Ptolemy V Epiphanes

55: 1546:, whose mother-in-law had been arrested and publicly shamed by Agathocles. In October 203 BC, when Agathocles gathered the palace guard and army to hear a proclamation in advance of the royal coronation, the assembled troops began to insult him and he barely escaped alive. Shortly after this, Agathocles had Moeragenes, one of the royal bodyguards, arrested on suspicion of ties to Tlepolemus and had him stripped and tortured. He escaped and convinced the army to go into active revolt. After an altercation with Oenanthe (the mother of the regent and his sister) at the temple of Demeter, the Alexandrian women joined the revolt as well. Overnight, the populace besieged the palace calling for the king to be brought to them. The army entered at dawn and Agathocles offered to surrender. Ptolemy V, now about seven years old, was taken from Agathocles and presented to the people on horseback in the stadium. In response to the crowd's demands, 1972: 2155: 1795:. This decree praises Ptolemy V's benefactions for the people of Egypt, recounts his victory over the rebels at Lycopolis, and remits a number of taxes on the temples of Egypt. The decree has been interpreted as a reward for the priests' support of Ptolemy V against the rebels. Günther Hölbl instead interprets the decree as a sign of the priests' increased power. In his view, the priests asserted their right to the remission of taxes, aware that Ptolemy V was relying more heavily on their support than his predecessors had, and he had no choice but to concede. 1879:, in which Ankhmakis was denounced for rebellion and various other crimes against humanity and the gods. A month later, on 9 October 186 BC, Ptolemy V issued the 'Amnesty Decree', which required all fugitives and refugees to return to their homes and pardoned them for any crimes committed before September 186 BC (except temple robbery). This was intended to restore land to cultivation that had been abandoned during the prolonged period of warfare. To prevent further revolts in the south, a new military governorship of Upper Egypt, the 1468: 1563: 2132: 1749: 1573: 2187: 1804: 2058:, receiving the kingship from his dead father, whom he avenges by smiting the enemies of Egypt and restoring order. In honour of his benefactions, the priests awarded him religious honours modelled on those granted by the priestly synods to his father and grandfather: they agreed to erect a statue of Ptolemy V in the shrine of every temple in Egypt and to celebrate an annual festival on his birthday. 1190: 1104: 1058: 978: 904: 811: 766: 680: 271: 1529:, and by late 203 BC he and Philip V had made a secret agreement to divide the Ptolemaic territories between themselves. War with Antiochus III was expected - Agathocles had also sent an embassy under Scopas the Aetolian to hire mercenaries in Greece in preparation for a conflict, although Polybius claims that his true purpose was to replace the Ptolemaic troops with mercenaries loyal to him. 2077:, had pursued a wide-ranging policy of temple construction, designed to ensure the support of the priestly elite. Ptolemy V was not able to do this on the same scale as his predecessors. One reason for this was the more difficult financial circumstances of Egypt during his reign. Another was the loss of large sections of the country to the rebels - at the temple of 1390:

steadily reconquered the south of the country, bringing all of Upper Egypt back under Ptolemaic control in 186 BC. In his last years, Ptolemy V began manoeuvering for renewed warfare with the Seleucid empire, but these plans were cut short by his sudden death in 180 BC, allegedly poisoned by courtiers worried about the cost of the war.

2085:, for example, it had been planned that a large set of doors would be installed in 206 BC, but the rebellion meant that this did not actually take place until the late 180s. What construction was carried out under Ptolemy V was focussed in the northern part of the country, particularly the sanctuary of the Apis Bull and the temple of 2070:. This decree reinstated the honours for Arsinoe Philadelphus (Arsinoe II) and the Theoi Philopatores (Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III) in the temples of Upper Egypt, which had been abolished during Ankhmakis' revolt. It also granted Cleopatra I all the various honours that had been granted to Ptolemy V in the earlier decrees. 1830:

met with the Syrian king and, among other things, demanded that Antiochus III return everything he had conquered from Ptolemy V. However, Antiochus announced that he had already begun peace negotiations with Egypt and the Romans departed without achieving anything. Antiochus then concluded peace with

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An uncertain amount of time elapsed after the death of Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III (perhaps a week) during which Sosibius and Agathocles kept their deaths secret. Some time before September 204 BC, the royal bodyguard and army officers were gathered at the royal palace and Sosibius announced the death

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Tlepolemus arrived in Alexandria immediately after these events and was appointed regent. He and Sosibius, son of Sosibius were also made Ptolemy V's legal guardians. Popular opinion soon turned against Tlepolemus, who was considered to spend too much time sparring and drinking with the soldiers and

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Like his predecessors, Ptolemy V assumed the traditional Egyptian role of pharaoh and the concomitant support for the Egyptian priestly elite. As under the two previous rulers, the symbiotic relationship between the king and the priestly elite was affirmed and articulated by the decrees of priestly

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These honours were augmented in the Philensis II decree passed in September 186 BC on the suppression of Ankhmakis' revolt. The priests undertook to erect another statue of Ptolemy V in the guise of 'Lord of Victory' in the sanctuary of every temple in Egypt alongside a statue of the main deity of

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Since the death of Ptolemy V's predecessor Arsinoe II, deceased Ptolemaic queens had been honoured with a separate dynastic cult of their own, including a separate priestess who marched in religious processions in Alexandria behind the priest of Alexander the Great and whose names also appeared in

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to recruit troops in case Antiochus III moved on to attack Egypt itself. Instead, Antiochus III spent 198 BC solidifying his conquest of Coele-Syria and Judea, which would never again return to Ptolemaic control. In 197 BC, Antiochus III turned on the Ptolemaic territories remaining in Asia Minor,

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The first of these decrees was the Memphis decree, passed on 27 March 196 BC, the day after Ptolemy V's coronation, in which the king is presented as the 'image of Horus, son of Isis and Osiris'. The decree's description of Ptolemy V's victory over the Lycopolis rebels and of his coronation draws

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led this reconquest. In 187 BC, Adikhalamani pulled out of Syene and abandoned his support for Ankhmakis. The priests who had supported Ankhmakis accompanied his troops back to Meroe. On 27 August 186 BC, Ankhmakis and his son led a last-ditch attack on Thebes, but were defeated by Comanus. This

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Agathocles and Agathoclea had already been unpopular before Ptolemy IV's death. This unpopularity was exacerbated by the widespread belief that they had been responsible for the death of Arsinoe III and a string of extrajudicial murders of prominent courtiers. Opposition crystallised around the

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Agathocles took a number of actions to solidify the new regime. Two months' pay were granted to the soldiers in Alexandria. Prominent aristocrats were dispatched overseas - to secure recognition of the succession from foreign powers and to prevent the aristocrats from challenging Agathocles for

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Ptolemy V was born in 210 BC, possibly on 9 October. He was made co-regent with his father shortly thereafter, probably on 30 November. In July or August of 204 BC, when Ptolemy V was five years old, his father and mother died in mysterious circumstances. It appears that there was a fire in the

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in 194/3 BC. This outraged the Romans, who had entered into hostilities with Antiochus III partially on Ptolemy V's behalf, and after their victory they distributed the old Ptolemaic territories in Asia Minor to Pergamum and Rhodes rather than returning them to Egypt. However, Ptolemaic forces

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Since his defeat by Ptolemy IV in the Fourth Syrian War in 217 BC, Antiochus III had been waiting for an opportunity to avenge himself. He had begun seizing Ptolemaic territory in western Asia Minor in 203 BC and made a pact with Philip V of Macedon to divide the Ptolemaic possessions between

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thought that this will was a forgery produced by Sosibius and Agathocles themselves and modern scholars tend to agree with him. Sosibius is not heard of again after this event and it is generally assumed that he died. Hölbl suggests that the loss of his acumen was fatal to the regency.

