346:
40:
776:
342:. On this view, the text is not a unity, but a compilation, with the latter part having been composed first and the first part later grafted onto it. The bull is not mentioned in the first part. The reference to him as "king of the ravens" suggests an attempt to knit together two independent texts. In the first part, the native Syriac word for "leopard" is used, but in the second part the word translated "leopard" is a Greek borrowing.
168:. The text then switches to the first person as Ezra describes what he read and saw in a series of visions. He first describes to his disciple Carpus (Qarpos) how he had a vision in which an angel in the form of a young man in white handed him a scroll containing the answer to his question. There rest of text can be divided into two sets of visions. The visions themselves consist of "very obscure" and "bewildering" animal imagery.
800:, who relays them to his disciple, Ezra. It is preserved in a single manuscript copied in 1606, now in Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Ar. 150 (olim 107). It is shorter than the Syriac text, essentially containing only the horned serpent vision, which probably circulated independently. This story, however, is much embellished, making the Arabic text "one of the longest of the apocryphal Daniel apocalypses."
193:). There is an earthquake and a voice from heaven calls for the release of "those four kings who are bound on the great river Euphrates, those who are prepared to destroy one out of three people." They are released. Ravens from the east attack the viper, which flees to Egypt with its two "chicks". At the behest of the younger chick, the lion cub sends for the leopard of the south to protect the vipers.
323:. The geography of Pseudo-Ezra, however, does not match the supposed source and is historically inaccurate. The historical Fatimids are associated with Egypt (not the east) and the Abbasids with the east (not south). Likewise, the Crusaders never took Damascus, although this may reflect an actual prediction of the author.
237:
There follows a lull of three and a half weeks before a "mighty man will come out of the south with a great nation" to reign in peace over the
Promised Land for three years and seven months. After this, "the four winds of heaven will be stirred up" and Earth will descend into civil war. God sends "a
72:
The actual author of the text is anonymous. As the text lacks theological specifics, it cannot be determined to which confession the author belonged. The text itself is often seen as the work of an editor stitching together two preexisting apocalypses, but there is no scholarly agreement on the date
225:
to the east. A leopard leading a people like locusts out of the north meets the lion cub at the
Euphrates to march on Persia. The bull meets them and the lion cub breaks off its horns. The ravens flee and their land is utterly destroyed "until they fall and die, without diseases or illnesses, from
201:
A bull with three horns, who is the king of the ravens, is ravaging the land of the west. He will make war on the lion cub "and much blood will be shed between the two mighty men" before the bull contends with "the seven hills and the great city of
Constantine." The youngest viper will then lead an
121:
because it is a revelation about the future. It is firmly rooted in this world, however, and has nothing to say about heaven or hell. It may be classified with the Syriac historical apocalypses that were popular in the first century of Islam, the purpose of which was to "console
Christians who had
562:
Muriel Debié, on the other hand, puts forward arguments in favour of Chabot's dating, suggesting that the genre of the text belongs to the first century of Islam and "the allusion to attacks on
Constantinople might suggest a date after one of the unsuccessful sieges", either the
489:(1687–1768), identified it as pseudonymous because it refers to Constantinople, a name that only came into usage after AD 324. The earliest surviving manuscript is no earlier than the late 17th century. Between these dates, Assemani placed its composition shortly after the
594:
to Ezra as spurious. The actual author is anonymous. He is conventionally known as Pseudo-Ezra. He may be regarded as a mere redactor or editor of preexisting texts, as by Iselin and
Hoyland. Although the work is a pseudepigraphon, it was explicitly excluded as
546:
to plug gaps. Like
Bousset, Hoyland accepts a late date for the final redaction, situating it in the context of the Fatimid–Seljuk wars of the late 11th century or the Fatimid–Ayyubid wars of the late 12th century. He argues that a focus on Egypt and the use of
847:
are connected with Rabban
Hormizd Monastery, possibly copied during the construction of the nearby Notre-Dame-des-Semences in preparation for the transfer of the monastery's manuscripts. In all but two manuscripts, it is copied alongside the
464:
are also present in some form in Pseudo-Ezra: a messianic lion cub, twelve kings followed by nine little kings and the rebuilding of the walls of
Phoenicia. There are other less distinctive commonalities. The textual relationship between the
69:. It is a short text of about seven manuscript pages. It recapitulates history in the form of prophecy using obscure animal imagery. Written to console Christians living under Islamic rule, it predicts the end of such rule in the Near East.
