235:—forming initially carbon dioxide and raising the temperature of the coke bed—followed by the second endothermic reaction, in which the latter is converted to carbon monoxide. The overall reaction is exothermic, forming "producer gas" (older terminology). Steam can then be re-injected, then air etc., to give an endless series of cycles until the coke is finally consumed. Producer gas has a much lower energy value, relative to water gas, due primarily to dilution with atmospheric nitrogen. Pure oxygen can be substituted for air to avoid the dilution effect, producing gas of much higher
402:
388:
1498:
200:
The chemical composition of syngas varies based on the raw materials and the processes. Syngas produced by coal gasification generally is a mixture of 30 to 60% carbon monoxide, 25 to 30% hydrogen, 5 to 15% carbon dioxide, and 0 to 5% methane. It also contains lesser amount of other gases. Syngas has
1113:
943:
1024:
283:. A variety of alternative technologies have been investigated, but none are of commercial value. Some variations focus on new stoichiometries such as carbon dioxide plus methane or partial
542:
1073:
Foit, Severin R.; Vinke, Izaak C.; de Haart, Lambertus G. J.; Eichel, RĂĽdiger-A. (8 May 2017). "Power-to-Syngas: An
Enabling Technology for the Transition of the Energy System?".
820:
228:
in older terminology). When the coke bed has cooled to a temperature at which the endothermic reaction can no longer proceed, the steam is then replaced by a blast of air.
639:
287:
of carbon dioxide. Other research focuses on novel energy sources to drive the processes including electrolysis, solar energy, microwaves, and electric arcs.
317:. Untreated syngas can be run in hybrid turbines that allow for greater efficiency because of their lower operating temperatures, and extended part lifetime.
957:
1016:
917:
1135:
695:
993:
716:
Zhang, Lu; et al. (2018). "Clean synthesis gas production from municipal solid waste via catalytic gasification and reforming technology".
1164:. Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. Volume 3: Turbo Expo 2007. Montreal, Canada: ASME. pp. 175–182.
552:
519:
617:
1648:
1249:
816:
353:
436:
212:
The first reaction, between incandescent coke and steam, is strongly endothermic, producing carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen
670:
1212:
1187:
493:
1835:
1111:, Dammann, Wilbur A., "Method and means of generating gas from water for use as a fuel", issued 3 November 1992
1051:
1820:
1276:
893:
760:
1128:"Audi in new e-fuels project: synthetic diesel from water, air-captured CO2 and green electricity; "Blue Crude""
964:
1160:
Oluyede, Emmanuel O.; Phillips, Jeffrey N. (May 2007). "Fundamental Impact of Firing Syngas in Gas
Turbines".
1755:
1750:
1322:
941:, KĂĽhl, Olaf, "Method and apparatus for producing h2-rich synthesis gas", issued 12 December 2018
456:
295:
17:
1784:
1641:
574:
Boehman, André L.; Le Corre, Olivier (15 May 2008). "Combustion of Syngas in
Internal Combustion Engines".
909:
1303:
346:
184:
gasification facilities. The gas generated (mostly methane and carbon dioxide) is sometimes described as
938:
1239:
1108:
687:
446:
68:. Syngas is combustible and can be used as a fuel. Historically, it has been used as a replacement for
1127:
1830:
989:
272:
1170:
1825:
1810:
1402:
243:
1840:
1709:
1634:
1449:
407:
1250:
https://www.technologyreview.com/s/508051/a-cheap-trick-enables-energy-efficient-carbon-capture/
876:
Hiller, Heinz; Reimert, Rainer; Stönner, Hans-Martin (2011). "Gas
Production, 1. Introduction".
1537:
1432:
1427:
1412:
1269:
1165:
306:, in partnership with company named Sunfire, opened a pilot plant in November 2014 to generate
1240:"Sewage treatment plant smells success in synthetic gas trial" ARENA, accessed December 6 2020
509:
1760:
1730:
1705:
1695:
1437:
1422:
609:
325:
Syngas is used as a source of hydrogen as well as a fuel. It is also used to directly reduce
144:
8:
1745:
1542:
451:
330:
314:
232:
1779:
1552:
1512:
791:
741:
662:
591:
416:
31:
1815:
1334:
1317:
1262:
1218:
1208:
1183:
1090:
889:
855:
847:
795:
783:
745:
733:
654:
489:
441:
299:
93:
666:
595:
188:
but its composition differs from syngas. Generation of conventional syngas (mostly H
1175:
1082:
881:
775:
725:
583:
291:
280:
885:
80:(in Germany alone half a million cars were built or rebuilt to run on wood gas).
