338:
176:
92:
287:
237:
327:
224:-shaped chambers, in which gunpowder and projectile had been filled in advance. The chamber was then put in place, blocked with a wedge, and then fired. As the loading was made in advance and separately, breech-loading swivel guns were quick-firing guns for their time. An early description of a swivel gun puts the weight of the gun at 118 kilograms (260 lb), equipped with three chambers for rotations, each 18 kilograms (40 lb) in weight, and firing a 280 grams (9.9 oz)
633:). Breech-loading swivel guns had a breech shaped like a beer mug, which the gunner would take by the handle and insert into the body of the swivel gun with the breech's opening facing forwards. The gunpowder and projectiles were loaded into the breech before it was inserted into the gun. If a number of breeches were prepared beforehand, the gunner could maintain a high rate of fire for a brief period simply by swapping out the used breech and replacing it with a freshly loaded one.
257:
642:
371:) in c. 1410, while England has a picture of port-pieces of 1417, although the picture itself was made c. 1485. The Ottomans used the prangi from the mid-15th century onwards in field battles, aboard their ships, and in their forts, where prangis often comprised the majority of the ordnance. These weapons would spread eastward to Indian ocean, eventually reaching Southeast Asia in c. 1460 AD.
36:
658:, serving as short-range anti-personnel ordnance. They were not ship-sinking weapons, due to their small caliber and short range, but could do considerable damage to anyone caught in their line of fire. They were especially useful against deck-to-deck boarders, against approaching longboats bearing boarding parties, and against deck gun crews when ships were hull to hull.
662:
bolted to that structure along either side, which provided the gunner with a reasonably steady platform from which to fire. Their portability enabled them to be installed wherever they were most needed; whereas larger cannon were useless if they were on the wrong side of the ship, swivel guns could be carried across the deck to face the enemy.
729:
The
Chinese knew breech-loading swivel guns since at least 1507, when it was brought to Fujian by a man named Wei Sheng and used in quelling a pirate incident in 1507. Needham noted that breech-loading guns were already familiar in Southern China in 1510, as a rebellion in Huang Kuan was destroyed by
661:
Due to their relatively small size, swivel guns were highly portable and could be moved around the deck of a ship quite easily (and certainly much more easily than other types of cannon). They could be mounted on vertical timbers (pillars) which were either part of the ship's structure or were firmly
302:
Around 1500, Europeans learnt how to cast iron, and shifted their cannon productions to one-piece iron muzzleloaders. China started to adopt
European swivel guns from 1500 onward, limiting at the same time the production of their own muzzleloaders, because of the high effectiveness of the swivel gun
187:
is often considered a modern innovation which facilitated the loading of cannons, breech-loading swivel guns were invented in the 14th century, and used worldwide from the 16th century onward by numerous countries, many of them non-European. They have been called by many names, sometimes "Murderer",
495:
In the later portions of the Ming dynasty (mid 16th century onward) it appears that these type of guns were the most common and numerous type of artillery used by the Ming forces. a great deal of variation of such cannons were produced, and it appeared in pretty much all of the conflicts of this
446:
cannons, the most important magic instrument of foreign people". He mentioned the cannons some 60 or 70 years prior to the first reference about
Portuguese. It was impossible for the Chinese to get hold of the Portuguese cannons prior to their arrival. Pelliot viewed that the
725:
from the mid-15th century onwards in field battles, aboard their ships, and in their forts, where prangis often comprised the majority of the ordnance. These weapons would spread eastward to Indian ocean, eventually reaching
Southeast Asia in c. 1460 AD.
228:
shot. The guns had a disadvantage: they leaked and lost power around the chambers, but this was compensated by the high rate of fire as multiple chambers could be prepared in advance. A swivel gun could fire either cannonballs against obstacles, or
148:(alternative spellings include "paterero" and "pederero"). The name was taken from the Spanish name for the gun, pedrero, a combination of the word piedra (stone) and the suffix -ero (-er), because stone was the first type of ammunition fired.
