1226:
1938:
882:
556:
699:
876:
964:
484:
545:
1864:"eaten"). In other words, while the glottal stop is predictable in German (inserted only if a stressed syllable would otherwise begin with a vowel), the same sound is a regular consonantal phoneme in Arabic. The status of this consonant in the respective writing systems corresponds to this difference: there is no reflex of the glottal stop in
2731:
is also counted as a suprasegmental feature; for example, in some
Germanic languages, long vowels may only exist with short consonants and vice versa. However, syllables can be analyzed as compositions of long and short phonemes, as in Finnish and Japanese, where consonant gemination and vowel length
2227:
as syllables at the phonemic level, in even the most careful enunciation. An example is
Chinook 'those two women are coming this way out of the water'. Linguists have analyzed this situation in various ways, some arguing that such syllables have no nucleus at all and some arguing that the concept of
1835:
both require that a glottal stop be inserted between a word and a following, putatively vowel-initial word. Yet such words are perceived to begin with a vowel in German but a glottal stop in Arabic. The reason for this has to do with other properties of the two languages. For example, a glottal stop
2754:
in which a syllable is pronounced conveys shades of meaning such as emphasis or surprise, or distinguishes a statement from a question. In tonal languages, however, the pitch affects the basic lexical meaning (e.g. "cat" vs. "dog") or grammatical meaning (e.g. past vs. present). In some languages,
1462:
gives a syllable-final short stressed vowel, which is also non-occurring. Arguments can be made in favour of one solution or the other: A general rule has been proposed that states that "Subject to certain conditions ..., consonants are syllabified with the more strongly stressed of two flanking
1811:
analysis, rather than the actual pronunciation of the syllable. In some cases, the pronunciation of a (putatively) vowel-initial word when following another word – particularly, whether or not a glottal stop is inserted – indicates whether the word should be considered to have a null onset. For
1363:
is the separation of a word into syllables, whether spoken or written. In most languages, the actually spoken syllables are the basis of syllabification in writing too. Due to the very weak correspondence between sounds and letters in the spelling of modern
English, for example, written
2266:) as nuclei candidates, and another would simply deny the existence of syllables completely. However, when working with recordings rather than transcriptions, the syllables can be obvious in such languages, and native speakers have strong intuitions as to what the syllables are.
2450:
When a syllable is not the last syllable in a word, the nucleus normally must be followed by two consonants in order for the syllable to be closed. This is because a single following consonant is typically considered the onset of the following syllable. For example, Spanish
3725:
1425:('I go there and she does as well') is realized as . A related phenomenon, called consonant mutation, is found in the Celtic languages like Irish and Welsh, whereby unwritten (but historical) final consonants affect the initial consonant of the following word.
1061:
do not have consonant clusters at the beginning or end of syllables, whereas many
Eastern European languages can have more than two consonants at the beginning or end of the syllable. In English, the onset may have up to three consonants, and the coda four.
1463:
syllables", while many other phonologists prefer to divide syllables with the consonant or consonants attached to the following syllable wherever possible. However, an alternative that has received some support is to treat an intervocalic consonant as
955:, where in a process called high vowel deletion (HVD), the nominative/accusative plural of single light-syllable roots (like "*scip-") got a "u" ending in OE, whereas heavy syllable roots (like "*word-") would not, giving "scip-u" but "word-∅".
1433:
There can be disagreement about the location of some divisions between syllables in spoken language. The problems of dealing with such cases have been most commonly discussed with relation to
English. In the case of a word such as
2258:'he arrived' would have been parsed into 0, 2, 3, 5, or 6 syllables depending on which analysis is used. One analysis would consider all vowel and consonant segments as syllable nuclei, another would consider only a small subset (
1604:
Few languages make a phonemic distinction between a word beginning with a vowel and a word beginning with a glottal stop followed by a vowel, since the distinction will generally only be audible following another word. However,
1364:
syllabification in
English has to be based mostly on etymological i.e. morphological instead of phonetic principles. English written syllables therefore do not correspond to the actually spoken syllables of the living language.
1394:
The linking of a word-final consonant to a vowel beginning the word immediately following it forms a regular part of the phonetics of some languages, including
Spanish, Hungarian, and Turkish. Thus, in Spanish, the phrase
406:⟩ is placed immediately before a stressed syllable, and when the stressed syllable is in the middle of a word, in practice, the stress mark also marks a syllable break, for example in the word "understood" ⟨
2159:(used to attract attention). All of these have been analyzed as phonemically syllabic. Obstruent-only syllables also occur phonetically in some prosodic situations when unstressed vowels elide between obstruents, as in
903:
There are many arguments for a hierarchical relationship, rather than a linear one, between the syllable constituents. One hierarchical model groups the syllable nucleus and coda into an intermediate level, the
900:(similar to the trees found in some types of syntax). Not all phonologists agree that syllables have internal structure; in fact, some phonologists doubt the existence of the syllable as a theoretical entity.
1879:
The writing system of a language may not correspond with the phonological analysis of the language in terms of its handling of (potentially) null onsets. For example, in some languages written in the
1291:
Many languages forbid superheavy syllables, while a significant number forbid any heavy syllable. Some languages strive for constant syllable weight; for example, in stressed, non-final syllables in
2369:
of the following consonant. (On a phonetic level, other codas occur due to elision of /i/ and /u/.) In other languages, nearly any consonant allowed as an onset is also allowed in the coda, even
1836:
does not occur in other situations in German, e.g. before a consonant or at the end of word. On the other hand, in Arabic, not only does a glottal stop occur in such situations (e.g. Classical
2443:, but are defined according to the phoneme that ends the syllable: a vowel (open syllable) or a consonant (closed syllable). Almost all languages allow open syllables, but some, such as
402:
In practice, however, IPA transcription is typically divided into words by spaces, and often these spaces are also understood to be syllable breaks. In addition, the stress mark ⟨
710:, the onset is replaced with an initial, and a semivowel or liquid forms another segment, called the medial. These four segments are grouped into two slightly different components:
2874:(acute, circumflex, and grave), and terms were used to describe words based on the position and type of accent. Some of these terms are used in the description of other languages.
2698:
is a syllable (or some larger unit), but not a specific sound. That is to say, these features may effect more than a single segment, and possibly all segments of a syllable:
1514:
Some languages restrict onsets to be only a single consonant, while others allow multiconsonant onsets according to various rules. For example, in
English, onsets such as
827:
functions phonologically as a glide rather than as part of the nucleus. In addition, many reconstructions of both Old and Middle
Chinese include complex medials such as
1824:
does so only some of the time, depending on factors such as conversation speed; in both cases, this suggests that the words in question are truly vowel-initial.
575:
In the typical theory of syllable structure, the general structure of a syllable (σ) consists of three segments. These segments are grouped into two components:
1030:. However, the nucleus does not necessarily need to be a vowel in some languages, such as English. For instance, the rime of the second syllables of the words
1295:, short vowels co-occur with closed syllables while long vowels co-occur with open syllables, so that all such syllables are heavy (not light or superheavy).
979:, the syllable is considered left-branching, i.e. onset and nucleus group below a higher-level unit, called a "body" or "core". This contrasts with the coda.
622:
The syllable is usually considered right-branching, i.e. nucleus and coda are grouped together as a "rime" and are only distinguished at the second level.