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Ptolemy V's reign saw greatly increased prominence of courtiers and the Egyptian priestly elite in Ptolemaic political life, a pattern that would continue for most of the rest of the kingdom's existence. It also marked the collapse of Ptolemaic power in the wider Mediterranean region.

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The rebels in Lower Egypt still continued to fight on. In 185 BC, the general Polycrates of Argos succeeded in suppressing the rebellion. He promised the leaders of the rebellion that they would be treated generously if they surrendered. Trusting this, they voluntarily went to

1835:. In winter of 194/193 BC, the sixteen-year old Ptolemy V married Cleopatra I, who was somewhere between 14 and 23 years old. Symbolically, Antiochus held the wedding that sealed his conquest of Coele-Syria at Raphia, the site of his great defeat at the hands of Ptolemy IV. 2203:

Co-regent with Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II from 169 to 164 BC, expelled Ptolemy VI in 164, expelled in turn 163 BC, King of Cyrenaica from 163 to 145 BC, co-regent with Cleopatra II and Cleopatra III from 145 to 132 BC and again from 124 to 116 BC.

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writes that Ptolemy V's courtiers "thought that the kingdom would gain a certain degree of firmness and a fresh impulse towards prosperity, if it were known that the king had assumed the independent direction of the government." He was crowned in

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and invested themselves there. After a siege, the Ptolemaic forces regained control of the city. The rebel leaders were taken to Memphis and publicly executed on 26 March 196 BC, during the feast celebrating Ptolemy V's coronation as pharaoh.

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Ptolemy V married Cleopatra I, daughter of the Seleucid king Antiochus III, in 194 BC and they had three children, who would rule Egypt in various combinations and with a great deal of conflict for most of the rest of the second century BC.

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to have given too much money to embassies from the cities of mainland Greece. Ptolemy, son of Sosibius attempted to set his brother Sosibius up in opposition to Tlepolemus, but the plan was discovered and Sosibius was dismissed as guardian.

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in August 199 BC and regaining Thebes from late 199 BC until early 198 BC. The next year, however, a second group of rebels in the Nile Delta, who were linked to Ankhmakis in some way that is not entirely clear, captured the city of

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Co-regent and wife of Ptolemy VI from 170 to 145 BC, co-regent and spouse of Ptolemy VIII from 145 to 132 BC, claimed sole rule 132-127 BC, co-regent and spouse of Ptolemy VIII again from 124 to 115 BC, co-regent with her daughter

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Ptolemy V died suddenly in September 180 BC, not yet thirty years old. The ancient historians allege that he was poisoned by his courtiers, who believed that he intended to seize their property in order to fund his new Syrian war.

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Numbering the Ptolemies is a modern convention. Older sources may give a number one higher or lower. The most reliable way of determining which Ptolemy is being referred to in any given case is by epithet (e.g. "Philopator").

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and proposed further action against the Seleucids with Ptolemaic support, but the ambassadors were simply thanked for the congratulations and gifted presents. At the end of the war in 188 BC, when the Romans imposed the

1909:

refused it, apparently annoyed about the separate peace that Ptolemy V had made with Antiochus III in 194/3 BC. Another embassy was made to Rome in 191 BC which congratulated the Senate on the Roman victory at the

1994:, whose full title included the names of all the Ptolemaic monarchs and appeared in official documents as part of the date formula. Probably at the Ptolemaia festival in 199 BC, Ptolemy V was proclaimed to be the 1900:

After the end of the Fifth Syrian War, Ptolemy V made an effort to reassert Ptolemaic power on the world stage and to claw back some of the territories lost to the Seleucids, with very little success. When the

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in October 185 BC, where they were stripped naked, forced to drag carts through the city, and then tortured to death. Whether Polycrates or Ptolemy V was responsible for this duplicitous cruelty is disputed.

1414:. The couple had come to power relatively young and ancient historiography remembered Ptolemy IV as being given over to luxury and ceremony, while leaving the government of Egypt largely to two courtiers, 54: 2241:(which fell on 9 October in 210 BC). Since this is the date of a major Egyptian festival, some scholars have questioned whether it was his actual birthday. The same decree gives his accession date as 17 1759:

By 197 BC the dismal Ptolemaic performance in the war against Antiochus III had completely eroded Aristomenes' authority as regent. Around October or November 197 BC, the Ptolemaic governor of Cyprus,

2093:. Hölbl interprets this work as part of an effort to build up Memphis as the centre of Egyptian religious authority, at the expense of Thebes, which had been a stronghold of the Egyptian revolt. 1714:

had been lost in November 205 BC. The conflict continued throughout the infighting of Ptolemy V's early reign and during the Fifth Syrian War. Hugronaphor was succeeded by or changed his name to

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around his head. Sosibius read out Ptolemy IV's will, which made Sosibius and Agathocles regents and placed Ptolemy V in the personal care of his mistress Agathoclea and her mother Oenanthe.

1883:, was created, with Comanus serving in the role from 187 BC. Greek soldiers were settled in villages and cities in the south, to act as a garrison force in the event of further unrest. 1855:, Adikhalamani provided some sort of aid which enabled Ankhmakis to recapture Thebes by autumn 195 BC. Violent battles between the forces of Ptolemy V and Ankhmakis took place around 1655:. A Roman embassy made an ineffectual attempt to broker a peace between Ptolemy V and Antiochus III, but largely abandoned the Egyptians to their fate. Scopas was besieged at 2021:

assumed a much more important role within the Ptolemaic empire and this was asserted by the establishment of a centralised religious structure on the island. The governor (

1998:(Manifest, Beneficent God) and his name was added to the title of the Priest of Alexander. When he married Cleopatra I in 194–3 BC, the royal couple were deified as the 1547: 1510: 1776:

by the High Priest of Ptah on 26 March 196. Polycrates now became the chief minister in Alexandria and Aristomenes was forced to commit suicide in the following years.

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was sent to Rome, probably seeking support against Aniochus III. These missions were failures. Over the following year, Antiochus III seized Ptolemaic territory in

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palace that killed Ptolemy IV, but it is unclear whether Arsinoe III also perished in this fire or was murdered afterwards to prevent her from becoming regent.

1876: 1550:, persuaded Ptolemy V to agree to the execution of his mother's killers. Agathocles and his family were then dragged into the stadium and killed by the mob. 1509:, governor of Cyprus, was sent to Antiochus III to ask him to continue to respect the peace treaty made with Ptolemy IV at the end of the Fourth Syrian War. 1338:, was widely reviled and was toppled by a revolution in 202 BC, but the series of regents who followed proved incompetent and the kingdom was paralysed. The 2063: 1946:, presenting the League with monetary gifts and promising them ships as well. To raise his profile in Greece, Ptolemy V also entered a chariot team in the 2062:

the temple, and to celebrate a festival in honour of Ptolemy V and Cleopatra I every year on the day of Ankhmakis' defeat. This decree was revised in the

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supremacy at home. Philammon, said to have carried out the murder of Arsinoe III, was sent to Cyrene as governor in order to assert Ptolemaic rule there.

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led a successful reconquest of Palestine over the winter of 201/200, but Antiochus III invaded again in 200 BC and defeated him decisively at the

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Ankhmakis was taken to Alexandria and executed on 6 September 186 BC. Soon after, an official synod of priests gathered in the city and passed a

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Succeeded as King under the regency of his mother in 180 BC, co-regent and spouse of Cleopatra II from 170 to 164 BC and again 163-145 BC.

1597:. Tlepolemus responded by sending an embassy to Rome begging for help. At some point over the winter, Tlepolemus was replaced as regent by 2006:

dating formulae. That trend continued under Ptolemy V with the establishment of a cult for his mother in 199 BC. Unlike the canephore of

626: 1868:. In temples in the region, inscriptions with the names of the Meroitic kings who had ruled the region since 206 BC were scratched out. 1358:(202–196 BC), in which the Ptolemies lost all their territories in Asia Minor and the Levant, as well as most of their influence in the 8296: 8227: 8222: 2246: 1860: 1827: 1859:. In late 191 or early 190 BC, papyrus records indicate that Thebes was once again under Ptolemy V's control. The Ptolemaic general 1442:

for himself. His later reign, however, was troubled by native Egyptian revolts. Between 206 and 205 BC, Ptolemy IV lost control of

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has argued that this collapse sparked the "power transition crisis" that led to the Roman conquest of the eastern Mediterranean.

