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collaboration. For example, Vivi
Gjerstad rendered good service to the Expedition in various ways both during the excavations in Cyprus and during the preparation of the publication by proofs reading, etc. Margareta Sjöqvist monitored the registration work and assisted in the typing. Later, five further specialized studies were published, each of them treating a different period. They were created by Cypriot, British, and Swedish archaeologists. Few other archaeological expeditions have published their findings so quickly and thoroughly. To this day these publications are fundamental to all archaeological research centered around Cyprus. In addition to the archaeological material the expedition’s participants left behind plenty of letters, thousands of photographs, and several videos. The archival material provides a unique insight into daily life on the island and shows Cyprus at the crossroads between an old and a new world. At the same time, it testifies to the young men's enthusiasm and sincere love for Cyprus, its history and people. Most of the archaeological material are now kept at the Cyprus Museum in Nicosia and Medelhavsmuseet in Stockholm.
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temenos a low altar consisting of a square was found, as well as another pillar altar outside. Both on the altar itself and close to it the archaeologists found remains of ash and carbonized matter. All through the periods votive gifts, mainly consisting of sculptures, were placed in the sanctuary, and each time the level was raised the sculptures were transferred to the new sanctuary. Throughout the Cypro-Classic I period, the temenos were rearranged entirely and became more monumental. This sanctuary was the last one before the sanctuary was demolished in the
Hellenistic period and secular buildings were erected in the same place. During the demolition, all the votive sculptures were buried, and the place was no longer used for sacred purposes. The Hellenistic house was divided into two parts and inside archaeologists found remains of a basalt press for pressing wine or oil, as well as rectangular drainage outlets and a storage vessel.
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century B.C. with him. Thereafter, the
Swedish Cyprus Expedition obtained the excavation rights and commenced an excavation on Prokopius field. The site turned out to be an undisturbed sanctuary that was used since the Late Bronze Age, (Late Cypriote III), 1200 B.C, and lasted until the end of the Cypro-Archaic period. The most important period is dated to 650–500 B.C. since most of the finds discovered were from that time. They found 2000 figures half a meter under the sandy soil. The figures were lying and standing, grouped in the form of a semicircle, reminiscent of a theatre. The figures depicted priests, warriors, and ordinary people. Some bring offerings, dance or play musical instruments. Chariots with horses and bulls were found as well. The statues are of different sizes, the biggest one is life-sized. One of them is called the sacrificial priest and he wears a long robe and a
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made of mud-brick on a stone foundation. The fortification followed the natural formation of the hill and was therefore curved. It had three gates, The north, west, and west side gate. During the Late
Cypriote B, another rampart was built over the remains of the old one. The houses were made of mud-brick walls on a rubble foundation. The floors were rammed earth and the roofs were probably made of reed and mud. The shape of the rooms changed during the different periods, trapezoidal in Late Cypriote III A and rectangular in Late Cypriote III B and C. It seems like the houses were not built as a complex although separate rooms with a cult house in the center, surrounded by storehouses and a house for the priest and chief of the city, was recognized. Inside the cult room, the archaeologists found a small
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1628:, or a stand for the various sculptures. This was only observed with the sculptures in the cella, not the ones from the courtyards or outside. The sculptures from period 1 (250 B.C.) were all found in temple A. From period 2 (end of 2nd century B.C.) all the sculptures were found at temples B, C, and D. From period 3 (middle of 3rd century A.D.) and 4 (beginning of 4th century A.D.) all the sculptures were found in temple E. The sculptures and inscriptions were used as the foundation for the archaeologist's identifications of the temples, therefore they might be the correct identification but it is not completely sure.
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Adolf visited Cyprus to personally lead the negotiations. Sweden acquired around 12,000 of the 18,000 objects and therefore more than half of the objects, which was otherwise the custom, probably thanks to Gustaf Adolf. The archaeological material was packed in 771 wooden boxes and brought to Sweden in March 1931. The objects from the Cyprus expedition created the base of
Medelhavsmuseet’s collection when it opened in 1954 and are still on display in the museum's permanent exhibition. Furthermore, Medelhavsmuseet’s warehouses are today full of ceramics, sculptures, and metal objects made of
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324:. Einar Gjerstad was appointed as project manager and John Lindros, Erik Sjöqvist, and Alfred Westholm were appointed as assistants. Gjerstad was responsible for the organization of the expedition and Sjöqvist and Westholm were responsible for the archaeological fieldwork. Lindros was responsible for the drawings and photographs. With Gustaf VI Adolf as chairman, the opportunities to collect financial resources from private donors and patrons increased due to his royal status. The financing largely occurred through private donors and Gjerstad managed to get contributions from the financier
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692:. Amathus was known and visited during the 18th century and 19th centuries by travelers and archaeologists. Earlier excavators, such as General Luigi Palma Di Cesnola, the first American consul in Cyprus, excavated the necropolis' large tombs situated north of the acropolis and the tombs in the necropolis west of the acropolis hill. Since he did not publish any plans or drawings John Lindros illustrated two of the tombs from the old excavations that were still possible to visit. The necropolis had partly been excavated by the English Expedition to Cyprus in 1893–94 and published in
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1612:. During the first period, there was a loose connection between the cella and the irregular courtyards in front of it. In period 2 (temple B, C, and D) the shape is still irregular although the connection between the cella and courtyards is beginning to get closer. In the third period, temple E was reconstructed with the cellae and courtyards built together as a closed unit and it seems like the importance of symmetry improves. In period 4 are some courtyards roofed with several closed chapels. The temples date from the Cypro-Hellenistic period and the Roman times.
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589:, A.H. Smith, and a man known as Christian. Further, some tombs had already been plundered. Another 20 tombs were examined by the Swedish archaeologists for two summer months in 1930. The Swedish archaeologists began with several trial trenches that were not very successful since Byzantine houses had destroyed many of the tombs. Eventually they excavated a part of the necropolis which had never been investigated before and found very rich graves. A single grave could contain around 300 objects, mostly pottery, but also objects of gold, silver,
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with a dominating principal room in the middle. The state apartments are placed next to the central court with a magnificent staircase of seven steps. The central court is almost square shaped and surrounded on three sides by a peristyle portico with a roof supported by columns, although the center of the court was open. Here, at the center of the court, a cistern was placed that collected rainwater. More rooms were built along the court which didn't connect directly with each other. Some of these rooms are bathrooms. The palace had a
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together. It is unclear if they were built during the same period. Between these buildings, there are some courtyards as well, as a kind of forecourt. One of the purposes of the courtyards seems to have been to set up sculptures and some altars. The sculptures represented Athena and were not placed in a specific order. It seems like most of them were placed in the center of the court just next to the entrance. According to the
Swedish archaeologists the building with the rooms V–VII seems to have been used as a
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periods but most of them are different kinds of dromos tombs. As seen on many necropolises in Cyprus a lot of the tombs were used for repeated but successive burials which indicate that they were family graves. Some of the graves were extremely rich in grave goods. For example, tomb 403 and 420, where women were buried carrying gold jewellery and other gold ornaments such as five gold plaques with figural representations, spindle whorls, as well as mountings that probably once decorated a headgear.