176:
In the first vision, a serpent with twelve horns on its head and nine smaller horns on its tail comes up from the desert to devour all of creation. An angel dressed in flames tears off its twelve horns, fulfililng the "prophecy of Moses"
803:
The date of the Arabic version is uncertain. It has the disjointed structure of a composite work. Gerbern Oegema dates it to the period of the
Crusades. It is untitled in the manuscript, but Lorenzo DiTommaso adopts the title
571:. Lisbeth Fried also prefers a date "in the last quarter of the seventh century." Sergey Minov expresses "little doubt" that it dates from "the very beginning of the Muslim era, perhaps in the early eighth century."
89:
by the scribes is some variant of "the question that Ezra asked when he was in the desert with his disciple", with Ezra often qualified as "the scribe" and the disciple named as "Carpus". The full Syriac title is
812:, an ambiguous title since the publication of another Arabic apocalypse attributed to Daniel in 2002. Gottheil published a partial edition of the Arabic text with a translation into English in 1887. In 1904,
279:(prophecy after the fact), with scholars seeking to identify the specifics of the visions with historical events that came before. It does, however, contain genuine prophecy (predictions) about the future.
638:
provenance, depending on whether the portrayal of the lion cub (i.e., the Roman emperor) is taken as positive or negative. The prominence of Egypt and Ethiopia could also suggest a Miaphysite connection.
245:" to commit new atrocities. Two tribes of Ishmaelites and "those who have become sooty at the base of the mountain of the south" go up to Jerusalem and are destroyed by the archangel
559:
and would have been available by the late 7th century. Both Hoyland and Bousset, accept an early 7th-century date for the original apocalypse on which the second part is based.
186:). A great horn then springs up from the tail, having two small horns of its own. An eagle from the south then devours all the horns, but a whirlwind tears off its two talons.
369:. Those lands which submitted to the Arabs in the 7th century, from Egypt to the Euphrates, are set for destruction, with the cities of Damascus and Antioch singled out.
868:, Laura Estes produced a critical edition of the Syriac text and an English translation based on five manuscripts (Mingana 11, BL 25875, Sachau 131, UTS 23, BnF 326).
743:
156:
takes up only about seven pages in the manuscripts. It begins in the third person, describing how Ezra asked God to reveal what will happen in "the end times of the
303:, which he thought represented a version of the source text for the first part. He identifies the animals with a sequence of Islamic dynasties. The serpent is the
724:
828:
into a modern European language, an English translation based on the manuscript UTS 23, which had been copied in 1884 from a now lost manuscript dated 1756 in
249:. "At that time a year is like a month, a month like a week, a week like a day, and a day like an hour." The false messiah will then appear. He will kill
2181:
Stone, Michael E. (1983). "Greek Apocalypse of Ezra (Second to Ninth Century A.D.): A New Translation and Introduction". In James H. Charlesworth (ed.).
739:
630:. The work is devoid of Christian doctrinal statements that would implicate any particular confession. Internal evidence has been held to suggest a
497:
742:
is Vosté 9 (=Haddad 15), copied near Alqosh in April 1791 by Abdisho bar Iaunan. The other five manuscripts were formerly of the monastery of
1457:, p. 278: "the contest between the Fatimids and Seljuk or Mamluk Turks in the late eleventh and late twelfth centuries respectively."
871:
There is no standard versification of the text. Baethgen and Estes number their sections differently, while Chabot numbered his lines.
705:
578:
made use of Pseudo-Ezra as a source, then the latter was written no later than 1176–1177, the date of the earliest known copy of the
327:
17:
136:
or superscription, however, identifies the work as "the vision of Ezra the scribe". The fuller form of the explicit in Syriac reads
1957:(2013). "The Latin Vision of Ezra: A New Translation and Introduction". In Richard Bauckham; James Davila; Alex Panayotov (eds.).
387:. The latter was "the oldest and most popular of Ezra pseudepigrapha" and its portrayal of Ezra, rather than that of the biblical
73:
of the final text. The Syriac text is preserved in at least sixteen manuscripts, all quite late. Additionally, there is an Arabic
2232:
683:
Birmingham, Cadbury Research Library, Mingana Syriac 567 (=Mosul 27), copied in Zawita on 13 April 1744 by Thomas bar Abdisho
568:
555:
is not accepted as canonical in the Syriac churches and was not part of the original Peshitta, but it was included in the
140:("the vision of Ezra the Scribe which he saw concerning the kingdom of the Ishmaelites"). The title and the explicit are
31:
698:
77:
preserved in a single late manuscript. The Syriac version has been published several times and translated into English.