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to attempt to arrange an alliance against Antiochus III and a marriage between Ptolemy V and one of Philip V's daughters.

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who also sent embassies to Rome. In summer 200 BC Philip V conquered the Ptolemaic possessions and independent cities in

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The day after Ptolemy V's coronation, a synod of priests from all over Egypt who had gathered for the event passed the

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Ptolemy V came of age in 196 BC and was crowned as pharaoh in Memphis, an occasion commemorated by the creation of the

3191: 2399: 1934:, Ptolemy V began preparations for a renewed war to recapture Coele-Syria. Ptolemy V's childhood friend, the eunuch 1616:, defected to Antiochus III, bringing his territory with him and remaining its governor. Meanwhile, Philip V seized 8291: 8286: 8237: 3309: 8301: 7424: 923: 121: 2154: 1362:. Simultaneously, Ptolemy V faced a widespread Egyptian revolt (206–185 BC) led by the self-proclaimed pharaohs 7474: 7201: 7057: 4433: 4325: 3172: 3118: 1911: 4514: 7770: 7560: 7492: 7357: 7224: 7134: 6947: 5065: 4574: 4560: 4428: 4413: 3568: 1334:, inherited the throne at the age of five when his parents died in suspicious circumstances. The new regent, 1659:

over the winter, but had to surrender at the beginning of summer 199 BC. He was sent off to his homeland of

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broke out in 192 BC, Ptolemy V sent an embassy to Rome offering financial and military support, but the

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Chronicles of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt

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under the native pharaoh Hugronaphor (Horwennefer) in the last years of Ptolemy IV's reign and

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of the ruling couple and presented the young Ptolemy V to be acclaimed as king, wrapping the

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synods. Under Ptolemy V there were three of these, all of which were published on stelae in

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Ptolemaic Egypt had a dynastic cult, which centred on the Ptolemaia festival and the annual

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of 182 BC. In the same year, Aristonicus led a naval raid on Syria, attacking the island of

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With the loss of most of the Ptolemaic possessions outside Egypt in the Fifth Syrian War,

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in 197 BC, they turned their attention to Antiochus III, whose troops had crossed the

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Shortly after this, Ptolemy V launched a massive southern campaign, besieging

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chosen by Ptah, the strong one of the ka of Ra, the living image of Amun

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Iwa en netjerwy merwy it, setep (en) Ptah, User ka Re, sekhem ankh Amun

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Iwa en netjerwy merwy it, setep (en) Ptah, User ka Re, sekhem ankh Amun

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has proposed that 30 Mesore was actually Ptolemy V's accession date:

2067: 1864:

victory re-established Ptolemaic rule in Upper Egypt, as well as the

1727: 1715: 1701: 1681: 1609: 1347: 309:

The one great of strength, who has established the Two Lands and made

3167:. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 143–152 & 181–194. 1843:

In the mid 190s BC, Ankhmakis made some sort of agreement with King

8130: 8125: 8114: 8081: 7996: 7989: 7943: 7915: 7909: 7874: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7454: 7394: 7237: 7209: 6802: 6732: 6544: 6530: 6510: 6472: 6384: 6329: 6287: 6119: 6089: 6052: 5997: 5842: 5719: 5624: 5568: 5463: 5370: 5364: 5353: 5319: 5203: 5189: 5182: 5169: 5133: 4873: 4081: 4006: 3991: 2937: 2895: 2786: 2779: 2766: 2681: 2460: 2054:

heavily on traditional imagery that presented the pharaoh as a new

1924: 1919:

on Antiochus III, which forced him to give up all his territory in

1768: 1629: 1594: 1543: 1497: 1480: 1415: 1339: 77: 1426:). In his early reign, Ptolemy IV successfully defeated the rival 8107: 8046: 7889: 7573: 7384: 7378: 7366: 7247: 7242: 7179: 7158: 7003: 6955: 6855: 6845: 6570: 6467: 6437: 6419: 6408: 6391: 6343: 6336: 6267: 6189: 5837: 5645: 5631: 5543: 5494: 5400: 5343: 5294: 5127: 5117: 5097: 5030: 4880: 4759: 4650: 4046: 2242: 1983: 1685: 1677: 1665: 1660: 1316: 69: 4771: 1748: 8014: 7884: 7521: 7404: 7009: 6980: 6850: 6825: 6617: 6551: 6377: 6370: 6297: 6252: 6246: 6072: 5992: 5578: 5405: 5358: 5312: 5284: 5210: 5088: 5047: 4929: 4894: 4866: 4061: 3014: 2836: 2515: 2238: 2186: 2086: 2018: 1979: 1951: 1930:

When Antiochus III died in 187 BC and was succeeded by his son

1812: 1784: 1633: 1625: 1589:

themselves late in that year. In 202 BC, Antiochus III invaded

1493: 1472: 1803: 476:

a possessor of Sed festivals like Ptah and a sovereign like Ra

8100: 7879: 7869: 7847: 7505: 6414: 6402: 6315: 6232: 6083: 6017: 5679: 5348: 5306: 5300: 5092: 5051: 4922: 4915: 4901: 2078: 2055: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1673: 1669: 1656: 1621: 1617: 1522: 1483:' club on the left. Greek legend reads: BAΣIΛEΩΣ ΠTOΛEMAIOY, 2245:(30 November in 210 BC) in the hieroglyphic text, but as 17 7852: 7842: 7232: 7107: 6308: 5638: 5458: 5440: 5325: 5107: 5102: 4936: 4728: 2941: 2922: 2907: 2829: 2693: 2685: 2668: 2660: 2645: 2610: 2508: 2387:

Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome

2082: 2032: 1888: 1471:

Silver coin of Ptolemy V. Obverse shows the king wearing a

1109: 983: 816: 685: 509: 343: 183: 2025:) of Cyprus was henceforth also the island's high priest ( 1838: 306:

Wer pehty Semen tawy Senefer ta meri Menekh ib her netjeru

6057: 149:

The youth who has appeared as king on his father's throne

7278: 1896:

Foreign policy after the Fifth Syrian War (194/3–180 BC)

1434:(219-217 BC), successfully preventing the Seleucid king 1422:(the latter being the brother of Ptolemy IV's concubine 638:

jwꜤ.n-nṯrwj-mr(wj)-jt stp.n-ptḥ wsr-kꜢ-rꜤ sḫm-Ꜥnḫ-n-jmn

1532: 1354:

took advantage of the kingdom's weakness to begin the

1323:

from July or August 204 BC until his death in 180 BC.

472:

Wadj ankh en henmemet, Neb hebu sed mi Ptah, ity mi Re

311:

Ta-mery perfect (by) being efficacious before the gods

2390:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 1818:

After the Romans decisively defeated Philip V at the

1462: 2066:, passed in autumn 185 BC on the enthronement of an 2804:"History of the World in 100 Objects:Rosetta Stone" 1986:

of a Hellenistic king, as well as a crown of wheat.