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B.C. the flood was so severe that the sanctuary was abandoned. During the 1st century B.C., a revival of the cult took place, but this was a much smaller and poorer cult that did not leave many remains behind. Much later, a small church for Ayia Irini (Holy Peace) was built on the same site. Later, in modern times, the sanctuary was forgotten and became a field until the day when Papa
Prokopios realized that he had grown his corn on top of ancient terracotta sculptures.
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Cypro-Archaic I the temenos were enlarged and a massive tower was built. The sanctuary and the fortification were repaired and rebuilt over time. The votive gifts from this sanctuary mainly consisted of weapons and tools of different kinds, as well as personal accessories such as pins, fibulae, earrings, bracelets, and different kinds of pottery. The cult figure was not found but the archaeologists thought that the deity worshipped here was a version of the goddess
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1501:) was found. The archaeologist's conclusions about this temple are very conjectural. The Acropolis Hill was probably the first to be inhabited. When the town grew larger the area between the hill and the sea was inhabited. The buildings were often repaired and rebuilt. The town of Soli has changed from time to time. The earliest potsherds are from the Cypro-Archaic periods but they are very few in comparison with the Cypro-Hellenistic and Cypro-Roman sherds.
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1023:. Between the acropolis and the modern seashore was the ancient harbour. In 1879 the Government of Cyprus filled this marshy area with soil from the upper strata of the Bamboula Hill because they wished to get rid of the malaria mosquitos. Because of this the Bamboula Hill and especially the upper layers of the acropolis were much disturbed. A small part of the city was excavated as early as 1894 by british archeologists.
1479:. Few of the sculptures were completely preserved, but the ones that were are very characteristic. The sculptures made from hard limestone differ from the softer ones both in style and technique. According to the archaeologists, the harder ones are more influenced by the Greek-Hellenistic styles meanwhile the softer ones are more connected to the local Cypriote styles and show a degeneration of the Cypro-Archaic styles.
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local
Cypriote type. Sometimes the heads could be altered. Therefore, the result was a hybrid style with a Cypriote body and a Greek head. Minor terracotta plastics were found as well, these usually depict a chariot group similar to the ones found at Agia Eirini. One of these groups depicts Athena. The sculptures are dated between Cypro-Archaic II and Cypro-Classic I, until the Cypro-Hellenistic period.
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placed against the west wall of the room. The hearth consists of large stones placed in a circle. Otherwise, the kitchen has the same structure as the living room. According to the archaeologists, there was a door between the two rooms. During Petra IV an oval hut replaced the kitchen from Petra III since it burned down. Both of the rooms received new floors made of pebbles and gravel.
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sanctuary. The
Swedish Expedition did not find any votive sculptures from this early stage, therefore the votives might have been of a different kind or removed to a place outside the excavation. They did find a rectangular base of a statue called no. 560. The statue itself was missing with only the feet preserved. This sculpture was probably very big and could have been Kition’s
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well as storerooms. The central and southern houses were probably used for cult purposes with the central house being the central cult house. It consists of two rooms and all the cult objects were found here, for example offering tables, large pithoi, bowls, libation vases, a cult axe of stone, and a terracotta bull. The excavators had the impression that the cult was an
1285:. Overall structure of the palace changed a lot during this period compared to how the palace appeared in period 1. Additionally, the religious buildings outside the palace evolved and new buildings were added as well. During the fourth and last period (450–440 to 380 B.C.), only minor changes were made at the palace and the temenos.
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preserved. Other sculptures were made of alabaster, terracotta as well as soft and hard limestone. Some of the sculptures were found in situ and these were always located in connection to the cellae. The archeologists proposed that they probably were placed on the altars in the cellae. Therefore the altars might have been used as
668:. The same woman also had rings in her hair, ears, and on her fingers and toes. Earrings were common jewelry in the 14th–13th centuries B.C. in Cyprus and were used by both men and women. Objects made of ivory, as well as perfume bottles made of glass and faience were also found, as well as Cypriot pottery, Mycenaean vases, and
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shape of the dromos that differs the most between the different styles. Tombs 1 and 2 differ from the others in the sense of construction and quality and might have been created for wealthier people, maybe royals. Tomb 3 is more reminiscent of the other graves found in Cyprus since it is a chamber tomb. Tomb no. 26 had a large
504:, therefore the archaeologists found tombs cut into the rock. During this period, they used stones from the foundations of the Neolithic houses as doors to the tombs. The western settlement contained remains of four huts. Three hearths were found here as well. The finds were mainly of three classes: objects of flint, stone and
293:, 1926. The next year, 1927, Gjerstad proposed a more detailed project with Cyprus as the survey area. On Gjerstad's initiative, the Swedish Cyprus Committee was established the same year with the intention to organize an archaeological expedition and support the excavation economically. The committee consisted of the Swedish
508:. The brown coloured flint is very common. The stone objects are mostly axe heads, hammers and chisels. Most of the pottery belonged to these classes: red polished ware, plain white ware and painted ware. The settlements are dated to 3000 B.C. although the Eastern settlement should be dated a bit earlier than the western.
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pointed out that the deity could have been worshipped in the shape of a bull, which is representative of the cult’s character of fertility since bulls are connected with fertility. The cult object could have been destroyed or removed. In the later temenos the cult object was an oval stone and this sacred stone, or
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meanwhile the cemented, covered drains were used for the conduits below the floors, which opened up into round cemented basins below the floors to the cisterns. The drainage channels carried the rainwater from the open spaces within and outside the palace to the washrooms and bathrooms, as well as the cisterns.
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the first period did not have an upper story. Outside the palace, a temenos was constructed with a rectangular altar court as well as some small cult houses. In one of the cult houses the majority of the sculptures were fragments of
Heracles figures, therefore the archeologists called it “Chapel of Herakles”.
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The island was never inhabited again after Petra IV. Therefore, all the periods only amount to about 40–50 years of habitation. The Swedish Expedition proposed that the reason for this could be that in the earlier periods, the cavity functioned as a shelter from the wind, but the more the debris grew
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where they washed in cold water. The kitchen department consists of small rooms southeast by another open court. Some of the rooms to the northwest are living rooms and storerooms. In two of the storerooms, conical holes are cut into the floor to support large pithoi with pointed bases. The palace of
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When The Swedish Cyprus expedition analyzed the palace they concluded that the palace was built in four periods. During the first period (500 to 450–440 B.C.) the main entrance was to the southwest, then the entrance opened up into the state apartments which consisted of a tripartite complex of rooms
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found here are of four main types: tank-shaped, well-shaped, bottle-shaped, and bell-shaped. The water was carried to cisterns in conduits of three different types: terracotta pipes, open cemented drains, and cemented drains covered by stone slabs. The first two were used to carry water from the roof
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The temple area’s architecture can be divided into three separate parts. The first one is a square building with one room, called room I. The second part called room II consists of walls 58 and creates a rectangular building. The third part consists of Rooms V–VII which create a block of houses built
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According to The Swedish Cyprus Expedition, the acropolis commenced as a settlement from the end of the Late Cypriote II and the beginning of Cypro Geometric I period before it became a sanctuary. Throughout the time of the Cypro-Archaic I something changed, and Kition began to be used as an open-air
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and are from a typical point of view rather different from the ones on the southern slope. The former is long with a more or less regularly sloping floor, in some cases stairs are preserved. The latter are much shorter and widen much more abruptly. Their floor is horizontal. Both types have irregular
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and then one or two chambers. Sometimes the tombs were reused and sometimes they only had one burial. The wealth and importance of this burial ground improved with the years until the Late Cypriote III period, when there was a break in the development the types of tombs changed and they began to have
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type, with three circular chambers that open up from the dromos. They used thin slabs of local limestone as doors, and smaller stones around the sides to keep the bigger limestone in place. The excavators could noticed that the tombs were used repeatedly and sometimes cleared out between the burials.