2050:), and the minimal syllable consists only of a nucleus, as in the English words "eye" or "owe". The syllable nucleus is usually a vowel, in the form of a
3050:
673:. Languages vary greatly in the restrictions on the sounds making up the onset, nucleus and coda of a syllable, according to what is termed a language's
1699:
appear not to have onsets in the first syllable, but in the original Hebrew and Arabic forms they actually begin with various consonants: the semivowel
1277:, which consists of VVC syllables (with both a branching nucleus and rime) or VCC syllables (with a coda consisting of two or more consonants) or both.
70:
1883:, an initial glottal stop is left unwritten (see the German example); on the other hand, some languages written using non-Latin alphabets such as
1273:. In other languages, only VV syllables are considered heavy, while both VC and V syllables are light. Some languages distinguish a third type of
843:. The medial groups phonologically with the rime rather than the onset, and the combination of medial and rime is collectively known as the
1284:, heavy syllables are said to have two moras, while light syllables are said to have one and superheavy syllables are said to have three.
854:, however, the distinction between "final" (including the medial) and "rime" (not including the medial) is important in understanding the
3656:. Fuchū, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. pp. 113–166.
1269:
In some languages, heavy syllables include both VV (branching nucleus) and VC (branching rime) syllables, contrasted with V, which is a
3957:
1413:('I hated it') as . In Italian, a final sound can be moved to the next syllable in enchainement, sometimes with a gemination: e.g.,
3382:
Fikkert, Paula; Dresher, Elan; Lahiri, Aditi (2006). "Chapter 6, Prosodic
Preferences: From Old English to Early Modern English".
3892:
Sloan, Kerry (1988). "Bare-Consonant Reduplication: Implications for a Prosodic Theory of Reduplication". In Borer, Hagit (ed.).
3040:
776:
2346:. Some syllables consist of only a nucleus, only an onset and a nucleus with no coda, or only a nucleus and coda with no onset.
850:
Some linguists, especially when discussing the modern Chinese varieties, use the terms "final" and "rime" interchangeably. In
3661:
3147:
3334:
2361:. In others, codas are restricted to a small subset of the consonants that appear in onset position. At a phonemic level in
1807:
The difference between a syllable with a null onset and one beginning with a glottal stop is often purely a difference of
3926:
3219:
2380:
If the coda consists of a consonant cluster, the sonority typically decreases from first to last, as in the English word
3270:
680:
Although every syllable has supra-segmental features, these are usually ignored if not semantically relevant, e.g. in
3901:
3882:
3796:
3619:
3544:
3514:
3396:
3177:
2046:
is usually the vowel in the middle of a syllable. Generally, every syllable requires a nucleus (sometimes called the
531:
2755:
only the pitch itself (e.g. high vs. low) has this effect, while in others, especially East Asian languages such as
513:
3806:
Dell, François; Elmedlaoui, Mohamed (1985). "Syllabic consonants and syllabification in Imdlawn Tashlhiyt Berber".
1573:
This is less strange than it may appear at first, as most such languages allow syllables to begin with a phonemic
1391:
in a coda, and theoretically has no consonant clusters at all, as the onset is composed of at most one consonant.
3166:
2396:
does not appear as a coda in any English word. However, some clusters do occur as both onsets and codas, such as
2365:, for example, a coda may only be a nasal (homorganic with any following consonant) or, in the middle of a word,
1586:
388:
52:
637:(literally 'tail') is the sound or sounds that follow the nucleus. They are sometimes collectively known as the
796:
509:
417:
When a word space comes in the middle of a syllable (that is, when a syllable spans words), a tie bar ⟨
3950:
2721:
616:(κ): A consonant or consonant cluster, optional in some languages, highly restricted or prohibited in others
851:
206:), which may refer either to a word of more than three syllables or to any word of more than one syllable.
2664:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2507:
2397:
2389:
2374:
2255:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1848:"light"), but it occurs in alternations that are clearly indicative of its phonemic status (cf. Classical
1845:
1841:
1837:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1590:
1468:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1384:
1039:
1015:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
808:
804:
444:
432:
418:
411:
407:
403:
396:
392:
66:
62:
3236:
3199:
2498:
English words may consist of a single closed syllable, with nucleus denoted by ν, and coda denoted by κ:
1758:
1721:
137:
1049:
Just as the rime branches into the nucleus and coda, the nucleus and coda may each branch into multiple
3383:
3231:
2181:
1702:
1053:. The limit for the number of phonemes which may be contained in each varies by language. For example,
327:
4194:
1801:
1756:
1737:
1719:
1700:
505:
410:⟩ (though the syllable boundary may still be explicitly marked with a full stop, e.g. ⟨
38:
31:
17:
2683:
1007:, and the part that is lengthened or stressed when a person elongates or stresses a word in speech.
4137:
3943:
3648:
2956:
1266:. The name is a metaphor, based on the nucleus or coda having lines that branch in a tree diagram.
494:
314:
118:
patterns. Speech can usually be divided up into a whole number of syllables: for example, the word
3561:
3029:
1472:
2278:
2078:
1367:
Phonotactic rules determine which sounds are allowed or disallowed in each part of the syllable.
498:
268:
means "the taken together", referring to letters that are taken together to make a single sound.
3835:
Dell, François; Elmedlaoui, Mohamed (1988). "Syllabic consonants in Berber: Some new evidence".
3366:"The life cycle of High Vowel Deletion in Old English: from prosody to stratification and loss"
2629:
English words may also consist of a single open syllable, ending in a nucleus, without a coda:
1058:
323:
48:
3536:
Studies in the pronunciation of English : a commemorative volume in honour of A.C. Gimson
4199:
4129:
3869:
218:
107:
3126:
de Jong, Kenneth (2003). "Temporal constraints and characterising syllable structuring". In
2839:, and the third syllable from the end is called the antepenult. These terms come from Latin
4153:
4068:
4023:
3273:(December 1989). "Report on the 1989 Kiel Convention: International Phonetic Association".
3101:
3096:
3075:
2832:
2767:, the shape or contour (e.g. level vs. rising vs. falling) also needs to be distinguished.
1610:
1299:
1084:. This distinction is not made by some linguists and does not appear in most dictionaries.
115:
2831:
In languages accented on one of the last three syllables, the last syllable is called the
2671:
2419:
A coda-less syllable of the form V, CV, CCV, etc. (V = vowel, C = consonant) is called an
2107:. By far the most common syllabic consonants are sonorants like , , , or , as in English
1371:
allows very complicated syllables; syllables may begin with up to three consonants (as in
462:, marks a syllable boundary where the usual fullstop might be misunderstood. For example,
8:
2764:
2224:
2216:
2388:(or sonority scale). English onset and coda clusters are therefore different. The onset
1491:) is the consonant sound or sounds at the beginning of a syllable, occurring before the
4204:
4096:
4086:
4005:
3985:
3912:
3852:
3823:
3780:
3768:
3675:
3592:
3584:
3321:
3290:
3086:
3060:
2814:
2776:
2741:
2707:
2385:
2298:
2212:
2208:
2172:
2094:
2063:
1865:
1501:
1355:
1285:
1281:
765:
607:
455:
153:
2235:
2167:, which do not change in their number of syllables despite losing a syllabic nucleus.
866:, and as a result most authors distinguish the two according to the above definition.