2201:
720:
357:
Lisbeth Fried, treating the text as a unitary composition, regards the bull as the Ishmaelites and the lion cub as the
473:
is unclear because the latter has not been comprehensively studied. It may be that the latter is based on the former.
345:
39:
2222:
775:
840:
based on the manuscript Sachau 101. In 1896, Chabot published a French translation based on the manuscript BnF 326.
2099:
Seeing Islam As Others Saw It: A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam
2037:
538:
Robert Hoyland believes that it is the work of a redactor who combined two apocalypses into a single work using
448:
226:
the fear that rules over them." The lion cub then subjects the Promised Land to tribute, builds a wall around
2098:
564:
457:
865:
669:
Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica, Sir. 164, copied in Mosul on 14 February 1702 by the deacon of Hormizd
596:
128:
666:
Birmingham, Cadbury Research Library, Mingana Syriac 11, copied on 16 January 1702 by Hoshabo bar Daniel
574:
Laura Estes suggests the first siege of Constantinople (669/674) as the earliest possible date. If the
299:
189:
A viper then comes from the east, poisoning everything "up to the border of the Promise" (probably the
615:
808:, since the text describes what Daniel saw as a "vision". Most earlier studies adopt some version of
626:. This suggests that the work itself was composed in an East Syriac context, i.e., by members of the
183:
729:
2227:
829:
797:
719:
catalogued Seert 113, copied in the 18th century and last known to have been in the library of the
486:
339:
2015:
DiTommaso, Lorenzo (2018). "The Apocryphal Daniel Apocalypses: Works, Manuscripts, and Overview".
287:
1997:
Debié, Muriel (2008). "The Apocalypse of Pseudo-Ezra". In David Thomas; Barbara Roggema (eds.).
490:
2077:
1985:
660:
425:
1979:
Der Antichrist in der Überlieferung des Judentums, des neuen Testaments und der alten Kirche
2107:
813:
715:
In addition, there are several manuscripts last known to have been in eastern collections.
687:
527:
is an original Christian composition of the 7th or 8th century, written in response to the
520:
275:
286:, the first part "is too terse to be sure of its meaning." Michael Stone likens it to the
8:
1970:
362:
246:
238:
fearsome angel take hold of the point of the destroying sword" and end the tribulation.
2169:
2137:
2129:
2121:
833:
627:
453:
403:
2093:
1461:, p. 240, when mentioning Hoyland's dating, refers to "the 12th–13th centuries".
850:
312:
308:
304:
2039:
The Apocalypse of Pseudo-Ezra: Syriac Edition, English Translation, and Introduction
1992:. Vol. 1, Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments. Doubleday. pp. xxi–xxxiv.
2157:
2056:
2024:
1954:
556:
502:
258:
123:
107:
2185:. Vol. 1, Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments. Doubleday. pp. 561–579.
1966:
673:
611:
431:
419:
294:
179:
133:
62:
58:
2197:
409:
366:
316:
283:
132:. The scribal title does not indicate the work as an apocalypse or vision. The
2206:
2078:"The Vision of Ezra the Scribe Concerning the Latter Times of the Ishmaelites"
1988:(1983). "Introduction to the General Reader". In James H. Charlesworth (ed.).
2216:
2028:
603:
series for being "far removed from the Old Testament in date and character."
532:
528:
242:
190:
2160:(1982). "The Metamorphosis of Ezra: Jewish Apocalypse and Medieval Vision".
708:, Syriac 23 (=Clemons 307), copied in Rabban Hormizd in 1884 by David Qeryat
389:
92:
Shēltā d-shēl ʿĀzrā sāprā kad hwā b-madbrā w-talmideh ʿameh da-shmeh Qarpus
716:
460:
on the understanding of Gog and Magog. Three distinctive features of the
203:
157:
126:
classifies it as one of the "political" Ezra apocalypses, along with the
2173:
2141:
2133:
2125:
861:
s theocentric interpretation of history down to the time of its author.
648:
635:
435:. The biblical language used is that of the standard Syriac bible, the
331:
118:
2150:
A Guide to Early Jewish Texts and Traditions in Christian Transmission
2110:(1904). "L'apocalypse arabe de Daniel: publiée, traduite et annotée".
