingdom would continue to weaken over the following years, suffering from economic problems and rebellion. Nationalist
840:
Problems at home led Ptolemy to seek a quick and disadvantageous conclusion. The nativist movement, which began before the war with the Egyptian Revolt and expanded with the support of Egyptian priests, created turmoil and sedition throughout the kingdom. Economic troubles led the Ptolemaic
910:
was declared a co-ruler as well in order to bolster the unity of Egypt; the three siblings ranged from 10 to 16 years of age. While the causes are still not entirely clear, Ptolemaic regents Eulaeus and Lenaeus seem to have instigated the formal declaration of war on Seleucid ruler
958:
met Popilius Laenas, with whom he had been friends during his stay in Rome. But instead of a friendly welcome, Popilius offered the king an ultimatum from the Roman Senate: he must evacuate Egypt and Cyprus immediately. Rome had only just recently defeated the Macedonians at the
944:
In Antiochus's absence, Ptolemy VI and his brother Ptolemy Physcon were reconciled, possibly after a brief civil struggle. Antiochus, angered at his loss of control over the king, invaded again in 168 BC. The Egyptians sent to Rome asking for help and the Senate dispatched
841:
government to increase taxation, which in turn fed the nationalist fire. In order to focus on the home front, Ptolemy signed a conciliatory treaty with Antiochus in 195 BC, leaving the Seleucid king in possession of Coele-Syria and agreeing to marry Antiochus' daughter
805:
and Sosibius. The fate of Sosibius is unclear, but Agothocles seems to have held the regency for some time until he was lynched by the volatile Alexandrian mob. The regency was passed from one adviser to another, and the kingdom was in a state of near anarchy.
924:
Pelusium, but Pelusium quickly fell with little loss of life and a surrender of the Ptolemaic army. Pelusium was the gateway to the rest of Egypt; with it under control, Seleucid supply lines were secure, and Egypt was in grave danger. Antiochus took
525:
The First Syrian War was a major victory for the Ptolemies. Antiochus took the Ptolemaic controlled areas in coastal Syria and southern Anatolia in his initial rush. Ptolemy reconquered these territories by 271 BC, extending Ptolemaic rule as far as
542:
to be independent. It would remain independent until 250 BC, when it was reabsorbed into the Ptolemaic Kingdom: but not before having triggered a sequence of Ptolemaic and Seleucid court intrigues, war and ultimately leading to the marriage of
937:
sole king. Antiochus besieged Alexandria but he was unable to cut communications to the city so, in late autumn of 169, he withdrew his army, leaving Ptolemy VI as a rival king in Memphis. Antiochus possibly withdrew to deal with problems in
671:, the mercenary general responsible for defeating a Roman army at Tunis/Bagrades in 255 BC). He won major victories over Seleucus in Syria and Anatolia, briefly occupied Antioch and, as a recent cuneiform discovery proves, even reached
648:, in a competition to put their respective sons on the throne. Laodice claimed that Antiochus had named her son heir while on his deathbed, but Berenice argued that her newly born son was the legitimate heir. Berenice asked her brother
494:, founder of the Seleucid Empire. Seleucus, who had been aided by Ptolemy during his ascent to power, did not take any military action to reclaim the region. Once both were dead, however, their successors became embroiled in war.
754:
began recruiting and training an army. He recruited not only from the local Greek population, as Hellenistic armies generally were, but also from the native Egyptians, enrolling at least thirty thousand natives as
989:
While not usually classed as the "Seventh Syrian War", the Ptolemies and a portion of the Seleucids would clash again in 145 BC. The Seleucid Empire began to fall to internal disorder in 152 BC as the Romans and
738:
Antiochus sought to take advantage of this chaotic situation. After an invasion in 221 BC failed to launch, he finally began the Fourth Syrian War in 219 BC. He recaptured Seleucia Pieria as well as cities in
1006:. Alexander eventually won the civil war, a diplomatic coup for Ptolemy VI who saw a competent, ambitious, and hostile Seleucid rival in Demetrius replaced by an opportunist in Balas. Ptolemy VI's daughter
724:
in the north, and Syria in the south. By 221 BC, he had re-established Seleucid control over Media and Persia, which had been in rebellion. The ambitious king turned his eyes toward Syria and Egypt.