1691: 643:The heir of the two gods who love (their?) father, 474:The one who has made the life of mankind flourish, 3210:entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith 8278: 2996:II 2314, line 41; S. V. Tracy & C. Habicht, 1826:and entered Thrace. In late 196 or early 195 BC 1557: 2551: 2299:The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary 3148:A History of Egypt Under the Ptolemaic Dynasty 1851:. In return for the southern Egyptian city of 1767:, even though he was only thirteen years old. 4744: 3310: 2259:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKoenen1977 ( 2073:Ptolemy V's predecessors, since the time of 1401: 1798: 942:Ptolemaios, living forever, beloved of Ptah 4751: 4737: 3317: 3303: 2801: 2278: 2249:in the demotic text (29 March in 209 BC). 2237:gives Ptolemy V's official birthday as 30 1966: 1831:Ptolemy, engaging him to his own daughter 468:wꜢḏ-Ꜥnḫ-n-ḥnmmt nb-ḥbw-sd-mj-ptḥ jty-mj-rꜤ 302:wr-pḥtj smn-tꜢwj snfr-tꜢmrj mnḥ-jb-ḫr-nṯrw 53: 3116: 2503:Polybius 15.20, 16.1.9, 16.10.1; Justin, 1612:. The Ptolemaic governor of Coele-Syria, 8161: 3110: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2383: 2296: 2033:Pharaonic ideology and Egyptian religion 1970: 1802: 1747: 1668:, as well as several of their cities in 1640:and the Romans intervened, starting the 1571: 1561: 1466: 1370:, which resulted in the loss of most of 3031: 3029: 3027: 2499: 2497: 1839:End of the Egyptian Revolt (196–185 BC) 1787:, and two of these stelae survive: the 180: 8279: 7308: 6673: 5775: 4801: 3324: 2425: 2423: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2254: 8160: 7277: 6642: 5744: 4770: 4732: 4249:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos 3298: 3162: 3142: 3104: 3080: 3067: 3035: 2961: 2950: 2816: 2715: 2700: 2596: 2585: 2479: 2466: 2414: 2356: 2096: 1752:The Memphis decree, inscribed on the 7813: 4717:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by 3024: 2721: 2494: 3047: 2869: 2727: 2429: 2420: 2330: 2315: 1533:Alexandrian revolution (203–202 BC) 13: 3041: 1463:Regency of Agathocles (204–203 BC) 14: 8323: 8297:Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty 3201: 3165:A History of the Ptolemaic Empire 2360:A History of the Ptolemaic Empire 2050:were published throughout Egypt. 1738: 1604:In 201 BC, Antiochus III invaded 2185: 2153: 2130: 1692:The Egyptian Revolt (204–196 BC) 1406:Ptolemy V was the only child of 1313:Ptolemaĩos Epiphanḗs Eukháristos 1188: 1102: 1056: 976: 902: 809: 764: 678: 269: 94:July/August 204–September 180 BC 3136: 3098: 3086: 3003: 2985: 2976: 2967: 2931: 2916: 2901: 2889: 2863: 2846: 2822: 2810: 2795: 2772: 2760: 2747: 2675: 2654: 2639: 2626: 2617: 2602: 2576: 2567: 2542: 2533: 2524: 2485: 2449: 1718:(Ankhwennefer) in late 199 BC. 1301:Ptolemy V Epiphanes Eucharistus 3214:Greek section of Rosetta Stone 3181: 2408: 2377: 2350: 2290: 2284: 2227: 2217: 1783:. The decree was inscribed on 1309:Πτολεμαῖος Ἐπιφανής Εὐχάριστος 146:Hunu kha em nisu her set it ef 16:5th Pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt 1: 7771:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator 4721:in most of their territories. 3519:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 2357:Hölbl, Günther (2013-02-01). 2272: 2192: 1992:priest of Alexander the Great 1811:produced from a contemporary 1743: 1624:. This led to conflict with 1558:Fifth Syrian War (202–196 BC) 1513:, Sosibius' son, was sent to 930: 633: 463: 297: 137: 60: 4758: 2730:"Horwennefer / Ankhwennefer" 2384:Eckstein, Arthur M. (2006). 2297:Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013). 1457: 939:Ptolemys Ankh djet mery ptah 7: 7704:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 3514:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 1996:Theos Epiphanes Eucharistos 1706:A revolt had broken out in 1664:conquering their cities in 1542:, the general in charge of 1446:to the self-styled pharaoh 10: 8328: 6603:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef 5987:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep 5751:Second Intermediate Period 3182:Clayton, Peter A. (2006). 2505:Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 2457:Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 2363:. Routledge. p. 171. 2301:. SBL Press. p. 181. 1807:Modern depiction of Queen 1695: 1581: 1274:September 180 BC (aged 29) 1179: 1117: 1112: 1073: 1047: 991: 986: 947: 893: 824: 819: 781: 755: 693: 688: 650: 627:Prenomen (Praenomen) 601: 515: 512: 490: 431: 349: 346: 324: 260: 191: 186: 162: 38: 21:Epiphanes (disambiguation) 18: 8265: 8167: 8156: 8054:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus 7798: 7744:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos 7639: 7611: 7596: 7559: 7531: 7491: 7473: 7423: 7356: 7341: 7299: 7295: 7273: 7223: 7200: 7133: 7056: 6994: 6946: 6931: 6864: 6811: 6723: 6708: 6664: 6660: 6649:Third Intermediate Period 6638: 6561: 6520: 6428: 6360: 6208: 5976: 5961: 5897: 5871: 5823: 5808: 5766: 5762: 5740: 5695: 5655: 5530: 5515: 5449: 5391: 5334: 5275: 5260: 5150: 5079: 5064: 4965: 4849: 4834: 4792: 4788: 4777:First Intermediate Period 4766: 4715: 4621: 4452: 4359: 4301: 4214: 4135: 3942: 3864: 3816: 3793: 3635: 3592: 3463: 3419:Antigonus I Monophthalmus 3409: 3366: 3333: 3279: 3261: 3253: 3226: 2608:Polybius 16.39; Porphyry 1978:of Ptolemy V wearing the 1961: 1828:Lucius Cornelius Lentulus 1548:Sosibius, son of Sosibius 1402:Background and early life 1308: 1288: 1278: 1270: 1262: 1252: 1242: 1224: 1214: 1116: 990: 929: 922: 823: 692: 632: 625: 514: 462: 455: 348: 296: 289: 190: 136: 129: 118: 108: 98: 88: 75: 68: 52: 33: 28: 7766:Cleopatra VII Philopator 6023:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI 4781: (<3150–2040 BC) 3780:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 3579:Cleopatra VII Philopator 3054:Egyptian Royal Genealogy 2876:Egyptian Royal Genealogy 2734:Egyptian Royal Genealogy 2436:Egyptian Royal Genealogy 2337:Egyptian Royal Genealogy 2210: 1942:had maintained with the 1799:Peace with Antiochus III 1608:and eventually captured 1525:, including the city of 142:ḥwnw-ḫꜤ-m-nsw-ḥr-st-jt.f 8292:2nd-century BC pharaohs 8287:3rd-century BC pharaohs 7739:Ptolemy XI Alexander II 7654:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 5948:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra 4577:'s attempted rule with 4258:Mithridates V Euergetes 3670:Antiochus III the Great 3483:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 3424:Demetrius I Poliorcetes 3348:Alexander III the Great 3186:. Thames & Hudson. 3163:Hölbl, Günther (2001). 2982:Polybius 22.3.5-9, 22.9 2632:Polybius 16.27.5; Livy 1967:Ptolemaic dynastic cult 1820:Battle of Cynoscephalae 46: 8302:Ancient child monarchs 7781:Ptolemy XIV Philopator 7760:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 7754:Berenice IV Epiphaneia 7709:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes 7679:Arsinoe III Philopator 6593:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef 6063:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw 6003:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V 5594:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb 4361:Monarchs of Cappadocia 4263:Mithridates VI Eupator 3785:Philip II Philoromaeus 3770:Antiochus XII Dionysus 3760:Demetrius III Eucaerus 3755:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 3740:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 3680:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 3675:Seleucus IV Philopator 3660:Seleucus II Callinicus 3559:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 3434:Demetrius II Aetolicus 3220:in English translation 2539:Polybius 16.25.20-27.3 2010:and the athlophore of 1987: 1815: 1756: 1647:The Ptolemaic general 1579: 1569: 1567:Antiochus III of Syria 1519:Ptolemy of Megalopolis 1488: 1326:Ptolemy V, the son of 935:ptwlmjs Ꜥnḫ-ḏt-mrj-pth 7729:Ptolemy X Alexander I 7694:Ptolemy VI Philometor 7674:Ptolemy IV Philopator 7669:Berenice II Euergetes 7664:Ptolemy III Euergetes 7626:Philip III Arrhidaeus 6135:Khahotepre Sobekhotep 6130:Merhotepre Sobekhotep 5484:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 4303:Monarchs of Commagene 4224:Mithridates I Ctistes 3765:Philip I Philadelphus 3745:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 3735:Antiochus VIII Grypus 3730:Seleucus V Philometor 3715:Antiochus VII Sidetes 3705:Antiochus VI Dionysus 3665:Seleucus III Ceraunus 3564:Berenice IV Epiphanea 3509:Ptolemy VI Philometor 3493:Ptolemy IV Philopator 3488:Ptolemy III Euergetes 3353:Philip III Arrhidaeus 2623:Polybius 16.8-19, 22a 1974: 1912:Battle of Thermopylae 1875:, known today as the 1806: 1751: 1642:Second Macedonian War 1575: 1565: 1470: 8162:Dynastic genealogies 7786:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 7082:Tutkheperre Shoshenq 6996:High Priests of Amun 6498:Merankhre Mentuhotep 6200:Seheqenre Sankhptahi 6195:Sewadjare Mentuhotep 6048:Khaankhre Sobekhotep 5755: (2040–1550 BC) 5474:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 4137:Monarchs of Bithynia 3720:Alexander II Zabinas 3700:Demetrius II Nicator 3617:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 3584:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 3549:Ptolemy XI Alexander 3524:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 3429:Antigonus II Gonatas 3228:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 3218:Second Philae Decree 3019:Commentary on Daniel 2755:Rosetta Stone decree 2530:Polybius 15.25.16-19 2491:Polybius 15.25.11-13 2175:from 116 to 115 BC. 1927:and Rhodes instead. 