451:
gun reached China before
Portuguese did, possibly by anonymous carriers from Malaya. Needham noted that breech-loading guns were already familiar in Southern China in 1510, as a rebellion in Huang Kuan was destroyed by more than 100
386:" by the Chinese. A shipwreck in 1523 apparently brought the gun to China, but the transmission may have occurred earlier. Views diverge on whether the origin of the cannon is Portuguese or Turkish. There was a confusion whether
665:
The small size of swivel guns enabled them to be used by a wide variety of vessels, including those too small to accommodate larger cannons, and also permitted their use on land; they were commonly issued to forts in
216:
cannon) in
Chinese; "Bulang-kipo" ("불랑기포") in Korean; "Furanki" (仏郎機砲, "Frankish gun") or 子砲 ("Child cannon") in Japanese; and "Bedil" or "bḍil" (ꦧꦣꦶꦭ) in Javanese. Some of them were used until the 20th century.
1412:
While howitzers could fire grenades, this practice was extremely dangerous as the gun could easily explode. Howitzers of this size were more often used like a big shotgun, firing canister or grape shot.
283:
bars hammered together and held with hoops like barrels. With this method, a one-piece design was very difficult, and a fragmental structure, with separated chamber and barrel, was then selected.
378:
in 1522, after defeating the
Portuguese in battle, the Chinese captured Portuguese breech-loading swivel guns and then reverse engineered them, calling them "Folangji" or "Fo-lang-chi" (佛郎機 –
188:"Base", "Sling", "Port-Piece", "Serpentine", "Culverin", "Pierrier", "Stock Fowler", and "Patterero" in English; "Pierrier à boîte" in French; "Berço" in Portuguese; "Verso" in Spanish; "
414:(Frankish or Portuguese) is unrelated. The Ottoman prangi guns may have reached Indian ocean before either Ottoman or Portuguese ships did. They may also reach China through the
544:
in 1904. In early 20th century, Chinese junks were armed with old-fashioned swivel guns, both muzzleloader and breechloader. The breech-loading guns were called "breech loading
1174:
HISTORY AND DESCRIPTIVE GUIDE OF THE U.S. NAVY YARD, WASHINGTON COMPILED BY F. E. Farnham and J. Mundell. WASHINGTON, D.C.: GIBSON BROS, PRINTERS AND BOOKBINDERS. 1894 p.19
674:
took one with them on their famous expedition into the
American interior in 1804. Swivel guns also had peaceful uses. They were used for signalling purposes and for firing
586:
Swivel guns are among the smallest types of cannon, typically measuring less than 1 m (3.3 ft) in length and with a bore diameter of up to 3.8 cm (
279:
cannons, as bronze was many times more expensive than iron. As cast iron was not yet technologically feasible for the
Europeans, the only possibility was to use
500:. Until the introduction of heavy Dutch cannons in the early 17th century, there were even attempts by the Ming to make large heavy versions of such guns.
1189:
1638:
337:
1864:
310:
Usage of breech-loading swivel guns continued in Europe however, with, as early as the 17th century, characteristics very similar to the modern
111:
mounted on a swiveling stand or fork which allows a very wide arc of movement. Another type of firearm referred to as a swivel gun was an early
271:
During the Middle Ages, breech-loading swivel guns were developed by the
Europeans also partly as a cheaper alternative to the very expensive
151:
It had a high rate of fire, as several chambers could be prepared in advance and quickly fired in succession and was especially effective in
1175:
735:
785:
The Expedition to Borneo of H.M.S. Dido for the Suppression of Piracy: With Extracts from the Journal of James Brooke, Esq. of Sarawak
333:
breech-loading swivel gun (Cetbang). Length: 1833 mm. Bore: 43 mm. Length of tiller: 315 mm. Widest part: 190 mm (at the base ring).
1604:
1066:
463:
seems to have been the first recipient of the guns, possibly as early as 1551. In 1561 the Portuguese, allied with Otomo in the
2011:
1948:
1429:
Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic
890:
Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic
2016:
1348:
1237:
982:
865:
374:
In China and Japan, breech-loading swivel guns were brought after China defeated the Portuguese in the 16th century. At the
1338:
2218:
534:
there, and continued to be in use as a preferred anti-personnel weapon as late as the 20th century. The Americans fought
548:" by Cardwell, they were 8 feet (2.4 m) long with 1–2 inches (2.54–5.08 cm) bore. These guns were fired using
738:, Korean naval forces used swivel guns and larger cannon to great effect in interdicting the invading Japanese forces.
1563:
1548:
1528:
1503:
1470:
1450:
1321:
1010:
949:
810:
456:. It may even be earlier, brought to Fujian by a man named Wei Sheng and used in quelling a pirate incident in 1507.
