Ptolemy VIII Physcon

2903:

monarch, he ceased to be numbered, leaving his father as "Ptolemy VI Philometor" (making his uncle "Ptolemy VIII Euergetes"). However, it was only recently established that Ptolemy Neos Philopator was never sole or senior monarch (and probably never even co-regent); even if identified with the surviving son of Ptolemy VI Philometor (current research favors Ptolemy Memphites, son of Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, instead), and even if he had reigned in 145 BC (which he did not), since Ptolemy VIII Euergetes became king as co-regent (in 170 BC) and as sole monarch (in 164 BC) long before any of his nephews and sons, he would be "Ptolemy VII Euergetes." However, to avoid causing confusion with a large body of accummulated literature already labeling him "Ptolemy VIII Euergetes," most scholars have continued to refer to him with that numbering. Nevertheless, Ptolemy VIII Euergetes sometimes appears, correctly but potentially confusingly, as "Ptolemy VII Euergetes." To avoid potential confusion, it is recommended to append the epithet and/or nickname of Ptolemaic kings to their names in addition to the numbering.

2477:, deceased Ptolemaic queens had been honoured with a separate dynastic cult of their own, including a separate priestess who marched in religious processions in Alexandria behind the priest of Alexander the Great and whose names also appeared in dating formulae. In 131 or 130 BC, Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III took advantage of this tradition, in their conflict against Cleopatra II, by establishing a new priesthood in honour of Cleopatra III. This new position was called the 'Hieros Polos (sacred foal) of Isis, Great Mother of the Gods' and was placed immediately after the priest of Alexander and ahead of all the priestesses of the previous queens in the order of precedence. The position was unlike the previous priesthoods in that it was established for a living queen rather than a deceased one and because the holder was a priest rather than a priestess. The position is not attested after 105 BC. 1874: 2252:, initiated a revolt. Galaestes had been a trusted officer under Ptolemy VI but had been forced into exile in 145 BC. In Greece, he gathered an army of other Ptolemaic exiles, then announced that he had a young son of Ptolemy VI in his care and crowned this boy as king. Galaestes attacked Ptolemy VIII, intending to put this child on the throne. Ptolemy VIII's mercenaries, whose pay was in arrears, nearly defected to the challenger, but their commander, Hierax, prevented this by paying their wages from his own money. By February 139 BC, Galaestes had been defeated and Ptolemy VIII had issued a decree affirming the rights and privileges of the Egyptian priesthood, in which he represented himself, Cleopatra II, and Cleopatra III as harmoniously ruling together. 2304: 1788: 1853:, Ptolemy VI went out to meet him. They negotiated an agreement of friendship, which in effect reduced Egypt to a Seleucid client state. When news of the agreement reached Alexandria, the people of the city rioted. Comanus and Cineas rejected the agreement, rejected Ptolemy VI's authority and declared Ptolemy VIII the sole king (Cleopatra II's position remained unchanged). Antiochus IV responded by placing Alexandria under siege, but he was unable to take the city and withdrew from Egypt in September 169 BC, as winter approached, leaving Ptolemy VI as his puppet king in 2716: 2739: 2148: 2047:. They were often used by monarchs as an attempt to protect themselves from assassination or coup. Ptolemy VIII's will would be the earliest example of this practice. L. Criscuolo has argued that the inscription of Ptolemy's will is actually a forgery produced by the Romans after they gained control of Cyrenaica in 96 BC. However, it is quite possible that the text of the testament itself is authentic, but was only publicly disseminated in inscriptions by the Romans after they took over the country. 1819:(Mother-loving gods) alongside his brother and sister, who had now been married to one another. The current year was declared the first year of a new era. John Grainger argues that these ceremonies were intended to paper over the factional differences that had developed in the court and to promote unity in the run-up to war. Ptolemy VI remained the senior king, as demonstrated later in 170 BC by the declaration of Ptolemy VI's adulthood and the celebration of his coming-of-age ceremony (the 2005: 1900:, a prominent courtier who appears to have been of native Egyptian origin, attempted to take advantage of the conflict between the brothers in order to take control of the government. He announced to the people of Alexandria that Ptolemy VI had tried to get him to assassinate Ptolemy VIII and tried to whip up a mob to support him. Ptolemy VI managed to convince Ptolemy VIII that the charges were untrue and the two brothers appeared publicly together in the 2804: 2376: 2860: 1711: 2470:("New Father-loving God"). This was a posthumous cult for one of the princes killed by Ptolemy VIII, either Ptolemy, the son of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II, or Ptolemy Memphites, the son of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II. In recent scholarship, Ptolemy Memphites is generally the preferred candidate, with his deification serving as an indication that the prince had posthumously reconciled with his father and murderer. 42: 2121: 2486: 2245:, Ptolemy VIII had initiated a relationship with his niece shortly after his accession which he now made official. Daniel Ogden has argued that the marriage to Cleopatra III may not have been planned from the outset, but a measure taken to prevent her from being married to someone else who might use that marriage in order to claim the throne. However, the new arrangement led to conflict with Cleopatra II. 1459: 1382: 1336: 1250: 1176: 1091: 1861:

in spring 168 BC, Antiochus IV invaded Egypt for a second time. Officially, this invasion was justified by the claim that Ptolemy VIII had unjustly appropriated his older brother's authority. Antiochus IV quickly occupied Memphis and was crowned king of Egypt and advanced on Alexandria. However, the Ptolemies had appealed to Rome for help over the winter and a Roman embassy led by

665: 494: 331: 1670:, in 170 BC. In the course of that war, Ptolemy VI was captured and Ptolemy VIII arguably became sole king of Egypt. When the war ended and Ptolemy VI was restored to the throne in 168 BC, the two brothers continued to quarrel. In 164 BC Ptolemy VIII drove out his brother and became sole king of the Ptolemaic empire, but he was expelled in turn in 163 BC. As a result of 2315: 2331:

suspicion that the Alexandrians would make him king; the other, Ptolemy Memphites, the son of Cleopatra II by Ptolemy VIII, was about twelve years old, when his father killed him and sent the dismembered pieces back to Cleopatra II on her birthday. Both parties appealed to Rome, but the Senate did not intervene in the conflict.

2259:, which was intended to effect a peaceful settlement of all affairs in the Eastern Mediterranean. The ancient sources emphasise the sumptuous greeting that the Romans received, mostly in order to contrast it with the austere behaviour of the Romans. By this point he was apparently enormously fat and was transported everywhere in a litter. 2397:

and instructed tax officials to use standardised weights and measures on pain of death. In addition, the decree established the jurisdiction of courts in legal disputes between Egyptians and Greeks. Henceforth, this would be determined by the language that the documents at the heart of the legal dispute were written in: the

1983:

off relations with Ptolemy VI and to grant Ptolemy VIII permission to use force to take control of Cyprus, but they offered him no tangible support. He launched a military expedition to Cyprus in 161 BC. This expedition lasted up to a year, before fierce Cypriot resistance forced him to abandon the enterprise.

2326:

first time that a native Egyptian had held such a prominent position. Harsiesi was finally captured and executed in September 130 BC. Alexandria was placed under siege but Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III were unable to capture it. Cleopatra II also maintained strongholds throughout the country –

2553:

Despite this interest, Ptolemy VIII's reign saw a serious decline in the importance of Alexandria as an intellectual centre, in part due to the massacres that he carried out on taking control of the city in 145 BC and again in 126 BC. Among his victims on the first occasion were a number of prominent

2383:

After this, Ptolemy VIII began negotiations to reconcile with Cleopatra II and the Seleucid court. In 124 BC, Ptolemy VIII abandoned his support for Alexander II and agreed to support Demetrius II's son Antiochus VIII instead. He sealed the agreement by sending his second daughter

2347:

as king of Syria. The Seleucid troops mutinied and Demetrius II had to return to Syria. In order to prevent Demetrius II from returning once he had dealt with these revolts, Ptolemy VIII agreed to a request that he had received from a group of rebels in Syria, who had asked him to send

2279:

Although Alexandria had sided with Cleopatra II and she tended to be supported by Greeks and Jews throughout the country, Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III were more popular with the native Egyptian population. Most of Egypt continued to acknowledge Ptolemy VIII as king. In the south

2038:

An inscription from 155 BC, set up in the aftermath of the assassination attempt records Ptolemy VIII's will, in which he bequeaths Cyrenaica to Rome if he died childless. This act is not mentioned by any literary source but it fits with the very close alignment between Ptolemy VIII and the

1986:

In 156 or 155 BC, Ptolemy VIII faced a failed assassination attempt, which he attributed to his older brother. Ptolemy VIII went to Rome and displaying the scars he had received in the attempt to the Senate. As a result of the embassy, the Roman Senate agreed to send a second embassy in 154

1689:

and promote her to the status of co-regent led to a civil war from 132/1 to 127/6 BC, in which Cleopatra II controlled Alexandria and enjoyed the support of the Greek population of the country, while Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III controlled most of the rest of Egypt and were supported

2460:

from the dynastic cult in Alexandria, but Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III maintained their own rival priest of Alexander from 130 BC until they recovered Alexandria in 127 BC. He is distinguished in documents as the 'Priest of Alexander... in the king's camp.' The situation before the civil

2267:

In late 132 BC, the conflict between the royal siblings finally erupted into open warfare, with Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III on one side opposing Cleopatra II on the other. At first, Ptolemy retained control of Alexandria, but in late 131 BC the people of Alexandria rioted in favour

1978:

for the results of the Roman negotiations with Ptolemy VI. Ptolemy VIII had been waiting there for forty days when Ptolemy Sempetesis, the governor that Ptolemy VIII had left in charge of Cyrene in his absence, suddenly raised a revolt. Ptolemy VIII marched to suppress the revolt

1860:

Within two months, Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II reconciled with Ptolemy VI and he returned to Alexandria as their co-regent. The restored government repudiated the agreement that Ptolemy VI had made with Antiochus IV and began to recruit new troops from Greece. In response,

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and pursued a symbiotic alliance with the Egyptian priestly elite. The degree of investment of the Ptolemies in this aspect of their rulership steadily increased over the third and second centuries BC. Ptolemy VIII nevertheless represents a new stage in this process, since in the conflict with

2330:

in the Thebaid was still under her control in October 130 BC. In the context of the struggle between Cleopatra II and Ptolemy VIII, the latter eliminated his two eldest sons: one was summoned from Cyrene (this was possibly the son of Cleopatra II by Ptolemy VI) and killed on the

2325:

Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III had returned from Cyprus to Egypt by the beginning of 130 BC. By spring, they were in charge of Memphis. Impressed by Paos' success against Harsiesi, they promoted him to command over the whole of Upper Egypt and put him in charge of the whole military apparatus - the

2155:

Ptolemy VI died on campaign in Syria in 145 BC. Ptolemy VI may have intended for his seven-year-old son, also named Ptolemy, to succeed him, but the Alexandrians called on Ptolemy VIII to return from Cyrene, assume the kingship and marry his older sister, Cleopatra II. The royal

2396:

copies. This decree pardoned all crimes other than murder and temple robbing committed before 118 BC, encouraged refugees to return home and reclaim their property, waived all back-taxes, confirmed land grants made to soldiers during the civil war, affirmed temple land holdings and tax privileges,

2175:

On his return to Alexandria in 145 BC, Ptolemy VIII is reported to have launched a purge of those who had opposed him and supported Ptolemy VI. This purge is luridly described in the literary sources, though it is sometimes difficult to determine whether specific anecdotes belong to this

1982:

However, when Torquatus and Merula arrived in Alexandria, Ptolemy VI successfully put them off until he heard about the revolt, at which point he refused their demands. They had to return to Rome without achieving their goal. In winter 162/61 BC, the Roman Senate responded to this by breaking

2508:

In the Amnesty decree that announced the reconciliation of Ptolemy VIII, Cleopatra III, and Cleopatra II in 118 BC, the royal trio undertook to support reconstruction and repair work at temples throughout Egypt. They also promised to pay for the mummification and entombment of the

1765:

The defeat in the Fifth Syrian War cast a shadow over the rest of Ptolemy V's reign. One prominent faction within the Ptolemaic court agitated for a return to war in order to restore Egyptian prestige, while another faction resisted the expense involved in rebuilding and remilitarising the

2881:

The numbering of the Ptolemaic kings, like any Hellenistic monarchs, is a modern scholarly convention; at most, ancient sources informally distinguished between like-named kings by their epithets or nicknames, and sometimes numbered those if they repeated: thus, our Ptolemy VIII Euergetes is "

2366:

In 127 BC, Cleopatra II took her treasury and fled Alexandria for the court of Demetrius II. In her absence, Ptolemy VIII finally reconquered Alexandria by August 126 BC. This reconquest was accompanied by a bloody purge of the supporters of Cleopatra II. It is difficult to tell

1892:

Initially, the joint rule of the two brothers and Cleopatra II, which had been established during the war, continued. However, the complete failure of the Egyptian forces in the Sixth Syrian War had left the Ptolemaic monarchy's prestige seriously diminished and it caused a permanent rift

2902:

of Ptolemy VIII Euergetes (making the latter "Ptolemy IX Euergetes"). Once it was determined that the listing in the dynastic cult reflected the order of death and deification, not reign, and that Ptolemy Eupator was a son and co-regent of Ptolemy VI Philometor who never became sole or senior

2815:

Married to Ptolemy IX from 115 BC until probably 107 BC, when she was possibly remarried to Ptolemy X. She then married in succession to three Seleucid kings: her sisters' widowers, Antiochus VIII and Antiochus IX, and then finally to her stepson (Antiochus IX's son),

2391:

The reconciliation of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III with Cleopatra II was nevertheless a long process. To solidify their reconciliation and restore peace and prosperity to Egypt, the royal trio issued the Amnesty Decree in April 118 BC, which survives in a number of

1940:. Ptolemy VIII is said to have behaved tyrannically, and his minister Timotheus used torture and arbitrary executions to eliminate his enemies. In summer 163 BC, the people of Alexandria rioted against Ptolemy VIII, expelling him in turn and recalling Ptolemy VI. 2268:

of Cleopatra II and set fire to the royal palace. Ptolemy VIII, Cleopatra III, and their children escaped to Cyprus. Cleopatra II meanwhile had herself crowned as sole queen - the first time that a Ptolemaic woman had done this - and assumed the title of

2437:, whose full title included the names of all the Ptolemaic ruling couples and appeared in official documents as part of the date formula. In October 170 BC when Ptolemy VIII first became co-regent with his brother and sister, who were already worshipped as the 1690:

by the native Egyptians. During this war, native Egyptians were promoted to the highest echelons of the Ptolemaic government for the first time. Ptolemy VIII was victorious and ruled alongside Cleopatra II and Cleopatra III until his death in 116 BC.

2027:, Ptolemy VIII allegedly asked for her hand in marriage, which she refused. This encounter was popular in neoclassical art, but it is unlikely that it ever actually took place. Even if untrue, the story may reflect close ties between Ptolemy VIII and the 2342:

captivity. Demetrius II launched an invasion of Egypt in 128 BC, but his forces were still in the eastern desert, besieging the border fortress of Pelusium, when news arrived that his wife, Cleopatra II's daughter Cleopatra Thea, had installed their son

2388:, to marry Antiochus VIII. Cleopatra II returned to Egypt from the Seleucid court and was once more acknowledged as co-regent with Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III. She appears along with them in papyrus documents from July 124 BC onwards. 1766:

realm. When Ptolemy V died unexpectedly in September 180 BC, at the age of only 30, he was succeeded by Ptolemy VI. Since the new king was only six years old, actual power rested with the regents - first Cleopatra I (180–178/7 BC) and then

2456:('Benefactor Gods'). Cleopatra III was added as a third Benefactor god in 142 or 141 BC, some time before she married Ptolemy VIII and was promoted to the status of co-regent. During the period of the civil war, Cleopatra II removed the 2220:

Ptolemy VIII probably had his young nephew Ptolemy murdered. According to Justin, Ptolemy VIII did the deed personally, on the night of his wedding to Cleopatra II in 145 BC, and the boy died in his mother's arms. Documentary evidence from

1973:

with this fleet when he encountered Torquatus and Merula, who convinced him to discharge his troops and return to Cyrene. He went to the border between Egypt and Cyrene, waiting with a force of 1,000 Cretan mercenaries at a small town just west of

1919:

Late in 164 BC, probably not long after Ptolemy VI had returned from the south, Ptolemy VIII, who was now about twenty years old, somehow ousted Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II from power. Ptolemy VI fled to Rome and then

2180:

reports that Ptolemy VIII let his soldiers rampage through the streets of Alexandria, murdering indiscriminately, until he was "left alone with his soldiers in so large a city, and found himself a king, not of men, but of empty houses."

1774:(178/7–170 BC). These regents were more closely associated with the peaceful faction and, as a result, members of the warhawk faction seem to have begun to look to the young Ptolemy VIII as a potential figurehead for their movement. 1991:

and was captured. Ptolemy VIII was persuaded to withdraw from Cyprus, in exchange for continued possession of Cyrenaica, an annual payment of grain, and a promise of marriage to one of Ptolemy VI's infant daughters (probably

1693:

The ancient Greek sources on Ptolemy VIII are extremely hostile, characterising him as cruel and mocking him as fat and degenerate, as part of a contrast with Ptolemy VI, whom they present extremely positively. The historian

1956:, but he was not satisfied. In late 163 or early 162 BC, he went to Rome to request help. The Senate was convinced that the division was unfair, declaring that Ptolemy VIII ought to receive Cyprus as well. The ancient historian 2919:

Numbering the Ptolemies is a modern convention. Older sources may give a number one higher or lower. The most reliable way of determining which Ptolemy is being referred to in any given case is by epithet (e.g. "Philopator").

1987:

BC, led by Gnaeus Cornelius Merula and Lucius Minucius Thermus, with an honour guard of troops, in order to enforce the transfer of Cyprus to Ptolemy VIII's control. Ptolemy VIII was besieged by his older brother at

2886:. Trying to synchronize the testimony of the narrative sources and epigraphic evidence, and misled by the appearance of additional royal names in the lists of deified Ptolemies, modern scholarship at one time numbered 2108:. Ptolemy VIII assumed this position and discharged his duties, especially the hosting of feasts, extremely sumptuously. He also engaged in a wide-ranging construction project in the city. A large tomb west of 2225:

indicates that in reality, the boy was initially maintained as heir and only removed sometime after the birth of Ptolemy Memphites, since in c. 143 BC, Ptolemy the son of Ptolemy VI served as eponymous priest of

1968:

were sent as envoys to force Ptolemy VI to concede this. From Rome, Ptolemy VIII went to Greece where he recruited soldiers in preparation for an expedition to seize Cyprus by force. He had sailed to

1811:

secured the throne. The unsettled situation empowered the warhawks in the Ptolemaic court and Eulaeus and Lenaeus made efforts to conciliate them. By 172 BC, they seem to have embraced the warhawks' position.

1912:– the latest in a series of rebellions that had attempted to overthrow the Ptolemies and re-establish native Egyptian rule. Ptolemy VI successfully suppressed the rebellion after a bitter siege at 1685:

After Ptolemy VI's death in 145 BC, Ptolemy VIII returned to Egypt as co-ruler and spouse of his sister Cleopatra II. His cruel treatment of the opposition and his decision to marry his niece

2416:, alongside Cleopatra II and Cleopatra III. Justin reports that he left the throne to Cleopatra III and whichever of her sons she preferred. Although she preferred her younger son, 4281:

38.8.13-15; for the "eldest son" as the son of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II, see e.g. Bielman 2017: 86, 95-98; he is conflated with Ptolemy Memphites in much of the scholarship.

1849:

As a result of this defeat, Eulaeus and Lenaeus were toppled by a military coup and replaced with two prominent Ptolemaic generals, Comanus and Cineas. As Antiochus IV advanced on

2632:

to carry goods across the Arabian desert to the Mediterranean coast. Henceforth sailors from Ptolemaic Egypt began to make the full journey themselves. This marks the beginning of the

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to his empire, and reduced Egypt to a subordinate position. The new situation was solidified with a peace treaty, in which Ptolemy V married Antiochus III's daughter

2292:(206-185 BC). Harsiesi probably declared himself Pharaoh and managed to seize control of Thebes in August or September of 131 BC. He was expelled in November and pursued by 226: 2441:("Mother-loving Gods"), he was simply added to their cult as a third "Mother-loving God". When he seized sole power in 164 BC, he seems to have assumed the new epithet 2086:' references to Ptolemy VIII's Memoirs suggest the occurrence of a banquet hosted by Massinissa. During this event, Massinissa reportedly expressed astonishment at the 2363:

BC). The resulting conflict in the Seleucid realm continued for years and meant that Seleucid intervention in opposition to Ptolemy VIII was no longer possible.

2420:, the people of Alexandria forced her to choose Ptolemy IX. This account is probably a false one, invented after Ptolemy IX was deposed by Ptolemy X. 1428: 1296: 1979:

and was defeated in battle. He regained control over Cyrene by the end of 162 BC, but it is not known whether he achieved this by negotiation or military action.

1897: 2680:

Murdered by his father in c. 130 BC; represented as king in the Temple of Edfu, but there is no evidence for functional co-regency with either of his parents.

2452:

At the start of his second reign in 145 BC, Ptolemy VIII was definitely incorporated into the dynastic cult, with him and Cleopatra II becoming the

471: 2686:

In 142 or 141 BC, Ptolemy VIII also married his niece Cleopatra III, daughter of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II. They had a number of children:

1815:

In October 170 BC, Ptolemy VIII, now about sixteen, was promoted to the status of co-regent and incorporated into the Ptolemaic dynastic cult as one of the

1695: 9899: 4057: 1928:

reports that the instigator of the expulsion was a man named Timotheus, who then became the dominant minister. Ptolemy VIII now assumed the epithet

2541:, including stories about historical and contemporary monarchs, as well as exotic wildlife, and other topics. The surviving fragments are collected in 2293: 1771: 1767: 2367:

whether various anecdotes recording the bloody slaughter that Ptolemy VIII presided over belong to this event or to the earlier purge of 145 BC.

2248:

Apparently in response to this new marriage and with the support of Cleopatra II, an Athamanian mercenary captain formerly in Ptolemaic service,

2189:, Ptolemy VIII set the building on fire. It is probably in this period that Ptolemy VIII gained a number of pejorative nicknames, including 5939: 2445:("Benefactor God"), but it is not clear what the implications of this were for the dynastic cult. After his expulsion from Alexandria in 163 BC, the 684: 2727:

Co-ruler of Egypt alongside his mother and grandmother from 116 to 107 BC, when he was exiled to Cyprus. He ruled Egypt once more from 88 to 81 BC.

2789:

Married to her brother Ptolemy IX and co-ruler with him from 116 to 115 BC, when she was divorced from him and remarried to the Seleucid king

1823:), marking the formal end of the regency government. In practice, however, the regents Eulaeus and Lenaeus remained in charge of the government. 3755: 3364: 6196: 2636:, which would become a major part of the Eurasian economic world system that operated from the first century BC until the fourth century AD. 1873: 5003: 2327: 2024: 3742:Ägypten zwischen innerem Zwist und äusserem Druck: die Zeit Ptolemaios' VI. bis VIII.: internationales Symposion Heidelberg 16.-19.9.2007 2249: 2015:

Throughout his time as king in Cyrene, Ptolemy VIII maintained extremely close relations with Rome. From 162 BC, he was an official

1033: 9978: 2620:. Previously, trade between the Mediterranean region and India had relied on intermediaries - sailors from the Arabian centres in the 9914: 9909: 1904:, defusing the crisis. Dionysius fled the city and convinced some military contingents to mutiny. Heavy fighting took place in the 2272:("Mother-loving, Saviour Goddess"), which served to link her to her deceased husband Ptolemy VI and to the dynastic founder, 1141: 987: 9889: 9884: 4813: 2461:

war was restored in 124 BC after Ptolemy VIII reconciled with his sister, and it continued until Ptolemy VIII's death.