2060:
691:
511:
is a Christian revision of an originally Jewish work that drew on an
335:
231:
227:
74:
436:
320:
215:
211:
655:. Listed from oldest to latest, those in western collections are:
241:
Then "the children of the north ... will go out from the house of
1972:
The Antichrist Legend: A Chapter in Christian and Jewish Folklore
747:
631:
512:
414:
358:
262:
222:
165:
1540:, p. 302, calls the Arabic recension "epi-pseudepigrapha".
789:
750:. All of these were copied in Alqosh. They are numbered 38–42:
677:
619:
383:
326:
According to Bousset and Hoyland, the second part recounts the
254:
207:
141:
27:
Set of visions of the end times composed in the Syriac language
1330:
1328:
623:
590:
Modern scholarship has always regarded the connection of the
250:
161:
1835:
1808:
1543:
760:
MS 40 was copied on 23 August 1887 by Kaushabai of Tel Keppe
1825:
1823:
1325:
1291:
1289:
1287:
854:. It may have been perceived as an update that brought the
824:
In 1886, Isaac Hall published the first translation of the
816:
transcribed the entire text and translated it into French.
701:, Syr. 326, copied in the 19th century by an unknown scribe
66:
2148:
Minov, Sergey (2019). "Syriac". In Alexander Kulik (ed.).
1959:
Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: More Noncanonical Scriptures
967:
965:
766:
MS 42 was copied in 1888 by Abraham Abou Behnam of Saqiawa
1847:
1774:
1772:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1820:
1784:
1284:
994:
992:
763:
MS 41 was copied on 29 September 1887 by Thomas the monk
481:
There is no agreement among scholars on the date of the
2008:
The Book of Daniel and the Apocryphal Daniel Literature
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1509:
1507:
1497:, p. 240. The date of the first siege is debated.
1101:
1099:
1097:
1029:
962:
1931:
1895:
1871:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1742:
1740:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1665:
1622:
1610:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1555:
1519:
1464:
1426:
1424:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1140:
1128:
1111:
1082:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
952:
950:
948:
946:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
711:
Leeds, University Library, Syr. 4, copied in 1889/1890
551:
both point to a late rather than early medieval date.
1999:
Christian–Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History
1961:. Vol. 1. William B. Eerdmans. pp. 498–528.
1301:
989:
746:
and may have been moved to the Chaldean monastery in
519:. His proposals have not gained acceptance. In 1894,
221:
The lion cub will ravage the land of the ravens from
61:
sometime between the 7th and 12th centuries. It is a
57:
is a set of visions of the end times composed in the
1796:
1646:
1504:
1272:
1094:
933:
931:
889:
887:
885:
883:
779:
Start of the Arabic recension in its only known copy
663:, Sir. 597, copied probably in the late 17th century
1919:
1907:
1883:
1752:
1737:
1725:
1713:
1634:
1607:, p. 117, says "seventeen", but lists sixteen.
1567:
1476:
1436:
1421:
1392:
1313:
1224:
1164:
1152:
1070:
1053:
1004:
943:
899:
836:published an edition and German translation of the
365:and the "great city of Constantine" is the city of
353:(indicated by red ink) in the manuscript Mingana 11
122:become the subjects of a new empire and religion."
47:(indicated by red ink) in the manuscript Mingana 11
1859:
1041:
806:The Vision of Daniel as Related to Ezra, His Pupil
452:. Pseudo-Methodian materials include the probable
2001:. Vol. 1 (600–900). Brill. pp. 239–241.
977:
928:
880:
144:(i.e., in red ink) in the manuscript Mingana 11.
138:Ḥezwā da-ḥzā ʿĀzrā sāprā ʿal malkutā d-Ishmaʿlāyē
2214:
531:. In 1896, Bousset, settled on a date after the
2061:"An Arabic Version of the 'Revelation of Ezra'"
515:source also used by the author of the biblical
485:. The first modern scholar to take note of it,
446:was influenced, directly or indirectly, by the
1984:
1549:
770:
585:
257:on the altar. Finally, angels will cast the
94:. Modern convention is to call the work the
2152:. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–137.
757:MS 39 was copied in 1880 by Damian the monk
361:. The "seven hills" probably refers to the
2042:(MA thesis). Abilene Christian University.