759:. This innovation paid off, but it would eventually have dire consequences for Ptolemaic stability. In the summer of 217 BC, Ptolemy engaged and defeated the long-delayed Antiochus in the
747:. Rather than promptly invading Egypt, Antiochus waited in Phoenicia for over a year, consolidating his new territories and listening to diplomatic proposals from the Ptolemaic kingdom.
735:. The young king quickly fell under the absolute influence of imperial courtiers. His ministers used their absolute power in their own self-interest, to the people's great chagrin.
1002:. Alexander's allies funded him and hired mercenaries on his behalf, and he was able to gain the loyalty of those of Syria who disliked Demetrius, such as Jewish military leader
837:
complied to Rome's demands. Antiochus completed the subjugation of Coele-Syria in 198 BC and went on to raid Ptolemy's remaining coastal strongholds in Caria and Cilicia.
622:, and turned over substantial domain to her. He died in Ephesus in 246 BC, poisoned by Laodice according to some sources. Ptolemy II died in the same year.
454:, one of the few avenues into Egypt. These conflicts drained the material and manpower of both parties and led to their eventual destruction and conquest by
687:, as well as rule over Seleucid territories in Anatolia. Antiochus promptly declared independence, undermining Seleucus' efforts to defend against Ptolemy.
580:, who was also interested in pushing Ptolemy II out of the Aegean. With Macedon's support, Antiochus II launched an attack on Ptolemaic outposts in Asia.
771:
sentiment had developed among the native Egyptians who had fought at Raphia. Confident and well-trained, they broke from Ptolemy in what is known as the
902:
The causes of the new conflict are obscure. Relations declined between the two powers, with both sending emissaries to Rome (then bogged down in the
376:
1051:
1638:
16:
This article is about the wars between the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom. For the war between Rome and the Seleucid Empire, see
1263:
1633:
1473:
1453:
1417:
583:
Most of the information about the Second Syrian War has been lost. It is clear that Antigonus' fleet defeated Ptolemy's at the
971:
would attempt to exploit the animosity between the two Ptolemy brothers and start a series of revolts from 168–164 BC.
369:
97:
518:. Ptolemy proved to be a forceful ruler and skilled general. In addition, his recent marriage to his court-wise sister
69:
611:
in 253 BC, possibly instigated by Ptolemy, as well as an increase in enemy activity along Macedon's northern frontier.
1628:
1623:
1232:
1206:
1149:
1108:
116:
636:
Also known as the Laodicean War, the Third Syrian War began with one of the many succession crises that plagued the
1256:
362:
76:
906:) asking for military support against the other before the war even started. In 170 BC, Ptolemy's younger sibling
683:. Seleucus had his own difficulties. His domineering mother asked him to grant co-regency to his younger brother,
490:
to take control of the region. The victors at Ipsus, however, had allocated Coele-Syria to Ptolemy's former ally
809:
Seeking to take advantage of this turmoil, Antiochus III staged a second invasion of Coele-Syria. He convinced
690:
In exchange for peace in 241 BC, Ptolemy was awarded new territories on the northern coast of Syria, including
664:
54:
853:
772:
727:
Egypt had been significantly weakened by court intrigue and public unrest. The rule of the newly inaugurated
568:
succeeded his father in 261 BC, and thus began a new war for Syria. He reached an agreement with the current
83:
50:
869:
The Seleucids had little desire to entangle themselves in a new war with the Ptolemies. After losing the
656:
and help place her son on the throne. When Ptolemy arrived, Berenice and her child had been assassinated.
1528:
1498:
1422:
1399:
1249:
1142:
Tales of High Priests and Taxes: The Books of the Maccabees and the Judean Rebellion against Antiochos IV
255:
21:
65:
1483:
1341:
938:
817:
between Macedon and the Romans. Antiochus quickly swept through the region. After a brief setback at
680:
631:
615:
522:
had stabilized the volatile Egyptian court, allowing Ptolemy to successfully carry out the campaign.