1961: 1425: 1413: 1293: 1281: 1153: 1150: 1134: 761: 461: 305: 237: 1359: 1227: 1147: 1121: 1069: 998: 990: 980: 960: 957: 954: 946: 836: 804: 758: 753: 720: 633: 630: 619: 612: 590: 574: 571: 569: 468: 452: 441: 438: 414: 411: 408: 406: 302: 282: 279: 274: 269: 266: 249: 242: 213: 206: 203: 200: 193: 9894: 2464:

From May 118 BC, shortly after the final reconciliation of the royal trio, a new king was incorporated into the dynastic cult,

2078:

The two rulers are believed to have met between 163 and 148 BC, with a plausible location being Massinissa's main residence at

1436: 1434: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1411: 1313: 1310: 1304: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1279: 1131: 1118: 1112: 993: 977: 948: 879: 844: 843: 841: 839: 833: 750: 745: 625: 622: 598: 582: 566: 458: 443: 403: 297: 294: 289: 276: 244: 208: 190: 4800: 2241:, daughter of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II, and made her co-ruler, without divorcing Cleopatra II. According to 1408: 1307: 1276: 1139: 1136: 1123: 829: 614: 606: 604: 595: 463: 449: 424: 292: 254: 210: 195: 9874: 4781: 4474: 4433: 4373: 3692: 3569: 3514: 3437: 3404: 3326: 3298: 3267: 3235: 3198: 3105: 3074: 3016: 2547: 2434: 1405: 1403: 1362: 1301: 1299: 1273: 1271: 1230: 1144: 1128: 1126: 1115: 1072: 995: 974: 972: 967: 952: 951: 921: 837: 831: 755: 748: 640: 628: 616: 609: 601: 592: 587: 585: 584: 579: 577: 537: 466: 455: 447: 446: 436: 431: 421: 419: 416: 374: 308: 300: 286: 284: 271: 261: 252: 247: 215: 198: 161: 4678:

Bielman, A., "Stéréotypes et réalités du pouvoir politique féminin: la guerre civile en Égypte entre 132 et 124 av. J.-C.,"

1433: 1431: 985: 983: 969: 965: 963: 642: 638: 636: 607: 433: 429: 427: 263: 259: 257: 239: 123: 9983: 9904: 9879: 9869: 7649: 7437: 2039:

Romans that is attested in the literary sources. Similar testaments are known from other contemporary monarchs, notably

9858: 8619: 8335: 7203: 6463: 6437: 2217:, the last remaining Ptolemaic bases in the Aegean. The Ptolemaic empire was now limited to Egypt, Cyprus, and Cyrene. 1758:

was the eldest son of the couple, born in 186 BC, and was the heir to the throne from birth. They also had a daughter,

2492:

attributed to Ptolemy VIII, glorifying his rule and describing his support of Egyptian gods. The stele was written in

2303: 2071:. Ptolemy VIII's interactions with Numidia were notably demonstrated by the dedication of a bust to Massinissa's son, 2067:. During this period, Massinissa was renowned for fostering relationships with Greek states and promoting a policy of 4748: 4716: 1807:, who had followed a generally peaceful policy, was murdered in 175 BC, and after two months of conflict his brother 9973: 9924: 4996: 2020: 1549: 2750:

King of Cyprus from 114 to 107 BC, when he became co-ruler of Egypt alongside his mother, until expelled in 88 BC

9993: 9111: 4822: 4558: 1865:

confronted Antiochus at the town of Eleusis and forced him to agree to a settlement, bringing the war to an end.

1195: 114: 4685:

Cauville, S., and D. Devauchelle, "Le temple d'Edfou: étapes de la construction nouvelles données historiques,"

4406: 2956: 2334:

Growing desperate, in 129 BC Cleopatra II offered the throne of Egypt to her son-in-law, the Seleucid king

1787: 9161: 8888: 8744: 6120: 6012: 4763: 4740: 3122:

Skeat, T.C. (1961). "The twelfth year which is also the first": the invasion of Egypt by Antiochos Epiphanes".

3031: 2600:. In the very last years of Ptolemy VIII's reign these sailors discovered that the annual reversal of the 1948:

On his return to power, a pair of Roman agents convinced Ptolemy VI to grant Ptolemy VIII control of

6201: 4523: 2998:

For the names and epithets, see Hölbl 2008: 92, 183, 195; for the pharaonic titulary, Beckerath 1999: 240-241.

9457: 9247: 9179: 9044: 8911: 8821: 8634: 6752: 6261: 6247: 6115: 6100: 5255: 4199: 3937: 3721:

Günther, L.-M. (1990). "Cornelia und Ptolemaios VIII. Zur Historizität des Heiratsantrages (Plut. TG 1, 3)".

2500:

From the beginning of the Ptolemaic dynasty, the Ptolemies had taken on the traditional role of the Egyptian

2230:. By the late 140s BC, Ptolemy Memphites had been declared heir, and was depicted as king on reliefs of the 9029: 8966: 8249: 6405: 6110: 6095: 6070: 6047: 6027: 3953: 3740:

Criscuolo, L. (2011). "I due testamenti di Tolemeo VIII Evergete II". In Jördens, A.; Quack, J.Fr. (eds.).

1539: 17: 9390: 8499: 8411: 7896: 7673: 7664: 6309: 6294: 6105: 6090: 6075: 6060: 6017: 5989: 5200: 4989: 4622: 4252: 3783:. Einführungen und Quellentexte zur Ägyptologie (in German). Vol. 9. Münster: Lit. pp. 131–132. 2895: 2667: 2465: 2409:

were no longer allowed to drag Egyptians into their courts, as had apparently been occurring previously.

1838:

to invade Palestine. The Ptolemaic army was intercepted and decimated by Antiochus IV's army in the

1524: 2644:

Ptolemy VIII married his older sister, Cleopatra II, on his accession in 145 BC. They had one son:

9219: 8552: 8289: 8116: 8048: 6630: 6125: 6080: 6055: 6032: 6002: 5823: 2562:. The rest of the Alexandrian intellectuals appear to have been sent into exile, mostly relocating to 1052:

Heir of the two gods, chosen by Ptah, who has accomplished the Maat (of?) Ra, the living image of Amun

9740: 7511: 6037: 6022: 5925: 5882: 5708: 5461: 5105: 4944: 4906: 4872: 2797: 2616:

in 118 BC and again in 116 BC. The discovery opened up the possibility of direct seaborne trade with

2555: 1529: 3910: 9988: 7585: 7356: 7218: 6352: 6284: 6270: 6265: 6256: 6242: 6228: 6218: 6085: 6007: 5935: 5920: 5887: 5877: 5753: 5466: 4320:

Houghton, Arthur; Le Rider, Georges (1988). "Un premier règne d'Antiochos VIII à Antioche en 128".

1534: 1960:

believed that the Senate made this decision with the conscious goal of weakening Ptolemaic power.

1347: 1215: 1057: 9998: 9425: 9340: 9317: 7634: 7496: 7433: 7222: 7022: 6838: 6332: 6299: 6252: 6238: 6130: 5997: 5944: 5910: 5902: 5851: 5846: 5532: 5356: 5235: 5169: 5077: 5044: 4732: 1965: 1655:. His reign was characterised by fierce political and military conflict with his older siblings, 2505:

Cleopatra II he proved more popular among his Egyptian subjects than among his Greek ones.

10003: 9929: 9919: 9467: 9446: 9365: 8279: 8139: 7749: 7383: 7343: 7137: 7079: 6963: 6767: 6430: 6367: 6233: 6065: 5954: 5949: 5915: 5872: 5841: 5713: 5638: 5575: 5552: 5471: 5456: 5446: 5441: 5426: 5366: 5361: 5346: 5215: 5120: 5110: 5072: 3890:"Massinissa et Ptolémée VIII Evergète II, ou 'de la gastronomie à la politique internationale'" 2601: 2510: 1862: 1830:

broke out shortly after this, probably in early 169 BC. Ptolemy VIII probably remained in

1698:

calls him "one of the most brutal and at the same time one of the shrewdest politicians of the

1496: 4343: 2715: 9939: 9415: 9380: 9360: 9350: 9312: 7912: 7816: 7170: 6393: 6388: 6372: 6342: 6208: 5974: 5930: 5867: 5663: 5653: 5600: 5595: 5451: 5431: 5421: 5416: 5401: 5391: 5351: 5230: 5225: 5205: 5195: 5179: 5174: 5039: 3897: 3781:

Griechische und lateinische Inschriften zum Ptolemäerreich und zur römischen Provinz Aegyptus

2559: 2109: 1487: 2433:

Ptolemaic Egypt had a dynastic cult, which centred on the Ptolemaia festival and the annual

519:

whom Isis has borne, who has received for himself the kingship of Ra from his father’s hand

9934: 9440: 8768: 8396: 8331: 8184: 8179: 7886: 7881: 7734: 7160: 6948: 6827: 6378: 6357: 6160: 5979: 5831: 5406: 5386: 5293: 5260: 5115: 5087: 5067: 5029: 4774:

Zwischen König und Karikatur: Das Bild Ptolemaios’ VIII. im Spannungsfeld der Überlieferung

2738: 2493: 2349: 2335: 2319: 2308: 1936:

and distinguished him from Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II who both bore the epithet

1572: 2172:

in 144 or 143 BC, during which time the couple's only child, Ptolemy Memphites, was born.

8: 9430: 9405: 9370: 9307: 8682: 8657: 7861: 7856: 7280: 6711: 6327: 6279: 6274: 6165: 5969: 5862: 5856: 5718: 5436: 5371: 5313: 5240: 5220: 5184: 5130: 5125: 5034: 2227: 69: 2063:. This connection was established in 163 BC when Ptolemy VIII ascended to the throne of 2031:

Cornelia and Sempronia. By contrast, Ptolemy VI seems to have maintained ties with

2019:(friend and ally) of the Roman Republic. During his time in Rome he is said to have met 1742:. In that war, Antiochus III had completely defeated the Ptolemaic forces, annexed 9720: 9707: 9284: 8294: 7866: 7841: 6908: 6683: 6347: 5778: 5630: 5341: 5331: 5298: 5135: 5054: 5012: 4810: 3870: 3823: 3749: 3358: 2633: 2609: 2579: 2379:

Wall relief of Cleopatra III, Cleopatra II and Ptolemy VIII before Horus

2177: 2009: 1562: 4652:

Such was the recommendation of Chauveau 2000: 165 n. 111; compare Errington 2008: 258.

2284:

took advantage of the chaos to rebel - following in the footsteps of the rebellion of

898:

The one great of strength, a possessor of Sed festivals like his father Ptah Tatenen,

9775: 9754: 9648: 9615: 9327: 8662: 8284: 8164: 7786: 7714: 7372: 7175: 7165: 7097: 6423: 6383: 6362: 6317: 5964: 5892: 5738: 5376: 5336: 5151: 5097: 5082: 4837: 4777: 4759: 4744: 4712: 3862: 3815: 3463:

McGing, B.C. (1997). "Revolt Egyptian Style: Internal Opposition to Ptolemaic Rule".

2608:

by sea in summer and then return in winter. The first Greek to make this journey was

2353: 2256: 2147: 2098:

As king of Cyrene, Ptolemy VIII attempted to display the Hellenistic royal virtue of

1839: 1644: 1640: 1598: 61: 9954: 9781: 9609: 9375: 9129: 8712: 8009: 7905: 7846: 7270: 7250: 6140: 5959: 5610: 5494: 5396: 5189: 5164: 4329: 4016: 3854: 3807: 2412:

Ptolemy VIII died on 28 June 116 BC. He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son,

2182: 2090:' preference for pet monkeys over children, an anecdote recounted by Ptolemy VIII. 2087: 1925: 1827: 1798: 1723: 1722:, who reigned from 204 to 180 BC. Ptolemy V's reign had been dominated by the 1667: 9726: 9696: 9655: 9591: 9335: 9265: 9135: 8474: 8129: 7851: 7245: 6883: 6851: 6690: 5836: 5793: 5728: 5688: 5504: 5381: 5323: 5288: 5280: 5159: 4817: 2887: 2339: 1699: 1666:

Ptolemy VIII was originally made co-ruler with his siblings in the run-up to the

7432: 3349:

Mooren, L. (1978–1979). "Antiochos IV Epiphanes und das Ptolemäische Königtum".