1487:, "of king Ptolemy." 1485:Basileо̄s Ptolemaiou 1475:. The reverse shows 1410:and his sister-wife 19:For other uses, see 7684:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 7621:Alexander the Great 6653: (1550–664 BC) 6175:Mershepsesre Ini II 6170:Merkawre Sobekhotep 5564:Neferkare IV Khendu 4719:Hellenistic satraps 3750:Antiochus X Eusebes 3685:Antiochus V Eupator 3627:Cleopatra Selene II 3554:Ptolemy XII Auletes 3539:Ptolemy X Alexander 3534:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 3498:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 3439:Antigonus III Doson 3208:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 3144:Bevan, Edwyn Robert 2828:Polybius 18.49-52; 2075:Alexander the Great 1877:Philensis II decree 1761:Polycrates of Argos 1577:Philip V of Macedon 1515:Philip V of Macedon 59:Tetradrachm issued 39:Πτολεμαῖος Ἐπιφανής 29:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 8021:Trebonianus Gallus 6608:Senakhtenre Ahmose 6226:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre 6180:Sewahenre Senebmiu 6155:Sankhenre Sewadjtu 5584:Neferkare V Tereru 5554:Neferkare III Neby 5222:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 4623:Monarchs of Epirus 4456:Cimmerian Bosporus 4216:Monarchs of Pontus 3775:Cleopatra Selene I 3655:Antiochus II Theos 3645:Seleucus I Nicator 3612:Demetrius the Fair 3594:Monarchs of Cyrene 3083:, pp. 165–167 2964:, pp. 141–143 2778:Polybius 18.55.7; 2753:Polybius 22.17.1; 2718:, pp. 155–157 2691:22.28.1; Porphyry 2666:33.20.4; Porphyry 2599:, pp. 136–140 2482:, pp. 134–136 2417:, pp. 127–133 2097:Marriage and issue 2064:Philensis I decree 1988: 1903:Roman–Seleucid War 1816: 1757: 1580: 1570: 1489: 8274: 8273: 8261: 8260: 8152: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8068:Claudius Gothicus 7962:Severus Alexander 7929:Septimius Severus 7794: 7793: 7592: 7591: 7337: 7336: 7269: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7261: 7260: 6976:Osorkon the Elder 6927: 6926: 6704: 6703: 6634: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6598:Nubkheperre Intef 6478:Sekhemre Shedwast 6100:Sehetepkare Intef 6028:Semenkare Nebnuni 5957: 5956: 5804: 5803: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5511: 5510: 5489:Netjerkare Siptah 5411:Neferirkare Kakai 5256: 5255: 5060: 5059: 4830: 4829: 4726: 4725: 4206:Socrates Chrestus 3695:Alexander I Balas 3690:Demetrius I Soter 3650:Antiochus I Soter 3396:Antipater Etesias 3293: 3292: 3280:Succeeded by 3264:Ptolemaic dynasty 3233:Ptolemaic dynasty 2573:Polybius 16.21-22 2548:Polybius 15.27-34 2370:978-1-135-11983-6 2308:978-1-58983-736-2 2208: 2207: 1948:Panathenaic Games 1866:Triakontaschoinos 1432:Fourth Syrian War 1298: 1297: 1293:Ptolemaic dynasty 1208: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1183: 1182: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1051: 1050: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1038: 967: 966: 963: 962: 918: 917: 914: 913: 910: 909: 897: 896: 889: 888: 885: 884: 800: 799: 796: 795: 776: 775: 772: 771: 759: 758: 751: 750: 747: 746: 669: 668: 665: 664: 621: 620: 617: 616: 613: 612: 605: 604: 599: 598: 595: 594: 506: 505: 502: 501: 451: 450: 447: 446: 443: 442: 435: 434: 429: 428: 425: 424: 340: 339: 336: 335: 285: 284: 281: 280: 277: 276: 264: 263: 256: 255: 252: 251: 178: 177: 174: 173: 82:Ptolemaic Kingdom 8319: 8268:List of pharaohs 8158: 8157: 7923:Pescennius Niger 7811: 7810: 7807: 7806: 7719:Ptolemy IX Soter 7689:Cleopatra I Syra 7609: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7306: 7305: 7297: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7275: 7274: 7026:Djedkhonsuefankh 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6721: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6691: 6686: 6671: 6670: 6662: 6661: 6655: 6654: 6640: 6639: 6233:Qareh Khawoserre 6219:Yakbim Sekhaenre 6160:Mersekhemre Ined 5974: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5821: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5773: 5772: 5764: 5763: 5757: 5756: 5742: 5741: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5077: 5076: 5073: 5072: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4799: 4798: 4790: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4768: 4767: 4753: 4746: 4739: 4730: 4729: 4518: 4434:Ariobarzanes III 3808:Ptolemy Epigonos 3710:Diodotus Tryphon 3503:Cleopatra I Syra 3478:Ptolemy Keraunos 3319: 3312: 3305: 3296: 3295: 3254:Preceded by 3249: 3242: 3224: 3223: 3197: 3178: 3159: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3048:Bennett, Chris. 3045: 3039: 3033: 3022: 3007: 3001: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2948: 2935: 2929: 2920: 2914: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2870:Bennett, Chris. 2867: 2861: 2850: 2844: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2802:British Museum. 2799: 2793: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2728:Bennett, Chris. 2725: 2719: 2713: 2698: 2679: 2673: 2658: 2652: 2643: 2637: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2615: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2583: 2580: 2574: 2571: 2565: 2555: 2549: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2522: 2501: 2492: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2464: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2430:Bennett, Chris. 2427: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2331:Bennett, Chris. 2328: 2313: 2312: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2266: 2264: 2231: 2225: 2221: 2197: 2194: 2189: 2157: 2134: 2105: 2104: 2000:Theoi Epiphaneis 1917:Treaty of Apamea 1653:Battle of Panium 1584:Fifth Syrian War 1356:Fifth Syrian War 1310: 1266:9 October 210 BC 1192: 1191: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1099: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1060: 1059: 996: 995: 992: 984: 980: 979: 973: 952: 951: 948: 944: 931: 906: 905: 829: 828: 825: 817: 813: 812: 806: 786: 785: 782: 778: 768: 767: 698: 697: 694: 686: 682: 681: 675: 655: 654: 651: 647: 634: 520: 519: 516: 510: 495: 494: 491: 487: 483: 482: 464: 354: 353: 350: 344: 329: 328: 325: 321: 317: 316: 298: 273: 272: 196: 195: 192: 184: 167: 166: 163: 159: 155: 154: 138: 127: 126: 62: 57: 43:Ancient Egyptian 40: 26: 25: 8327: 8326: 8322: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8317: 8316: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8270: 8257: 8163: 8140: 8040:Macrianus Minor 7969:Maximinus Thrax 7905:Marcus Aurelius 7804: 7803: 7802: 7790: 7649:Ptolemy I Soter 7635: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7588: 7555: 7527: 7487: 7469: 7449:Psammetichus IV 7419: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7333: 7311: 7302: 7291: 7288:(664 BC–313 AD) 7287: 7286: 7257: 7219: 7196: 7192:Menkheperre Ini 7129: 7052: 6990: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6923: 6860: 6807: 6788:Neferneferuaten 6714: 6713: 6712: 6700: 6699: 6689: 6684: 6683:Pharaohs 6676: 6667: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6622: 6557: 6516: 6443:Sobekhotep VIII 6424: 6356: 6204: 6165:Sewadjkare Hori 5967: 5966: 5965: 5953: 5893: 5867: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5800: 5778: 5769: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5724: 5691: 5651: 5559:Djedkare Shemai 5521: 5520: 5519: 5507: 5445: 5387: 5330: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5252: 5146: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5056: 4961: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4826: 4804: 4795: 4784: 4780: 4779: 4762: 4757: 4727: 4722: 4711: 4617: 4608:Mithridates III 4512: 4455: 4454:Monarchs of the 4448: 4429:Ariobarzanes II 4414:Ariarathes VIII 4355: 4341:Mithridates III 4297: 4239:Mithridates III 4210: 4131: 3938: 3866:Greco-Bactrians 3860: 3812: 3789: 3631: 3588: 3473:Ptolemy I Soter 3459: 3405: 3362: 3329: 3323: 3289: 3269: 3267: 3259: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3229: 3204: 3194: 3175: 3139: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3121:. Tyndale House 3117:Chris Bennett. 