734:catalogued six manuscripts containing the
234:in triumph and returns to his royal city.
2049:Ezra and the Law in History and Tradition
2014:
2005:
1841:
1829:
1814:
1790:
1537:
971:
372:
2055:
1953:
1853:
1345:
1343:
1334:
998:
774:
754:MS 38 was copied in 1884 by Étienne Rais
618:and originate in northern Iraq, between
344:
38:
2092:
1965:
1588:
1454:
1307:
1295:
1266:
1122:
740:Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Kirkuk
614:. All known manuscripts were copied in
319:dynasties. The lion cub represents the
14:
2215:
2106:
1865:
676:, Add. 25875 (=Wright 922), copied in
273:The text is usually treated as mostly
214:while his father leads an army of the
2180:
2156:
2147:
2051:. University of South Carolina Press.
2046:
2035:
1996:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1889:
1877:
1802:
1778:
1763:
1746:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1600:
1576:
1561:
1525:
1513:
1498:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1442:
1430:
1415:
1403:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1340:
1319:
1278:
1237:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1146:
1134:
1105:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1047:
1035:
1023:
983:
956:
937:
922:
893:
796:in which the visions are ascribed to
680:on 22 January 1709 by Homo bar Daniel
2075:
1501:, p. 31, accepts a date of 674.
1349:See the notes to the translation at
1158:
2017:Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses
1977:Originally published in German as
24:
2202:Hill Museum and Manuscript Library
2162:The Journal of Theological Studies
819:
721:Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Seert
694:in 1862 by Simeon, son of a deacon
80:
25:
2244:
2191:
2112:Revue de l'histoire des religions
783:
458:legends about Alexander the Great
334:, the lion cub the Roman emperor
268:
2183:The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha
1990:The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha
699:Bibliothèque nationale de France
601:The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha
330:. The bull is the Sasanian king
30:For similarly titled works, see
1946:
1594:
1531:
1488:
1448:
315:and the four kings the various
2233:Christian apocalyptic writings
2209:at the Digital Vatican Library
843:Ten of the manuscripts of the
738:. MS 12 in the library of the
690:, 73 (=Sachau 131), copied in
642:
449:Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius
413:, but also the four canonical
393:, is the basis for the Syriac
196:
13:
1:
1603:, p. 19, lists fifteen.
606:The original language of the
338:and the leopard the latter's
328:Roman–Sasanian War of 602–628
297:offers a scheme based on the
171:
117:The work is classified as an
866:Abilene Christian University
597:Old Testament pseudepigrapha
230:, destroys Damascus, enters
202:army from Tarqono (possibly
7:
2036:Estes, Laura Locke (2016).
2006:DiTommaso, Lorenzo (2005).
864:For her master's thesis at
456:motif and the influence of
147:
129:Ethiopic Apocalypse of Ezra
10:
2249:
2047:Fried, Lisbeth S. (2014).
706:Union Theological Seminary
576:Arabic Apocalypse of Peter
462:Arabic Apocalypse of Peter
300:Arabic Apocalypse of Peter
85:The title supplied to the
29:
771:Translations and editions
653:Apocalypse of Pseudo-Ezra
586:Authorship and provenance
467:Apocalypse of Pseudo-Ezra
444:Apocalypse of Pseudo-Ezra
377:The basic setting of the
100:Syriac Apocalypse of Ezra
96:Apocalypse of Pseudo-Ezra
54:Apocalypse of Pseudo-Ezra
18:Syriac Apocalypse of Ezra
2223:Texts attributed to Ezra
2029:10.2143/ETL.94.2.3284880
874:
830:Rabban Hormizd Monastery
810:Arabic Daniel Apocalypse
487:Giuseppe Simone Assemani
160:", a Christian term for
104:Syriac Esdras Apocalypse
2057:Gottheil, Richard J. H.
744:Notre-Dame-des-Semences
476:
1986:Charlesworth, James H.
780:
491:fall of Constantinople
423:, and the epistles of
373:Sources and influences
354:
65:falsely attributed to
48:
778:
661:Biblioteca Apostolica
401:draws heavily on the
348:
42:
2076:Hall, Isaac (1886).
1975:. Hutchinson and Co.
521:Jean-Baptiste Chabot
276:vaticinium ex eventu
2207:Vatican MS Sir. 164
2082:Presbyterian Review
1844:, pp. 174–175.
1817:, pp. 302–303.