78:
1859:
800:
2376:
783:
1628:
1597:
904:
629:
291:
60:
17:
1400:
1846:
1067:"L'Artillerie legere nousantarienne: A propos de six canons conserves dans des collections portugaises"
1463:
Lewis & Clark Tailor Made, Trail Worn: Army Life, Clothing & Weapons of the Corps of Discovery
1963:
624:
134:
51:
905:
Military antiquities respecting a history of the English army, from the conquest to the present time
2402:
1711:
1378:
2381:
2198:
1590:
1025:
718:
118:
with two barrels that rotated along their axes to allow the shooter to switch between either the
471:
in 1587, Ōtomo Sōrin used two swivel guns obtained from the Portuguese. The guns were nicknamed
1746:
1643:
390:
was supposed to be the name of a people (the Portuguese) or name of a weapon. In fact the word
175:
1227:
1146:
1036:
837:
212:"Farangi"), "Folangji chong" (佛郎机铳, Prangi or Farangi gun), "Fo-lang-chi p'ao" (佛朗机炮 or 佛朗機砲,
2046:
1617:
1160:
919:
613:
91:
1577:
627:
as early as the 1410, making them among the first such examples of this type of weapon (see
1691:
1633:
1252:
Di Cosmo, Nicola. “Did Guns Matter? Firearms and the Qing Formation.” In Lynn Struve, ed.,
286:
193:
8:
2099:
2051:
1851:
536:
236:
975:
The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History
468:
326:
2267:
1914:
1831:
1089:
375:
1203:, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Budapest: Research Center for the Humanities, 89–104.
2256:
2161:
2001:
1953:
1884:
1789:
1771:
1582:
1544:
1524:
1499:
1466:
1446:
1344:
1317:
1233:
1093:
1006:
978:
945:
861:
806:
608:. They were aimed through the use of a wooden handle, somewhat similar in shape to a
213:
209:
197:
46:
705:
Swivel guns were extensively used by the kingdoms and empires of Asia, particularly
2277:
2120:
2115:
2061:
1841:
1821:
1741:
1686:
1294:
1081:
647:
460:
249:
241:
205:
363:
Breech-loading guns were used by Burgundians as early as 1364. The Portuguese had
240:
A Japanese breech-loading swivel gun of the time of the 16th century, obtained by
2412:
2407:
2241:
2193:
2128:
1681:
1567:
671:
600: in). They can fire a variety of ammunition but were generally used to fire
553:
516:
427:
179:
Breech-loading swivel gun with mug-shaped chamber, and wedge to hold it in place.
115:
220:
Swivel guns were developed and used from 1364 onward. The guns were loaded with
2363:
2325:
1904:
1836:
1560:
1212:
Averoes, Muhammad (2020). Antara Cerita dan Sejarah: Meriam Cetbang Majapahit.
706:
549:
523:
438:". In volume 30 about "The Red-Haired Foreigners" he wrote "After the reign of
399:
304:
276:
184:
152:
574:
towards the end of the 19th century, and used in colonial theaters such as in
307:
gun, which to them was more interesting than the sheer power of a cannonball.
2396:
2353:
2305:
2041:
2031:
1924:
1879:
1781:
1736:
1716:
1285:
Pelliot, Paul (1948). "Le Ḫōj̆a et le Sayyid Ḥusain de l'Histoire des Ming".
1266:
de Abreu, António Graça (1991). "The Chinese, Gunpowder and the Portuguese".
970:
757:
675:
667:
571:
464:
341:
1298:
1085:
2310:
2285:
2235:
2176:
2148:
2094:
1909:
1799:
1671:
655:
620:
609:
563:, in particular the bronze breechloader with 2 inches (5.08 cm) bore.
315:
280:
261:
138:
1572:
356:
Breech-loading swivel guns were used to advantage at the bow and stern on
2348:
2340:
2143:
2138:
2133:
1996:
1958:
1751:
1706:
1701:
1676:
1481:
Averoes, M. (2020). Antara Cerita dan Sejarah: Meriam Cetbang Majapahit.