1626:
1407:
729:
276:
242:
In order to produce more hydrogen from this mixture, more steam is added and the
236:
181:
89:
49:
1047:
1737:
1723:
1369:
779:
431:
202:
53:
1497:
1222:
851:
587:
1804:
1568:
787:
737:
514:
421:
393:
361:
313:
Syngas that is not methanized typically has a lower heating value of 120 BTU/
284:
1680:
1593:
1578:
1364:
1349:
1344:
1094:
1086:
100:
77:
688:"Sewage treatment plant smells success in synthetic gas trial - ARENAWIRE"
195:
1717:
1658:
1615:
1610:
1517:
1394:
1359:
1179:
373:
338:
206:
1690:
1675:
1598:
1588:
1583:
1573:
1522:
844:
Process and environmental technology for producing SNG and liquid fuels
761:"Carbon Neutral Fuels and Chemicals from Standalone Biomass Refineries"
369:
859:
658:
1605:
1527:
1379:
547:
543:"Why Let it go to Waste? Enerkem Leaps Ahead With Trash-to-Gas Plans"
342:
294:
is also used to process carbon dioxide and water into syngas through
225:
819:. National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy.
401:
1685:
1547:
1532:
1483:
1384:
1354:
1339:
1312:
1285:
426:
334:
326:
307:
73:
69:
65:
45:
1244:
1467:
1457:
488:. McGraw-Hill handbooks. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 566.
387:
357:
177:
169:
61:
57:
1462:
1329:
173:
350:
231:
The second and third reactions then take place, producing an
172:
and related hydrocarbon feedstocks could be used to generate
1770:
1417:
1254:
303:
97:
1667:
1205:
Sponge iron production by direct reduction of iron oxide
647:
Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Fuel Chem., Prepr.; (United States)
1072:
196:
Composition, pathway for formation, and thermochemistry
72:, when gasoline supply has been limited; for example,
875:
383:
1048:"A solar booster shot for natural gas power plants"
1656:
950:
52:, in various ratios. The gas often contains some
27:Fossil fuel derived from other hydrocarbon sources
990:"Integrated Solar Thermochemical Reaction System"
510:"Syngas Cogeneration / Combined Heat & Power"
1802:
1017:"New Solar Process Gets More Out of Natural Gas"
1159:
1014:
640:"Coal gasification and the Phenosolvan process"
573:
963:. Sandia National Laboratories. Archived from
878:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
610:"Wood gas vehicles: firewood in the fuel tank"
192:and CO) from waste biomass has been explored.
1642:
1270:
910:"dieBrennstoffzelle.de - Kvaerner-Verfahren"
333:. Chemical uses include the production of
1649:
1635:
1277:
1263:
1202:
1155:
1153:
871:
869:
96:of natural gas or liquid hydrocarbons, or
1169:
1050:. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
1045:
1039:
768:Indian Journal of Environment Engineering
267:The hydrogen can be separated from the CO
60:. It is principally used for producing
1008:
758:
364:, which converts atmospheric nitrogen (N
76:was used to power cars in Europe during
1150:
1107:
1075:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
982:
866:
841:
835:
759:Sasidhar, Nallapaneni (November 2023).
637:
483:
14:
1803:
1027:from the original on November 30, 2020
437:Integrated gasification combined cycle
168:In principle, but rarely in practice,
1630:
1258:
715:
996:from the original on August 19, 2013
937:
540:
486:Chemical and process design handbook
479:
477:
475:
473:
341:and many acetates; liquid fuels and
1054:from the original on April 14, 2013
846:. Environmental Protection Agency.
522:from the original on 27 August 2012
24:
1138:from the original on 27 March 2020
1015:Matthew L. Wald (April 10, 2013).
823:from the original on 27 March 2020
692:Australian Renewable Energy Agency
368:) into ammonia which is used as a
25:
1852:
1233:
576:Combustion Science and Technology
470:
298:. This is an attempt to maintain
147:requiring 206 kJ/mol of methane:
143:Steam reforming of methane is an
1496:
400:
386:
1196:
1120:
1101:
1066:
931:
920:from the original on 2019-12-07
902:
809:
698:from the original on 2021-03-07
620:from the original on 2010-01-21
752:
709:
680:
631:
602:
567:
534:
502:
376:via an intermediate aldehyde.
13:
1:
1756:List of natural gas pipelines
1751:Black powder in gas pipelines
1323:Underground coal gasification
992:. U.S. Department of Energy.
