198:
for one year. Already from the last years of the 5th century, in an effort to alleviate it, the syntrierarchy (co-trierachy), in which the obligation was shared by two citizens, had been introduced. By the middle of the 4th century, however, the trierarchic system had become dysfunctional, not least
199:
due to the growing unwillingness of the wealthy classes to contribute time and money to the task. As a result, in 358/7 or 357/6 BC, a citizen called
Periandros extended the system of the
102:
formed units of approximately equal fiscal value, so that they paid equal tax. Due to the inevitable delays in collecting taxes from so many people, shortly after 360s BC, the
508:
67:
496:
568:
98:, and the number seems to correspond with other features of the Athenian fiscal system. It is generally assumed that the
539:
518:
573:
477:
224:
in 354, proposed to reform the system further, but this was not done until 340. He also proposed to extend the
71:, were grouped into such groups. The new measure was probably connected with the establishment of the
76:
72:
58:
8:
260:
207:, "joint contributors"), who were liable for the trierarchy, were grouped into twenty
492:
473:
186:
Among the heaviest financial burdens borne by the wealthy classes of Athens was the
220:
54:
35:
467:
489:
Lords of the Sea: The Epic Story of the
Athenian Navy and the Birth of Democracy
23:
171:, ταμίας), and the tax officials, likewise drawn from the metics, were termed
562:
272:
268:
62:
38:
during the 4th century BC, assessed together for the purposes of taxation.
275:
as a term for a public or private corporation, or as the subdivision of a
229:
215:
138:(διαγραφεύς), responsible for keeping and updating the group's register (
90:
is disputed, especially in view of the later establishment of the naval
398:
396:
187:
144:
95:
393:
305:
303:
301:
299:
297:
295:
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233:
469:
Financing the
Athenian Fleet: Public Taxation and Social Relations
512:. Vol. Band IVA, Halbband 7, Stoa–Symposion. col. 1161–1167.
290:
195:
191:
444:
354:
342:
315:
156:
80:
383:
381:
332:
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to the trierarchy: a list of the 1,200 richest citizens (the
420:
432:
408:
264:
378:
366:
327:
167:, μετικοικαὶ συμμορίαι). Each was headed by a treasurer (
472:. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
509:
106:
was introduced, whereby the three richest members–the
142:, διάγραμμα). They were answerable to the city's ten
560:
194:) of wealthy Athenians to equip (and command) a
130:paid in advance the sum due from the rest. Each
57:of Nausinikos (378/7 BC), when wealthy Athenian
465:
426:
414:
148:, who were ultimately responsible for the
239:In the 330s or 320s BC, one of the ten
561:
505:
450:
438:
387:
372:
360:
348:
336:
321:
34:) was a group of wealthy citizens in
486:
259:The term is also found in the later
114:(πρῶτος, "first"), after whom each
41:
13:
537:
516:
506:Poland, Franz (1931). "Συμμορία".
402:
309:
243:of Athens was given charge of the
178:
14:
585:
228:to the liturgies of the great
1:
284:
254:
53:were first instituted in the
466:Gabrielsen, Vincent (1994).
7:
249:strategos epi tas symmorias
94:, but 100 are mentioned by
10:
590:
569:Taxation in ancient Athens
459:
126:(τρίτος, "third")—of each
61:, who were liable for the
122:(δεύτερος, "second") and
83:that began in that year.
27:
247:system, and was termed
190:, i.e. the obligation (
574:Navy of ancient Athens
538:Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm.
487:Hale, John R. (2014).
110:(ἠγεμῶν, "leader") or
73:Second Athenian League
236:festivals as well.
165:metikoikai symmoriai
211:of sixty men each.
118:was named, and the
429:, pp. 182ff..
417:, pp. 173ff..
261:Hellenistic period
159:were grouped into
86:The number of the
544:Brill's New Pauly
523:Brill's New Pauly
517:Rhodes, Peter J.
498:978-1-906142-78-0
453:, col. 1165–1167.
363:, col. 1163–1164.
351:, col. 1162–1163.
324:, col. 1161–1162.
30:, pl. συμμορίαι,
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532:
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405:, "Trierarchia".
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364:
358:
352:
346:
340:
334:
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319:
313:
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221:On the Symmories
218:, in his speech
77:renewed conflict
36:Classical Athens
29:
589:
588:
584:
583:
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559:
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547:
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427:Gabrielsen 1994
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415:Gabrielsen 1994
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12:
11:
5:
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546:. Brill Online
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525:. Brill Online
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341:
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256:
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183:
177:
175:(ἐπιγραφεῖς).
163:of their own (
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40:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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540:"Trierarchia"
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312:, "Symmoria".
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548:. Retrieved
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527:. Retrieved
522:
507:
488:
468:
446:
441:, col. 1165.
434:
422:
410:
390:, col. 1164.
375:, col. 1163.
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339:, col. 1162.
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269:Roman period
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63:property tax
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550:20 February
529:20 February
451:Poland 1931
439:Poland 1931
388:Poland 1931
373:Poland 1931
361:Poland 1931
349:Poland 1931
337:Poland 1931
322:Poland 1931
267:and in the
230:Panathenaea
216:Demosthenes
214:The orator
173:epigrapheis
136:diagrapheus
104:proeisphora
563:Categories
519:"Symmoria"
491:. Viking.
479:0801846927
285:References
255:Other uses
188:trierarchy
55:archonship
281:(tribe).
245:symmoriai
241:strategoi
226:symmoriai
209:symmoriai
205:synteleis
201:symmories
181:symmoriai
161:symmoriai
150:symmoriai
145:strategoi
140:diagramma
100:symmoriai
96:Kleidemos
92:symmoriai
88:symmoriai
65:known as
51:symmoriai
44:symmoriai
32:symmoriai
234:Dionysia
132:symmoria
128:symmoria
120:deuteros
116:symmoria
75:and the
68:eisphora
59:citizens
28:συμμορία
19:symmoria
460:Sources
196:trireme
192:liturgy
108:hegemon
42:Fiscal
495:
476:
403:Welwei
310:Rhodes
179:Naval
169:tamias
157:metics
134:had a
124:tritos
112:protos
81:Sparta
278:phyle
79:with
24:Greek
552:2015
531:2015
493:ISBN
474:ISBN
273:Nysa
265:Teos
232:and
155:The
49:The
16:The
271:in
263:in
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542:.
521:.
395:^
380:^
329:^
292:^
251:.
152:.
26::
554:.
533:.
501:.
482:.
22:(
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