691:
541:
512:
330:
311:
1314:
Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor
1201:Şerefe. Studies in Honour of Prof. Géza Dávid on His Seventieth Birthday
854:
Your Noblest Shippe: Anatomy of a Tudor Warship. The Archaeology of the
526:
as early as the 16th century, apparently even before the arrival of the
2251:
2213:
2204:
2089:
2066:
2026:
2006:
1889:
1826:
1776:
1726:
1696:
747:
605:
575:
467:, bombarded rival Japanese position, possibly with swivel guns. In the
349:
252:. Caliber: 95 mm (3.7 in), length: 2.88 m (9.4 ft).
123:
379:
2358:
2330:
2315:
2300:
2295:
2261:
2084:
2056:
2021:
1986:
1976:
1935:
1899:
1766:
1731:
1721:
1666:
1368:. Edgar Bragg & Sons Pty. Ltd., printers 4-6 Baker Street Sydney.
695:
601:
560:
556:
497:
439:
423:
415:
256:
230:
130:
112:
570:
breech-loading swivel guns are known which were manufactured by the
2320:
2153:
1991:
1943:
1919:
1761:
1756:
1661:
1653:
752:
699:
545:
527:
411:
383:
357:
641:
133:, which were far larger weapons mounted on a horizontal pivot, or
2290:
2246:
2223:
2184:
2172:
2036:
1981:
1813:
1794:
1613:
761:
687:
683:
679:
119:
2229:
2071:
1971:
1894:
1874:
1869:
1809:
722:
567:
508:
394:
represent 2 different words with different etymology. The term
345:
295:
272:
264:
201:
189:
164:
156:
108:
1340:
The Defences of Macau: Forts, Ships and Weapons over 450 years
1256:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2004, 121–66.
1051:
1049:
1047:
908:. London: T. Egerton Whitehall & G. Kearsley. p. 402-403.
714:
710:
531:
407:
1541:
Giving up the Gun, Japan's reversion to the Sword, 1543-1879
1044:
504:
225:
160:
434:
cannons, the country of which was called in the old times
522:
Breech-loading swivel guns were also used extensively in
519:
by Algerian rebels in their resistance to French forces.
245:
221:
1199:. In Pál Fodor, Nándor E. Kovács and Benedek Péri eds.,
507:, such a gun was found in the possession of the Raja of
196:" (lit. "chamber snake", properly means "breech-loading
1612:
645:
A swivel gun mounted on the American topsail schooner
860:. The Mary Rose Trust, Portsmouth. pp. 297–344.
1197:: The Ottomans and the Diffusion of Firearms in Asia
1142:
1140:
1138:
552:mechanism. Dyer c. 1930 noted the use of cannon by
1366:Unarmed Combat: An Australian Missionary Adventure
1119:
1117:
1115:
851:
824:
822:
682:, where bow-mounted swivel guns were used to fire
27:Small cannon mounted on swivel for ease in aiming
2394:
1890:Meylin M1719 Pennsylvania-Kentucky rifled musket
1498:, p. 174-175. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
1135:
1105:
1103:
918:Spanish Galleon 1530-1690 by Angus Konstam p.15
852:Alexzandra Hildred (2009). Peter Marsden (ed.).
540:equipped with breech-loading swivel guns in the
398:as a weapon is related to the prangi carried in
1925:Xun Lei Chong spear five barrel revolver musket
1112:
819:
734:. Korea followed suit by the 1560s. During the
483:
788:. Chapman and Hall. pp. 36, 47, 226, 265.
477:
1598:
1100:
802:Swivel-Guns - Breechloaders and Muzzleloaders
1445:, p. 143. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
1254:The Qing Formation in World- Historical Time
1422:
1420:
965:
963:
961:
244:. This gun is thought to have been cast in
1605:
1591:
1518:
1229:Weapon: A Visual History of Arms and Armor
1184:
1182:
503:Other countries also used swivel guns. In
382:) guns, since the Portuguese were called "
95:Three examples of 18th-century swivel guns
654:Swivel guns were used principally aboard
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
1431:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1417:
1265:
958:
892:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
640:
360:, but were also used in fortifications.
348:breech-loading swivel gun, brought from
336:
325:
285:
255:
235:
174:
129:Swivel guns should not be confused with
90:
1426:
1336:
1284:
1179:
1064:
1000:
969:
887:
798:
736:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
515:. Numerous such guns were also used in
14:
2395:
2012:Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages
1949:Artillery of France in the Middle Ages
1782:San Yan Chong three barrel hand cannon
1219:
996:
994:
845:
781:
426:, it is said that "After the reign of
290:Breech-loading swivel cannon, left by
2017:Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty
1586:
1410:– via USS Constitution Museum.