4158:
3897:
3878:
3874:
3856:
3792:
3784:
3657:
3615:
3540:
3534:
3510:
3487:
3448:
3392:
3294:
3173:
3143:
2444:
2404:. The sonority hierarchy is more strict in some languages and less strict in others.
2370:
2362:
2358:
2070:
1813:
1797:
1614:
1447:
1380:
1327:
1298:
The difference between heavy and light frequently determines which syllables receive
1054:
855:
707:
587:
436:
83:
3827:
3596:
2475:(double) consonant occurs, the syllable boundary occurs in the middle, e.g. Italian
4076:
3844:
3815:
3576:
3479:
3440:
3282:
3135:
2980:
2950:
2871:
2794:
2756:
2354:
2270:
2192:
is famous for having such sounds in at least some of its dialects, for example the
2189:
1821:
1817:
1800:
of central Australia may prohibit onsets altogether; if so, all syllables have the
1650:
1606:
1551:
1368:
1292:
1043:
932:
are formed by matching both the nucleus and coda, or the entire rime), and for the
800:
780:
422:
160:
133:
1495:. Most syllables have an onset. Syllables without an onset may be said to have an
4119:
4081:
3995:
3864:
3342:
3241:
3139:
3091:
2786:
2728:
2294:
2286:
2274:
1900:
1832:
1828:
1654:
1360:
1347:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1241:
976:
933:
3679:
3647:
Pellard, Thomas (2010). "Ōgami (Miyako Ryukyuan)". In Shimoji, Michinori (ed.).
2200:, usually pronounced , respectively. Though, like the nucleus of rhotic English
4043:
3756:
3308:
3055:
2975:
2702:
2695:
2282:
2220:
1892:
1880:
1539:
1323:
1311:
1225:
917:
863:
812:
681:
549:
258:
140:. The earliest recorded syllables are on tablets written around 2800 BC in the
111:
3819:
3286:
2254:
In Bagemihl's survey of previous analyses, he finds that the Bella Coola word
1937:
4188:
4168:
4143:
4048:
3990:
3848:
3530:
3491:
3452:
3227:
3045:
3035:
2867:
2807:
2760:
2751:
2747:
2290:
2099:
The notion of syllable is challenged by languages that allow long strings of
972:
3791:. Linguistic Inquiry Monographs. Vol. 9. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
3580:
3194:
2457:("to marry") is composed of an open syllable followed by a closed syllable (
2077:
can occur only in closed syllables. Therefore, these vowels are also called
4114:
4018:
4013:
3070:
2962:
2413:
2350:
2148:
1739:
1574:
1351:
937:
674:
3894:
The Proceedings of the Seventh West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics
1597:
glottal stop when following a pause, though the glottal stop may not be a
881:
555:
4148:
4058:
4053:
2440:
2412:"Checked syllable" redirects here. For checked syllables in Chinese, see
2051:
1593:). In English, a word that begins with a vowel may be pronounced with an
941:
337:
277:
240:
2789:, a syllable counting as heavy if it has at least one of the following:
1566:. In these languages, words beginning in a vowel, like the English word
783:, the syllable structure is expanded to include an additional, optional
698:
4109:
3772:
3588:
3127:
2966:
2472:
2436:
2366:
2059:
1594:
897:
875:
859:
222:
3896:. WCCFL 7. Irvine, CA: University of Chicago Press. pp. 319–330.
3467:
3428:
3365:
2204:, there is debate over whether these nuclei are consonants or vowels.
1467:, i.e. belonging both to the preceding and to the following syllable:
596:(ρ): Right branch, contrasts with onset, splits into nucleus and coda
395:⟩ marks syllable breaks, as in the word "astronomical" ⟨
4038:
3972:
3080:
3065:
2800:
2427:, while a syllable that has a coda (VC, CVC, CVCC, etc.) is called a
2335:
2259:
2100:
2074:
2055:
1918:
1903:, a null onset is represented with ㅇ at the left or top section of a
1808:
1263:
963:
936:, which plays a role in phonological processes such as, for example,
792:
590:, obligatory in some languages, optional or even restricted in others
583:
149:
103:
95:
91:
896:
In some theories of phonology, syllable structures are displayed as
483:
4163:
4104:
4028:
3533:(1990). "Syllabification and allophony". In Ramsaran, Susan (ed.).
3483:
3444:
3106:
2781:
Syllable structure often interacts with stress or pitch accent. In
2263:
2147:. However, English allows syllabic obstruents in a few para-verbal
2104:
1904:
1388:
58:
3935:
3505:
Shibatani, Masayoshi (1987). "Japanese". In Bernard Comrie (ed.).
3269:
435:⟩. The liaison tie is also used to join lexical words into
2961:, which was the first literary academy in the world and held the
1888:
1598:
1091:
C = consonant, V = vowel, optional components are in parentheses.
1050:
3332:
For discussion of the theoretical existence of the syllable see
3168:
Reading the Past: Ancient Writing from Cuneiform to the Alphabet
2714:
2228:"syllable" cannot clearly be applied at all to these languages.
1419:('I've never had any of them') is broken into syllables as and
950:
944:
152:
to syllables has been called "the most important advance in the
4033:
2836:
2193:
1896:
1633:
1379:, pronounced ). Many other languages are much more restricted;
693:
645:
covers the nucleus plus coda. In the one-syllable English word
366:
225:
971:
In some traditional descriptions of certain languages such as
653:(the sound that can be shouted or sung on its own), the onset
4173:
3726:"Syllable and foot: The syllable and phonotactic constraints"
3256:
3220:
3172:. University of California Press; British Museum. p. 8.
2782:
2207:
Languages of the northwest coast of North America, including
1884:
1869:
1303:
1081:
1011:
1010:
The rime is usually the portion of a syllable from the first
1004:
921:
748:
633:
is the sound or sounds occurring before the nucleus, and the
603:
374:
369:
360:
355:
342:
331:
317:
308:
303:
297:
292:
286:
281:
271:
263:
248:
243:
231:
141:
99:
87:
2670:
A list of examples of syllable codas in English is found at
1330:, is based on syllable weight rather than stress (so-called
544:
3132:
Phonetic Interpretation: Papers in Laboratory Phonology VI
1827:
But there are exceptions here, too. For example, standard
771:: May be carried by the syllable as a whole or by the rime
2979:(1328–1337), a book aimed at regulating then-flourishing
2954:
908:. The hierarchical model accounts for the role that the
791:
in this context) and the rime. The medial is normally a
86:, typically made up of a syllable nucleus (most often a
2373:. In English, for example, all onset consonants except
1446:, neither of which seems a satisfactory analysis for a
145:
2353:
of many languages forbid syllable codas. Examples are
629:
is usually the vowel in the middle of a syllable. The
90:) with optional initial and final margins (typically,
2813:
In each case, the syllable is considered to have two
787:
segment located between the onset (often termed the
3381:
3255:, §523: present stems formed by suffixes containing
2973:
top prize, gave a definition of the syllable in his
2467:"to get tired" is composed of two closed syllables (
1791:
1780:
1769:
1750:
1731:
1713:
1375:), and occasionally end with as many as four (as in
57:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
27:
Unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds
3724:Harrington, Jonathan; Cox, Felicity (August 2014).
3051:
List of the longest English words with one syllable
1506:– that is, nothing where the onset would be.