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The ancient town of Soli was located on the Mesaoria plain which was a well-situated place, close to the sea and harbor in the north as well as cultivated plains to the east and Cyprus' richest copper district to the south. The very top plateau was surrounded by a strong wall of similar construction
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and when the archaeologists realized that statues of terracotta and stone were probably buried here, they decided to do a large-scale excavation at the site of Mersinaki. The archaeologists found few architectural remains. The remains they found can be divided into two separate buildings or building
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Since the temple’s ground has been exposed to weather and wind during the years, only the lowermost part of the walls was preserved. The architectural remains consist of foundation walls and floors of various constructions and compositions. Further, some bases for statues and altars were found. Many
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examination of the Bamboula mound to obtain information about the dating of the Phoenician colonization of Cyprus. They wanted to study the ceramic development and collect archaeological material to elucidate how the Phoenicians affected the development of the Cypriote culture. But, after three days
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On the other side of the valley, there is a necropolis with rock-cut tombs. The earliest tombs here are from the Cypro-Geometric period and the latest are from Roman times. Further down, close to the sea, the ruins of a small ancient town are situated. The earliest of the datable finds observed here
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in this Geometric period. This sanctuary continued until the middle of Cypro-Geometric III when it changed again. The temenos area remained as before but the peribolos walls were heightened and a new, rectangular pillar was erected as the new altar. The old terracotta votives were moved to a deposit
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The old sanctuary was covered by red earth and a new one was erected on the top. This sanctuary was different from the first. Instead of a closed and roofed cult house with other buildings together creating a rectangular complex, the new sanctuary was an open temenos of irregular shape surrounded by
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in 1917. Furthermore, grave diggers had looted the site multiple times before the Swedish archaeologist got there. The Swedish excavation at Lapithos from 1927–1928 resulted in a multitude of ceramics and weapons made of copper and bronze. They also found delicate proboscis jugs with elongated necks
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layers were distinguished. One of them had no traces of pottery, fragments of sculptures, or similar objects. These layers existed before the place was used for sacred purposes. They recognized that some pits of various shapes and sizes had been dug from the same level. Inside the pits found traces
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During Petra I, the ancient people used the natural cavity of the rock to construct a hut. Not much remains of this hut, only a group of rough stones and a culture stratum of dark, sandy earth mixed with ash and carbonized matter. The ash and carbonized matter could be all that is left of the hut’s
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and fragments of stone bowls were found. Because of this, the Swedish archaeologists decided to commence an excavation on the small island. They excavated one of the oldest settlements from Cyprus, with huts from the pre-Neolithic period. Four building periods were identified and named Petra I, II,
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In the second period (500 to 450–440 B.C), a rectangular room and a narrow corridor were added. Here, inside the wall, the archaeologists found four small boxes built of ashlar blocks as well as ash and carbonized matter and signs of smoke on the blocks, which indicates that the boxes were used for
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On the terrace below the temple, there is a palace surrounded by various minor sanctuaries. It does not seem like the palace was separated from the temple by a wall or any other construction. Below the palace, they found a strip-shaped necropolis with a few rock tombs. Most of these tombs were open
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During the excavation, they found no inscriptions that could inform us to whom this sanctuary was dedicated, although some of the sculptures might represent the god and thence give us an answer. Most of the sculptures dressed in lion’s skin and a club in the right hand, are a Cypriot variety of the
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The expedition’s archaeological material was published a few years after their return to Stockholm. The first three volumes came out in 1934–1937 and then the fourth volume in 1948. The publication is dedicated to the ladies of the excavations in grateful recognition of much valuable assistance and
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When the expedition returned to Sweden 1931, they could process and work with the material from Cyprus. In Stockholm they had the help of a lot of assistants such as Margit Hallberg for example, who worked with the archaeological materials in the freezing rooms of the historic museum at the Krubban
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The marble sculptures found during the excavation were probably made from imported marble. It seems likely that the heads were made separately from the body and fitted together with an iron pin. Some sculptures have been mended. All the sculptures were once painted although the colours are faintly
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The terracotta sculptures are difficult to classify since they are very monotonous in shape. The archaeologists thought that at least some of the molds were not of Cypriote origin but with a Greek expression. They proposed the idea that heads made in foreign molds were placed on bodies made in the
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Throughout the third period (450–440 to 380 B.C.), the archaeologists concluded that an upper story was added to the palace, and therefore a lot of stairs needed to be added as well. Four new store-rooms were added as well as three more fire chambers. Some of the old parts were rebuilt, the court,
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As mentioned earlier, below the temple there is a building complex called the palace. The palace’s stone walls consist of the local limestone of the Vouni rock itself, as well as a light-green homogeneous limestone from Paradisotissa, 1.5 kilometers northwest of Vouni. It seems like the foundation
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Since the archaeologists found a bronze bowl with the name Athena inscribed on it, as well as bronze weapons and a lot of sculptures that probably represent the goddess they concluded that this was a temple to the goddess Athena. The sanctuary was created during the first half of the 5th century.