1162:Tudor Warships (1): Henry VIII's Navy
939:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
1363:
883:
881:
879:
877:
155:roles. It was used for centuries in
29:
1852:Girardoni M1780 repeating air rifle
1561:Swivel Guns and Swivel Gun Harpoons
1311:
991:
24:
1496:Firearms: A Global History to 1700
1465:, p. 263. Farcountry Press, 2003.
1443:Firearms: A Global History to 1700
1337:Garrett, Richard J. (2010-03-01).
1305:
1225:
1148:Firearms: a global history to 1700
1058:
1038:Samurai - The World of the Warrior
1003:Southeast Asian Warfare, 1300-1900
942:Firearms: A Global History to 1700
924:
839:Samurai - The World of the Warrior
430:(1445–1505), China started having
25:
2424:
1554:
874:
352:to France in 1898. Length 230 cm.
1232:. DK Publishing. pp. 100–.
799:Gallwey, Ralph P. (2013-04-26).
581:
34:
1573:Lewis and Clark's swivel cannon
1512:
1488:
1475:
1455:
1435:
1393:
1384:
1372:
1357:
1330:
1278:
1259:
1246:
1206:
1168:
1154:
1126:
1030:
1019:
690:, where swivel guns mounted on
636:
2377:Category:Early modern firearms
1885:Kalthoff M1630 repeating rifle
1856:Hartingk M1670 repeating rifle
1343:. Hong Kong University Press.
977:. Princeton University Press.
944:. Cambridge University Press.
911:
896:
831:
792:
775:
442:(1436–1449) China got hold of
420:History of the reign of Wan Li
144:An older term for the type is
13:
1:
1842:Cookson M1750 repeating rifle
1822:Belton M1777 repeating musket
1150:by Kenneth Warren Chase p.143
1065:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1976).
768:
694:were used to shoot flocks of
1968:Byzantine fire tube (cannon)
511:, and is now located in the
7:
2109:Medieval large calibre guns
1757:Nock M1779 seven barrel gun
1727:Huo Qiang lance hand cannon
741:
484:
54:. The specific problem is:
10:
2429:
1847:M1696 French common musket
1521:The Sloop of War 1650-1763
782:Keppel, Sir Henry (1847).
625:breech-loading swivel guns
410:. The word folangji as an
170:
2372:
2339:
2276:
2190:Byzantine rocket launcher
2170:
2108:
1964:Breech-loading swivel gun
1933:
1808:
1777:Puckle Μ1717 revolver gun
1652:
1624:
1001:Charney, Michael (2004).
678:, and also found uses in
670:in the 18th century, and
478:
141:with a segmented barrel.
1800:Tu Huo Qiang hand cannon
1747:Meriam kecil hand cannon
1712:Heilongjiang hand cannon
1672:Bedil tumbak hand cannon
1543:David R. Godine, Boston
1519:McLaughlin, Ian (2014).
1427:Needham, Joseph (1986).
1195:Zarbzan, and Rum Dasturi
1055:Musée de l'Armée, Paris.
888:Needham, Joseph (1986).
721:. The Ottomans used the
485:"Destroyer of Provinces"
267:cannon with open breech.
2382:Category:Early firearms
2199:Fierce-fire Oil Cabinet
1578:Swivel Guns or Paterero
1390:McLaughlin 2014, p. 280
1299:10.1163/156853297X00509
1188:Agoston, Gabor (2019).
1086:10.3406/arasi.1976.1103
1040:Stephen Turnbull p. 106
940:Chase, Kenneth (2003).
902:Grose, Francis (1801).
841:Stephen Turnbull p. 105
1786:Shou Chong hand cannon
1644:History of the firearm
1312:Ooi, Keat Gin (2004).
651:
623:, but there were some
619:Most swivel guns were
353:
334:
321:
299:
268:
253:
180:
96:
2232:rocket arrow launcher
2226:rocket arrow launcher
2210:Fire crow rocket bomb
1837:Che Dian Chong musket
1722:Huo Chong hand cannon
1226:DK (2 October 2006).