3747:
3307:More generally, the letter φ indicates a prosodic
3165:
2269:This type of phenomenon has also been reported in
1072:are variants of the same word, but the rarer form
3789:CV phonology: a generative theory of the syllable
3275:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
2785:, for example, stress is regularly determined by
2081:, as opposed to the tense vowels that are called
4186:
3134:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 253–268.
2686:, forbid codas, so that all syllables are open.
1868:, but there is a letter in the Arabic alphabet (
811:in older versions), and many reconstructions of
159:A word that consists of a single syllable (like
71:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
3559:
2342:. The sequence of nucleus and coda is called a
2085:because they can occur even in open syllables.
1402:
1258:that ends in a consonant, or a syllable with a
1080:to differentiate it from the concept of poetic
37:"Syllabic" redirects here. For other uses, see
3834:
3805:
3779:
3701:
3690:
3562:"Arrernte: A Language with No Syllable Onsets"
3363:
1003:. It is the part of the syllable used in most
3951:
3759:(1991). "Syllable structure in Bella Coola".
3723:
2486:
2476:
2462:
2452:
2247:'he had in his possession a bunchberry plant'
1895:to represent a null onset. As an example, in
1554:no multiconsonant onsets are allowed at all.
1420:
1414:
1408:
1396:
934:distinction between heavy and light syllables
3837:Journal of African Languages and Linguistics
3808:Journal of African Languages and Linguistics
3509:. Oxford University Press. pp. 855–80.
2712:
2180:, at the phonemic level. (In the context of
1908:
1786:
1775:
1764:
1745:
1726:
1708:
1675:, and Arabic forbid empty onsets. The names
1670:
1664:
1658:
426:
82:is a unit of organization for a sequence of
3614:. Oxford University Press. pp. 58–61.
3539:. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 76–86.
3130:; Ogden, Richard; Temple, Rosalind (eds.).
3008:A syllable is the sound of several letters,
2857:
2849:
2841:
512:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
234:
3958:
3944:
2689:
3863:
3504:
3320:More generally, the letter μ indicates a
1550:are possible onsets, while contrarily in
869:
532:Learn how and when to remove this message
3755:
3634:
3281:(2). Cambridge University Press: 75–76.
2935:
1820:never insert such a glottal stop, while
1224:
962:
880:
697:
554:
543:
458:for 'syllable', and a dollar/peso sign,
3646:
3465:
3426:
3125:
3032:. Covers syllable structure in English.
1076:is sometimes used to mean specifically
777:Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
729:: Medial, nucleus, and final consonant
665:. This syllable can be abstracted as a
136:began several hundred years before the
14:
4187:
3560:Breen, Gavan; Pensalfini, Rob (1999).
3385:The Handbook of the History of English
3341:. CUNY Graduate Center. Archived from
3164:Hooker, J. T. (1990). "Introduction".
3163:
3010:According to those called grammarians,
2184:, the related but non-synonymous term
1831:(excluding many southern accents) and
1581:or, in some dialects, the double T in
1471:. This is discussed in more detail in
1401:('the men') is pronounced , Hungarian
720:: Optional onset, excluding semivowels
702:Traditional Chinese syllable structure
94:). Syllables are often considered the
3939:
3910:
3891:
3712:
3650:An introduction to Ryukyuan languages
3609:
3529:
3263:
3252:
2879:
2338:sounds of a syllable that follow the
1473:English phonology § Phonotactics
1458:, which is not normally found, while
1314:in many classical languages, such as
257:
198:) for a word of three syllables; and
3411:
3014:And uninterruptedly: in one breath.
2820:The first syllable of a word is the
2088:
1577:(the sound in the middle of English
510:adding citations to reliable sources
477:
61:. For the distinction between ,
3965:
1787:
1776:
1765:
1746:
1727:
1709:
1671:
1665:
1659:
24:
3416:. University of Kansas. p. 3.
3271:International Phonetic Association
3192:
2407:
2308:'you sprained it and then gave it'
1613:do make such a distinction, as in
1428:
1341:
862:that form the primary sources for
815:include a medial contrast between
25:
4216:
3335:"CUNY Conference on the Syllable"
2835:, the next-to-last is called the
2103:without any intervening vowel or
1288:is generally described this way.
967:Left-branching hierarchical model
3364:Bermúdez-Otero, Ricardo (2015).
2447:, do not have closed syllables.
1936:
1509:
1018:is the rime of all of the words
874:
687:
570:
482:
382:
291:, a compound of the preposition
3877:: Harcourt College Publishers.
3748:Sources and recommended reading
3717:
3706:
3695:
3684:
3640:
3628:
3603:
3553:
3523:
3498:
3468:"Consonant Clusters in English"
3459:
3429:"Consonant Clusters in English"
3420:
3405:
3375:
3357:
2435:. They have nothing to do with
2377:are allowed as syllable codas.
2170:A few languages have so-called
1407:('the human') as , and Turkish
425:, as in the French combination
389:International Phonetic Alphabet
190:) for a word of two syllables;
53:International Phonetic Alphabet
3326:
3314:
3301:
3246:
3213:
3186:
3157:
3119:
3030:English phonology#Phonotactics
2155:(used to command silence) and
1755:, or the pharyngeal fricative
1450:such as RP (British English):
797:reconstructions of Old Chinese
738:: Optional semivowel or liquid
610:, obligatory in most languages
13:
1:
3414:A Prosodic Grammar of Chinese
3113:
2999:Et en un trag: d'una alenada.
2824:and the last syllable is the
2722:Suprasegmental palatalization
1557:
1310:, for example. The system of
706:In the syllable structure of
473:
3914:A Greek Grammar for Colleges
3911:Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920).
3140:10.1017/CBO9780511486425.015
2938:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2677:
2339:
1944:Examples of syllable nuclei
1492:
1454:results in a syllable-final
996:
995:of a syllable consists of a
852:historical Chinese phonology
741:
714:
599:
466:is a pair of syllables, and
391:(IPA), the fullstop ⟨
375:
361:
309:
298:
287:
249:
209:
7:
3507:The World's Major Languages
3200:Online Etymology Dictionary
3022:
2995:Segon los ditz gramaticals.
2293:) and the Ōgami dialect of
1792:
1781:
1770:
1751:
1732:
1718:, the glottal fricative in
1714:
1383:, for example, only allows
807:in modern reconstructions,
732:
470:is a syllable-final vowel.
10:
4221:
3702:Dell & Elmedlaoui 1988
3691:Dell & Elmedlaoui 1985
3257:
3221:
2945:
2774:
2739:
2411:
2092:
1931:
1345:
1239:
1194:
760:: Optional final consonant
723:
691:
579:
370:
356:
343:
332:
318:
313:"take". The noun uses the
304:
293:
282:
272:
264:
244:
122:is made of two syllables:
36:
29:
4128:
4095:
4067:
4004:
3971:
3820:10.1515/jall.1985.7.2.105
3730:Department of Linguistics
3287:10.1017/S0025100300003868
3041:IPA symbols for syllables
2992:Sillaba votz es literals.
2955:
2897:
2881:
2770:
2343:
1909:
1220:
1014:to the end. For example,
1000:
775:In many languages of the
754:
667:consonant-vowel-consonant
613:
593:
548:Syllable components as a
421:⟩ can be used for
174:). Similar terms include
102:. They can influence the
39:Syllabic (disambiguation)
32:Syllable (disambiguation)
3849:10.1515/jall.1988.10.1.1
3637:, pp. 589, 593, 627
3466:Hultzén, Lee S. (1965).