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At the beginning of Cypro-Archaic II the sanctuary was flooded and covered with a layer of sand and gravel, which made some smaller changes to the sanctuary although the cult recovered. Later, the sanctuary was flooded again, and again. At the beginning of the final phase of Cypro-Archaic, 510–500
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During the middle of the Cypro-Archaic I period, a new temenos was again placed on top of the old one. The cult continued as before which the continuity of the votives, which were moved to the new sanctuary, displayed. This period is the great period of the Agia Eirini sanctuary. The same altar as
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At Idalion the Swedish Cyprus Expedition excavated a settlement. With the information obtained from the architecture and other archaeological material they concluded that the habitation commenced towards the end of the Late Bronze Age (Late Cypriote IIIC) The acropolis was fortified with a rampart
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plain, the Swedish Cyprus Expedition excavated a necropolis. The site was known before and Mr. Rubert Gunnis, inspector of Antiquities in Cyprus, excavated here in 1928. The Swedish excavations commenced at the highest part of the terrace and thereafter continued on the southern slope. During this
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The tombs excavated here are shaft tombs with a dromos, which are rather rare in Cyprus. Variations of the shaft tombs occur, mostly because of the various circumstances of space and economics as well as difficulties in cutting the rock. The archaeologist identified six different styles. It is the
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The temenos were in use until the end of the Cypro-Archaic II period when a new temenos was built on top of the old one. This temenos was enclosed by a massive peribolos wall. Furthermore, it seems like an inner temenos was created at the same place as the earlier walls had been. Within the inner
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In the beginning, the sanctuary consisted of a complex of rectangular houses with walls built of mud brick on solid stone foundations of rubble. The houses are isolated along the sides of a large open court. It seems like the western and northern houses were used by the priests as living rooms as
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During the summer of 1929, the Swedish Cyprus Expedition was visited by the priest Papa Propkopios. Prokopios had caught a looter on his field at the village of Agia Eirini. He decided to visit the museum in Nicosia and brought the upper part of a terracotta statue from the beginning of the sixth
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After the second fire, Petra III commences. A new, bigger hut with two rooms and straight walls is built. The living room is oblong with straight sides and rounded corners. Now the floor is built of a compressed layer of mud and the house's foundation consists of stones. The kitchen has a hearth
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type. It is not until Cypro-Geometric III that reliable architectural and stratigraphical evidence appears with information about the new sanctuary. The sanctuary was placed inside the fortification wall and consisted of an altar court and a square altar of stone as well as the cult building. In
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Otherwise, the same burial customs were observed in most of the tombs. Many were reused multiple times, in which case the burial gifts were pushed into the corner of the tomb. Later, during the Hellenistic and Roman periods, Amathus was once again used for burial. These burials did not damage or
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In March 1931 the archaeologists and their families returned to Sweden with the objects from Cyprus. According to the legislation at the time they divided the findings between Cyprus and Sweden. When the final negotiations regarding the archaeological material took place in October 1930, Gustaf
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Further on the Swedish Cyprus Expedition excavated an ancient theatre at Soli. They proposed that the theatre was planned and erected in one piece and they could not distinguish any building periods. The structure displays that the theatre is from the Roman period and coins exhibit an even more
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The necropolis of Soli is spread over an enormous area around the town. Thousands of the tombs had already been opened by modern tomb robbers and were therefore destroyed. The sherds from the robbed tombs make it possible to date them and most of them are from the Cypro-Archaic II period to the
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one that worshipped deities who protected the crops and cattle and filled the store-rooms with corn, wine, olives, honey, and vegetables. Products of these kinds were probably offered to the deities among the other votive objects as well. The excavators did not find the official cult object but
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strategy to fill the archaeological museum in Nicosia, which was designed by a British architect. In this context, Gustaf VI Adolf's prestige and influence as crown prince played an important role. It would probably have been difficult to get permission for the large-scale excavations in Cyprus
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The goal of the excavation was to obtain more knowledge of how people lived, their religious practices as well as burial practices during the Stone Age until the Roman period. Therefore they excavated settlements, temples, graves, forts, a palace complex, and a Roman theatre. Additionally, they
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from November 1927 until the end of April 1928. This site had never been excavated before but was plundered in Byzantine times. Here the Swedish Cyprus Expedition excavated around thirty graves. The Iron age tombs were cut into the rock. The shape of the tombs differs throughout the different
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rock, sloping towards the sea, and have been affected by repeated flooding from the mountain streams, therefore there’s not many traces left of the necropolis today. The swedes were not the first to excavate here although they were the first to publish their investigations. Both John Myres and
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Later the site was destroyed. The pieces of the sculptures were scattered about all over the ground but not removed far from the place. In Roman times the indistinct house was constructed close to the old temple site but on a higher level. After this house was destroyed the site was abandoned
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The excavators found multiple stairs made of stone blocks that led both to the upper story and the ground floor of the palace. Some stairs were probably made of wood as well. A hearth used for cooking was found on the lower earth floor. The hearth was surrounded by a semicircle made of stones
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Herakles or Herakles Melqart statue standing on a rectangular base with legs and head shown in profile, torso en face. Nude except for lionskin with paws knotted on the chest. Head of lionskin with teeth resting on Herakles’ head which has notched hair over forehead. Left arm raised with fist
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The deceased were found sitting or lying down. They wore robes, fastened together with gold pins. Some had diadems on their foreheads decorated with geometric ornaments, floral motifs or figures, and gold tin over their mouths. One of the women wore a gold necklace in the shape of
1592:, cisterns, stairs and altars. All the buildings create a temple complex consisting of different temples numbered from A to F. The temples were altered, changed, and rebuilt during four periods. Material from the temples displays a particularly rich material of sculptures made of
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of the archaeological material they dug out close to 375 graves from different periods. Among other things, the graves contained around 10,000 ceramic vases. At religious places such as the places of worship and temple areas, they found thousands of sculptures made of stone and
2092:. Stockholm: Victor Pettersons Bokindustriaktiebolag. pp. 1, 74–75, 21, 23–26, 74–75, 76–79, 82–84, 85, 93–97, 111–112, 238, 154–155, 17–174, 210, 225–228, 270–277, 264–265, 398, 340–345, 388, 394–396, 380–383, 398, 399–403, 404–405, 407, 416–419, 533–544, 582, 563–565.
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of sculptures made of stone and terracotta, as well as some pottery. The pits were also filled with sandy, dark layers of earth. The archeologists concluded that the statues had a connection with the building and that the pits were dug along the borders of the temenos.
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Menelaos Markides from the Cyprus Museum, excavated here in 1913 and 1917. The Swedish Cyprus Expedition excavated twenty-three tombs for two months with the purpose to obtain a representative series of tombs from a limited area. Most of the tombs found here is in the
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n. The sanctuary might have been dedicated to Apollon since two inscriptions mention him, but another inscription mentions Athena as well. The custom of founding sanctuaries in deltas or estuaries where freshwater and saltwater emerge is seen both at Phoenician and
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systems. The first one consists only of fragments and small rubble walls, therefore, the shape of the building is difficult to decide. The second building system was found in a much better state of preservation. These walls create a rectangular room. Two different
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Gold necklace consisting of 46 different gold beads, some are in the shape of seeds and shields. Excavated in Tomb 3 at Enkomi. Late Cypriote II, ca. 1450–1200 BC. This copy can be seen at Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm. The original can be found at the Cyprus Museum,
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indicate that music was an important feature of the cult. The votives consist mostly of terracotta statues of different sizes which were arranged around the altar in semicircles. The smallest ones were placed nearest the altar and the larger statutes in the back.
612:
A pair of gold earrings in the shape of ornamental and conventionalized bull’ heads. The pendants are decorated with very fine granulations in straight lines, circles, and triangles, and end in balls. Excavated in tomb 11, Enkomi. Late Cypriote II, ca. 1450–1200
1083:. He lost his life and throne which meant that Kition ceased to be an independent state after Ptolemy’s conquest of Kition in 312 B.C. and since the temple was the religious sign of the political independence of Kition it couldn't be rebuilt after the conquest.
784:
chambers that usually are smaller than the big dromos. The burial customs are the same in all tombs. The buried were found outstretched on their back, surrounded by burial gifts. Coffins were not used. The burial place was used from Cypro-Geometric IIIA until
634:
dug in the earth, sometimes even in the mounds of the old tombs, with few and simple gifts. The Levanto-Helladic pottery, so characteristic of the previous period, is missing entirely, and its place is taken by Plain White Wheel-made Wares of advanced types.