479:
403:
1458:
890:
lineage to claim it themselves. Under the regents, the young Ptolemy VI was married to his sister
793:
The death of Ptolemy IV in 204 BC was followed by a bloody conflict over the regency as his heir,
1643:
1351:
1303:
1015:
980:
709:
503:
418:
334:
273:
43:
813:
to join the war and conquer the Ptolemies' territories in Asia Minor – actions which led to the
603:. Macedon's involvement in the war ceased when Antigonus became preoccupied by the rebellion of
1576:
1558:
1533:
1392:
984:
963:
946:
912:
717:
660:
463:
344:
329:
17:
587:
in 261 BC, diminishing Ptolemaic naval power. Ptolemy appears to have lost ground in Cilicia,
1580:
1572:
1522:
1514:
1272:
886:
814:
728:
649:
486:, who four years earlier had crowned himself King of Egypt, exploited events surrounding the
293:
283:
278:
211:
919:
in July and August 170 BC preparing his forces, and reached the important strategic town of
1618:
1518:
1510:
1445:
1298:
907:
903:
877:
in 188 BC. They already controlled Coele-Syria, and were busy with fending off the rising
842:
798:
732:
577:
324:
298:
873:, they were forced to pay a huge indemnity that the Roman Republic imposed on them at the
797:, was just a child. The conflict began with the murder of the dead king's wife and sister
614:
The war was concluded around 253 BC with the marriage of Antiochus to Ptolemy's daughter,
129:
Series of land wars between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt (3rd-2nd centuries BC)
8:
1346:
1288:
991:
810:
802:
794:
519:
447:
339:
288:
90:
1432:
1331:
1031:
870:
713:
663:, in 246 BC, and campaigned with great success (his forces possibly being commanded by
565:
544:
491:
319:
1543:
1366:
1356:
1228:
1202:
1145:
1104:
999:
569:
507:
439:
314:
239:
1598:
1568:
1553:
1478:
1407:
1323:
1308:
874:
822:
788:
760:
703:
684:
413:
408:
1506:
1387:
1137:
1003:
995:
959:
878:
764:
691:
535:
487:
483:
435:
250:
712:(241–187 BC) set himself the task of restoring the lost imperial possessions of
1488:
1376:
1371:
1280:
1007:
954:
455:
217:
1612:
1586:
1336:
1313:
1293:
916:
744:
694:, the port of Antioch. The Ptolemaic kingdom was at the height of its power.
645:
584:
560:
548:
398:
1548:
1538:
1381:
1018:
resulted. Alexander's army was defeated, and he was forced to flee to his
933:
891:
826:
450:'s empire, during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC over the region then called
303:
974:
478:
following Alexander's death, Coele-Syria initially came under the rule of
1563:
1493:
1463:
1412:
776:
637:
451:
195:
170:
146:
1440:
1361:
756:
721:
510:, the Seleucid king who was trying to expand his empire's holdings in
161:
274–271 BC; 260–253 BC; 246–241 BC; 219–217 BC; 202–195 BC; 170–168 BC
1241:
925:
818:
740:
641:
640:
states. Antiochus II left two ambitious mothers, his repudiated wife
619:
588:
539:
220:
intervention against Seleucid and Macedon during the Sixth Syrian War
1225:
Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age
1144:. Oakland, California: University of California Press. p. 381.
32:
967:
920:
751:
676:
515:
475:
443:
206:
191:
1019:
672:
653:
608:
604:
600:
596:
573:
531:
459:
141:
950:
199:
354:
928:
and camped near Alexandria, potentially threatening a siege.
857:
830:
592:
527:
511:
731:(reigned 221–204 BC) began with the murder of queen-mother
534:. With Ptolemy's eye focused eastward, his half-brother
975:
Ptolemy VI's intervention in the Seleucid Dynastic Wars
860:
coinage of Antiochus IV, depicting a victorious galley.
821:, he delivered a crushing blow to the Ptolemies at the
779:
which the Ptolemies finally reconquered around 185 BC.
994:, seeking to destabilize and weaken Syria, encouraged
659:
Ptolemy declared war on Laodice's newly crowned son,
1010:
married Alexander Balas as a gesture of friendship.