3427:Hultzén, Lee S. (1965).
3012:Pronounced in one accent
2997:En un accen pronunciada.
2957:Consistori del Gay Saber
2682:Some languages, such as
2305:Indlawn Tashlhiyt Berber
1478:
1250:is generally one with a
3917:. American Book Company
3610:Wiese, Richard (2000).
3581:10.1162/002438999553940
3237:A Greek–English Lexicon
2746:In most languages, the
2735:
2696:suprasegmental features
2690:Suprasegmental features
2321:
1262:, i.e. a long vowel or
1233:and branching coda for
982:
958:
951:
945:
885:Hierarchical model for
322:, which appears in the
226:
49:phonetic transcriptions
3732:. Macquarie University
3412:Feng, Shengli (2003).
2863:"before almost last".
2858:
2850:
2842:
2713:
2672:English phonology#Coda
2487:
2477:
2463:
2453:
2371:clusters of consonants
1913:"station", pronounced
1899:, the alphabet of the
1562:Some languages forbid
1438:, the division may be
1422:io ci vado e lei anche
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1302:– this is the case in
1254:, i.e. it is either a
1237:
1229:Branching nucleus for
1059:Sino-Tibetan languages
968:
893:
870:Grouping of components
703:
669:syllable, abbreviated
567:
552:
427:
336:is formed by adding a
235:
46:This article contains
3870:A course in phonetics
3228:Liddell, Henry George
2384:. This is called the
2122:(in rhotic accents),
2062:, but sometimes is a
1628:('tuna') and Maltese
1585:, represented in the
1228:
966:
916:constituent plays in
884:
751:or syllabic consonant
701:
558:
547:
98:"building blocks" of
3391:. pp. 134–135.
3345:on 23 September 2015
3339:CUNY Phonology Forum
3102:Timing (linguistics)
3097:Syllable (computing)
3076:Stress (linguistics)
2882:Placement of accent
2793:a long vowel in its
2225:voiceless fricatives
1657:may commonly ignore
1611:Polynesian languages
559:Segmental model for
506:improve this section
397:/ˌæs.trə.ˈnɒm.ɪk.əl/
302:"with" and the verb
255:Greek pronunciation:
30:For other uses, see
3781:Clements, George N.
3612:Phonology of German
2855:"almost last", and
2279:Mon–Khmer languages
2188:is commonly used.)
2173:syllabic fricatives
2151:utterances such as
1945:
1924:is the nucleus and
1736:, the glottal stop
1416:non ne ho mai avuti
1332:quantitative rhythm
1275:superheavy syllable
1093:
468:⟨V$ ⟩
259:[sylːabɛ̌ː]
170:(and is said to be
106:of a language, its
3761:Linguistic Inquiry
3569:Linguistic Inquiry
3087:Syllabic consonant
3061:Mora (linguistics)
2965:to award the best
2953:, a member of the
2870:, there are three
2777:Accent (phonetics)
2742:Tone (linguistics)
2386:sonority hierarchy
2095:Syllabic consonant
2071:Germanic languages
2064:syllabic consonant
1943:
1866:German orthography
1796:. Conversely, the
1570:, are impossible.
1356:Sonority hierarchy
1336:quantitative meter
1286:Japanese phonology
1238:
1087:
969:
894:
799:generally include
704:
608:syllabic consonant
568:
553:
464:⟨σσ⟩
460:⟨$ ⟩
437:phonological words
154:history of writing
148:. This shift from
4182:
4181:
3785:Keyser, Samuel J.
3663:978-4-86337-072-2
3193:Harper, Douglas.
3149:978-0-521-82402-6
3020:
3019:
2943:
2942:
2732:are independent.
2317:'short, fat arms'
2299:Ryukyuan language
2273:(such as Indlawn
2219:languages, allow
2182:Chinese phonology
2089:Consonant nucleus
2040:
2039:
1852:"writer" vs. /mak
1814:Romance languages
1798:Arrernte language
1601:in the language.
1526:are possible but
1448:non-rhotic accent
1260:branching nucleus
1218:
1217:
1092:
856:rime dictionaries
769:⟨τ⟩
758:⟨κ⟩
745:⟨ν⟩
736:⟨μ⟩
727:⟨φ⟩
718:⟨ι⟩
708:Sinitic languages
649:, the nucleus is
588:consonant cluster
542:
541:
534:
452:⟨σ⟩
351:⟨m⟩
16:(Redirected from
4212:
4195:Linguistic units
4077:Secondary stress
3960:
3953:
3946:
3937:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3907:
3888:
3873:(4th ed.).
3865:Ladefoged, Peter
3860:
3831:
3802:
3776:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3721:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3655:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3566:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3390:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3311:of two syllables
3305:
3299:
3298:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3250:
3244:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3171:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3123:
2986:
2985:
2960:
2959:
2951:Guilhem Molinier
2877:
2876:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2822:initial syllable
2718:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2509:
2490:
2480:
2466:
2456:
2433:checked syllable
2399:
2391:
2376:
2334:) comprises the
2275:Tashlhiyt Berber
2271:Berber languages
2257:
2241:'you spat on me'
2231:Other examples:
2190:Mandarin Chinese
2178:fricative vowels
2176:, also known as
2141:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1912:
1911:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1802:underlying shape
1795:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1592:
1552:Classical Arabic
1542:, however, both
1534:is possible but
1470:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1386:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1044:liquid consonant
1041:
1017:
999:and an optional
954:
948:
878:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
810:
806:
770:
759:
746:
737:
728:
719:
537:
530:
526:
523:
517:
486:
478:
469:
465:
461:
453:
446:
434:
430:
420:
413:
409:
405:
398:
394:
378:
373:
372:
364:
359:
358:
352:
348:
346:
345:
335:
334:
321:
320:
312:
307:
306:
301:
296:
295:
290:
285:
284:
275:
274:
267:
266:
261:
256:
252:
247:
246:
238:
229:
134:Syllabic writing
68:
64:
21:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4124:
4120:Extra-shortness
4091:
4082:Vowel reduction
4063:
4000:
3996:Vowel reduction
3967:
3966:Suprasegmentals
3964:
3934:
3933:
3920:
3918:
3904:
3885:
3799:
3757:Bagemihl, Bruce
3750:
3745:
3735:
3733:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3685:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3608:
3604:
3564:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3503:
3499:
3472:American Speech
3464:
3460:
3433:American Speech
3425:
3421:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3368:
3362:
3358:
3348:
3346:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3319:
3315:
3306:
3302:
3268:
3264:
3251:
3247:
3242:Perseus Project
3218:
3214:
3205:
3203:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3162:
3158:
3150:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3092:Syllabification
3025:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2948:
2911:properispomenon
2901:
2899:
2787:syllable weight
2779:
2773:
2744:
2738:
2729:syllable length
2692:
2680:
2485:); cf. Italian
2429:closed syllable
2417:
2410:
2408:Open and closed
2330:(also known as
2324:
2311:'rot' (imperf.)