235:
into the phases "early", "middle" and "late". These divisions are still widely accepted. Montelius' extensive use of "closed contexts" to establish typological sequences lies behind the Swedish Cyprus Expedition's methods and results. To be able to create a
272:
work, for example. Later he followed the expedition back to Sweden where he continued to work with the Cyprus collections. Furthermore, the expedition could never have happened without all the other men and women who worked at the excavations.
495:
cultivation. Therefore, only a few remains of houses were found, such as some stone foundation walls, hearths and three bothroi cut into the rock. The site probably had four periods of habitations. After the site was abandoned, it was disturbed in the
1354:
straw and brushwood walls. During Petra II, two new huts were built. Since the cavaty was full of the debris from the first hut the cavaty could not be used for the new huts. The huts did not have any built floor or stone foundations for the walls.
533:
Both men and women were buried here. Most of the tombs are dated to the Early Cypriote II Middle Cypriote II period but was used during the Early Cypriote III as well. In the tombs they found a lot of pottery belonging to the Red Polished Ware.
1124:
and reminiscent of caves. Below the necropolis they found a rampart where houses similar to the palace were found. The people moved between the houses, the necropolis, and sanctuaries with the help of roads and stairs cut into the rock.
1115:
and Vouni can easily be traced. The hill was protected by defensive walls with several towers. On the top of the hill there is a temple dedicated to Athena. The Swedish Cyprus Expedition dismissed the theory that Vouni was the ancient
966:, similar to the Minoan enclosures. Because the excavators found figures with bull’s masks these were interpreted as priests, which may be a clue to how at least some of the cult’s rituals were performed. Further, many figurines with
483:. This place was damaged by humans and natural causes during the course of history, therefore, the area of the settlement are difficult to define. The eastern settlement’s preservation was deteriorated because of winter floods and
1153:
After the middle of the century Room 1 was added. Nothing indicates when the whole temple site was destroyed or abandoned but there is no archaeological material found ascribed to a later period than the Cypro-Classic II period.
470:
Red Polished plankshaped figurine of a mother holding a cradle with an infant inside. From Lapithos, Tomb 313A. Early Cypriote III – Middle Cypriote I, ca. 2000–1800 B.C. This figurine can be seen at Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm.
1332:
In the heat, during the excavation at Vouni Palace 1929, the Swedes took a swim during their lunch break to the small rocky island of Petra (the name means rock) near the coast. By chance, they discovered the important site of
941:
statuettes and human figures appeared as well. Therefore some of the old types remained in combination with new modified types. Some of the bulls and minotaurs have snakes along their neck and back. The snake can be seen as a
1524:
visit to Cyprus. He advised the king of Aipeia, Philocyprus, to move the city down to the plain. The king followed his advice and named the new settlement after his friend, therefore the town is called Soli. According to
1015:. The ancient city was surrounded by massive walls which can still be traced today. At the Bamboula hill, in the northeastern part of the city, was the acropolis. Here, the Swedes discovered a sanctuary dedicated to
932:, carbonized matter as well as animal bones. Therefore, the excavators concluded that the cult remained a fertility cult with a deity conceived in the shape of a bull. Furthermore, it seems like the cult began with
788:
IIA. During the Cypro-Geometric period until Cypro-Archaic I the burials were made at the plateau. In the following periods, these tombs were reused at the same time as the southern slope became more popular.
1385:
bones could be identified among the mass of animal bones found at Petra. The flint found here is of different kinds and was made into different objects such as scrapers, knives, and chisels. A thin knife of
1422:. Here they found a lot of sculptures, for example, the large terracotta sculptures of bearded male figures, now visible at Medelhavsmuseet in Stockholm. These are interpreted as votive gifts to the god
1055:
attached to the back of the head (formerly holding a club, now missing). Almond-shaped eyes and a faint smile. The back is roughly worked. From ca. 480–450 B.C. Kition. Can be seen at Medelhavsmuseet.
928:
was built in the temenos close to a libation table. The majority of the votive offerings from this period were terracotta bulls which were placed around the altar. The altar was covered with layers of
1418:
which is located near the shore, between Vouni and Soli. In prehistoric times there might have been a bay of sea where the fertile fields are today. At Mersinaki they found an open-air sanctuary by a
1277:
for example, was enlarged to almost twice as large as the central court. Furthermore, the kitchen department underwent some enlargements and alterations. A new main entrance with a large and angular
336:. The car was probably number three in the series called Jacob and was delivered to Cyprus year 1927. It was reported that the car worked well and could drive on the bumpy donkey trails at 60 km/h.
252:
515:
Gold earrings with overlapping ends. A cluster of small gold balls probably depicting grapes. From Lapithos, Tomb 420. Ca. 1050–950 B.C. These earrings can be seen at Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm.
195:. They investigaed around 25 sites all over the island during the short time of four years. The results were published in four volumes. Most of the archaeological materials are now kept at the
950:
around this period. The human figures can be interpreted as the worshippers themselves. The armed figures and chariot statuettes might imply that the god was a god of war as well as fertility.
1141:
of the walls were erected on solid rock and the firm foundation that was made of ashlars kept together by gypsum mortar that needed to be created since the rock slopes towards the west.
962:
before was used but the temenos were widened. A new peribolos was built around this bigger sanctuary. Two buildings were erected in the south and seem to have been used as enclosures for
672:. Furthermore, the archaeologists found food and drink in bronze and ceramic vessels placed around the buried. The finds testify to luxury and exotic imports from surrounding countries.
1007:
The Swedish Cyprus Expedition's excavations in Kition began in October 1929 and continued until April 1930, with a break during the winter season. Kition was the ancient capital of the
1120:, the predecessor of Soloi/Soli, since the site did not reveal any earlier finds than the 5th century B.C. Therefore, the ancient name for the place now called Vouni is not known.
1103:(the name means rock in modern greek) lasted from the spring of 1928 until the autumn of 1929. The site is well situated close to the sea, and with good communication to Marion and
1292:
ornaments representing rosettes and dancing figures, as well as a border of kymation ornaments was found at Vouni. Another example is the life-size Kore statue which imitates the
1204:
on two sides. She wears rosette earrings and her head is crowned by an arch-shaped diadem. Above her head is a small edifice with an open gate on the façade and a niche with a
1281:
was built by the north corner of the place. With all the changes around the state apartments, their meaning probably changed. During this period they are reminiscent of a
23:
953:
450:
The village of Lapithos is located in the north of Cyprus. Close to Lapithos there is a big grave burial from the Bronze Age (ca. 2000–1800 BCE) with hundreds of graves.
1324:
558:
A rich Bronze Age necropolis, once surrounded by a wall, is located close to the ancient village of Enkomi. Enkomi is located one kilometer west of the ruins of the old
289:
Before the excavation, Einar Gjerstad had visited Cyprus during the years 1923 and 1924 to make preliminary archaeological investigations which resulted in his thesis,
97:
Concluded that the distinctive culture of early Cyprus had been created in close contact with various cultures from the Middle East and the western Mediterranean areas.
151:
854:
from Larnaca tis Lapithou these two goddesses were regarded as identical at Cyprus. It does not seem like she had a Cypriote name but might have a version of the
446:
Beak-spouted jug of Red Polished ware. From Lapithos, Tomb 319B. Middle Cypriote I–II, ca. 1850–1775 B.C. This jug can be seen at the Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm.