644:
340:
329:
289:
259:
239:
178:
94:
2219:Hale rocket launcher
1910:Spanish M1752 musket
1790:Tanegashima arquebus
1692:English horse pistol
1634:History of gunpowder
1364:Dyer, A. J. (1930).
496:time, including the
61:improve this article
50:to meet Knowledge's
2238:(Chinese petroleum)
2129:Dardanelles bombard
2100:Wuwei Bronze Cannon
2052:Obusier de vaisseau
1132:Turnbull p. 105-106
2268:Thunder crash bomb
1915:Springfield musket
1832:Charleville musket
1732:Istinggar arquebus
1566:2013-12-12 at the
1539:Perrin, Noel 1979
1301:– via JSTOR.
1164:Angus Konstam p.34
764:, Malay swivel gun
652:
612:, attached to the
604:and small caliber
376:Battle of Xicaowan
354:
335:
300:
269:
254:
181:
97:
2390:
2389:
2278:Firing mechanisms
2257:Petroleum naphtha
2162:Pumhart von Steyr
2125:Byzantine bombard
2027:Hu Dun Pao cannon
1827:Brown Bess musket
1485:, 3(2), 89 - 100.
1401:"Swivel Howitzer"
1350:978-988-8028-49-8
1268:Review of Culture
1239:978-0-7566-4219-8
1216:, 3(2), 89 - 100.
984:978-0-691-13597-7
867:978-0-9544029-2-1
344:30 mm 1890 steel
292:Gustavus Adolphus
89:
88:
81:
52:quality standards
43:This article may
16:(Redirected from
2420:
2062:Pierrier a boite
1795:Toradar arquebus
1742:Jiaozhi arquebus
1667:Bajozutsu pistol
1607:
1600:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1534:
1506:
1492:
1486:
1479:
1473:
1461:Michael Haynes,
1459:
1453:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1382:
1379:Musée de l'Armée
1376:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1263:
1257:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1223:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1186:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1158:
1152:
1144:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1110:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1071:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1042:
1034:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1016:
998:
989:
988:
967:
956:
955:
937:
922:
915:
909:
900:
894:
893:
885:
872:
871:
849:
843:
835:
829:
828:Turnbull, p. 105
826:
817:
816:
796:
790:
789:
779:
599:
598:
594:
591:
491:
490:
487:
481:
480:
469:Battle of Takajō
250:Portuguese India
233:against troops.
84:
77:
73:
70:
64:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2403:Naval artillery
2393:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2368:
2335:
2272:
2242:Mysorean rocket
2194:Congreve rocket
2166:
2104:
1929:
1804:
1682:Combination gun
1648:
1620:
1618:thermal weapons
1611:
1568:Wayback Machine
1557:
1531:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1494:Kenneth Chase,
1493:
1489:
1480:
1476:
1460:
1456:
1441:Kenneth Chase,
1440:
1436:
1425:
1418:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1310:
1306:
1283:
1279:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1224:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:Turnbull p. 106
1122:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1074:Arts Asiatiques
1069:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1045:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1020:
1013:
999:
992:
985:
968:
959:
952:
938:
925:
916:
912:
901:
897:
886:
875:
868:
850:
846:
836:
832:
827:
820:
813:
797:
793:
780:
776:
771:
744:
672:Lewis and Clark
639:
616:of the weapon.
596:
592:
589:
587:
584:
517:Northern Africa
488:
475:
324:
200:") in German; "
192:" in Turkish; "
173:
116:combination gun
85:
74:
68:
65:
58:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2426:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2364:Wujing Zongyao
2361:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2326:Snap matchlock
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2207:(rocket arrow)
2202:
2201:(flamethrower)
2196:
2191:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1905:Potzdam musket
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1865:Jazayer musket
1862:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1639:Historiography
1636:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1614:Early firearms
1610:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1556:
1555:External links
1553:
1552:
1551:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1487:
1483:Jurnal Sejarah
1474:
1454:
1434:
1416:
1392:
1383:
1371:
1356:
1349:
1329:
1322:
1304:
1277:
1258:
1245:
1238:
1218:
1214:Jurnal Sejarah
1205:
1178:
1167:
1153:
1134:
1125:
1111:
1099:
1057:
1043:
1029:
1018:
1011:
990:
983:
971:Andrade, Tonio
957:
950:
923:
910:
895:
873:
866:
844:
830:
818:
811:
805:. Read Books.