2256:/t͡sʼktskʷt͡sʼ/
2221:stop consonants
2139:
2097:
2091:
2035:
2031:
1934:
1901:Korean language
1891:have a special
1875:
1655:Sephardi Hebrew
1560:
1512:
1487:(also known as
1481:
1431:
1429:Ambisyllabicity
1361:Syllabification
1358:
1348:Syllabification
1344:
1342:Syllabification
1320:Classical Latin
1316:Classical Greek
1256:closed syllable
1244:
1242:Syllable weight
1223:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1089:
985:
961:
872:
768:
757:
744:
735:
726:
717:
696:
690:
682:tonal languages
661:, and the rime
573:
538:
527:
521:
518:
503:
487:
476:
467:
463:
459:
454:, is used as a
451:
450:A Greek sigma,
385:
350:
340:
254:
212:
76:
75:
74:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4218:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4134:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4044:Tone terracing
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3931:
3908:
3902:
3889:
3883:
3875:Fort Worth, TX
3861:
3832:
3814:(2): 105–130.
3803:
3797:
3777:
3767:(4): 589–646.
3752:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3716:
3705:
3694:
3683:
3662:
3639:
3627:
3620:
3602:
3552:
3545:
3531:Wells, John C.
3522:
3515:
3497:
3484:10.2307/454173
3458:
3445:10.2307/454173
3419:
3404:
3397:
3374:
3356:
3325:
3313:
3300:
3262:
3245:
3212:
3185:
3178:
3156:
3148:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3083:writing system
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3056:Minor syllable
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3006:
3004:
2989:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2859:antepaenultima
2826:final syllable
2811:
2810:
2804:
2803:in its nucleus
2797:
2775:Main article:
2772:
2769:
2740:Main article:
2737:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2710:
2705:
2694:The domain of
2691:
2688:
2679:
2676:
2668:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2627:
2626:
2612:
2598:
2584:
2570:
2556:
2542:
2528:
2514:
2409:
2406:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2252:
2251:
2250:'seal blubber'
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2093:Main article:
2090:
2087:
2079:checked vowels
2038:
2037:
2033:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2008:
2007:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1933:
1930:
1893:zero consonant
1881:Latin alphabet
1873:
1812:example, many
1559:
1556:
1511:
1508:
1480:
1477:
1430:
1427:
1343:
1340:
1271:light syllable
1252:branching rime
1248:heavy syllable
1240:Main article:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
984:
981:
960:
957:
924:words such as
871:
868:
864:Middle Chinese
813:Middle Chinese
773:
772:
763:
762:
761:
752:
739:
721:
689:
686:
620:
619:
618:
617:
611:
591:
572:
569:
550:directed graph
540:
539:
522:September 2018
490:
488:
481:
475:
472:
439:, for example
412:/ʌn.dər.ˈstʊd/
384:
381:
280:from the verb
211:
208:
166:) is called a
69:⟩, see
45:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4217:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4169:Prosodic unit
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4144:Pitch contour
4142:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:Floating tone
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3991:Metrical foot
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3961:
3956:
3954:
3949:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3928:
3916:
3915:
3909:
3905:
3903:9780937073407
3899:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3884:0-15-507319-2
3880:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3798:9780262030984
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3677:
3665:
3659:
3652:
3651:
3643:
3636:
3635:Bagemihl 1991
3631:
3623:
3621:9780198299509
3617:
3613:
3606:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3548:
3546:9781138918658
3542:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3526:
3518:
3516:0-19-520521-9
3512:
3508:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3415:
3408:
3400:
3398:9780470757048
3394:
3387:
3386:
3378:
3367:
3360:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3310:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3232:Scott, Robert
3229:
3225:
3216:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3189:
3181:
3179:0-520-07431-9
3175:
3170:
3169:
3160:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:Line (poetry)
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:Entering tone
3034:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3015:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2971:violeta d'aur
2968:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2932:
2931:
2922:proparoxytone
2918:
2917:
2914:perispomenon
2904:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2868:Ancient Greek
2864:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2752:pitch contour
2749:
2743:
2733:
2730:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2687:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2662:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2425:free syllable
2422:
2421:open syllable
2415:
2405:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2238:(Bella Coola)
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1929:
1928:is the coda.
1927:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1783:
1772:
1760:
1753:
1741:
1734:
1723:
1716:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1635:
1620:('fire') and
1616:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:Onset cluster
1507:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1466:
1449:
1437:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1282:moraic theory
1278:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1197:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1151:
1140:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1078:syllable rime
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1005:poetic rhymes
1002:
998:
994:
990:
980:
978:
974:
965:
956:
953:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
901:
899:
898:tree diagrams
892:
888:
883:
879:
877:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
814:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
767:
764:
756:
753:
750:
743:
740:
734:
731:
730:
725:
722:
716:
713:
712:
711:
709:
700:
695:
688:Chinese model
685:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
615:
612:
609:
605:
601:
598:
597:
595:
592:
589:
585:
581:
578:
577:
576:
571:Typical model
566:
562:
557:
551:
546:
536:
533:
525:
515:
511:
507:
501:
500:
496:
491:This section
489:
485:
480:
479:
471:
457:
448:
442:
438:
429:
424:
415:
400:
390:
383:Transcription
380:
377:
368:
363:
353:
339:
329:
328:present tense
325:
316:
311:
300:
289:
279:
269:
260:
251:
242:
237:
233:
228:
224:
221:variation of
220:
216:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:first letters
135:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:speech sounds
81:
72:
60:
56:
54:
50:
40:
33:
19:
4200:Phonotactics
4115:Vowel length
4019:Pitch accent
4014:Tone contour
3980:
3925:– via
3919:. Retrieved
3913:
3893:
3868:
3840:
3836:
3811:
3807:
3788:
3764:
3760:
3734:. Retrieved
3729:
3719:
3708:
3697:
3686:
3680:hal-00529598
3667:. Retrieved
3649:
3642:
3630:
3611:
3605:
3572:
3568:
3555:
3535:
3525:
3506:
3500:
3475:
3471:
3461:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3413:
3407:
3384:
3377:
3371:. p. 2.
3359:
3347:. Retrieved
3343:the original
3338:
3328:
3316:
3303:
3278:
3274:
3265:
3248:
3235:
3215:
3204:. Retrieved
3198:
3188:
3167:
3159:
3131:
3121:
3071:Pitch accent
3007:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2974:
2970:
2963:Floral Games
2949:
2872:accent marks
2865:
2856:
2848:
2840:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2812:
2806:one or more
2780:
2745:
2726:
2693:
2681:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2628:
2615:
2601:
2587:
2573:
2559:
2545:
2531:
2517:
2503:
2497:
2492:
2482:
2468:
2458:
2449:
2441:close vowels
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2418:
2414:Checked tone
2401:
2393:
2381:
2379:
2351:phonotactics
2348:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2268:
2253:
2244:'he arrived'
2230:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2186:apical vowel
2185:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2149:onomatopoeic
2142:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2098:
2082:
2068:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2027:
2023:
2012:
2001:
1990:
1979:
1969:
1958:
1935:
1925:
1921:
1917:, where the
1914:
1878:
1860:"eater" vs.
1840:"he asked",
1826:
1809:phonological
1806:
1777:عَبْدُ ٱللّٰ
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1649:
1639:and Maltese
1603:
1582:
1578:
1575:glottal stop
1572:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1530:is not, and
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1465:ambisyllabic
1464:
1435:
1432:
1410:nefret ettim
1393:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1359:
1352:Phonotactics
1335:
1331:
1312:poetic meter
1297:
1290:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1234:
1230:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1048:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1009:
992:
988:
986:
970:
938:sound change
929:
925:
913:
909:
905:
902:
895:
890:
886:
873:
849:
844:
823:, where the
788:
784:
774:
705:
679:
675:phonotactics
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
624:
621:
574:
564:
560:
528:
519:
504:Please help
492:
449:
440:
416:
408:/ʌndərˈstʊd/
401:
386:
379:at the end.