140:
in Cyprus. The results of the excavations revealed that the distinctive culture of early Cyprus had been created in close contact with various cultures from the
1177:
around the central court as well as the other walls with open fronts. The preserved fragments of the columns are made of hard limestone of the Vouni rock with
735:
in which a burnt skeleton was found. Around the rim of the alabastron a wreath of gilded myrtle leaves was placed. The excavator thought it might have been a
424:
Margit Hallberg working. Several chapters of the Swedish Cyprus Expedition's publications were written with gloves on and warm boots tucked into straw shoes.
1584:
Naked marble sculpture probably depicting Aphrodite. Cypro-Hellenistic, IB. Found at Soli/Soloi. This sculpture can be found at the Cyprus Museum, Nicosia.
1475:
The stone sculptures are made of a similar soft limestone as was used in Vouni. Some were made of a harder stone that was reminiscent of the stone found at
1334:
1112:
1003:
Kition. The cult room. Statues in situ. Some depict Herakles-Melqart and are probably from the Sub Archaic Style–Early Cypro-Classical I, ca 480–450 B.C.
743:
alternate the earlier tombs since they were usually somewhere in the upper layers. The tombs are dated from the Cypro-Geometric I to the Roman period.
1288:
A lot of stone sculptures have been found at the Vouni Palace or close to it. For example, the famous Vouni head, crowned by a diadem decorated with
1075:
Einar Gjerstad explains the reason why the temenos were never rebuilt as a consequence of the last king of Kition, Pumiatihon. Pumiatihon sided with
269:
265:
1072:, the patron god of Kition. Therefore, the archaeologists concluded that the sanctuary was dedicated to the city god of Kition, Heracles-Melqart.
581:
Enkomi was excavated by French, and later Cypriot, archaeologists between 1934 and 1972. About 100 tombs were excavated by an expedition sent by
261:
1645:
precise date, 42/3 A.D as well as 66-70 A.D. It seems to have been in use until the fourth century. The theatre consists of three parts,
1569:, found in the river below the sites. Sometimes even pieces of broken statues were reused in the walls. Several walls had been decorated with
159:
Through careful archaeological excavations around the whole island of Cyprus, the Swedish Cyprus Expedition mapped Cyprus's history from the
223:, they worked systematically both during the excavations and publications. Einar Gjerstad applied Montelius' classification when he divided
1661:
was plastered with lime cement and the rainwater was carried off by a conduit of terracotta pipes. Two entrances, the western and eastern
1095:
The Gjerstad family. Einar Gjerstad, Vivi Gjerstad and their children, as well as their nanny Gudrun Atterman outside the tents at Vouni.
1818:
An Archaeological Adventure in Cyprus: The Swedish Cyprus Expedition 1927-1931 – A story told with contemporary photographs and comments
1665:, lead to the orchestra. The auditorium was also semicircular and cut into the rock of the sloping hill. The auditorium is divided by a
982:
Photograph from one of the Cyprus Exhibitions at Medelhavsmuseet with the terracotta sculptures and the betyl (stone) from Agia Eirini.
1520:
although the authors portray the stories differently. One version describes how the name Soli is connected with the Athenian lawgiver
1304:. Terracotta sculptures were found here as well. Further, earrings and other jewelry were found, as well as pottery, bowls, jugs, a
1272:
The Vouni head wearing a high diadem/kalathos with dancing figures alternating with double rosettes. Can be seen at Medelhavsmuseet.
264:
and her children as well as their nanny Gudrun Atterman can be seen in the pictures from the excavation. The expedition’s chauffeur
1345:
577:
Amphoroid crater, mycenean pictorial pottery, motif of a ship and figures. Late Cypriote II, ca. 1300–1250 B.C. Tomb 3, Enkomi.
1718:
Cypern, motsättningarnas ö: cypriska fornfynd från Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm samt ur de arrangerande institutionernas samlingar
1260:
1911:. Stockholm: Victor Pettersons Bokindustriaktiebolag. pp. xix, 33, 19, 27–52, 160, 172, 265, 186, 466–477, 490, 575, 2–11.
1467:
The goddess Athena mounted on a chariot drawn by four horses. ca. 600–400 B.C. From Mersinaki. Can be seen at Medelhavsmuseet.
621:
II and Middle Cypriote IIIC. The majority of the tombs are from Late Cypriote II. Many tombs have a dromos that leads to the
523:, (Greek. Grandfather’s fountain) the expedition continued to excavate a Bronze Age necropolis. The site consists of a white
1091:
2195:
1236:
where the bathers could be oiled and rubbed and then washed in hot water. After the caldarium, they could continue to the
2200:
1253:
firing in some way. They interpreted this structure as a heating room for the room above, which creates something like a
894:
Terracotta minotaur figurine with male genital organs and female breasts. Agia Eirini. Can be seen at Medelhavsmuseet.
890:
2097:
1446:
Lifesize male sculpture of limestone wearing a chiton. ca. 325–50 B.C. From Mersinaki. Can be seen at Medelhavsmuseet.
937:
close to the new altar. During this period the motives of the votives changed as well. Animal statuettes remained, but
1165:
359:
was installed as governor in 1926. The following year the Swedes came to the island. Excavations were part of Storr's
2113:
2004:
1849:
1779:
1763:
1725:
536:
1300:
and a mantle, the left hand, which is missing, probably held some of the folds. The statue is from the end of the
1257:. One cult-house was added to the south of the palace. Otherwise, the structure stayed the same as in period 1.
755:
This picture probably depicts the Crown Prince of Sweden, Gustaf Adolf VI, at the excavation of Stylli in Cyprus.
1993:. Stockholm: Victor Pettersons Bokindustriaktiebolag. pp. 2–4, 138–141, 625, 179–180, 626–628, 643, 820–24.
833:
During the Cypro-Geometric period, the settlement changed. Now the acropolis was occupied by a sanctuary of the
2190:
1463:
117:
history. The expedition occurred between September 1927 and March 1931 and was led by the three archaeologists
1162:
was built of stone and then the upper walls of mud-brick, although some rooms are built entirely of stone.
601:
Einar Gjerstad’s describes how they needed to remove water from the tombs since a lot of them were below the
75:
To obtain more knowledge of living areas, temples, and graves from the Stone Age to the Roman times on Cyprus
1497:
to the city wall. The entrance was probably to the north side. Within this area, the foundation of a temple
1657:
is cut out of the rock and has a semicircular shape with a rectangular addition in front. The floor of the
751:
192:
1636:
1596:
and limestone. According to the archeologists temples A and B were conjointly dedicated to Aphrodite and
1456:
1031:
of digging, they found a large deposit of sculptures and needed to subsequently enlarge the excavation.
688:
From April to May 1930 the Swedish Cyprus Expedition excavated a necropolis located on both sides of the
1047:. Later, the cult erected a rectangular altar made of rubble and chips of stone in front of the statue.
155:
Map with the excavation sites in Cyprus. The picture is from an exhibition at Liljevalch's art gallery.