791:
773:
772:
770:
767:
766:
765:
755:
750:
743:
740:
730:more than 100
638:
635:
583:
580:
550:percussion cap
524:Southeast Asia
323:
320:
305:anti-personnel
277:muzzle-loading
194:Kammerschlange
185:breech-loading
172:
169:
153:anti-personnel
137:, which are a
87:
86:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2425:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2354:Jixiao Xinshu
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:Miquelet lock
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2158:Orban bombard
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:Korean cannon
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:Kabyle musket
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1870:Jezail musket
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1737:Java arquebus
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1717:Howdah pistol
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1550:
1549:0-87923-773-2
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1530:9781848321878
1526:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1505:
1504:0-521-82274-2
1501:
1497:
1491:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1471:1-56037-238-9
1468:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1451:0-521-82274-2
1448:
1444:
1438:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1413:
1402:
1396:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1367:
1360:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1323:9781576077702
1319:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1249:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1129:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1109:Perrin, p. 29
1106:
1104:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1014:
1012:9789047406921
1008:
1004:
997:
995:
986:
980:
976:
972:
966:
964:
962:
953:
951:9780521822749
947:
943:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
921:
920:
914:
907:
906:
899:
891:
884:
882:
880:
878:
869:
863:
859:
855:
848:
842:
840:
834:
825:
823:
814:
812:9781473383746
808:
804:
803:
795:
787:
786:
778:
774:
763:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
739:
737:
733:
727:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:North America
663:
659:
657:
656:sailing ships
650:
649:
643:
634:
632:
631:
626:
622:
621:muzzleloaders
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
582:Configuration
579:
577:
573:
572:United States
569:
564:
562:
558:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
493:
486:
474:
470:
466:
465:Siege of Moji
462:
457:
455:
450:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
361:
359:
351:
347:
343:
342:United States
339:
332:
328:
319:
317:
313:
308:
306:
297:
293:
288:
284:
282:
278:
274:
266:
263:
258:
251:
247:
243:
238:
234:
232:
227:
223:
218:
215:
211:
207:
204:" (佛郎机, from
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
177:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:) is a small
106:
102:
93:
83:
80:
72:
62:
57:
53:
49:
48:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2311:Muzzleloader
2286:Breechloader
2264:rocket arrow
2236:Meng Huo You
2187:rocket arrow
2177:incendiaries
2149:Grose Bochse
2095:Wankou Chong
2076:
1540:
1523:. Seaforth.
1520:
1513:Bibliography
1495:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1462:
1457:
1442:
1437:
1428:
1411:
1405:. Retrieved
1403:. 2021-06-02
1395:
1386:
1374:
1365:
1359:
1339:
1332:
1316:. ABC-CLIO.
1313:
1307:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1253:
1248:
1228:
1221:
1213:
1208:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1170:
1161:
1156:
1147:
1128:
1077:
1073:
1060:
1037:
1032:
1021:
1002:
974:
941:
917:
913:
903:
898:
889:
857:
853:
847:
838:
833:
801:
794:
784:
777:
731:
728:
704:
664:
660:
653:
646:
637:Applications
628:
618:
610:baseball bat
585:
565:
559:in Northern
535:
521:
502:
494:
472:
458:
453:
448:
443:
435:
431:
422:(萬厲野獲編), by
419:
403:
402:galleys and
395:
391:
387:
373:
368:
364:
362:
355:
316:mitrailleuse
309:
301:
281:wrought iron
270:
219:
208:"Prangi" or
182:
150:
145:
143:
139:mountain gun
128:
104:
100:
98:
75:
66:
59:Please help
56:link sprawl.
55:
44:
2349:Huolongjing
2341:Literatures
2144:Faule Mette
2139:Faule Grete
2134:Dulle Griet
1997:Ekor lotong
1959:Baton a feu
1860:Jäger rifle
1752:Muff pistol
1707:Hand mortar
1702:Hand cannon
1677:Blunderbuss
1080:: 233–268.
542:Philippines
513:Bali Museum
473:Kunikuzushi
461:Ōtomo Sōrin
331:Bali Museum
312:machine-gun
242:Ōtomo Sōrin
103:(or simply
63:if you can.