349:
270:
219:Anglo-Norman
214:
213:
204:polysyllabic
203:
200:polysyllable
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:monosyllabic
171:
168:monosyllable
167:
163:
158:
132:
127:
123:
119:
112:poetic metre
96:phonological
79:
77:
65:and ⟨
47:
4149:Pitch reset
4059:Tone letter
4054:Tone sandhi
3575:(1): 1–25.
3478:(1): 5–19.
3439:(1): 5–19.
3128:Local, John
2976:Leys d'amor
2905:Circumflex
2461:), whereas
2083:free vowels
2052:monophthong
1856:"written",
1844:"opinion",
1564:null onsets
1538:is not. In
1398:los hombres
942:Old English
860:rime tables
657:, the coda
641:. The term
433:/lɛ.z‿a.mi/
414:⟩).
354:before the
338:nasal infix
326:tense; the
278:verbal noun
241:Koine Greek
196:trisyllabic
192:trisyllable
4189:Categories
4138:Intonation
4110:Gemination
3713:Sloan 1988
3253:Smyth 1920
3206:2015-01-05
3195:"syllable"
3114:References
2967:troubadour
2925:paroxytone
2887:Antepenult
2851:paenultima
2765:Vietnamese
2727:Sometimes
2471:). When a
2367:gemination
2260:fricatives
2196:syllables
2101:obstruents
2075:lax vowels
2060:triphthong
1782:ʿabdu llāh
1710:יִשְׂרָאֵל
1595:epenthetic
1558:Null onset
1346:See also:
1100:syllable =
1097:structure:
779:, such as
692:See also:
474:Components
447:⟩.
445:/ˈhɒt‿dɒɡ/
399:⟩.
288:syllambánō
283:συλλαμβάνω
223:Old French
188:bisyllabic
184:bisyllable
180:disyllabic
176:disyllable
150:pictograms
92:consonants
4205:Phonology
4039:Downdrift
3921:1 January
3857:144470527
3492:0003-1283
3453:0003-1283
3295:249412330
3154:Page 254.
3081:Syllabary
3066:Phonology
2969:with the
2801:diphthong
2678:Null coda
2491:"bread" (
2481:"cream" (
2394:strengths
2336:consonant
2281:(such as
2264:sibilants
2217:Chinookan
2198:sī shī rī
2056:diphthong
1919:diphthong
1862:/maʔkuːl/
1747:אַבְרָהָם
1651:Ashkenazi
1643:← Arabic
1609:and some
1324:Old Tamil
1264:diphthong
1088:Examples
1057:and most
803:medials (
793:semivowel
584:consonant
493:does not
456:wild card
210:Etymology
18:Syllabics
4164:Loudness
4105:Chroneme
4029:Downstep
4024:Register
3981:Syllable
3867:(2001).
3843:: 1–17.
3828:29304770
3787:(1983).
3597:57564955
3107:Vocalese
3023:See also
2983:poetry:
2936:barytone
2928:oxytone
2847:"last",
2684:Hawaiian
2473:geminate
2445:Hawaiian
2402:stardust
2363:Japanese
2359:Hawaiian
2213:Wakashan
2209:Salishan
2105:sonorant
2069:In most
1952:Nucleus
1907:, as in
1905:grapheme
1889:abugidas
1858:/ʔaːkil/
1850:/kaːtib/
1838:/saʔala/
1816:such as
1752:'aḇrāhām
1715:yisra'él
1693:Abdullah
1615:Hawaiian
1404:az ember
1389:chroneme
1381:Japanese
1373:strength
1328:Sanskrit
1106:+ rhyme
1055:Japanese
1051:phonemes
1038:is just
443:⟨
431:⟨
428:les amis
347:⟩
341:⟨
215:Syllable
144:city of
142:Sumerian
114:and its
80:syllable
63:/ /
59:Help:IPA
4140:(pitch)
4130:Prosody
3773:4178744
3736:21 June
3669:21 June
3589:4179048
3349:21 June
3240:at the
3222:λαμβάνω
2981:Occitan
2946:History
2893:Ultima
2795:nucleus
2757:Chinese
2469:can-sar
2355:Swahili
2340:nucleus
2332:auslaut
2044:nucleus
1932:Nucleus
1846:/dˤawʔ/
1822:English
1818:Spanish
1804:VC(C).
1685:Abraham
1607:Maltese
1599:phoneme
1493:nucleus
1460:/hʌ.ri/
1452:/hʌr.i/
1444:/hʌ.ri/
1440:/hʌr.i/
1369:English
1293:Italian
997:nucleus
922:rhyming
920:(i.e.,
910:nucleus
789:initial
781:Chinese
742:Nucleus
715:Initial
627:nucleus
602:(ν): A
600:Nucleus
582:(ω): A
514:removed
499:sources
441:hot dog
423:liaison
387:In the
333:λαμβάν-
310:lambánō
305:λαμβάνω
273:συλλαβή
265:συλλαβή
250:syllabḗ
245:συλλαβή
239:, from
236:syllaba
230:, from
227:sillabe
182:; also
161:English
108:prosody
51:in the
4159:Rhythm
4154:Stress
4097:Length
4087:Accent
4069:Stress
4034:Upstep
3973:Timing
3900:
3881:
3855:
3826:
3795:
3771:
3678:
3660:
3618:
3595:
3587:
3543:
3513:
3490:
3451:
3395:
3293:
3176:
3146:
2919:Acute
2902:accent
2890:Penult
2843:ultima
2837:penult
2833:ultima
2771:Accent
2703:Stress
2663:, ν =
2654:, ν =
2652:though
2645:, ν =
2636:, ν =
2622:, κ =
2618:: ν =
2610:/lfθs/
2608:, κ =
2604:: ν =
2596:/ksθs/
2594:, κ =
2590:: ν =
2580:, κ =
2576:: ν =
2566:, κ =
2562:: ν =
2552:, κ =
2548:: ν =
2538:, κ =
2534:: ν =
2524:, κ =
2520:: ν =
2510:, κ =
2506:: ν =
2483:pan-na
2464:cansar
2459:ca-sar
2295:Miyako
2287:Temiar
2236:Nuxálk
2202:church
2194:pinyin
2161:potato
1897:Hangul
1885:abjads
1842:/raʔj/
1833:Arabic
1829:German
1788:عِرَاق
1785:, and
1695:, and
1677:Israel
1634:Arabic
1626:/kahi/
1583:button
1489:anlaut
1469:/hʌṛi/
1387:and a
1377:angsts
1354:, and
1308:Arabic
1300:stress
1221:Weight
1111:CVC*:
1036:fiddle
1032:bottle
1026:, and
977:Ojibwe
801:liquid
795:, but
785:medial