2090:
The Swedish Cyprus Expedition: Finds and Results of the Excavations in Cyprus 1927-1931, Vol. III Text
1991:
The Swedish Cyprus Expedition: Finds and Results of the Excavations in Cyprus 1927-1931, Vol. II. Text
1666:
1442:
1076:
680:
466:
219:
living areas which were previously unknown. Because the Swedish archaeologists were very inspired by
908:, could have been the cult object in the earlier cult as well and then moved to the new sanctuary.
1909:
The Swedish Cyprus Expedition: Finds and Results of the Excavations in Cyprus 1927-1931, Vol.1 Text
1278:
779:
The tombs on the plateau, where the ground mainly consists of the local chavara, have all spacious
544:
After the excavation at Vrysi tou Barba the Swedish Cyprus Expedition continued with the Iron age
768:
excavation, the Crown Prince of Sweden, Gustaf VI Adolf visited the site and excavated himself.
586:
28:
From the left: John Lindros, Alfred Westholm, Erik Sjöqvist och Einar Gjerstad. Mersinaki, 1930.
1190:
943:
879:. According to the excavators, he probably held a sacrificial knife in his raised left hand.
281:
241:
2172:
2153:
2134:
2027:
1926:
1872:
1797:
1699:
1619:
From the Swedish Cyprus Expedition's excavation at Soli Cholades. Construction of temples C–F.
978:
608:
684:
Bichrome III Plate.From tomb 19, Amathus. ca. 1050–850 B.C. Can be seen at Medelhavsmuseet.
622:
529:
1758:. Stockholm: A.G Leventis Foundation and Medelhavsmuseet. pp. ix, 4–5, 11, 13, 16, 17.
1434:
1181:
of rectangular slabs of Paradisotissa limestone. The columns are of two types. Type 1 has a
383:
The bearded terracotta sculptures which the expedition found at the sanctuary at Mersinaki.
630:, occasionally covered by mounds of earth, and filled with rich finds, they started to use
176:
136:
who photographed during their time in Cyprus. The excavation constitutes the foundation of
1038:
The excavation of Kition. The rectangular base of a statue, the statue itself is missing.
573:
8:
1361:
1337:. Here, on the surface of the island’s top, cultural deposits from the Stone Age such as
999:
653:
1565:
According to the excavators many of the walls at Cholades were made of reused material,
2107:
1998:
1773:
1517:
1365:
Two stone idols from Petra tou Limniti. ca. 6000 B.C. Can be seen at Medelhavsmuseet.
1309:
1132:
721:
618:
137:
1796:”Oscar Montelius (1843-1921) Svensk forskare i nordisk förhistoria.” Stockholm, 2009.
1050:
711:
Feeding bottle from tomb 9, Amathus. Ca. 600–475 B.C. Can be seen at Medelhavsmuseet.
656:
motif and was introduced to Cyprus by the Mycenaeans. Similar shields are depicted on
420:
2093:
1845:
1759:
1721:
1516:
Soli was one of the ancient kingdoms in Cyprus and is mentioned several times in the
1428:
911:
796:
Large Bichrome Amphora from Stylli, ca. 850–700 B.C. Can be seen at Medelhavsmuseet.
792:
736:
455:
317:
145:
459:(beak spouted) and shiny red paint, which are similar to contemporary ceramics from
1406:
the less sheltered the place became. Therefore, the island needed to be abandoned.
1297:
1194:
947:
900:
739:
official who died in Amathus and was buried according to a foreign burial custom.
649:
488:
442:
309:
260:
The Swedish archaeologist’s families came along to Cyprus, therefore Rosa Lindros,
1615:
1011:
colony in Cyprus. The ruins can be found within the borders of the modern town of
122:
1640:
A reconstruction of the theatre at Soli during the Roman period by John Lindros.
1580:
1498:
1080:
827:
559:
321:
297:
224:
220:
204:
126:
1328:
The archaeologists floating. Erik Sjöqvist, Alfred Westholm and Einar Gjerstad.
866:
268:
was a Cypriot man who helped with various things during the expedition, such as
167:. Archaeological excavations were made at various locations in Cyprus including
1504:
1301:
882:
785:
582:
348:
180:
118:
1820:. Stockholm, Medelhavsmuseet: Medelhavsmuseet. pp. 230–232, 30, 196, 234.
1600:. One or possibly both of temples C and D were sacred to Isis and temple E to
1212:
blackened by fire. Further, they found a layer of carbonized matter and ash.
372:
2184:
1955:] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Albert Bonniers boktryckeri. pp. 102–106.
1395:
1305:
855:
819:
585:
on behalf of the Cyprus Exploration Fund in 1896 with archaeologists such as
497:
356:
196:
333:
1546:
1483:
entirely and there are no signs of the place being used after this period.
1438:
Four terracotta sculptures from Mersinaki. Can be seen at Medelhavsmuseet.
1108:
1034:
1027:
627:
484:
476:
352:
325:
294:
164:
133:
886:
Three terracotta bulls from Agia Eirini. Can be seen at Medelhavsmuseet.
822:
vegetables, terracotta bulls, terracotta jugs that were probably used for
379:(The Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Antiquities) The exhibition
1625:
1419:
1293:
1237:
963:
699:
696:, London 1900. The Swedish Cyprus Expedition excavated around 25 tombs.
669:
602:
405:
301:
141:
114:
1264:
Alfred Westholm at his desk with a map of the Vouni palace on the wall.
479:
period, is located to the west of the village of Lapithos and is called
1650:
1542:
1538:
1254:
1044:
967:
732:
631:
501:
492:
451:
329:
246:
237:
228:
1541:, and Akamas. Furthermore, Soli is mentioned in the list of cities of
1193:
is preserved. This capital has the shape of a Cypriote variety of the
771:
328:, among others. Einar Gjerstad borrowed one of the first manufactured
1609:
1550:
1415:
1233:
1178:
1174:
1169:
Martin Gjerstad, Lazaros and the column head no. 290. Vouni. Galini.
1008:
933:
921:
851:
843:
689:
567:
524:
313:
305:
216:
208:
172:
160:
130:
1549:(668–628 B.C.). Literary sources also mention a temple dedicated to
2026:,"The open air sanctuary at Ayia Irini", Stockholm, 2009. Carlotta,
1589:
1534:
1387:
1182:
1146:
1104:
1065:
1016:
938:
905:
823:
764:
460:
232:
168:
2150:
Cypern genom tiderna, The Leventis Gallery of Cypriote Antiquities
2131:
Cypern genom tiderna, The Leventis Gallery of Cypriote Antiquities
2024:
Cypern genom tiderna, The Leventis Gallery of Cypriote Antiquities
1923:
The Leventis Gallery of Cypriote Antiquities: the Mezzanine Floor.
1869:
The Leventis Gallery of Cypriote Antiquities: the Mezzanine Floor,
1794:
The Leventis Gallery of Cypriote Antiquities: the Mezzanine Floor.
1696:
Cypern genom tiderna, The Leventis Gallery of Cypriote Antiquities
1215:
605:
level and therefore filled with water and difficult to excavate.