886:10.1002/14356007.a12_169.pub3
463:
457:Underground coal gasification
296:high-temperature electrolysis
83:
1785:Intermodal freight transport
1284:
730:10.1016/j.cattod.2018.02.050
541:Mick, Jason (3 March 2010).
7:
1836:Synthetic fuel technologies
638:Beychok, Milton R. (1974).
379:
302:in the generation process.
290:Electricity generated from
10:
1857:
1821:Waste treatment technology
780:10.54105/ijee.B1845.113223
484:Speight, James G. (2002).
447:Reformer sponge iron cycle
29:
1769:
1704:
1666:
1561:
1505:
1494:
1476:
1448:
1393:
1299:
1292:
1203:Chatterjee, Amit (2012).
1162:Volume 3: Turbo Expo 2007
914:www.diebrennstoffzelle.de
588:10.1080/00102200801963417
273:pressure swing adsorption
246:reaction is carried out:
337:which is a precursor to
30:Not to be confused with
1245:Fischer Tropsch archive
939:EU patent 3160899B1
408:Renewable energy portal
347:Fischer–Tropsch process
320:
1538:Natural-gas processing
1109:US patent 5159900A
1087:10.1002/anie.201607552
88:Syngas is produced by
1761:List of LNG terminals
1696:List of oil pipelines
1300:Manufactured fuel gas
842:Beychok, M R (1975).
694:. 11 September 2019.
1180:10.1115/GT2007-27385
1134:. 14 November 2014.
970:on February 19, 2013
958:"Sunshine to Petrol"
817:"Syngas composition"
354:methanol to gasoline
310:using this process.
145:endothermic reaction
1746:Natural gas storage
1543:Natural gas storage
452:Syngas fermentation
349:and previously the
233:exothermic reaction
201:less than half the
1780:Industrial railway
1553:Pipeline transport
1513:Compressor station
1132:Green Car Congress
1021:The New York Times
417:Boudouard reaction
44:, is a mixture of
32:synthetic gasoline
1798:
1797:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1624:
1623:
1492:
1491:
1335:Blast furnace gas
1318:Coal gasification
1214:978-81-203-4659-8
1189:978-0-7918-4792-3
1081:(20): 5402–5411.
614:LOW-TECH MAGAZINE
495:978-0-07-137433-0
442:Partial oxidation
300:carbon neutrality
292:renewable sources
281:membrane reactors
94:partial oxidation
16:(Redirected from
1848:
1831:Industrial gases
1736:
1729:
1722:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1500:
1297:
1296:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1227:
1226:
1207:. PHI Learning.
1200:
1194:
1193:
1173:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
986:
980:
979:
977:
975:
969:
962:
954:
948:
947:
946:
942:
935:
929:
928:
926:
925:
906:
900:
899:
873:
864:
863:
839:
833:
832:
830:
828:
813:
807:
806:
804:
802:
765:
756:
750:
749:
713:
707:
706:
704:
703:
684:
678:
677:
676:on 3 March 2016.
675:
669:. Archived from
644:
635:
629:
628:
626:
625:
606:
600:
599:
582:(6): 1193–1206.
571:
565:
564:
562:
560:
551:. Archived from
538:
532:
531:
529:
527:
506:
500:
499:
481:
410:
405:
404:
396:
391:
390:
263:
223:
222:
221:
164:
140:
131:
115:
21:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1826:Synthetic fuels
1811:Coal technology
1801:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1765:
1700:
1662:
1655:
1625:
1620:
1557:
1501:
1488:
1472:
1444:
1389:
1301:
1288:
1283:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1215:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1171:10.1.1.205.6065
1158:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1046:Frances White.