733:Medial
694:Fanqie
367:suffix
365:and a
324:aorist
217:is an
120:ignite
116:stress
110:, its
104:rhythm
67:
4174:Pausa
3853:S2CID
3824:S2CID
3769:JSTOR
3654:(PDF)
3593:S2CID
3585:JSTOR
3565:(PDF)
3389:(PDF)
3369:(PDF)
3291:S2CID
2815:morae
2808:codas
2783:Latin
2748:pitch
2624:/ŋθs/
2616:ngths
2602:lfths
2582:/fθs/
2568:/nts/
2493:pa-ne
2478:panna
2454:casar
2390:/str/
2314:Semai
2283:Semai
2165:today
2140:'
2138:lock
2124:rhyth
2058:, or
1949:Word
1870:Hamza
1854:tuːb/
1793:ʿirāq
1771:ʿumar
1766:عُمَر
1733:heḇel
1728:הֶבֶל
1641:/k~ʔ/
1622:/ʔahi
1618:/ahi/
1579:uh-oh
1540:Greek
1504:onset
1497:empty
1485:onset
1479:Onset
1436:hurry
1304:Latin
1173:VC*:
1103:onset
1082:rhyme
1070:rhyme
1012:vowel
993:rhyme
952:wordu
946:scipu
918:verse
845:final
841:/jwi/
749:vowel
724:Final
639:shell
631:onset
604:vowel
580:Onset
330:stem
276:is a
232:Latin
202:(and
194:(and
178:(and
100:words
88:vowel
55:(IPA)
4006:Tone
3986:Mora
3927:CCEL
3923:2014
3898:ISBN
3879:ISBN
3793:ISBN
3738:2022
3671:2022
3658:ISBN
3616:ISBN
3541:ISBN
3511:ISBN
3488:ISSN
3449:ISSN
3393:ISBN
3351:2022
3322:mora
3309:foot
3174:ISBN
3144:ISBN
2933:Any
2898:Type
2761:Thai
2736:Tone
2715:Stød
2708:Tone
2665:/ɔɪ/
2656:/oʊ/
2647:/aɪ/
2638:/uː/
2634:glue
2614:stre
2588:xths
2574:fths
2554:/lk/
2536:/ɔː/
2488:pane
2439:and
2437:open
2398:/st/
2382:help
2357:and
2349:The
2344:rime
2328:coda
2326:The
2322:Coda
2297:, a
2291:Khmu
2223:and
2215:and
2163:and
2157:psst
2136:and
2131:butt
2109:bott
2048:peak
2042:The
2036:or
2032:or
2004:te
1982:de
1915:yeok
1887:and
1876:)).
1697:Iraq
1689:Omar
1681:Abel
1669:and
1653:and
1624:/ ←
1546:and
1522:and
1502:zero
1483:The
1326:and
1306:and
1235:pond
1231:pout
1192:) =
1138:) =
1074:rime
1068:and
1066:Rime
1042:, a
1034:and
1028:flat
1016:/æt/
1001:coda
989:rime
987:The
983:Rime
975:and
973:Cree
959:Body
949:and
928:and
914:coda
906:rime
891:sing
889:and
858:and
839:and
837:/jw/
833:/ji/
829:/rj/
819:and
766:Tone
755:Coda
747:: A
643:rime
635:coda
625:The
614:Coda
594:Rime
565:sing
563:and
497:any
495:cite
319:λαβ-
315:root
186:and
128:nite
126:and
3845:doi
3816:doi
3676:HAL
3577:doi
3480:doi
3441:doi
3283:doi
3136:doi
2866:In
2763:or
2750:or
2661:boy
2643:pie
2620:/ɛ/
2606:/ɛ/
2600:twe
2592:/ɪ/
2578:/ɪ/
2564:/ɪ/
2560:nts
2550:/ɪ/
2540:/l/
2526:/p/
2522:/ʌ/
2512:/n/
2508:/ɪ/
2495:).
2431:or
2423:or
2400:in
2392:in
2375:/h/
2277:),
2262:or
2153:shh
2145:key
2015:n
1993:t
1972:d
1961:t
1922:yeo
1763:in
1744:in
1707:in
1645:/q/
1637:/h/
1630:/∅/
1591:/ʔ/
1589:as
1587:IPA
1548:tl-
1544:ks-
1536:ks-
1532:sk-
1528:tl-
1524:tr-
1520:pl-
1516:pr-
1499:or
1456:/r/
1442:or
1385:/ɴ/
1338:).
1334:or
1280:In
1210:)(C
1206:)(C
1198:+ V
1188:)(C
1184:)(C
1164:)(C
1160:)(C
1152:+ V
1134:)(C
1130:)(C
1040:/l/
1024:sat
991:or
940:in
930:bat
926:cat
887:cat
825:/i/
821:/j/
817:/i/
809:/l/
805:/r/
671:CVC
647:cat
606:or
586:or
561:cat
508:by
376:-an
371:-αν
299:sýn
294:σύν
262:).
164:dog
156:".
4191::
3851:.
3841:10
3839:.
3822:.
3810:.
3783:;
3765:22
3763:.
3728:.
3591:.
3583:.
3573:30
3571:.
3567:.
3486:.
3476:40
3474:.
3470:.
3447:.
3437:40
3435:.
3431:.
3337:.
3289:.
3279:19
3277:.
3234:;
3230:;
3226:.
3197:.
3142:.
2939:—
2900:of
2828:.
2817:.
2799:a
2759:,
2674:.
2586:si
2572:fi
2558:ti
2546:lk
2544:mi
2532:ll
2530:ta
2516:cu
2301:.
2289:,
2285:,
2211:,
2133:on
2129:,
2120:ch
2118:ur
2116:ch
2114:,
2111:le
2073:,
2066:.
2054:,
2030:n
2026:tt
2013:ai
1991:ee
1774:,
1691:,
1687:,
1683:,
1679:,
1663:,
1647:.
1632:←
1568:at
1518:,
1475:.
1350:,
1322:,
1318:,
1246:A
1214:)
1202:(V
1195:∅
1180:(V
1168:)
1156:(V
1149:)
1145:(C
1126:(V
1122:)V
1118:(C
1046:.
1022:,
1020:at
847:.
835:,
831:,
684:.
677:.
663:at
146:Ur
130:.
124:ig
78:A
3959:e
3952:t
3945:v
3929:.
3906:.
3887:.
3859:.
3847::
3830:.
3818::
3812:7
3801:.
3775:.
3740:.
3673:.
3624:.
3599:.
3579::
3549:.
3519:.
3494:.
3482::
3455:.
3443::
3401:.
3353:.
3297:.
3285::
3258:ν
3209:.
3182:.
3152:.
3138::
2908:—
2518:p
2504:n
2502:i
2416:.
2143:n
2126:m
2028:e
2024:i
2022:b
2011:r
2002:i
2000:b
1989:b
1980:o
1970:e
1968:b
1959:a
1957:c
1926:k
1910:역
1874:ء
1872:(
1761:/
1759:ʕ
1757:/
1742:/
1740:ʔ
1738:/
1724:/
1722:h
1720:/
1705:/
1703:j
1701:/
1672:ע
1666:ה
1660:א
1212:4
1208:3
1204:2
1200:1
1190:4
1186:3
1182:2
1178:1
1176:V
1166:4
1162:3
1158:2
1154:1
1147:2
1143:1
1141:C
1136:4
1132:3
1128:2
1124:1
1120:2
1116:1
1114:C
912:+
659:t
655:c
651:a
535:)
529:(
524:)
520:(
516:.
502:.
419:‿
404:ˈ
393:.
362:b
357:β
344:μ
253:(
73:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
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