1625:, "Ptolemy the Benefactor, the Opulent"; c. 184 BC – 28 June 116 BC), nicknamed 9822: 9620: 9581: 9299: 9255: 9124: 8208: 8134: 7964: 7836: 7796: 7544: 7396: 7361: 7351: 7285: 7240: 7122: 7117: 6697: 6676: 6642: 6213: 5783: 5723: 5411: 5021: 2821: 2769: 2597: 2538: 2344: 2234:, although there is no evidence for any co-regency between him and his father. 2231: 2201:("Benefactor"). His accession also marked the end of Ptolemaic presence in the 2169: 2032: 1993: 1854: 1671: 1610: 144:

successful of deeds, and whose appearances with the living Apis bull are sacred

3858: 9967: 9501: 9400: 9232: 9202: 8878: 8733: 8590: 8459: 8299: 8274: 8224: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7811: 7618: 7549: 7539: 7401: 7155: 6903: 6846: 6799: 6636: 6595: 6181: 6170: 5668: 5658: 5615: 5580: 5308: 4969: 4957: 4919: 3866: 3819: 2853: 2584:

The Ptolemies had long retained a network of trading stations throughout the

2238: 2068: 2064: 1953: 1731: 1686: 1675: 1517: 88:

127/6–116 BC with Cleopatra III and (from 124 BC) with Cleopatra II

84: 2004: 1762:. Their youngest child, Ptolemy VIII, was probably born around 184 BC. 9586: 9420: 9410: 9385: 9237: 9187: 9146: 8872: 8784: 8672: 8585: 8565: 8484: 8449: 8444: 8330: 8269: 7979: 7801: 7791: 7754: 7709: 7623: 7613: 7603: 7519: 7235: 7112: 6921: 6862: 6722: 6669: 6574: 6223: 6186: 6150: 5803: 5788: 5703: 5643: 5605: 5585: 5570: 5245: 4965: 4953: 4937: 4927: 4915: 4897: 4885: 4865: 3087: 2803: 2790: 2776: 2625: 2621: 2605: 2542: 1975: 1808: 1791: 1759: 1660: 79: 4333: 2894:

of Ptolemy VI Philometor (making the latter "Ptolemy VII Philometor") and

2160:('benefactor gods') - Cleopatra II having previously been one of the 2104:(luxury). The main priesthood in Cyrene was the position of the priest of 1376: 1244: 1085: 909: 792: 708: 525: 362: 149: 9690: 9635: 9486: 9435: 9355: 9227: 9119: 9101: 9059: 8970: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8805: 8789: 8762: 8727: 8717: 8652: 8605: 8595: 8580: 8570: 8517: 8479: 8454: 8434: 8424: 8190: 8174: 8149: 8144: 7944: 7871: 7781: 7764: 7719: 7694: 7628: 7608: 7593: 7575: 7305: 7300: 7107: 6934: 6914: 6728: 6662: 6653: 6537: 5763: 5758: 5698: 5683: 5620: 5565: 5542: 5537: 5512: 5250: 4146: 2817: 2514: 2375: 2285: 2137: 2133: 2040: 1933: 1804: 1751: 1743: 1652: 3874: 3842: 2859: 2525:

Ptolemy VIII was an active participant in Greek scholarship, especially

1710: 142:

The youthful one, about whose life on his father’s throne one is joyful,

9807: 9761: 9714: 9669: 9641: 9462: 9345: 9270: 9197: 9086: 8901: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8811: 8799: 8779: 8752: 8722: 8702: 8647: 8600: 8575: 8507: 8469: 8439: 8429: 8169: 7969: 7959: 7729: 7724: 7689: 7598: 7570: 7391: 7295: 7290: 7275: 7260: 7068: 7062: 6976: 6704: 6522: 6459: 6322: 6289: 6155: 5813: 5673: 5560: 5527: 5489: 5481: 4973: 4893: 4881: 4861: 3827: 2709: 2629: 2480: 2474: 2413: 2202: 2072: 2028: 1878: 1850: 1843: 1831: 1755: 1739: 1682:, which had also been promised to him by the Romans, from his brother. 1656: 104: 75: 4510: 351:

Hunu hekentuhernesutitef titdjeser(et)netnesunetjeru setepenamundjesef

9747: 9662: 9625: 9551: 9545: 9472: 9452: 9169: 9151: 9096: 9076: 8939: 8774: 8757: 8707: 8560: 8527: 8522: 8464: 8263: 8084: 8037: 7989: 7949: 7926: 7699: 7565: 7534: 7188: 7102: 6928: 6809: 6546: 6191: 6175: 5808: 5798: 5773: 5743: 5648: 5590: 5522: 5517: 5270: 5265: 5140: 5062: 4981: 3624: 2830:

By a concubine, perhaps Eirene, Ptolemy VIII had further issue:

2755: 2732: 2593: 2526: 2417: 2401:(money-judges) would decide disputes over Greek documents, while the 2385: 2289: 2273: 2255:

In the same year, Ptolemy VIII received a Roman embassy, led by

2186: 2083: 2060: 1949: 1913: 1735: 1719: 1648: 1620: 1544: 4758:. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 143–152 & 181–194. 4709:

Kings and Usurpers in the Seleukid Empire: The Men who would be King

3889: 3811: 139:

Hunu hekentuemankhefhernesetitef marzepu djesermeskhauefhenahapuankh

9817: 9812: 9801: 9768: 9683: 9676: 9630: 9602: 9596: 9561: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9141: 9081: 8924: 8896: 8489: 8419: 8231: 8217: 8197: 8159: 8071: 8016: 7974: 7806: 7776: 7739: 7684: 7529: 7406: 7311: 7255: 7150: 7057: 7051: 7040: 7006: 6890: 6876: 6869: 6856: 6820: 6560: 5768: 5693: 5678: 4699:

Chauveau, M., "Encore Ptolémée «VII» et le dieu Neos Philopatôr!,"

4039: 3705: 2485: 2281: 2205:. Within months of his accession, he had withdrawn all troops from 2120: 2044: 1988: 1957: 1835: 1727: 57: 2405:(folk-judges) would resolve disputes over Egyptian documents. The 1782: 9794: 9733: 9576: 9260: 9071: 9065: 9053: 8934: 8929: 8866: 8845: 8690: 8642: 8542: 8532: 8257: 8154: 8124: 8106: 8095: 8078: 8030: 8023: 7954: 7876: 7524: 7332: 7318: 7230: 7181: 7087: 7030: 6981: 6814: 6804: 6784: 6717: 6567: 6446: 6337: 5733: 2585: 2501: 2393: 2214: 2165: 2125: 2056: 1909: 1901: 1882: 356:

the sacred image of the king of the gods, chosen by Atum himself

49: 6458: 2348:

them a royal pretender to lead them. Ptolemy VIII selected

9701: 9571: 9208: 9091: 8696: 8667: 8537: 8512: 8304: 8238: 8064: 8057: 7984: 7939: 7933: 7759: 7679: 7265: 7092: 7045: 6999: 6971: 6897: 6775: 6734: 6616: 6581: 6553: 5748: 4615: 4031: 2567: 2563: 2222: 2206: 2129: 2105: 2100: 1970: 1921: 1905: 1886: 1846:, while Antiochus seized Pelusium and then moved on the Delta. 1747: 1679: 135:ḥwnw ḥkn.tw-m-Ꜥnḫ.f-ḥr-nst-jt.f mꜤr-zpw ḏsr-msḫꜤw.f-ḥnꜤ-ḥpw-Ꜥnḫ 41: 2185:

says that when the young men of Alexandria took refuge in the

1726:(204–198 BC), in which the Ptolemaic realm fought against the 517:

The youthful one, leader of the Nine Bows, the son of Osiris,

9787: 9566: 9556: 9534: 9192: 8101: 8089: 8002: 7919: 7770: 7704: 7366: 7035: 6993: 6987: 6779: 6738: 6609: 6602: 6588: 2617: 2613: 2589: 2530: 2489: 2210: 2082:. While the exact details of their meeting remain uncertain, 2079: 1630: 514:

Hunu heryteppedjet zausiry mesyenaset shesepenefnesytramaitef

354:

The youthful one, about whose father’s throne one is joyful,

347:ḥwnw ḥkn.tw-ḥr-nst-jt.f tjt-ḏsr(t)-nt-nsw-nṯrw stp-n-jmn-ḏs.f 225: 2352:, whom he presented as the son of an earlier Seleucid king, 1868: 9539: 9529: 8919: 8794: 7995: 7325: 7145: 7127: 7012: 6794: 6789: 6623: 6415: 4590: 4290: 4181: 4150: 4092: 4061: 2242: 2164:

with Ptolemy VI. Ptolemy VIII was inaugurated as

2141: 1834:, while the Ptolemaic army set out from the border fort of 1387: 1255: 1096: 932: 815: 731: 550: 387: 174: 4114:

Polygamy, Prostitutes and Death: The Hellenistic Dynasties

2314: 510:ḥwnw ḥri-tp-pḏt zꜢ-wsjrj msj-n-Ꜣst šzp-n.f-nsyt-rꜤ-mꜤ-jt.f 7744: 4825:

entry in the online Ptolemaic Genealogy by Chris Bennett.

1049:

Iwaennetjerwyperwy setepenptah irymaatre sekhemankhenamun

8965: 2112:

seems to have been intended as his final resting place.

2055:

Ptolemy VIII maintained a significant relationship with

2176:

event or his later reconquest of Alexandria in 126 BC.

2156:

couple were incorporated into the dynastic cult as the

1674:

intervention, Ptolemy VIII was awarded control of

3167:

Commentary on Polybius III: Commentary on Books XIX–XL

891:

wr-pḥtj nb-ḥbw-sd-mj-jt.f-ptḥ-tꜢ-ṯnn-jt-nṯrw-jty-mj-rꜤ

2870:

King of Cyrenaica from an uncertain date until 96 BC

2533:

at some point before 145 BC and twenty-four books of

4083:

Cauville and Devauchelle 1984: 51-52; Chauveau 2000.

3631:. CRR-MM, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna 2481:

Pharaonic ideology and traditional Egyptian religion

1045:

jwꜤ-n-nṯrwj-prwj stp.n-ptḥ jrj-mꜢꜤt-rꜤ sḫm-Ꜥnḫ-n-jmn

895:

Werpehty nebhabusedmitefptahtatjenenitnetjeruitymire

3160: 3158: 1908:over the next year. This and another revolt in the 4803:— (Chapter X of E. R Bevan's 3351:Actes du XVe Congrès Internationale du Papyrologie 2237:Between 142 and 139 BC, Ptolemy VIII married 1943: 9965: 4319: 3155: 2338:, who had just returned to power after years in 2059:, highlighted by his close friendship with King 2197:("Malefactor") - a pun on his official epithet 1924:. The exact course of events is not known, but 1893:between Ptolemy VI and Ptolemy VIII. 1783:Accession and the Sixth Syrian War (170–168 BC) 900:the father of the gods, and a sovereign like Ra 4473:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGrainger2011 ( 4432:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGrainger2011 ( 4372:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGrainger2011 ( 3841:Thompson, Dorothy J. (2009). Nadig, P. (ed.). 3691:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGrainger2010 ( 3568:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGrainger2010 ( 3513:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGrainger2010 ( 3499:Diodorus 31.20 & 31.17c; Polybius 31.18.14 3436:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGrainger2010 ( 3403:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGrainger2010 ( 3325:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGrainger2010 ( 3297:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGrainger2010 ( 3266:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGrainger2010 ( 3234:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGrainger2010 ( 3197:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGrainger2010 ( 3169:. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. pp. 321ff. 3104:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGrainger2010 ( 3073:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGrainger2010 ( 3015:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGrainger2010 ( 2115: 1714:Coin of Ptolemy V, father of Ptolemy VIII 6431: 4997: 2370: 2023:. In 152 BC, after the death of her husband, 4727:A History of the Hellenistic World 323-30 BC 3054:The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt 2820:. Cleopatra Selene would eventually rule as 2529:. He is reported to have written a study of 1932:('benefactor'), which recalled his ancestor 1705: 1678:. From there he repeatedly tried to capture 107:and Cleopatra II and Cleopatra III 4053: 4051: 3348: 1777: 1214:Ptolemaios, living forever, beloved of Ptah 6438: 6424: 5004: 4990: 3931: 3929: 3754:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3363:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2520: 2428: 2300:of the Thebaid, who was also an Egyptian. 40: 4801:Ptolemy Euergetes II at LacusCurtius 4706: 4556: 4521: 4404: 4339: 4250: 4197: 3951: 3935: 3739: 3458: 3456: 3064: 3062: 3029: 2954: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2537:('Notes'), a miscellaneous collection of 2262: 2050: 2008:Cornelia pushes away Ptolemy's crown, by 1869:From joint rule to sole rule (168–163 BC) 9848: 4643:For example, in Chassinat 1929: 92, 299. 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4468: 4427: 4367: 4246: 4244: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4048: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3840: 3778: 3686: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3625:"Will of Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II" 3622: 3614: 3612: 3581: 3579: 3563: 3559: 3557: 3526: 3524: 3508: 3431: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3398: 3320: 3292: 3261: 3229: 3192: 3117: 3115: 3099: 3068: 3010: 2484: 2374: 2313: 2302: 2146: 2119: 2003: 1872: 1786: 1709: 83:145–132/1 BC with Cleopatra II and 4552: 4550: 4125: 4123: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3926: 3720: 3164: 3023: 2612:, who is reported to have travelled to 547: 384: 171: 14: 9966: 8995: 8360: 7462: 6488: 5011: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4354:Eusebius, Chronographia I.257; Justin 4012: 4010: 3793: 3777:See the summary of the discussion in: 3462: 3453: 3059: 3006: 3004: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2933: 2639: 2588:, which enabled them to acquire gold, 1857:and retaining a garrison in Pelusium. 9847: 8964: 8329: 7431: 6457: 6419: 5936:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos 4985: 4753: 4634:Bickerman 1980: 111; Toomer 1998: 11. 4603: 4494: 4481: 4322:Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 4241: 4235: 4214: 4129: 4111: 3981: 3968: 3796:"A note on the Berber head in London" 3674: 3661: 3609: 3585: 3576: 3554: 3530: 3521: 3420: 3386: 3280: 3140: 3121: 3112: 2986: 2573: 2548:Fragmente der griechischen Historiker 2280:of the country, however, a man named 96:Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II 9500: 6404:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by 4666:Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen 4547: 4509:. I 5 (with text and translation at 4120: 4116:. London: Duckworth. pp. 96–98. 3987: 2628:and then desert caravans led by the 1842:. The defeated army withdrew to the 1718:Ptolemy VIII was the younger son of 4711:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4393: 4007: 3887: 3001: 2975: 24: 3794:Roller, Duane W. (November 2002). 25: 10015: 9979:Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty 4794: 4756:A History of the Ptolemaic Empire 1952:. Ptolemy VIII departed for 1647:. He was the younger son of King 1607:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Tryphon 4646: 3923:Justin 38.8.2-3; Diodorus 33.13. 3621:011200: text and translation at 3311:Polybius 29.23.4; Livy 45.11.2-7 2858: 2802: 2737: 2714: 2151:Ptolemy VIII as Egyptian pharaoh 1550:Cleopatra Selene, Queen of Syria 1457: 1380: 1334: 1248: 1174: 1089: 663: 492: 329: 224: 4673:Chronology of the Ancient World 4658: 4637: 4628: 4609: 4597: 4582: 4573: 4538: 4515: 4500: 4462: 4449: 4440: 4421: 4380: 4361: 4348: 4313: 4310:38.9 & 39.1; Eusebius 1.257 4300: 4284: 4267: 4191: 4170: 4161: 4135: 4105: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4025: 3917: 3881: 3834: 3800:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 3787: 3771: 3762: 3733: 3714: 3699: 3680: 3652: 3643: 3629:Inscriptions of Greek Cyrenaica 3600: 3591: 3545: 3536: 3502: 3493: 3484: 3475: 3444: 3411: 3392: 3380: 3377:Polybius 9.27; Diodorus 31.2-3. 3371: 3342: 3333: 3314: 3305: 3286: 3274: 3255: 3242: 3223: 3214: 3205: 3186: 3173: 3146: 3134: 3124:Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 3093: 2358: 1944:Reign in Cyrenaica (163–145 BC) 1590:28 June 116 BC (aged around 68) 1501: 1491: 4741:University of California Press 3744:. Wiesbaden. pp. 132–150. 3353:. Brussels. pp. IV.78–84. 3081: 3046: 2992: 2913: 2604:made it possible to cross the 2124:Ptolemy VIII being crowned by 1639:, "Fatty"), was a king of the 27:8th Pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt 13: 1: 9458:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator 6408:in most of their territories. 5206:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 4811:The Will of Ptolemy VIII 4675:, 2nd rev. ed., London, 1980. 3658:Polybius 39.7; Diodorus 31.33 2927: 2435:priest of Alexander the Great 1518:Ptolemy Apion, King of Cyrene 1202: 1040: 886: 703:Who has pleased the Two Lands 691: 130: 6445: 4911:144–132/131 BC 3511:, pp. 312 & 319–320 2876: 2140:, in the Temple of Horus at 2025:Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus 1540:Cleopatra IV, Queen of Egypt 7: 9984:2nd-century BC Greek people 9391:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 5201:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 4020:Memorable Deeds and Sayings 3465:Archiv für Papyrusforschung 3248:Polybius 29.23.4; Porphyry 3052:Aidan Dodson, Dyan Hilton, 2116:Second reign (145–132/1 BC) 2075:, a distinguished athlete. 1615:Πτολεμαῖος Εὐεργέτης Τρύφων 10: 10020: 8290:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef 7674:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep 7438:Second Intermediate Period 4457:Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 4388:Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 4356:Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 4308:Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 4279:Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 4178:Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 4156:Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 4100:Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 4002:Epitome of Pompeius Trogus 2768:Married the Seleucid king 2577: 2371:Third reign (127/6–116 BC) 2307:Coin of the Seleucid king 2094:Spectacle and construction 1796: 1631: 1448: 1395: 1390: 1351: 1325: 1263: 1258: 1219: 1211:Ptolemys ankhdjet meryptah 1165: 1104: 1099: 1061: 1034:Prenomen (Praenomen) 1008: 938: 935: 913: 854: 821: 818: 796: 771: 737: 734: 712: 654: 558: 553: 529: 483: 395: 390: 366: 320: 229: 182: 177: 153: 9952: 9854: 9843: 9741:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus 9485: 9431:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos 9326: 9298: 9283: 9246: 9218: 9178: 9160: 9110: 9043: 9028: 8986: 8982: 8960: 8910: 8887: 8820: 8743: 8681: 8633: 8618: 8551: 8498: 8410: 8395: 8351: 8347: 8336:Third Intermediate Period 8325: 8248: 8207: 8115: 8047: 7895: 7663: 7648: 7584: 7558: 7510: 7495: 7453: 7449: 7427: 7382: 7342: 7217: 7202: 7136: 7078: 7021: 6962: 6947: 6837: 6766: 6751: 6652: 6536: 6521: 6479: 6475: 6464:First Intermediate Period 6453: 6402: 6308: 6139: 6046: 5988: 5901: 5822: 5629: 5551: 5503: 5480: 5322: 5279: 5150: 5106:Antigonus I Monophthalmus 5096: 5053: 5020: 4962: 4942: 4934: 4924: 4904: 4890: 4870: 4858: 4831: 4707:Chrubasik, Boris (2016). 3859:10.1017/S0009840X08002527 3779:Pfeiffer, Stefan (2015). 3709:Life of Tiberius Gracchus 3623:Dobias-Lalou, Catherine. 2556:Aristarchus of Samothrace 2554:intellectuals, including 2423: 1706:Background and early life 1614: 1594: 1586: 1578: 1568: 1558: 1545:Tryphaena, Queen of Syria 1530:Ptolemy IX, King of Egypt 1509: 1483: 1394: 1262: 1201: 1194: 1103: 1039: 1032: 937: 885: 878: 820: 736: 690: 683: 557: 394: 181: 129: 122: 111: 100: 92: 68: 55: 48: 39: 35:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II 34: 9453:Cleopatra VII Philopator 7710:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI 6468: (<3150–2040 BC) 5467:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 5266:Cleopatra VII Philopator 4949:126–116 BC 4877:169–164 BC 4816:24 December 2014 at the 4544:Errington 2008: 298-299. 4446:Errington 2008: 297-298. 4167:Errington 2008: 295-297. 3768:Errington 2008: 293-295. 3542:Errington 2008: 292-293. 3417:Errington 2008: 258-260. 2961:Egyptian Royal Genealogy 2906: 2449:are attested once more. 1996:) once she came of age. 1778:First reign (170–163 BC) 1535:Ptolemy X, King of Egypt 9974:2nd-century BC pharaohs 9426:Ptolemy XI Alexander II 9341:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 7635:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra 6264:'s attempted rule with 5945:Mithridates V Euergetes 5357:Antiochus III the Great 5170:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 5111:Demetrius I Poliorcetes 5035:Alexander III the Great 4754:Hölbl, Günther (2001). 4579:Chauveau 2000: 259-261. 4074:Chauveau 2000: 257-258. 3566:, p. 325 & 327 3165:Walbank, F. W. (1979). 2896:Ptolemy Neos Philopator 2521:Alexandrian Scholarship 2429:Ptolemaic dynastic cult 2384:by Cleopatra III, 2270:Thea Philomētōr Sōteira 1966:Gnaeus Cornelius Merula 1962:Titus Manlius Torquatus 9994:Ancient child monarchs 9468:Ptolemy XIV Philopator 9447:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 9441:Berenice IV Epiphaneia 9396:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes 9366:Arsinoe III Philopator 8280:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef 7750:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw 7690:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V 7281:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb 6048:Monarchs of Cappadocia 5950:Mithridates VI Eupator 5472:Philip II Philoromaeus 5457:Antiochus XII Dionysus 5447:Demetrius III Eucaerus 5442:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 5427:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 5367:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 5362:Seleucus IV Philopator 5347:Seleucus II Callinicus 5246:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 5121:Demetrius II Aetolicus 4790:, Princeton, NJ, 1998. 4112:Ogden, Daniel (1999). 3905:Cite journal requires 3888:Laporte, Jean-Pierre. 2602:Indian Monsoon Current 2497: 2380: 2322: 2311: 2263:Civil war (132–126 BC) 2152: 2144: 2132:, personifications of 2051:Relations with Numidia 2012: 1889: 1863:Gaius Popillius Laenas 1794: 1715: 1497:Cleopatra III of Egypt 1207:ptwlmjs Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-ptḥ 9416:Ptolemy X Alexander I 9381:Ptolemy VI Philometor 9361:Ptolemy IV Philopator 9356:Berenice II Euergetes 9351:Ptolemy III Euergetes 9313:Philip III Arrhidaeus 7822:Khahotepre Sobekhotep 7817:Merhotepre Sobekhotep 7171:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 5990:Monarchs of Commagene 5911:Mithridates I Ctistes 5452:Philip I Philadelphus 5432:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 5422:Antiochus VIII Grypus 5417:Seleucus V Philometor 5402:Antiochus VII Sidetes 5392:Antiochus VI Dionysus 5352:Seleucus III Ceraunus 5251:Berenice IV Epiphanea 5196:Ptolemy VI Philometor 5180:Ptolemy IV Philopator 5175:Ptolemy III Euergetes 5040:Philip III Arrhidaeus 4833:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 4334:10.3406/bch.1988.1752 3551:Polybius 31.10, 17-18 2882:Euergetes II" in the 2560:Apollodorus of Athens 2488: 2467:Theos Neos Philopatōr 2378: 2317: 2306: 2150: 2123: 2007: 1898:Dionysius Petosarapis 1876: 1790: 1713: 1488:Cleopatra II of Egypt 9849:Dynastic genealogies 9473:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 8769:Tutkheperre Shoshenq 8683:High Priests of Amun 8185:Merankhre Mentuhotep 7887:Seheqenre Sankhptahi 7882:Sewadjare Mentuhotep 7735:Khaankhre Sobekhotep 7442: (2040–1550 BC) 7161:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 5824:Monarchs of Bithynia 5407:Alexander II Zabinas 5387:Demetrius II Nicator 5304:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 5271:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 5236:Ptolemy XI Alexander 5211:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 5116:Antigonus II Gonatas 4623:Text on LacusCurtius 4559:"Cleopatra III" 3847:The Classical Review 2494:Egyptian hieroglyphs 1573:Cleopatra I of Egypt 9371:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 9308:Alexander the Great 8340: (1550–664 BC) 7862:Mershepsesre Ini II 7857:Merkawre Sobekhotep 7251:Neferkare IV Khendu 6406:Hellenistic satraps 5437:Antiochus X Eusebes 5372:Antiochus V Eupator 5314:Cleopatra Selene II 5241:Ptolemy XII Auletes 5226:Ptolemy X Alexander 5221:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 5185:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 5126:Antigonus III Doson 4737:Alexander to Actium 4729:, Malden, MA, 2008. 