3115: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3093:Translated text 3091: 3087: 3079: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3025: 3008: 3004: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2951: 2945:Ab Urbe Condita 2936: 2932: 2926:Ab Urbe Condita 2921: 2917: 2911:Ab Urbe Condita 2906: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2868: 2864: 2854:Ab Urbe Condita 2851: 2847: 2833:Ab Urbe Condita 2827: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2800: 2796: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2752: 2748: 2738: 2736: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2701: 2689:Ab Urbe Condita 2680: 2676: 2664:Ab Urbe Condita 2659: 2655: 2649:Ab Urbe Condita 2644: 2640: 2634:Ab Urbe Condita 2631: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2607: 2603: 2595: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2512:Ab Urbe Condita 2502: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2467: 2454: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2428: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2402: 2382: 2378: 2371: 2355: 2351: 2341: 2339: 2329: 2316: 2309: 2295: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2269: 2258: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2195: 2137:May/June 186 BC 2099: 2035: 1969: 1964: 1898: 1841: 1801: 1791:and the famous 1746: 1741: 1704: 1696:Main articles: 1694: 1586: 1560: 1535: 1465: 1460: 1428:Seleucid empire 1404: 1396:Arthur Eckstein 1321:Ptolemaic Egypt 1235: 1231: 1210: 1209: 1189: 1154: 1134: 1126: 1103: 1085: 1057: 1031: 1008: 1000: 977: 959: 941: 937: 903: 856: 851: 845: 810: 765: 721: 716: 714: 679: 644: 642: 640: 581: 555: 544: 527: 475: 473: 470: 408: 403: 395: 392: 389: 366: 364: 358: 310: 308: 304: 270: 247: 245: 243: 238: 230: 224: 218: 216: 208: 203: 148: 144: 124: 84: 64: 41: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8325: 8315: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8272: 8271: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8177: 8174: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8154: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8138: 8136:Maximinus Daza 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8111: 8104: 8097: 8092: 8085: 8078: 8071: 8064: 8057: 8050: 8043: 8036: 8031: 8024: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8000: 7993: 7986: 7979: 7972: 7965: 7958: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7919: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7895:Antoninus Pius 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7819: 7817: 7808: 7805:(30 BC–313 AD) 7796: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7645: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7617: 7615: 7606: 7594: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7569:Artaxerxes III 7565: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7537: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7525: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7497: 7495: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7485: 7479: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7445: 7440: 7438:Petubastis III 7435: 7429: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7375: 7370: 7362: 7360: 7351: 7339: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7331: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7321: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7303: 7300: 7293: 7292: 7271: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7229: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7212: 7206: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7139: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7127: 7122: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7062: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7006: 7000: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6952: 6950: 6941: 6933:3 Intermediate 6929: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6870: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6817: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6729: 6727: 6718: 6715:(1550–1070 BC) 6706: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6668: 6665: 6658: 6657: 6636: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6573: 6567: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6526: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6448:Neferhotep III 6445: 6440: 6434: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6366: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6312: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6278:Sewadjkare III 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6247:Maaibre Sheshi 6243: 6240:'Ammu Ahotepre 6236: 6229: 6222: 6214: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6150:Merhotepre Ini 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6110:Sobekhotep III 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5982: 5980: 5971: 5968:(1802–1550 BC) 5963:2 Intermediate 5959: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5903: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5858:Mentuhotep III 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5829: 5827: 5818: 5815:(2040–1802 BC) 5810:Middle Kingdom 5806: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5770: 5767: 5760: 5759: 5747:Middle Kingdom 5738: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5710:Neferkare VIII 5707: 5701: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5682: 5677: 5675:Nebkaure Khety 5672: 5667: 5665:Meryibre Khety 5661: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5599:Neferkamin Anu 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5525: 5522:(2181–2040 BC) 5517:1 Intermediate 5513: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5498: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5455: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5436:Djedkare Isesi 5433: 5431:Menkauhor Kaiu 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5397: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5340: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5304: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5281: 5279: 5270: 5267:(2686–2181 BC) 5258: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5156: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5074: 5071:(3150–2686 BC) 5066:Early Dynastic 5062: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5054: 5045: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4971: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4952: 4947: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4877: 4870: 4863: 4855: 4853: 4844: 4832: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4796: 4793: 4786: 4785: 4764: 4763: 4756: 4755: 4748: 4741: 4733: 4724: 4723: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4666:Neoptolemus II 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4581: 4572: 4563: 4561:Mithridates II 4558: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4527:Paerisades III 4524: 4519: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4460: 4458: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4424:Ariobarzanes I 4421: 4416: 4411: 4409:Ariarathes VII 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4384:Ariarathes III 4381: 4376: 4371: 4365: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4331:Mithridates II 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4307: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4234:Mithridates II 4231: 4226: 4220: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4141: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4097:Apollodotus II 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3948: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3870: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3822: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3799: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3725:Cleopatra Thea 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3641: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3598: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3469: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3372: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3339: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3322: 3321: 3314: 3307: 3299: 3291: 3290: 3281: 3278: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3230: 3227: 3222: 3221: 3211: 3203: 3202:External links 3200: 3199: 3198: 3192: 3179: 3173: 3160: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3109: 3097: 3095:on attalus.org 3085: 3066: 3040: 3023: 3002: 2984: 2975: 2973:Polybius 22.22 2966: 2949: 2930: 2915: 2900: 2888: 2862: 2845: 2821: 2809: 2794: 2771: 2759: 2746: 2720: 2699: 2674: 2653: 2638: 2625: 2616: 2601: 2584: 2575: 2566: 2550: 2541: 2532: 2523: 2493: 2484: 2465: 2448: 2419: 2407: 2400: 2376: 2369: 2349: 2314: 2307: 2289: 2285:Clayton (2006) 2276: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2235:Rosetta decree 2226: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2200:26 June 116 BC 2198: 2190: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2164: 2163:6 April 115 BC 2161: 2158: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2098: 2095: 2034: 2031: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1944:Achaean League 1897: 1894: 1840: 1837: 1800: 1797: 1789:Nubayrah Stele 1781:Memphis decree 1745: 1742: 1740: 1739:Personal reign 1737: 1693: 1690: 1644:(200-197 BC). 