1337:, pp. 510–511.
1038:, pp. 240–241.
832:. Later that year,
725:Jacques-Marie Vosté
471:Apocalypse of Peter
363:Seven Hills of Rome
2094:Hoyland, Robert G.
1981:(Göttingen, 1895).
834:Friedrich Baethgen
781:
647:There are sixteen
628:Church of the East
616:East Syriac script
599:by the editors of
507:proposed that the
496:In an 1887 study,
454:Last Roman Emperor
404:Book of Revelation
355:
112:Revelation of Ezra
49:
32:Apocalypse of Ezra
2158:Stone, Michael E.
1955:Bauckham, Richard
1940:, pp. 39–40.
1904:, pp. 29–30.
1880:, pp. 15–16.
1856:, pp. 15–17.
1781:, pp. 27–28.
1710:, pp. 22–23.
1698:, pp. 21–22.
1686:, pp. 25–26.
1674:, pp. 20–21.
1631:, pp. 19–20.
1619:, pp. 23–24.
1564:, pp. 28–29.
1550:Charlesworth 1983
1528:, pp. 36–37.
1473:, pp. 33–34.
1418:, pp. 16–17.
1389:, pp. 35–36.
1377:, pp. 34–35.
1365:, pp. 32–33.
1353:, pp. 54–63.
1298:, pp. 75–76.
1221:, pp. 61–62.
1209:, pp. 60–61.
1197:, pp. 58–60.
1185:, pp. 57–58.
1149:, pp. 56–57.
1137:, pp. 55–56.
1091:, pp. 54–55.
851:Cave of Treasures
792:recension of the
651:that contain the
580:Arabic Apocalypse
218:to ravage Egypt.
43:The start of the
16:(Redirected from
2240:
2186:
2177:
2153:
2120:(pp. 265–273 at
2119:
2108:Macler, Frédéric
2103:
2089:
2072:
2052:
2043:
2032:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1976:
1967:Bousset, Wilhelm
1962:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1767:
1761:
1750:
1744:
1735:
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1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
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1663:
1657:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1598:
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1547:
1541:
1535:
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1440:
1434:
1428:
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1384:
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1354:
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1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1241:
1235:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1109:
1103:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1002:
996:
987:
981:
975:
969:
960:
954:
941:
935:
926:
920:
897:
891:
860:
733:
688:Staatsbibliothek
557:Harklean version
523:argued that the
506:
311:, the viper the
307:, the eagle the
288:four empires of
259:Son of Perdition
108:Richard Gottheil
21:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2228:Texts in Syriac
2213:
2212:
2194:
2189:
2102:. Darwin Press.
1949:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1753:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1552:, p. xxvi.
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1505:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1244:
1236:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1112:
1104:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1005:
997:
990:
982:
978:
970:
963:
955:
944:
936:
929:
921:
900:
892:
881:
877:
858:
822:
820:Modern editions
814:Frédéric Macler
786:
773:
727:
674:British Library
645:
588:
500:
479:
432:2 Thessalonians
420:Book of Ezekiel
375:
349:The end of the
295:Wilhelm Bousset
271:
199:
174:
150:
83:
81:Title and genre
63:pseudepigraphon
59:Syriac language
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2246:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2193:
2192:External links
2190:
2188:
2187:
2178:
2154:
2145:
2104:
2090:
2073:
2053:
2044:
2033:
2023:(2): 275–316.
2012:
2003:
1994:
1982:
1963:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1858:
1846:
1842:DiTommaso 2005
1834:
1832:, p. 177.
1830:DiTommaso 2005
1819:
1815:DiTommaso 2018
1807:
1805:, p. 3–5.
1795:
1793:, p. 176.
1791:DiTommaso 2005
1783:
1768:
1751:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1662:, p. 241.
1645:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1593:
1591:, p. 277.
1581:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1538:DiTommaso 2018
1530:
1518:
1516:, p. 117.
1503:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1447:
1435:
1420:
1408:
1391:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1339:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1283:
1281:, p. 563.
1271:
1269:, p. 278.
1242:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1161:, p. 539.
1151:
1139:
1127:
1125:, p. 276.
1110:
1108:, p. 240.
1093:
1081:
1069:
1052:
1040:
1028:
1026:, p. 113.
1003:
988:
976:
974:, p. 302.
972:DiTommaso 2018
961:
959:, p. 112.
942:
927:
925:, p. 239.