998:to make a hostile claim on the throne against King
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1101:Judaea and Mediterranean Politics 219 to 161 B.C.E
949:to Alexandria. Meanwhile, a Seleucid fleet seized
1127:(Editions du Seuil, 2003 ed.) Tome II, pp.311–323
697:
675:. These victories were marred by the loss of the
554:
1610:
848:
782:
625:
497:
202:, and other Ptolemeic holdings outside of Egypt
1257:
462:. They are briefly mentioned in the biblical
370:
190:Seleucid annexation of Ptolemeic holdings in
1227:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
149:, the site where much of the wars took place
1125:L'histoire politique du monde hellénistique
708:Upon taking the Seleucid throne in 223 BC,
1264:
1250:
864:
618:. Antiochus repudiated his previous wife,
377:
363:
140:
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
1196:
1136:
1103:. Leiden: Brill. p. 170–173.
852:
829:which earned him the important port of
1611:
1271:
434:were a series of six wars between the
1245:
1222:
652:, the new Ptolemaic king, to come to
358:
1639:Wars involving the Ptolemaic Kingdom
1474:Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese
1098:
775:, establishing their own kingdom in
55:adding citations to reliable sources
26:
1092:
13:
1634:Wars involving the Seleucid Empire
1454:Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations
1216:
14:
1655:
894:and she was declared a co-ruler.
1183:Grainger 2010, p. 343–350.
1174:Grainger 2010, p. 335–338.
31:
1190:
1177:
1168:
1089:Grainger 2010, p. 297–301
1080:Grainger 2010, p. 294–297
763:, the largest battle since the
384:
42:needs additional citations for
1158:
1130:
1117:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1044:
750:Meanwhile, Ptolemy's minister
698:Fourth Syrian War (219–217 BC)
555:Second Syrian War (260–253 BC)
1:
1037:
849:Sixth Syrian War (170–168 BC)
783:Fifth Syrian War (202–195 BC)
626:Third Syrian War (246–241 BC)
498:First Syrian War (274–271 BC)
469:
205:Macedonian annexation of the
953:, and Antiochus's army took
897:
679:to Antigonus Gonatas in the
7:
1423:Wars of Alexander the Great
1025:
767:over eighty years earlier.
595:, while Antiochus regained
214:during the Fifth Syrian War
22:Syrian War (disambiguation)
10:
1660:
1197:Grainger, John D. (2010).
978:
786:
716:, which extended from the
701:
644:and Ptolemy II's daughter
629:
558:
440:Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt
15:
1595:
1431:
1342:Wars of the Delian League
1322:
1279:
1071:Grainger 2010, p. 282-284
1062:Grainger 2010, p. 280-281
932:intent of making Egypt a
632:Battle of Andros (246 BC)
538:declared his province of
480:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
394:
264:
230:
153:
139:
134:
1629:2nd-century BC conflicts
1624:3rd-century BC conflicts
1367:Second Peloponnesian War
665:Xanthippus of Lacedaemon
502:A decade into his rule,
1352:First Peloponnesian War
1016:Battle of the Oenoparus
981:Battle of the Oenoparus
865:Background (195–170 BC)
710:Antiochus III the Great
335:Antiochus III the Great
274:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
1559:Seleucid Dynastic Wars
1484:Seleucid–Parthian Wars
1418:Expansion of Macedonia
985:Seleucid Dynastic Wars
913:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
861:
718:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
669:Xanthippus of Carthage
464:Books of the Maccabees
345:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
330:Seleucus II Callinicus
265:Commanders and leaders
20:. For other uses, see
1223:Green, Peter (1990).
1052:Ptolemy III chronicle
947:Gaius Popilius Laenas
887:Ptolemy VI Philometor
856:
825:near the head of the
815:Second Macedonian War
729:Ptolemy IV Philopator
294:Ptolemy VI Philometor
284:Ptolemy IV Philopator
279:Ptolemy III Euergetes
212:Second Macedonian War
1459:Seleucid–Mauryan war
1299:Second Messenian War
908:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
904:Third Macedonian War
578:Antigonus II Gonatas
325:Antigonus II Gonatas
299:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
51:improve this article
1347:Third Messenian War
1304:Lydian–Milesian War
1289:First Messenian War
811:Philip V of Macedon
520:Arsinoe II of Egypt
474:In the Wars of the
448:Alexander the Great
340:Philip V of Macedon
289:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
1534:Roman–Seleucid War
1393:Theban–Spartan War
1332:Greco-Persian Wars
1273:Ancient Greek wars
1099:Gera, Dov (1998).