1582:Main article: 1559: 1556: 1534: 1531: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1403: 1400: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1131: 1128: 1114: 1113: 1107: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1005: 1002: 988: 987: 981: 970: 968: 965: 964: 961: 960: 956: 927: 926: 920: 919: 916: 915: 912: 911: 908: 907: 900: 898: 895: 894: 891: 890: 887: 886: 883: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 867: 864: 861: 858: 853: 848: 842: 839: 836: 833: 821: 820: 814: 803: 801: 798: 797: 794: 793: 790: 774: 773: 770: 769: 762: 760: 757: 756: 753: 752: 749: 748: 745: 744: 741: 738: 735: 732: 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8282: 8269: 8264: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8166: 8159: 8155: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8116: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8105: 8103: 8102: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8090: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8079: 8077: 8076: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8058: 8056: 8055: 8051: 8049: 8048: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8025: 8023: 8022: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8005: 8001: 7999: 7998: 7994: 7992: 7991: 7987: 7985: 7984: 7980: 7978: 7977: 7973: 7971: 7970: 7966: 7964: 7963: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7924: 7920: 7918: 7917: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7812: 7809: 7801: 7797: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7761: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7714:Cleopatra III 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7607: 7599: 7595: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7558: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7534: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7519: 7517: 7516:Nepherites II 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7490: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7476: 7472: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7422: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7352: 7344: 7340: 7330: 7327: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7307: 7304: 7298: 7294: 7285: 7281: 7276: 7272: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7222: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7199: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7187: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7132: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7120: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7083: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7047:Psusennes III 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7011: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6993: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6942: 6938:(1069–664 BC) 6934: 6930: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6904:Ramesses VIII 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6863: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6773:Amenhotep III 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6719: 6711: 6707: 6696: 6693: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6678: 6672: 6669: 6663: 6659: 6650: 6646: 6641: 6637: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6613:Seqenenre Tao 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6588:Sobekemsaf II 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6578: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6538:Wepwawetemsaf 6535: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6393: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6382: 6380: 6379: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6327: 6325: 6324: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6145:Merneferre Ay 6143: 6141: 6140:Wahibre Ibiau 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6125:Sobekhotep IV 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5972: 5964: 5960: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5932:Amenemhat III 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5864: 5863:Mentuhotep IV 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5853:Mentuhotep II 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5797: 5794: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5774: 5771: 5765: 5761: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5739: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5715:Wahkare Khety 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5670:Neferkare VII 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5518: 5514: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5217:Seth-Peribsen 5215: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5160:Hotepsekhemwy 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5078: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5043: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4951: 4950:Double Falcon 4948: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4841:(pre-3150 BC) 4837: 4836:Protodynastic 4833: 4823: 4820: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4791: 4787: 4778: 4774: 4773:Protodynastic 4769: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4749: 4747: 4742: 4740: 4735: 4734: 4731: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4646:Neoptolemus I 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4542:Mithridates I 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4532:Paerisades IV 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4495:Paerisades II 4493: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4484:Spartokos III 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4419:Ariarathes IX 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4404:Ariarathes VI 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4389:Ariarathes IV 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4374:Ariarathes II 4372: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4346:Antiochus III 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4321:Mithridates I 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4196:Nicomedes III 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4027:Demetrius III 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3982:Antimachus II 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3972:Apollodotus I 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3929:Eucratides II 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3894:Euthydemus II 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3622:Ptolemy Apion 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3529:Cleopatra III 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3308: 3306: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3268:204 BC–181 BC 3266: 3265: 3258: 3252: 3247: 3240: 3235: 3234: 3225: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3195: 3193:0-500-28628-0 3189: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3125:September 28, 3120: 3119:"Cleopatra I" 3113: 3107:, p. 162 3106: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3082: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3055: 3051: 3050:"Arsinoe III" 3044: 3038:, p. 171 3037: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3000:60 (1991) 219 2999: 2995: 2994: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2927: 2924: 2919: 2912: 2909: 2904: 2897: 2892: 2877: 2873: 