898:
878:
876:
873:
821:
818:
785:
784:Arabic version
782:
772:
769:
768:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
713:
712:
709:
702:
695:
684:
681:
670:
667:
664:
659:Vatican City,
644:
641:
587:
584:
478:
475:
410:Book of Daniel
374:
371:
367:Constantinople
340:Turkish allies
284:Robert Hoyland
270:
269:Interpretation
267:
198:
195:
173:
170:
149:
146:
82:
79:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2245:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:; 293–305 at
2135:
2131:
2128:; 274–292 at
2127:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1939:
1934:
1928:, p. 19.
1927:
1922:
1916:, p. 30.
1915:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1892:, p. 16.
1891:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1862:
1855:
1854:Gottheil 1887
1850:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1766:, p. 27.
1765:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1749:, p. 26.
1748:
1743:
1741:
1734:, p. 4n.
1733:
1728:
1722:, p. 22.
1721:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1643:, p. 25.
1642:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1579:, p. 29.
1578:
1573:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1485:, p. 32.
1484:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1445:, p. 18.
1444:
1439:
1433:, p. 17.
1432:
1427:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1406:, p. 28.
1405:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1335:Bauckham 2013
1331:
1329:
1322:, p. 57.
1321:
1316:
1310:, p. 76.
1309:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1240:, p. 31.
1239:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1173:, p. 58.
1172:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1090:
1085:
1079:, p. 40.
1078:
1073:
1067:, p. 15.
1066:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1049:
1044:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1001:, p. 14.
1000:
999:Gottheil 1887
995:
993:
985:
980:
973:
968:
966:
958:
953:
951:
949:
947:
939:
934:
932:
924:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
895:
890:
888:
886:
884:
879:
872:
869:
867:
862:
857:
853:
852:
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
817:
815:
811:
807:
801:
799:
795:
791:
777:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
752:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
731:
726:
722:
718:
710:
707:
703:
700:
696:
693:
689:
685:
682:
679:
675:
671:
668:
665:
662:
658:
657:
656:
654:
650:
640:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
593:
583:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
560:
558:
554:
550:
545:
541:
536:
535:(1095–1099).
534:
533:First Crusade
530:
529:rise of Islam
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
504:
499:
498:Ludwig Iselin
494:
492:
488:
484:
474:
472:
468:
463:
459:
455:
451:
450:
445:
440:
438:
434:
433:
428:
427:
422:
421:
416:
412:
411:
406:
405:
400:
396:
392:
391:
386:
385:
380:
370:
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364:
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352:
347:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:
296:
292:
291:
285:
282:According to
280:
278:
277:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:Gog and Magog
239:
235:
233:
229:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
194:
192:
191:Promised Land
187:
185:
182:
181:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:
125:
124:Michael Stone
120:
115:
113:
110:calls it the
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
78:
76:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2198:Kirkuk MS 12
2182:
2165:
2161:
2149:
2115:
2111:
2097:
2085:
2081:
2068:
2064:
2048:
2038:
2020:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1978:
1971:
1958:
1947:Bibliography
1933:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1810:
1798:
1786:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1596:
1589:Hoyland 1997
1584:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1455:Hoyland 1997
1450:
1438:
1411:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1315:
1308:Bousset 1896
1303:
1296:Bousset 1896
1274:
1267:Hoyland 1997
1214:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1123:Hoyland 1997
1084:
1072:
1050:, p. 4.
1043:
1031:
986:, p. 3.
979:
940:, p. 1.
896:, p. 3.
870:
863:
855:
849:
844:
842:
837:
825:
823:
809:
805:
802:
793:
788:There is an
787:
735:
714:
652:
646:
607:
605:
600:
591:
589:
579:
575:
573:
569:siege of 717
565:siege of 669
561:
552:
548:
543:
539:
537:
524:
516:
508:
495:
482:
480:
470:
466:
461:
447:
443:
441:
430:
424:
418:
408:
402:
398:
394:
390:Book of Ezra
388:
382:
378:
376:
356:
350:
325:
298:
289:
281:
274:
272:
240:
236:
220:
210:) to ravage
200:
188:
178:
175:
153:
151:
137:
127:
116:
111:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
84:
71:
53:
52:
50:
44:
36:
2168:(1): 1–18.
2071:(1): 14–17.