1032:Hellenistic period
964:Roman–Seleucid War
871:Roman-Seleucid War
862:
714:Seleucus I Nicator
492:Seleucus I Nicator
320:Antiochus II Theos
18:Roman–Seleucid War
1606:
1605:
1544:War against Nabis
1357:Second Sacred War
1000:Demetrius I Soter
966:, a retreat that
801:by the ministers
720:in the east, the
530:and into most of
427:
426:
353:
352:
315:Antiochus I Soter
240:Ptolemaic Kingdom
226:
225:
127:
126:
119:
101:
1651:
1599:Military history
1569:Mithridatic Wars
1554:Maccabean Revolt
1502:
1479:Chremonidean War
1408:Third Sacred War
1403:
1309:First Sacred War
1266:
1259:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1212:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1165:Alexandria, etc.
1162:
1156:
1155:
1138:Hongiman, Sylvie
1134:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1048:
875:Treaty of Apamea
823:Battle of Panium
789:Battle of Panium
761:Battle of Raphia
704:Battle of Raphia
685:Antiochus Hierax
681:Battle of Andros
444:successor states
389:
379:
372:
365:
356:
355:
184:Seleucid Victory
155:
154:
144:
132:
131:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1591:
1507:Macedonian Wars
1500:
1427:
1401:
1388:Theban hegemony
1318:
1275:
1270:
1235:
1219:
1217:Further reading
1209:
1199:The Syrian Wars
1193:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1028:
1004:Jonathan Apphus
996:Alexander Balas
987:
979:Main articles:
977:
960:Battle of Pydna
900:
879:Parthian Empire
867:
851:
791:
785:
773:Egyptian Revolt
765:Battle of Ipsus
743:, amongst them
706:
700:
692:Seleucia Pieria
634:
628:
563:
557:
500:
488:Battle of Ipsus
484:Ptolemy I Soter
472:
436:Seleucid Empire
428:
423:
390:
385:
383:
349:
308:
260:
251:Seleucid Empire
244:
187:
173:
145:
130:
123:
112:
106:
103:
60:
58:
48:
36:
25:
12:
11:
5:
1657:
1647:
1646:
1644:Ancient Levant
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1504:
1496:
1491:
1489:Cleomenean War
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1384:
1379:
1377:Corinthian War
1374:
1372:Phyle Campaign
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1157:
1150:
1129:
1123:Edouard Will,
1116:
1109:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1008:Cleopatra Thea
976:
973:
899:
896:
866:
863:
850:
847:
784:
781:
699:
696:
627:
624:
570:Antigonid king
556:
553:
499:
496:
471:
468:
425:
424:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
395:
392:
391:
382:
381:
374:
367:
359:
351:
350:
348:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
311:
309:
307:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
270:
267:
266:
262:
261:
259:
258:
253:
247:
245:
243:
242:
236:
233:
232:
228:
227:
224:
223:
222:
221:
215:
209:
203:
186:
185:
181:
179:
175:
174:
169:
167:
163:
162:
159:
151:
150:
137:
136:
128:
125:
124:
39:
37:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1656:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1587:War of Actium
1585:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:Aeginetan War
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1314:Sicilian Wars
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1294:Lelantine War
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1236:
1234:0-500-01485-X
1230:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1208:9789004180505
1204:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1180:
1171:
1161:
1153:
1151:9780520958180
1147:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1120:
1112:
1110:90-04-09441-5
1106:
1102:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
982:
972:
969:
965:
961:
956:
952:
948:
942:
940:
935:
929:
927:
922:
918:
914:
909:
905:
895:
893:
888:
882:
881:in the East.