18:Swivel guns
2397:Categories
2252:Pen Huo Qi
2214:Greek fire
2205:Fire arrow
2090:Xanadu Gun
2077:Swivel gun
2067:Pot de fer
2007:Fauconneau
1697:Fire lance
1407:2023-03-28
1293:: 81–292.
1287:T'oung Pao
858:, Volume 2
769:References
748:Wall piece
698:(see also
606:round shot
576:Madagascar
528:Portuguese
459:In Japan,
444:Fu-Lang-Ji
432:Fu-Lang-Ji
350:Madagascar
214:Portuguese
135:screw guns
131:pivot guns
124:smoothbore
101:swivel gun
2359:Wubei Zhi
2331:Wheellock
2316:Snaphance
2301:Matchlock
2296:Flintlock
2262:Singijeon
2085:Veuglaire
2081:Tarasnice
2057:Organ gun
2022:Hongyipao
1987:Chongtong
1977:Carronade
1936:artillery
1900:Musketoon
1767:Pepperbox
1094:191565174
1005:. BRILL.
856:Mary Rose
719:Nusantara
696:waterfowl
602:grapeshot
561:Australia
557:trepanger
498:Imjin War
440:Zhengtong
436:Sam Fu Qi
424:Shen Defu
418:. In the
416:Silk Road
231:grapeshot
183:Although
126:barrels.
113:flintlock
69:June 2024
2321:Snaplock
2154:Mons Meg
2002:Falconet
1992:Culverin
1954:Basilisk
1920:Wall gun
1762:Petronel
1662:Arquebus
1654:Firearms
1629:Timeline
1564:Archived
1274:: 32–40.
973:(2016).
753:Zamburak
742:See also
732:folangji
700:punt gun
684:harpoons
554:Makassan
546:culverin
454:folangji
449:folangji
428:Hong Zhi
412:ethnonym
406:used by
396:folangji
392:folangji
388:folangji
384:Folangji
380:Frankish
358:warships
202:Folangji
198:falconet
146:peterero
45:require
2291:Doglock
2247:Naphtha
2224:Huo Che
2185:Bo-hiya
2173:rockets
2121:Basilic
2116:Bombard
2037:Lantaka
1982:Cetbang
1814:muskets
1381:exhibit
1191:Firangi
1026:ko:불랑기포
762:lantaka
707:Ottoman
688:fowling
680:whaling
676:salutes
595:⁄
532:Spanish
404:farangi
400:Ottoman
298:, 1632.
206:Turkish
171:History
122:or the
47:cleanup
2413:Piracy
2408:Cannon
2230:Hwacha
2171:Early
2072:Prangi
2047:Mortar
1972:Cannon
1934:Early
1895:Musket
1875:Jingal
1810:Rifles
1772:Pistol
1687:Dragon
1547:
1527:
1502:
1469:
1449:
1347:
1320:
1236:
1092:
1009:
981:
948:
864:
809:
723:prangi
717:, and
686:, and
630:berços
614:breech
568:rifled
566:Steel
509:Badung
369:Berços
365:versos
346:rifled
303:as an
296:Munich
273:bronze
265:bronze
210:Turkic
190:Prangi
165:Africa
157:Europe
120:rifled
109:cannon
105:swivel
1090:S2CID
1070:(PDF)
715:Korea
711:China
692:punts
537:Moros
408:Babur
275:cast
2175:and
2042:Lela
1944:Abus
1812:and
1616:and
1545:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1234:ISBN
1007:ISBN
979:ISBN
946:ISBN
862:ISBN
807:ISBN
760:and
758:Lela
648:Lynx
530:and
505:Bali
262:Ming
226:lead
163:and
161:Asia
1295:doi
1082:doi
702:).
479:国崩し
322:Use
314:or
294:at
246:Goa
222:mug
2399::
1419:^
1291:38
1289:.
1270:.
1193:,
1181:^
1137:^
1114:^
1102:^
1088:.
1078:32
1076:.
1072:.
1046:^
993:^
960:^
926:^
876:^
821:^
713:,
709:,
578:.
492:.
482:,
318:.
260:A
248:,
167:.
159:,
99:A
1606:e
1599:t
1592:v
1533:.
1353:.
1326:.
1297::
1272:2
1242:.
1096:.
1084::
1015:.
987:.
954:.
870:.
815:.
597:2
593:1
590:+
588:1
489:)
476:(
367:(
82:)
76:(
71:)
67:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