1866:Macler 1904
728: [
717:Addai Scher
649:manuscripts
643:Manuscripts
501: [
381:comes from
204:Trachonitis
197:Second part
158:Ishmaelites
2217:Categories
2118:: 265–305.
2088:: 537–541.
1938:Estes 2016
1926:Estes 2016
1914:Estes 2016
1902:Estes 2016
1890:Estes 2016
1878:Estes 2016
1803:Estes 2016
1779:Estes 2016
1764:Estes 2016
1747:Estes 2016
1732:Stone 1982
1720:Estes 2016
1708:Estes 2016
1696:Estes 2016
1684:Estes 2016
1672:Estes 2016
1660:Debié 2008
1641:Estes 2016
1629:Estes 2016
1617:Estes 2016
1605:Minov 2019
1601:Estes 2016
1577:Estes 2016
1562:Estes 2016
1526:Estes 2016
1514:Minov 2019
1499:Estes 2016
1495:Debié 2008
1483:Estes 2016
1471:Estes 2016
1459:Debié 2008
1443:Estes 2016
1431:Estes 2016
1416:Estes 2016
1404:Estes 2016
1387:Estes 2016
1375:Estes 2016
1363:Estes 2016
1351:Estes 2016
1320:Estes 2016
1279:Stone 1983
1238:Estes 2016
1219:Estes 2016
1207:Estes 2016
1195:Estes 2016
1183:Estes 2016
1171:Estes 2016
1147:Estes 2016
1135:Estes 2016
1106:Debié 2008
1089:Estes 2016
1077:Estes 2016
1065:Estes 2016
1048:Stone 1982
1036:Debié 2008
1024:Fried 2014
984:Stone 1982
957:Fried 2014
938:Estes 2016
923:Debié 2008
894:Estes 2016
845:Apocalypse
838:Apocalypse
826:Apocalypse
794:Apocalypse
736:Apocalypse
704:New York,
636:Miaphysite
608:Apocalypse
592:Apocalypse
553:Revelation
549:Revelation
540:Revelation
525:Apocalypse
517:Revelation
509:Apocalypse
483:Apocalypse
399:Apocalypse
395:Apocalypse
379:Apocalypse
351:Apocalypse
332:Khosrow II
172:First part
154:Apocalypse
142:rubricated
119:apocalypse
87:Apocalypse
45:Apocalypse
1159:Hall 1886
692:Tel Keppe
336:Heraclius
321:Crusaders
232:Jerusalem
228:Phoenicia
75:recension
2174:23957555
2142:23661537
2134:23661536
2126:23661535
2096:(1997).
2065:Hebraica
2059:(1887).
2010:. Brill.
1969:(1896).
686:Berlin,
672:London,
493:(1453).
469:and the
437:Peshitta
407:and the
313:Fatimids
309:Abbasids
305:Umayyads
216:Kushites
212:Damascus
148:Synopsis
134:explicit
2200:at the
2164:. n.s.
748:Baghdad
697:Paris,
632:Melkite
567:or the
513:Aramaic
415:Gospels
359:Messiah
263:Gehenna
247:Michael
223:Antioch
180:Genesis
166:Muslims
102:or the
2172:
2140:
2132:
2124:
798:Daniel
790:Arabic
678:Alqosh
620:Zawita
612:Syriac
544:Daniel
426:Romans
417:, the
397:. The
384:4 Ezra
290:Daniel
255:Elijah
208:Thrace
98:, the
2170:JSTOR
2138:JSTOR
2130:JSTOR
2122:JSTOR
875:Notes
859:'
732:]
624:Mosul
505:]
261:into
251:Enoch
184:17:20
162:Arabs
856:Cave
622:and
542:and
477:Date
442:The
429:and
317:Turk
253:and
152:The
67:Ezra
51:The
2025:doi
634:or
610:is
206:or
164:or
2219::
2166:33
2144:).
2116:49
2114:.
2084:.
2080:.
2067:.
2063:.
2021:94
2019:.
1822:^
1771:^
1754:^
1739:^
1648:^
1569:^
1506:^
1423:^
1394:^
1342:^
1327:^
1286:^
1245:^
1226:^
1113:^
1096:^
1055:^
1006:^
991:^
964:^
945:^
930:^
901:^
882:^
730:fr
723:.
582:.
503:pl
439:.
293:.
265:.
114:.
106:.
2176:.
2086:7
2069:4
2031:.
2027::
1868:.
177:(
34:.
20:)
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