4701:Revue d’Égyptologie 4687:Revue d'Égyptologie 4664:Beckerath, J. von, 4588:Ptolemy VIII, 4407:"Cleopatra II" 2957:"Ptolemy VIII" 2640:Marriages and issue 2473:Since the death of 2345:Antiochus VIII 2228:Alexander the Great 2000:Relations with Rome 9708:Trebonianus Gallus 8295:Senakhtenre Ahmose 7913:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre 7867:Sewahenre Senebmiu 7842:Sankhenre Sewadjtu 7271:Neferkare V Tereru 7241:Neferkare III Neby 6909:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 6310:Monarchs of Epirus 6143:Cimmerian Bosporus 5903:Monarchs of Pontus 5462:Cleopatra Selene I 5342:Antiochus II Theos 5332:Seleucus I Nicator 5299:Demetrius the Fair 5281:Monarchs of Cyrene 4788:Ptolemy's Almagest 4776:(C.H. Beck, 2007) 4725:Errington, R. M., 4703:51 (2000) 257-261. 4671:Bickerman, E. J., 4497:, pp. 201–203 4277:34/35.14; Justin, 4238:, pp. 197–200 4043:Life of Coriolanus 3984:, pp. 194–195 3689:, pp. 327–328 3677:, pp. 187–189 3606:Polybius 33.11.4-7 3588:, pp. 185–186 3232:, pp. 297–300 3032:"Cleopatra I" 2824:in her own right. 2634:Indian Ocean trade 2610:Eudoxus of Cyzicus 2580:Eudoxus of Cyzicus 2574:Indian Ocean trade 2498: 2447:Theoi Philomētores 2439:Theoi Philomētores 2381: 2323: 2312: 2239:Cleopatra III 2162:Theoi Philomētores 2153: 2145: 2013: 2010:Laurent de La Hyre 1890: 1817:Theoi Philomētores 1803:The Seleucid king 1795: 1732:Antiochus III 1716: 1687:Cleopatra III 1563:Ptolemy V of Egypt 344:Second Horus name: 85:Cleopatra III 9961: 9960: 9948: 9947: 9839: 9838: 9835: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9755:Claudius Gothicus 9649:Severus Alexander 9616:Septimius Severus 9481: 9480: 9279: 9278: 9024: 9023: 8956: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8948: 8947: 8663:Osorkon the Elder 8614: 8613: 8391: 8390: 8321: 8320: 8317: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8285:Nubkheperre Intef 8165:Sekhemre Shedwast 7787:Sehetepkare Intef 7715:Semenkare Nebnuni 7644: 7643: 7491: 7490: 7423: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7415: 7414: 7198: 7197: 7176:Netjerkare Siptah 7098:Neferirkare Kakai 6943: 6942: 6747: 6746: 6517: 6516: 6413: 6412: 5893:Socrates Chrestus 5382:Alexander I Balas 5377:Demetrius I Soter 5337:Antiochus I Soter 5083:Antipater Etesias 4980: 4979: 4963:Succeeded by 4925:Succeeded by 4891:Succeeded by 4838:Ptolemaic Dynasty 4782:978-3-406-55949-5 4694:Le Temple d'Edfou 4524:"Ptolemy IX" 4370:, pp. 375–82 4058:Menecles of Barca 3597:Polybius 31.19-20 2874: 2873: 2828: 2827: 2684: 2683: 2668:Ptolemy Memphites 2496:as well as Greek. 2350:Alexander II 2336:Demetrius II 2320:Alexander II 2309:Demetrius II 2257:Scipio Aemilianus 1809:Antiochus IV 1760:Cleopatra II 1661:Cleopatra II 1641:Ptolemaic dynasty 1604: 1603: 1525:Ptolemy Memphites 1477: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1452: 1451: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1329: 1328: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316: 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8357: 8349: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8327: 8326: 7920:Qareh Khawoserre 7906:Yakbim Sekhaenre 7847:Mersekhemre Ined 7661: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7460: 7459: 7451: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7429: 7428: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7210: 6960: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6764: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6534: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6486: 6485: 6477: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6455: 6454: 6440: 6433: 6426: 6417: 6416: 6205: 6121:Ariobarzanes III 5495:Ptolemy Epigonos 5397:Diodotus Tryphon 5190:Cleopatra I Syra 5165:Ptolemy Keraunos 5006: 4999: 4992: 4983: 4982: 4945:Pharaoh of Egypt 4935:Preceded by 4907:Pharaoh of Egypt 4873:Pharaoh of Egypt 4859:Preceded by 4854: 4847: 4829: 4828: 4805:House of Ptolemy 4769: 4722: 4689:35 (1984) 31–55. 4682:7 (2017) 84–114. 4653: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4635: 4632: 4626: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4554: 4545: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4519: 4513: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4479: 4478: 4471:, pp. 383–4 4466: 4460: 4453: 4447: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4430:, pp. 382–3 4425: 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4842: 4841: 4834: 4818:Wayback Machine 4797: 4786:Toomer, G. J., 4766: 4719: 4696:4, Cairo, 1929. 4692:Chassinat, E., 4661: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4564: 4562: 4561:. Tyndale House 4557:Chris Bennett. 4555: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4526:. Tyndale House 4522:Chris Bennett. 4520: 4516: 4505: 4501: 4493: 4482: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4412: 4410: 4409:. Tyndale House 4405:Chris Bennett. 4403: 4394: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4353: 4349: 4318: 4314: 4305: 4301: 4289: 4285: 4272: 4268: 4258: 4256: 4255:. Tyndale House 4251:Chris Bennett. 4249: 4242: 4234: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4202:. Tyndale House 4198:Chris Bennett. 4196: 4192: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4154:87 F7; Justin, 4140: 4136: 4128: 4121: 4110: 4106: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4056: 4049: 4030: 4026: 4015: 4008: 3999: 3988: 3980: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3956:. Tyndale House 3952:Chris Bennett. 3943: 3941: 3940:. Tyndale House 3936:Chris Bennett. 3934: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3906: 3904: 3895: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3839: 3835: 3812:10.2307/3246209 3792: 3788: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3747: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3719: 3715: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3632: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3577: 3567: 3562: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3529: 3522: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3481:Diodorus 31.17b 3480: 3476: 3461: 3454: 3450:Diodorus 31.15a 3449: 3445: 3435: 3430: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3356: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3247: 3243: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3178: 3174: 3163: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3120: 3113: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3067: 3060: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3034:. Tyndale House 3030:Chris Bennett. 3028: 3024: 3014: 3009: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2963:. Tyndale House 2955:Chris Bennett. 2953: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2924: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2888:Ptolemy Eupator 2879: 2642: 2582: 2576: 2523: 2483: 2458:Theoi Euergetai 2454:Theoi Euergetai 2431: 2426: 2414:Ptolemy IX 2373: 2357: 2265: 2158:Theoi Euergetai 2118: 2053: 1946: 1871: 1801: 1785: 1780: 1756:Ptolemy VI 1708: 1700:Hellenistic Age 1657:Ptolemy VI 1554: 1516: 1499: 1495: 1479: 1478: 1458: 1435: 1432: 1412: 1404: 1381: 1363: 1335: 1300: 1280: 1272: 1249: 1231: 1213: 1209: 1175: 1140: 1135: 1127: 1122: 1090: 1051: 1047: 994: 986: 984: 973: 968: 966: 964: 953: 947: 899: 897: 893: 842: 840: 838: 832: 830: 754: 749: 702: 698: 664: 641: 639: 637: 629: 615: 613: 608: 605: 591: 586: 583: 578: 570: 518: 516: 512: 508: 505: 493: 467: 462: 448: 442: 437: 432: 430: 428: 420: 415: 407: 355: 353: 349: 345: 342: 330: 301: 293: 285: 283: 275: 270: 262: 260: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 214: 209: 207: 199: 194: 143: 141: 137: 117: 105:Ptolemy IX 87: 82: 76:Ptolemy VI 64: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10017: 10007: 10006: 10001: 9999:180s BC births 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9959: 9958: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9864: 9861: 9855: 9852: 9851: 9841: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9833: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9825: 9823:Maximinus Daza 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9798: 9791: 9784: 9779: 9772: 9765: 9758: 9751: 9744: 9737: 9730: 9723: 9718: 9711: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9687: 9680: 9673: 9666: 9659: 9652: 9645: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9606: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9582:Antoninus Pius 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9506: 9504: 9495: 9492:(30 BC–313 AD) 9483: 9482: 9479: 9478: 9476: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9332: 9330: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9304: 9302: 9293: 9281: 9280: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9256:Artaxerxes III 9252: 9250: 9244: 9243: 9241: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9224: 9222: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9212: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9184: 9182: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9172: 9166: 9164: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9132: 9127: 9125:Petubastis III 9122: 9116: 9114: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9062: 9057: 9049: 9047: 9038: 9026: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9008: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8990: 8987: 8980: 8979: 8958: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8950: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8916: 8914: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8904: 8899: 8893: 8891: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8881: 8876: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8826: 8824: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8814: 8809: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8749: 8747: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8737: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8693: 8687: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8639: 8637: 8628: 8620:3 Intermediate 8616: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8557: 8555: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8504: 8502: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8416: 8414: 8405: 8402:(1550–1070 BC) 8393: 8392: 8389: 8388: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8355: 8352: 8345: 8344: 8323: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8260: 8254: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8242: 8235: 8228: 8221: 8213: 8211: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8201: 8194: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8135:Neferhotep III 8132: 8127: 8121: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8075: 8068: 8061: 8053: 8051: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8034: 8027: 8020: 8013: 8006: 7999: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7965:Sewadjkare III 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7934:Maaibre Sheshi 7930: 7927:'Ammu Ahotepre 7923: 7916: 7909: 7901: 7899: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7837:Merhotepre Ini 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7797:Sobekhotep III 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7669: 7667: 7658: 7655:(1802–1550 BC) 7650:2 Intermediate 7646: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7638: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7590: 7588: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7545:Mentuhotep III 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7516: 7514: 7505: 7502:(2040–1802 BC) 7497:Middle Kingdom 7493: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7485: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7475: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7457: 7454: 7447: 7446: 7434:Middle Kingdom 7425: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7397:Neferkare VIII 7394: 7388: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7369: 7364: 7362:Nebkaure Khety 7359: 7354: 7352:Meryibre Khety 7348: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7329: 7322: 7315: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7286:Neferkamin Anu 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7227: 7225: 7212: 7209:(2181–2040 BC) 7204:1 Intermediate 7200: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7185: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7142: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7130: 7125: 7123:Djedkare Isesi 7120: 7118:Menkauhor Kaiu 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7084: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7027: 7025: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7010: 7003: 6996: 6991: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6968: 6966: 6957: 6954:(2686–2181 BC) 6945: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6937: 6932: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6894: 6887: 6880: 6873: 6866: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6843: 6841: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6824: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6772: 