2872:"Cleopatra I" 2866: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2819:, p. 165 2818: 2813: 2805: 2798: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2775: 2768: 2763: 2756: 2750: 2735: 2731: 2724: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2696: 2695: 2690: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2662: 2657: 2650: 2647: 2642: 2635: 2629: 2620: 2613: 2612: 2605: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2582:Justin 30.2.8 2579: 2570: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2545: 2536: 2527: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2498: 2488: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2452: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2424: 2416: 2411: 2403: 2401:9780520246188 2397: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2380: 2372: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2353: 2338: 2334: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2310: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2262: 2256: 2252: 2251:Ludwig Koenen 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2220: 2216: 2202: 2199: 2196: 184 BC 2191: 2188: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2171:and grandson 2170: 2169:Cleopatra III 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1959: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1893: 1890: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1796: 1794: 1793:Rosetta Stone 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1755: 1754:Rosetta Stone 1750: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1699: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1585: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1564: 1555: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1438:from seizing 1437: 1436:Antiochus III 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1399: 1397: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1383:Rosetta Stone 1379: 1377: 1374:and parts of 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344:Antiochus III 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1306: 1302: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1187: 1185: 1178: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1132: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1055: 1053: 1046: 1034: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1006: 1003: 998: 997: 994: 993: 989: 985: 982: 975: 974: 971: 969: 957: 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147: 143: 140: 139: 135: 132: 128: 123: 117: 114: 111: 107: 104: 101: 97: 93: 91: 87: 83: 79: 74: 71: 67: 56: 51: 48: 44: 36: 35:Ancient Greek 32: 27: 22: 8113: 8106: 8099: 8087: 8080: 8073: 8066: 8059: 8052: 8045: 8038: 8026: 8019: 8002: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7974: 7967: 7960: 7953: 7921: 7914: 7900:Lucius Verus 7857: 7758: 7734:Berenice III 7724:Cleopatra IV 7699:Cleopatra II 7683: 7631:Alexander IV 7551:Nectanebo II 7520: 7501:Nepherites I 7460:Artaxerxes I 7447: 7377: 7365: 7348:(664–332 BC) 7328: 7284:Roman Period 7186:Shoshenq VII 7184: 7157: 7117: 7098:Shoshenq III 7080: 7045: 7008: 6986:Psusennes II 6899:Ramesses VII 6879:Ramesses III 6763:Amenhotep II 6758:Thutmose III 6694: 6583:Sobekemsaf I 6575: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6509: 6502: 6407: 6390: 6385:'Aper-'Anati 6383: 6376: 6369: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6293:Sekheperenre 6245: 6238: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6115:Neferhotep I 6105:Seth Meribre 6082: 6068:Djedkheperew 5985: 5946: 5937:Amenemhat IV 5927:Senusret III 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2682:Polybius 2507:30.2.8; 2461:Polybius 2455:Justin, 1925:Pergamum 1769:Polybius 1636:and the 1630:Attalids 1628:and the 1595:Damascus 1544:Pelusium 1498:Polybius 1481:Heracles 1416:Sosibius 1352:Philip V 1346:and the 1340:Seleucid 1225:Children 8108:Carinus 8089:Tacitus 8047:Quietus 7890:Hadrian 7574:Khabash 7405:Wahibre 7385:Necho I 7379:Nekauba 7367:Ammeris 7310:Dynasty 7248:Taharqa 7243:Shabaka 7180:Rudamun 7159:Iuput I 7004:Herihor 6956:Smendes 6856:Twosret 6846:Seti II 6690:female) 6675:Dynasty 6571:Rahotep 6468:Semenre 6438:Djehuti 6420:Khamudi 6409:Yanassi 6392:Salitis 6344:Yakareb 6337:Khamure 6268:Sehebre 6190:Merkare 5838:Intef I 5777:Dynasty 5686:Imhotep 5646:Iytjenu 5632:Khuiqer 5544:Menkare 5495:Neferka 5479:Pepi II 5401:Userkaf 5295:Sanakht 5118:Anedjib 5098:Hor-Aha 5031:Iry-Hor 5025:Shendjw 4997:Pen-Abu 4881:Hat-Hor 4803:Dynasty 4697:Ptolemy 4651:Arybbas 4631:Admetus 4613:Cotys I 4593:Polemon 4588:Polemon 4584:Dynamis 4579:Dynamis 4570:Dynamis 4566:Asander 4556:Dynamis 4552:Asander 4479:Eumelos 4278:Arsaces 4253:Laodice 4176:Ziaelas 4170:Etazeta 4047:Epander 4042:Amyntas 3449:Perseus 3335:Argeads 3013:29.29; 2856:33.13; 2841:Syriaca 2790:Moralia 2785:18.14; 2672:260 F46 2463:15.25.3 2287:p. 208. 2247:Mecheir 2243:Phaophi 2091:Memphis 2044:Demotic 1984:chlamys 1861:Comanus 1774:Memphis 1732:Busiris 1686:Ephesus 1678:Xanthos 1666:Cilicia 1661:Aetolia 1614:Ptolemy 1511:Ptolemy 1430:in the 1289:Dynasty 1215:Consort 80:of the 70:Pharaoh 8248:Argead 8095:Probus 8015:Decius 8010:Philip 7885:Trajan 7613:Argead 7522:Muthis 7475:XXVIII 7455:Xerxes 7323:female 7301:Period 7010:Piankh 6981:Siamun 6851:Siptah 6826:Seti I 6666:Period 6618:Kamose 6552:Snaaib 6522:Abydos 6378:Semqen 6371:Sharek 6323:Sheneh 6303:'Apepi 6298:Bebnum 6253:Nehesy 6073:Sebkay 5993:Sonbef 5790:female 5768:Period 5579:Nikare 5469:Pepi I 5406:Sahure 5359:Khafre 5344:Snefru 5313:Sedjes 5285:Djoser 5211:Senedj 5089:Narmer 5048:Narmer 4930:Wazner 4895:Hsekiu 4867:Ny-Hor 4816:female 4794:Period 4273:Darius 4067:Nicias 4062:Thraso 4002:Lysias 3328:rulers 3248:181 BC 3244: 3241:209 BC 3190: 3171: 3154: 3015:Jerome 2837:Appian 2806:. BBC. 2792:71c-d. 2636:31.2.3 2516:Appian 2459:30.2; 2398: 2367: 2305: 2239:Mesore 2140:145 BC 2120:Notes 2087:Anubis 2046:, and 2019:Cyprus 1980:diadem 1962:Regime 1952:Aradus 1907:Senate 1873:decree 1813:relief 1785:stelae 1723:Abydos 1712:Thebes 1684:, and 1649:Scopas 1634:Thrace 1626:Rhodes 1527:Amyzon 1507:Pelops 1494:diadem 1473:diadem 1279:Burial 1253:Mother 1243:Father 63:200 BC 8101:Carus 7880:Nerva 7870:Titus 7848:Galba 7815:XXXIV 7800:Roman 7579:Arses 7506:Hakor 7425:XXVII 7135:XXIII 6725:XVIII 6685:(male 6415:Apepi 6403:Khyan 6316:Wazad 6084:Wegaf 6018:Iufni 5872:Nubia 5680:Setut 5502:Nefer 5349:Khufu 5307:Khaba 5301:Nebka 5165:Nebra 5093:Menes 5052:Menes 5004:Stork 4967:Upper 4923:Neheb 4916:Thesh 4902:Khayu 4851:Lower 4586:with 4568:with 4554:with 4517:] 4251:with 3924:Plato 3602:Magas 3271:with 3246:Died: 3239:Born: 3021:11.20 2947:38.39 2913:36.41 2860:19.18 2852:Livy 2558:Bevan 2392:23-24 2211:Notes 2117:Death 2114:Birth 2111:Image 2079:Horus 2056:Horus 2048:Greek 1857:Asyut 1853:Syene 1849:Meroe 1730:near 1674:Ionia 1670:Lycia 1657:Sidon 1622:Caria 1618:Samos 1523:Caria 1479:with 1350:king 1342:king 1305:Greek 924:Nomen 90:Reign 7934:Geta 7853:Otho 7843:Nero 7561:XXXI 7546:Teos 7493:XXIX 7358:XXVI 7343:Late 7320:male 7280:Late 7233:Piye 7202:XXIV 7108:Pami 7058:XXII 6647:and 6563:XVII 6309:Nuya 5978:XIII 5787:male 5749:and 5639:Khui 5536:VIII 5459:Teti 5441:Unas 5326:Huni 5128:Qa'a 5108:Djet 5103:Djer 5011:Bull 4990:Fish 4956:Wash 4937:Mekh 4813:male 3285:and 3216:and 3188:ISBN 3169:ISBN 3152:OCLC 3127:2019 3061:2019 2942:Livy 2923:Livy 2908:Livy 2883:2019 2830:Livy 2741:2019 2694:FGrH 2686:Livy 2669:FGrH 2661:Livy 2646:Livy 2611:FGrH 2521:4.1. 2509:Livy 2443:2019 2396:ISBN 2365:ISBN 2344:2019 2303:ISBN 2261:help 2233:The 2108:Name 2083:Edfu 1982:and 1889:Sais 1700:and 1672:and 1610:Gaza 1418:and 1366:and 1330:and 1317:King 1271:Died 1263:Born 78:King 7533:XXX 7282:to 7225:XXV 6948:XXI 6813:XIX 6430:XVI 6210:XIV 6058:Hor 5899:XII 5532:VII 5277:III 5113:Den 4909:Tiu 4775:to 4150:Bas 2089:at 2081:at 1847:of 1319:of 8283:: 8243:31 8238:30 8233:27 8228:26 8223:25 8218:24 8208:20 8203:19 8198:18 8193:12 8188:11 6866:XX 6798:Ay 6362:XV 5825:XI 5657:IX 5451:VI 5336:IV 5176:Ba 5152:II 5091:/ 5050:/ 5036:Ka 4888:Pu 4515:ru 3069:^ 3052:. 3026:^ 3017:, 2993:IG 2952:^ 2874:. 2843:3. 2839:, 2757:11 2732:. 2702:^ 2587:^ 2560:, 2496:^ 2468:^ 2434:. 2422:^ 2394:. 2335:. 2317:^ 2193:c. 2042:, 1954:. 1688:. 1680:, 1450:. 1311:, 1307:: 61:c. 45:: 37:: 8183:4 8179:3 8176:2 8172:1 5697:X 5534:/ 5393:V 5081:I 4976:A 4944:A 4752:e 4745:t 4738:v 3318:e 3311:t 3304:v 3196:. 3177:. 3158:. 3129:. 3063:. 2885:. 2743:. 2564:. 2445:. 2404:. 2373:. 2346:. 2311:. 2265:. 2263:) 1303:( 23:.

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Ptolemy V Epiphanes

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