880:
876:
872:
859:
855:
846:
844:
838:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
804:
800:
796:
790:
780:
778:
774:
768:
766:
762:
758:
753:
748:
746:
742:
736:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
705:
695:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
646:Berenice Syra
643:
639:
633:
623:
621:
617:
616:Berenice Syra
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:Battle of Cos
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
561:Battle of Cos
552:
550:
546:
541:
537:
533:
529:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
393:
388:
380:
375:
373:
368:
366:
361:
360:
357:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
310:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
269:
268:
263:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
246:
241:
238:
237:
235:
234:
229:
219:
216:
213:
210:
208:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
188:
183:
182:
180:
177:
176:
172:
168:
165:
164:
160:
157:
156:
152:
148:
143:
138:
133:
121:
118:
110:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68: –
67:
66:"Syrian Wars"
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
23:
19:
1597:
1549:Galatian War
1539:Aetolian War
1501:(220–217 BC)
1468:
1447:
1446:Wars of the
1402:(357–355 BC)
1386:Wars of the
1382:Boeotian War
1224:
1198:
1191:Bibliography
1179:
1170:
1160:
1141:
1132:
1124:
1119:
1100:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1046:
1012:
988:
943:
934:client state
930:
901:
892:Cleopatra II
883:
868:
839:
835:
827:River Jordan
808:
792:
769:
749:
737:
726:
707:
689:
668:
658:
635:
613:
582:
566:Antiochus II
564:
524:
501:
482:. In 301 BC
473:
431:
429:
386:
304:Cleopatra II
231:Belligerents
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
1619:Syrian Wars
1564:Achaean War
1499:Social War
1494:Lyttian War
1469:Syrian Wars
1464:Pyrrhic War
1433:Hellenistic
1413:Foreign War
1400:Social War
843:Cleopatra I
777:Upper Egypt
757:phalangites
733:Berenice II
661:Seleucus II
650:Ptolemy III
638:Hellenistic
508:Antiochus I
452:Coele-Syria
432:Syrian Wars
387:Syrian Wars
196:Coele-Syria
171:Coele-Syria
147:Coele-Syria
135:Syrian Wars
107:August 2011
1613:Categories
1529:Cretan War
1441:Lamian War
1362:Samian War
1038:References
941:at home.
803:Agothocles
787:See also:
722:Hellespont
702:See also:
630:See also:
559:See also:
504:Ptolemy II
470:Background
192:Asia Minor
77:newspapers
1324:Classical
1201:. Brill.
992:Pergamese
939:Phoenicia
926:Naucratis
898:Sixth War
795:Ptolemy V
741:Phoenicia
589:Pamphylia
540:Cyrenaica
419:Oenoparus
1448:Diadochi
1140:(2014).
1050:See the
1026:See also
1020:Nabatean
968:Polybius
921:Pelusium
752:Sosibius
677:Cyclades
549:Berenice
516:Anatolia
476:Diadochi
438:and the
207:Cyclades
166:Location
1571: (
1509: (
1281:Archaic
955:Memphis
799:Arsinoë
673:Babylon
654:Antioch
642:Laodice
620:Laodice
609:Chalcis
605:Corinth
601:Ephesus
597:Miletus
574:Macedon
532:Cilicia
460:Parthia
256:Macedon
91:scholar
1577:Second
1523:Fourth
1515:Second
1231:
1205:
1148:
1107:
951:Cyprus
667:, aka
591:, and
506:faced
414:Panium
409:Raphia
404:Andros
200:Cyprus
178:Result
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
1581:Third
1573:First
1519:Third
1511:First
858:Sidon
831:Sidon
593:Ionia
545:Theos
536:Magas
528:Caria
512:Syria
218:Roman
98:JSTOR
84:books
1229:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1146:ISBN
1105:ISBN
983:and
917:Tyre
819:Gaza
745:Tyre
607:and
599:and
547:and
514:and
458:and
456:Rome
430:The
158:Date
70:news
572:in
446:to
399:Cos
53:by
1615::
1579:,
1575:,
1521:,
1517:,
1513:,
845:.
833:.
576:,
551:.
466:.
442:,
198:,
194:,
1583:)
1525:)
1265:e
1258:t
1251:v
1237:.
1211:.
1154:.
1113:.
378:e
371:t
364:v
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
47:.
24:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