6770: 6761: 6758:(3150–2686 BC) 6753:Early Dynastic 6749: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6732: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6658: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6639: 6634: 6627: 6620: 6613: 6606: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6578: 6571: 6564: 6557: 6550: 6542: 6540: 6531: 6519: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6501: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6483: 6480: 6473: 6472: 6451: 6450: 6443: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6420: 6411: 6410: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6353:Neoptolemus II 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6314: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6268: 6259: 6250: 6248:Mithridates II 6245: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6214:Paerisades III 6211: 6206: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6147: 6145: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6111:Ariobarzanes I 6108: 6103: 6098: 6096:Ariarathes VII 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6071:Ariarathes III 6068: 6063: 6058: 6052: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6018:Mithridates II 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5921:Mithridates II 5918: 5913: 5907: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5828: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5784:Apollodotus II 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5635: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5557: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5509: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5486: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5412:Cleopatra Thea 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5328: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5285: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5156: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5102: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5059: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5026: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5009: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4986: 4978: 4977: 4964: 4961: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4923: 4902: 4901: 4892: 4889: 4869: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4835: 4832: 4827: 4826: 4820: 4808: 4796: 4795:External links 4793: 4792: 4791: 4784: 4770: 4764: 4751: 4730: 4723: 4717: 4704: 4697: 4690: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4668:, Mainz, 1999. 4660: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4645: 4636: 4627: 4608: 4596: 4581: 4572: 4546: 4537: 4514: 4499: 4480: 4461: 4448: 4439: 4420: 4392: 4379: 4360: 4347: 4340:Chrubasik 2016 4312: 4299: 4283: 4266: 4240: 4213: 4190: 4169: 4160: 4134: 4119: 4104: 4085: 4076: 4067: 4047: 4024: 4006: 3986: 3967: 3925: 3916: 3907:|journal= 3880: 3853:(1): 203–205. 3843:"Ptolemy VIII" 3833: 3786: 3770: 3761: 3732: 3713: 3698: 3679: 3660: 3651: 3649:Polybius 33.11 3642: 3608: 3599: 3590: 3575: 3553: 3544: 3535: 3520: 3501: 3492: 3490:Diodorus 31.18 3483: 3474: 3452: 3443: 3419: 3410: 3391: 3379: 3370: 3341: 3332: 3313: 3304: 3285: 3273: 3254: 3241: 3222: 3220:Polybius 20.23 3213: 3211:Polybius 28.19 3204: 3185: 3172: 3154: 3145: 3133: 3111: 3092: 3080: 3058: 3045: 3022: 3000: 2991: 2974: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2826: 2825: 2822:queen of Syria 2813: 2810: 2807: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770:Antiochus VIII 2766: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2724:December 81 BC 2722: 2719: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2682: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2641: 2638: 2598:Horn of Africa 2578:Main article: 2575: 2572: 2539:paradoxography 2522: 2519: 2482: 2479: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2418:Ptolemy X 2372: 2369: 2361: 152–145 2274:Ptolemy I 2264: 2261: 2232:Temple of Edfu 2193:("fatty") and 2117: 2114: 2096: 2095: 2052: 2049: 2033:Cato the Elder 2002: 2001: 1994:Cleopatra Thea 1945: 1942: 1870: 1867: 1797:Main article: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1720:Ptolemy V 1707: 1704: 1649:Ptolemy V 1602: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1520:(illegitimate) 1513: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1504:142 or 141 BC) 1485: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1409: 1406: 1392: 1391: 1385: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1277: 1274: 1260: 1259: 1253: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1199: 1198: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1101: 1100: 1094: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1054: 1053: 1037: 1036: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 991: 988: 981: 978: 975: 970: 961: 958: 955: 949: 936: 930: 927: 926: 923: 922: 902: 901: 883: 882: 876: 875: 872: 871: 868: 867: 864: 863: 861: 859: 856: 855: 853: 850: 849: 846: 845: 834: 819: 813: 810: 809: 806: 805: 785: 784: 781: 780: 778: 776: 773: 772: 770: 767: 766: 763: 762: 759: 756: 751: 746: 735: 729: 726: 725: 722: 721: 688: 687: 681: 680: 677: 676: 673: 672: 669: 668: 661: 659: 656: 655: 652: 651: 648: 647: 644: 643: 634: 631: 626: 623: 620: 617: 610: 602: 599: 596: 593: 588: 580: 575: 572: 567: 555: 554: 548: 546: 543: 542: 539: 538: 502: 501: 498: 497: 490: 488: 485: 484: 481: 480: 477: 476: 473: 472: 469: 464: 459: 456: 453: 450: 444: 439: 434: 425: 422: 417: 412: 409: 404: 392: 391: 385: 383: 380: 379: 376: 375: 339: 338: 335: 334: 327: 325: 322: 321: 318: 317: 314: 313: 310: 309: 306: 303: 298: 295: 290: 287: 280: 277: 272: 267: 264: 255: 250: 245: 240: 221: 220: 217: 216: 211: 204: 201: 196: 191: 179: 178: 172: 170: 167: 166: 163: 162: 127: 126: 118: 115:Royal titulary 113: 112: 109: 108: 102: 98: 97: 94: 90: 89: 72: 66: 65: 56: 53: 52: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10016: 10005: 10004:116 BC deaths 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9971: 9969: 9956: 9951: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9856: 9853: 9846: 9842: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9803: 9799: 9797: 9796: 9792: 9790: 9789: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9777: 9773: 9771: 9770: 9766: 9764: 9763: 9759: 9757: 9756: 9752: 9750: 9749: 9745: 9743: 9742: 9738: 9736: 9735: 9731: 9729: 9728: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9716: 9712: 9710: 9709: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9692: 9688: 9686: 9685: 9681: 9679: 9678: 9674: 9672: 9671: 9667: 9665: 9664: 9660: 9658: 9657: 9653: 9651: 9650: 9646: 9644: 9643: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9611: 9607: 9605: 9604: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9547: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9507: 9505: 9503: 9499: 9496: 9488: 9484: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9448: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9401:Cleopatra III 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9329: 9325: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9305: 9303: 9301: 9297: 9294: 9286: 9282: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9249: 9245: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9206: 9204: 9203:Nepherites II 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9171: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9163: 9159: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9137: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9109: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9067: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9055: 9051: 9050: 9048: 9046: 9042: 9039: 9031: 9027: 9017: 9014: 9009: 9006: 9005: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8994: 8991: 8985: 8981: 8972: 8968: 8963: 8959: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8909: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8894: 8892: 8890: 8886: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8847: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8819: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8807: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8770: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8746: 8742: 8736: 8735: 8734:Psusennes III 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8698: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8680: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8632: 8629: 8625:(1069–664 BC) 8621: 8617: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8591:Ramesses VIII 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8550: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8497: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8460:Amenhotep III 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8409: 8406: 8398: 8394: 8383: 8380: 8375: 8369: 8368: 8365: 8359: 8356: 8350: 8346: 8337: 8333: 8328: 8324: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8300:Seqenenre Tao 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8275:Sobekemsaf II 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8265: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8247: 8241: 8240: 8236: 8234: 8233: 8229: 8227: 8226: 8225:Wepwawetemsaf 8222: 8220: 8219: 8215: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8206: 8200: 8199: 8195: 8193: 8192: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8114: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8097: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8080: 8076: 8074: 8073: 8069: 8067: 8066: 8062: 8060: 8059: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8040: 8039: 8035: 8033: 8032: 8028: 8026: 8025: 8021: 8019: 8018: 8014: 8012: 8011: 8007: 8005: 8004: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7935: 7931: 7929: 7928: 7924: 7922: 7921: 7917: 7915: 7914: 7910: 7908: 7907: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7894: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7832:Merneferre Ay 7830: 7828: 7827:Wahibre Ibiau 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7812:Sobekhotep IV 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7772: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7662: 7659: 7651: 7647: 7637: 7636: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7619:Amenemhat III 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7583: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7551: 7550:Mentuhotep IV 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7540:Mentuhotep II 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7509: 7506: 7498: 7494: 7484: 7481: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7461: 7458: 7452: 7448: 7439: 7435: 7430: 7426: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7402:Wahkare Khety 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7375: 7374: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7357:Neferkare VII 7355: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7328: 7327: 7323: 7321: 7320: 7316: 7314: 7313: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7205: 7201: 7191: 7190: 7186: 7184: 7183: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7135: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7053: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7020: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7004: 7002: 7001: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6989: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6930: 6926: 6924: 6923: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6904:Seth-Peribsen 6902: 6900: 6899: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6881: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6867: 6865: 6864: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6847:Hotepsekhemwy 6845: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6754: 6750: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6702: 6700: 6699: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6640: 6638: 6637:Double Falcon 6635: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6614: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6605: 6604: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6584: 6583: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6528:(pre-3150 BC) 6524: 6523:Protodynastic 6520: 6510: 6507: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6487: 6484: 6478: 6474: 6465: 6461: 6460:Protodynastic 6456: 6452: 6448: 6441: 6436: 6434: 6429: 6427: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6333:Neoptolemus I 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6229:Mithridates I 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6219:Paerisades IV 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6203: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6182:Paerisades II 6180: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6171:Spartokos III 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6138: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6106:Ariarathes IX 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6091:Ariarathes VI 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6076:Ariarathes IV 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6061:Ariarathes II 6059: 6057: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6033:Antiochus III 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6008:Mithridates I 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5883:Nicomedes III 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5714:Demetrius III 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5669:Antimachus II 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5659:Apollodotus I 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5616:Eucratides II 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5581:Euthydemus II 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5309:Ptolemy Apion 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5216:Cleopatra III 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5007: 5002: 5000: 4995: 4993: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4975: 