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1013:
1009:
999:
997:
988:
987:
983:
973:
971:
967:
960:
956:
955:
951:
944:
936:
932:
923:
921:
908:
907:
903:
896:
874:
867:
840:
836:
826:
824:
815:
814:
810:
800:
798:
763:
757:
753:
718:Catalysis Today
714:
710:
701:
699:
686:
685:
681:
673:
642:
636:
632:
623:
621:
608:
607:
603:
572:
568:
558:
556:
555:on 4 March 2016
539:
535:
525:
523:
508:
507:
503:
496:
482:
471:
466:
461:
406:
399:
392:
385:
382:
367:
323:
277:amine scrubbing
270:
262:
258:
254:
250:
244:water gas shift
237:calorific value
220:
217:
216:
215:
213:
198:
191:
182:waste-to-energy
163:
159:
155:
151:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
90:steam reforming
86:
50:carbon monoxide
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1854:
1844:
1843:
1841:Petrochemicals
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1738:Gas separation
1734:
1727:
1724:Regasification
1714:
1712:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1506:Infrastructure
1503:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1370:Regasification
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1309:
1307:
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1289:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1234:External links
1232:
1229:
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1213:
1195:
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1149:
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1100:
1065:
1038:
1007:
981:
949:
930:
901:
895:978-3527306732
894:
865:
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751:
708:
679:
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601:
566:
533:
501:
494:
468:
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460:
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444:
439:
434:
432:Industrial gas
429:
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419:
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412:
411:
397:
381:
378:
365:
322:
319:
268:
265:
264:
260:
256:
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203:energy density
197:
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189:
166:
165:
161:
160:O → CO + 3 H
157:
153:
136:
128:
124:
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112:
108:
85:
82:
54:carbon dioxide
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1657:Transport of
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1633:
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1629:
1617:
1614:
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1609:
1607:
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1569:Bunsen burner
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1216:
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1206:
1199:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1110:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
995:
991:
985:
966:
959:
953:
940:
934:
919:
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911:
905:
897:
891:
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883:
879:
872:
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853:
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769:
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755:
747:
743:
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731:
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723:
719:
712:
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693:
689:
683:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
641:
634:
619:
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18:Synthesis gas
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1731:Liquefaction
1681:Oil terminal
1594:Gas lighting
1579:Gas cylinder
1374:
1365:Producer gas
1350:Landfill gas
1345:Gasification
1204:
1198:
1161:
1140:. Retrieved
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965:the original
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1718:LNG carrier
1659:hydrocarbon
1616:Pilot light
1611:Gas turbine
1518:Gas carrier
1395:Natural gas
1360:Pintsch gas
801:29 December
559:22 February
526:22 February
339:acetic acid
331:sponge iron
207:natural gas
1805:Categories
1691:Tank truck
1676:Oil tanker
1599:Gas mantle
1589:Gas heater
1584:Gas engine
1574:Gas burner
1523:Gas holder
1223:1075942093
924:2019-12-17
852:4435004117
774:(2): 1–8.
702:2021-01-25
624:2019-06-13
464:References
370:fertilizer
343:lubricants
84:Production
1606:Gas stove
1528:Gas meter
1380:Water gas
1166:CiteSeerX
1058:April 12,
1031:April 11,
1000:April 11,
974:April 11,
796:265385618
788:2582-9289
746:102872424
738:0920-5861
724:: 39–45.
548:DailyTech
356:process;
226:water gas
1816:Fuel gas
1686:Tank car
1548:Odorizer
1533:Gasworks
1484:Hydrogen
1385:Wood gas
1355:Mond gas
1340:Blau gas
1313:Coal gas
1286:Fuel gas
1142:29 April
1136:Archived
1095:27714905
1052:Archived
1025:Archived
994:Archived
918:Archived
821:Archived
696:Archived
667:93526789
618:Archived
596:94791479
520:Archived
427:Coal gas
380:See also
360:via the
345:via the
335:methanol
327:iron ore
308:e-diesel
255:O → CO
123:O → CO
74:wood gas
70:gasoline
66:methanol
46:hydrogen
1468:Propane
1458:Autogas
1438:Bio-SNG
1304:History
860:5364207
659:7362109
358:ammonia
275:(PSA),
178:biochar
170:biomass
62:ammonia
58:methane
1790:Syngas
1773:/misc.
1463:Butane
1375:Syngas
1330:Biogas
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372:; and
279:, and
251:CO + H
186:syngas
174:biogas
139:→ 2CO
135:C + CO
119:CO + H
38:Syngas
1661:fuels
1477:Other
1293:Types
968:(PDF)
961:(PDF)
827:7 May
792:S2CID
764:(PDF)
742:S2CID
674:(PDF)
663:S2CID
653:(5).
643:(PDF)
592:S2CID
351:Mobil
107:C + H
40:, or
1771:Coal
1708:and
1562:Uses
1418:HCNG
1219:OCLC
1209:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1144:2015
1091:PMID
1060:2013
1033:2013
1002:2013
976:2013
890:ISBN
856:OSTI
848:OCLC
829:2015
803:2023
784:ISSN
734:ISSN
655:OSTI
561:2016
528:2016
490:ISBN
321:Uses
304:Audi
176:and
127:+ H
98:coal
78:WWII
56:and
48:and
1710:LPG
1706:LNG
1668:Oil
1450:LPG
1433:SNG
1428:NGC
1423:LNG
1413:CNG
1408:CBM
1403:APG
1176:doi
1083:doi
882:doi
776:doi
726:doi
722:318
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580:180
329:to
315:scf
271:by
259:+ H
205:of
180:in
156:+ H
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