4971: 4970:Cleopatra III 4967: 4960: 4959: 4958:Cleopatra III 4955: 4947: 4946: 4939: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4921: 4920:Cleopatra III 4917: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4875: 4874: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4852: 4845: 4840: 4839: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4789: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4772:Peter Nadig, 4771: 4767: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4750: 4749:0-520-05611-6 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4718:9780198786924 4714: 4710: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4649: 4640: 4631: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4612: 4606:, p. 203 4605: 4600: 4593: 4592: 4585: 4576: 4560: 4553: 4551: 4541: 4525: 4518: 4511: 4508: 4503: 4496: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4476: 4470: 4469:Grainger 2011 4465: 4458: 4452: 4443: 4435: 4429: 4428:Grainger 2011 4424: 4408: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4389: 4383: 4375: 4369: 4368:Grainger 2011 4364: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4303: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4254: 4247: 4245: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4201: 4194: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4164: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4132:, p. 196 4131: 4126: 4124: 4115: 4108: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4089: 4080: 4071: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4052: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4021: 4018: 4013: 4011: 4003: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3983: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3955: 3939: 3932: 3930: 3920: 3912: 3899: 3891: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3782: 3774: 3765: 3757: 3751: 3743: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3710: 3707: 3702: 3694: 3688: 3687:Grainger 2010 3683: 3676: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3655: 3646: 3630: 3626: 3620: 3615: 3613: 3603: 3594: 3587: 3582: 3580: 3571: 3565: 3564:Grainger 2010 3560: 3558: 3548: 3539: 3532: 3527: 3525: 3516: 3510: 3509:Grainger 2010 3505: 3496: 3487: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3457: 3447: 3439: 3433: 3432:Grainger 2010 3428: 3426: 3424: 3414: 3406: 3400: 3399:Grainger 2010 3395: 3388: 3383: 3374: 3366: 3360: 3352: 3345: 3339:Diodorus 31.1 3336: 3328: 3322: 3321:Grainger 2010 3317: 3308: 3300: 3294: 3293:Grainger 2010 3289: 3282: 3277: 3269: 3263: 3262:Grainger 2010 3258: 3251: 3245: 3237: 3231: 3230:Grainger 2010 3226: 3217: 3208: 3200: 3194: 3193:Grainger 2010 3189: 3182: 3176: 3168: 3161: 3159: 3149: 3143:, p. 172 3142: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3116: 3107: 3101: 3100:Grainger 2010 3096: 3089: 3084: 3076: 3070: 3069:Grainger 2010 3065: 3063: 3055: 3049: 3033: 3026: 3018: 3013:, p. 274 3012: 3011:Grainger 2010 3007: 3005: 2995: 2989:, p. 204 2988: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2932: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2857: 2855: 2854:Ptolemy Apion 2852: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2478: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2389: 2387: 2377: 2368: 2364: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2329: 2321: 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43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 9800: 9793: 9786: 9774: 9767: 9760: 9753: 9746: 9739: 9732: 9725: 9713: 9706: 9689: 9682: 9675: 9668: 9661: 9654: 9647: 9640: 9608: 9601: 9587:Lucius Verus 9544: 9445: 9421:Berenice III 9411:Cleopatra IV 9395: 9386:Cleopatra II 9318:Alexander IV 9238:Nectanebo II 9207: 9188:Nepherites I 9147:Artaxerxes I 9134: 9064: 9052: 9035:(664–332 BC) 9015: 8971:Roman Period 8873:Shoshenq VII 8871: 8844: 8804: 8785:Shoshenq III 8767: 8732: 8695: 8673:Psusennes II 8586:Ramesses VII 8566:Ramesses III 8450:Amenhotep II 8445:Thutmose III 8381: 8270:Sobekemsaf I 8262: 8237: 8230: 8223: 8216: 8196: 8189: 8094: 8077: 8072:'Aper-'Anati 8070: 8063: 8056: 8036: 8029: 8022: 8015: 8008: 8001: 7994: 7980:Sekheperenre 7932: 7925: 7918: 7911: 7904: 7802:Neferhotep I 7792:Seth Meribre 7769: 7755:Djedkheperew 7672: 7633: 7624:Amenemhat IV 7614:Senusret III 7604:Amenemhat II 7520:Mentuhotep I 7482: 7371: 7331: 7324: 7317: 7310: 7236:Neferkare II 7187: 7180: 7113:Nyuserre Ini 7067: 7050: 7005: 6998: 6986: 6927: 6922:Neferkasokar 6920: 6913: 6896: 6889: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6861: 6826: 6819: 6727: 6710: 6703: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6675: 6670:Finger Snail 6668: 6661: 6641: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6552: 6545: 6508: 6368:Alexander II 6224:Paerisades V 6187:Spartokos IV 6151:Paerisades I 6126:Ariarathes X 6081:Ariarathes V 6056:Ariarathes I 6038:Antiochus IV 6023:Antiochus II 5955:Pharnaces II 5916:Ariobarzanes 5888:Nicomedes IV 5878:Nicomedes II 5804:Apollophanes 5789:Hippostratos 5704:Heliokles II 5664:Demetrius II 5644:Antimachus I 5606:Eucratides I 5601:Demetrius II 5586:Antimachus I 5571:Euthydemus I 5303: 5256:Ptolemy XIII 5231:Berenice III 5210: 5078:Antipater II 5045:Alexander IV 4966:Cleopatra II 4954:Cleopatra II 4952: 4943: 4938:Cleopatra II 4928:Cleopatra II 4916:Cleopatra II 4914: 4905: 4898:Cleopatra II 4886:Cleopatra II 4880: 4871: 4866:Cleopatra II 4850: 4843: 4836: 4823:Ptolemy VIII 4804: 4787: 4773: 4755: 4736: 4726: 4708: 4700: 4693: 4686: 4679: 4672: 4665: 4659:Bibliography 4648: 4639: 4630: 4618: 4611: 4599: 4589: 4584: 4575: 4563:. 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Retrieved 2960: 2915: 2899: 2891: 2883: 2880: 2829: 2791:Antiochus IX 2777:Cleopatra IV 2685: 2643: 2626:Persian Gulf 2622:Gulf of Aden 2606:Indian Ocean 2583: 2552: 2546: 2543:Felix Jacoby 2534: 2524: 2515:Mnevis bulls 2507: 2499: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2457: 2453: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2411: 2407:chrematistai 2406: 2402: 2399:chrematistai 2398: 2390: 2382: 2365: 2333: 2324: 2297: 2278: 2269: 2266: 2254: 2247: 2236: 2219: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2174: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2099: 2097: 2077: 2054: 2037: 2016: 2014: 1985: 1981: 1947: 1937: 1929: 1918: 1895: 1891: 1881:as Egyptian 1859: 1848: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1814: 1802: 1792:Antiochus IV 1764: 1717: 1692: 1684: 1665: 1636: 1626: 1618: 1606: 1605: 1210: 1206: 1048: 1044: 894: 890: 880:Golden Horus 700:Seheruibtawy 699: 696:shrw-jb-tꜢwj 695: 513: 509: 506: 350: 346: 343: 138: 134: 29: 18:Ptolemy VIII 9691:Gordian III 9636:Diadumenian 9436:Cleopatra V 9290:(332–30 BC) 9285:Hellenistic 9228:Nectanebo I 9120:Cambyses II 9102:Psamtik III 9060:Tefnakht II 8862:Takelot III 8857:Osorkon III 8852:Shoshenq VI 8806:Pedubast II 8790:Shoshenq IV 8763:Shoshenq II 8728:Pinedjem II 8718:Menkheperre 8653:Psusennes I 8606:Ramesses XI 8596:Ramesses IX 8581:Ramesses VI 8571:Ramesses IV 8518:Ramesses II 8480:Tutankhamun 8455:Thutmose IV 8435:Thutmose II 8425:Amenhotep I 8397:New Kingdom 8332:New Kingdom 8191:Senusret IV 8175:Dedumose II 8150:Nebiriau II 8145:Nebiryraw I 8140:Mentuhotepi 7945:Khakherewre 7872:Merkheperre 7782:Imyremeshaw 7765:Sedjefakare 7720:Sehetepibre 7695:Ameny Qemau 7629:Sobekneferu 7609:Senusret II 7594:Amenemhat I 7576:Iyibkhentre 7306:Neferirkare 7301:Neferkauhor 7108:Shepseskare 6949:Old Kingdom 6935:Khasekhemwy 6915:Neferkara I 6884:Weneg-Nebty 6729:Scorpion II 6389:Pyrrhus III 6373:Olympias II 6343:Alexander I 6200: [ 6197:Spartokos V 6066:Ariamnes II 6013:Antiochus I 5975:Pythodorida 5931:Pharnaces I 5852:Zipoetes II 5847:Nicomedes I 5764:Artemidoros 5759:Menander II 5699:Antialcidas 5684:Agathokleia 5639:Demetrius I 5631:Indo-Greeks 5621:Heliocles I 5576:Demetrius I 5566:Diodotus II 5543:Eumenes III 5538:Attalus III 5513:Philetaerus 5482:Lysimachids 5294:Berenice II 5261:Ptolemy XIV 5143:(pretender) 5073:Alexander V 5055:Antipatrids 5013:Hellenistic 4733:Peter Green 4565:10 November 4328:: 401–411. 4275:Bibliotheca 4259:10 November 4147:Poseidonius 4143:Bibliotheca 3806:: 144–146. 2900:predecessor 2892:predecessor 2809:135–130 BC? 2783:138–135 BC? 2535:Hypomnemata 2286:Hugronaphor 2138:Lower Egypt 2041:Attalus III 1976:Paraetonium 1896:In 165 BC, 1821:anakleteria 1805:Seleucus IV 1754:in 194 BC. 1744:Coele-Syria 1619:Ptolemaĩos 93:Predecessor 9968:Categories 9808:Diocletian 9762:Quintillus 9715:Aemilianus 9670:Gordian II 9642:Elagabalus 9463:Arsinoe IV 9346:Arsinoe II 9271:Darius III 9198:Psammuthes 9087:Psamtik II 8902:Bakenranef 8840:Pedubast I 8835:Takelot II 8830:Harsiese A 8812:Osorkon IV 8800:Shoshenq V 8780:Osorkon II 8753:Shoshenq I 8723:Smendes II 8703:Pinedjem I 8648:Amenemnisu 8601:Ramesses X 8576:Ramesses V 8528:Amenmesses 8508:Ramesses I 8470:Smenkhkare 8440:Hatshepsut 8430:Thutmose I 8180:Montuemsaf 8170:Dedumose I 7970:Nebdjefare 7960:Merdjefare 7730:Nedjemibre 7725:Sewadjkare 7599:Senusret I 7571:Qakare Ini 7392:Meryhathor 7296:Neferkaure 7291:Qakare Iby 7276:Neferkahor 7261:Neferkamin 7069:Thamphthis 7063:Shepseskaf 6977:Sekhemkhet 6828:Horus Bird 6705:Scorpion I 6379:Pyrrhus II 6358:Alcetas II 6323:Tharrhypas 6290:Gepaepyris 6262:Scribonius 6156:Satyros II 6086:Orophernes 5998:Ptolemaeus 5980:Polemon II 5873:Prusias II 5842:Zipoetes I 5814:Strato III 5739:Theophilos 5719:Philoxenus 5674:Menander I 5654:Agathocles 5596:Agathocles 5561:Diodotus I 5533:Attalus II 5528:Eumenes II 5490:Lysimachus 5098:Antigonids 4974:Ptolemy IX 4894:Ptolemy VI 4882:Ptolemy VI 4862:Ptolemy VI 4765:0415201454 4604:Hölbl 2001 4495:Hölbl 2001 4342:, p. 4253:"Harsiesi" 4236:Hölbl 2001 4130:Hölbl 2001 3982:Hölbl 2001 3729:: 124–128. 3675:Hölbl 2001 3586:Hölbl 2001 3531:Hölbl 2001 3387:Hölbl 2001 3281:Hölbl 2001 3179:Porphyry, 3141:Hölbl 2001 3130:: 107–113. 2987:Hölbl 2001 2928:References 2710:Ptolemy IX 2674:144–142 BC 2630:Nabataeans 2475:Arsinoe II 2328:Harmonthis 2203:Aegean Sea 2195:Kakergetēs 2088:Syracusans 2073:Mastanabal 2061:Massinissa 1938:Philomētōr 1879:Ptolemy VI 1851:Alexandria 1844:Nile Delta 1832:Alexandria 1740:Asia Minor 1651:and Queen 685:Nebty name 124:Horus name 9940:Ptolemaic 9748:Gallienus 9663:Gordian I 9626:Caracalla 9552:Vespasian 9546:Vitellius 9328:Ptolemaic 9170:Amyrtaeus 9152:Darius II 9097:Ahmose II 9077:Psamtik I 9016:uncertain 9004:Pharaohs 8940:Tanutamun 8775:Takelot I 8758:Osorkon I 8708:Masaharta 8658:Amenemope 8561:Setnakhte 8523:Merneptah 8465:Akhenaten 8382:uncertain 8264:Nebmaatre 8085:Sakir-Har 8038:Yaqub-Har 7950:Nebefawre 7700:Hotepibre 7566:Segerseni 7535:Intef III 7483:uncertain 7471:Pharaohs 7103:Neferefre 6929:Hudjefa I 6810:Semerkhet 6547:Hedju Hor 6509:uncertain 6497:Pharaohs 6363:Pyrrhus I 6328:Alcetas I 6234:Pharnaces 6209:Kamasarye 6192:Leukon II 6176:Hygiainon 6131:Archelaus 5970:Polemon I 5868:Prusias I 5809:Strato II 5799:Zoilos II 5794:Dionysios 5774:Archebius 5744:Peukolaos 5709:Polyxenos 5649:Pantaleon 5591:Pantaleon 5523:Attalus I 5518:Eumenes I 5324:Seleucids 5152:Ptolemies 5141:Philip VI 5088:Sosthenes 5068:Philip IV 5063:Cassander 5030:Philip II 4619:Geography 4530:4 October 4413:4 October 4295:Periochae 4273:Diodorus 4206:4 October 4200:"Ptolemy" 4186:Periochae 4158:38.8.8-11 4141:Diodorus 4096:Periochae 4038:17.1.11; 4036:Geography 3960:4 October 3954:"Ptolemy" 3944:4 October 3938:"Ptolemy" 3867:0009-840X 3820:2041-4099 3750:cite book 3635:4 October 3359:cite book 3252:260 F 2.7 3183:260 F 49a 2967:2 October 2877:Numbering 2765:110/09 BC 2762:c. 140 BC 2756:Tryphaena 2733:Ptolemy X 2596:from the 2594:elephants 2527:philology 2443:Euergetēs 2403:laokritai 2386:Tryphaena 2298:strategos 2290:Ankhmakis 2250:Galaestes 2199:Euergetēs 2187:gymnasion 2110:Ptolemais 2084:Athenaeus 1950:Cyrenaica 1930:Euergetēs 1914:Panopolis 1736:Near East 1621:Euergétēs 1599:Ptolemaic 1582:c. 184 BC 101:Successor 9900:21 to 23 9818:Galerius 9813:Maximian 9802:Numerian 9769:Aurelian 9721:Valerian 9684:Balbinus 9677:Pupienus 9631:Macrinus 9603:Pertinax 9597:Commodus 9562:Domitian 9525:Claudius 9520:Caligula 9515:Tiberius 9510:Augustus 9130:Darius I 9082:Necho II 8925:Shebitku 8897:Tefnakht 8490:Horemheb 8420:Ahmose I 8232:Pantjeny 8218:Senebkay 8198:Pepi III 8160:Bebiankh 8017:Shenshek 7975:Nebsenre 7807:Sihathor 7777:Khendjer 7740:Renseneb 7685:Nerikare 7530:Intef II 7407:Merykare 7312:Wadjkare 7256:Merenhor 7151:Userkare 7058:Menkaure 7052:Bikheris 7041:Djedefre 7007:Qahedjet 6891:Wadjenes 6877:Horus Sa 6870:Nubnefer 6857:Nynetjer 6821:Sneferka 6561:Ni-Neith 6447:Pharaohs 6394:Deidamia 6375:(regent) 6348:Aeacides 6285:Aspurgus 6178:(regent) 6161:Prytanis 6003:Sames II 5859:(regent) 5832:Boteiras 5779:Telephos 5769:Hermaeus 5724:Diomedes 5694:Strato I 5679:Zoilos I 5505:Attalids 5192:(regent) 5131:Philip V 4814:Archived 4743:, 1990) 4306:Justin, 4176:Justin, 4145:33.28b; 4040:Plutarch 4022:IX.ext.5 3875:20482727 3723:Historia 3706:Plutarch 2747:88-87 BC 2624:and the 2340:Parthian 2282:Harsiesi 2045:Pergamum 2021:Cornelia 1989:Lapethus 1958:Polybius 1877:Ring of 1836:Pelusium 1728:Seleucid 1510:Children 1484:Consorts 9795:Carinus 9776:Tacitus 9734:Quietus 9577:Hadrian 9261:Khabash 9092:Wahibre 9072:Necho I 9066:Nekauba 9054:Ammeris 8997:Dynasty 8935:Taharqa 8930:Shabaka 8867:Rudamun 8846:Iuput I 8691:Herihor 8643:Smendes 8543:Twosret 8533:Seti II 8377:female) 8362:Dynasty 8258:Rahotep 8155:Semenre 8125:Djehuti 8107:Khamudi 8096:Yanassi 8079:Salitis 8031:Yakareb 8024:Khamure 7955:Sehebre 7877:Merkare 7525:Intef I 7464:Dynasty 7373:Imhotep 7333:Iytjenu 7319:Khuiqer 7231:Menkare 7182:Neferka 7166:Pepi II 7088:Userkaf 6982:Sanakht 6805:Anedjib 6785:Hor-Aha 6718:Iry-Hor 6712:Shendjw 6684:Pen-Abu 6568:Hat-Hor 6490:Dynasty 6384:Ptolemy 6338:Arybbas 6318:Admetus 6300:Cotys I 6280:Polemon 6275:Polemon 6271:Dynamis 6266:Dynamis 6257:Dynamis 6253:Asander 6243:Dynamis 6239:Asander 6166:Eumelos 5965:Arsaces 5940:Laodice 5863:Ziaelas 5857:Etazeta 5734:Epander 5729:Amyntas 5136:Perseus 5022:Argeads 4807:, 1923) 4680:EuGeStA 4507:P. 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Ptolemy VIII Physcon

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