339:
1601:
1282:
1268:
1244:
1224:
1186:
1069:
1020:
1012:
834:
830:. The archaeologist proposed that this was a cult of fertility.
760:
724:
717:
707:
661:
590:
563:
505:
360:
200:
188:
184:
638:
511:
1597:
1593:
1574:
1566:
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1526:
1451:
1423:
1391:
1378:
1313:
1296:
art style. She stands with her left leg advanced, dressed in a
1289:
1201:
1197:
1117:
876:
839:
780:
728:
657:
401:
393:
389:
110:
37:
1570:
1521:
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1338:
1136:
Athena head with a corinthian helmet. From Vouni ca. 475–325.
1100:
971:
925:
815:
665:
594:
1173:
The palace courtyard had columns to support the roof of the
432:
2173:
https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-mhm/web/object/3953672
2154:
https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-mhm/web/object/3953672
2135:
https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-mhm/web/object/3953672
2028:
https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-mhm/web/object/3953672
1927:
https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-mhm/web/object/3953672
1873:
https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-mhm/web/object/3953672
1798:
https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-mhm/web/object/3953672
1700:
https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-mhm/web/object/3953672
1605:
1554:
1399:
1382:
870:
The excavation at Agia Eirini. Papa Prokopios and workers.
847:
397:
805:
1414:
Another site the Swedish Cyprus Expedition excavated was
1370:
929:
2171:"The Sanctuary at Mersinaki", Stockholm 2009. Carlotta,
1557:
which led the archaeologists to search for this temple.
437:
285:
Toulis Souidos next to the Volvo. At the café Pyrgos.
566:, Cyprus's longest river. The closest modern city is
1949:
Sekler och dagar. Med svenskarna pĂĄ Cypern 1927-1931
475:
The oldest settlement, dating from the Neolithic or
915:Terracotta figurine with a bull mask. Agia Eirini.
343:Gustaf VI Adolf at the excavation of Stylli. 1930.
1068:, which the Phoenicians identified with their god
994:
1720:. Göteborgs arkeologiska museum. pp. 5, 50.
1349:View of Petra Tou Limniti from the Vouni Palace.
2182:
1086:
775:Different kind of pottery from Stylli, tomb 10.
367:
1508:Molded Roman lamp from Soli, ca. 50 BC-150 AD.
826:, and various minor objects that were probably
83:Alfred Westholm, Erik Sjöqvist and John Lindros
1871:”Publikationerna" Stockholm, 2009. Carlotta,
858:or the Mistress of Idalion, the city goddess.
2169:The Leventis Gallery of Cypriote Antiquities,
2152:"Cypern befolkas", Stockholm 2009. Carlotta,
1756:The Cyprus Collections in the Medelhavsmuseet
1390:was also found. The stone objects consist of
1925:”Utgrävningarna" Stockholm, 2009. Carlotta,
1753:
946:. Further, the deity worshipped became more
861:
109:was assembled to systematically investigate
1185:shaft meanwhile type 2 has the shape of an
1149:for votive offerings or something similar.
1842:Kulturkungen Gustaf VI Adolf frĂĄn A till Ă–
1573:, most of them were found on fragments of
1560:
1319:
617:The burial practice here began around the
22:
1200:capital with a female head sculptured in
675:
553:
433:Summaries of some of the excavation sites
2087:
1988:
1946:
1906:
1839:
1815:
1635:
1614:
1579:
1503:
1462:
1441:
1433:
1360:
1344:
1323:
1267:
1259:
1243:
1214:
1164:
1131:
1090:
1049:
1033:
998:
977:
952:
910:
889:
881:
865:
804:
791:
770:
750:
706:
698:
679:
637:
626:very poor contents. Instead of rock-cut
607:
572:
535:
510:
465:
441:
419:
371:
338:
280:
256:Einar and Vivi Gjerstad at Agia Eirini.
251:
150:
1127:
1026:The Swedish archaeologists attempted a
351:rule since 1878 and become a so-called
2183:
2163:
2161:
2125:
2123:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1984:
1982:
1715:
1219:The large stairs of the Vouni palace.
2144:
2142:
2133:,"Vouni", Stockholm, 2009. Carlotta,
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1902:
1900:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1529:however, the city was founded by two
720:and might have been related to other
438:Lapithos, the autumn 1927–spring 1928
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1863:
1861:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1698:, "The Expedition", Stockholm 2009.
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1486:
2158:
2120:
2011:
1537:, sometimes called the grandson of
1107:for example. The ancient road from
454:did an excavation here in 1913 and
411:
13:
2139:
2032:
1959:
1931:
1734:
1342:III, IV, dated to 7000–5500 B.C.
991:are from the Hellenistic period.
809:The western acropolis at Idalion.
14:
2212:
2167:Medelhavsmuseet, The Exhibition:
2148:Medelhavsmuseet, The Exhibition:
2129:Medelhavsmuseet, The Exhibition:
2022:Medelhavsmuseet, The Exhibition:
1921:Medelhavsmuseet, The Exhibition:
1877:
1867:Medelhavsmuseet, The Exhibition:
1858:
1824:
1802:
1792:Medelhavsmuseet, The exhibition:
1704:
1694:Medelhavsmuseet, The exhibition:
1679:
1844:. Apell förlag. pp. 41-45.
1079:in the struggle between him and
763:, northwest of Famagusta on the
1816:Winbladh, Marie-Lousie (1997).
995:Kition, October 1929–April 1930
957:The excavation of Agia Eirini.
759:Close to the modern village of
703:The inside of tomb 2, Amathus.
1915:
1786:
1631:
1450:The excavation began with one
355:in 1925. The foreign minister
94:Mapped Cyprus' ancient history
1:
2112:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2003:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1778:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1754:Karageorghis, Vassos (2003).
1672:
1156:
1087:Vounà spring 1928–autumn 1929
540:Tomb 702, in situ. Lapithos.
500:when the place was used as a
368:The distribution of the finds
291:Studies on Prehistoric Cyprus
276:
107:The Swedish Cyprus Expedition
17:The Swedish Cyprus Expedition
1840:Whitling, Frederick (2023).
1669:covered by limestone slabs.
1608:. Temple F was dedicated to
1409:
850:. According to bilinguistic
519:To the west of Lapithos, at
408:from the Cyprus expedition.
7:
10:
2217:
2201:Archaeological expeditions
1653:, and stage-building. The
800:
924:wall of red earth. A low
862:Agia Eirini November 1929
746:
87:
79:
71:
61:
51:
43:
33:
21:
2088:Gjerstad, Einar (1937).
1989:Gjerstad, Einar (1935).
1947:Gjerstad, Einar (1933).
1907:Gjerstad, Einar (1934).
2196:Cyprus–Sweden relations
1953:Ages and days in Cyprus
1561:The Temples at Cholades
1491:
1402:, and idols/figurines.
1320:Petra tou Limniti, 1929
587:Alexander Stuart Murray
1641:
1620:
1585:
1509:
1468:
1447:
1439:
1366:
1350:
1329:
1273:
1265:
1249:
1220:
1170:
1137:
1096:
1056:
1039:
1004:
983:
958:
916:
895:
887:
871:
810:
797:
776:
756:
712:
704:
685:
676:Amathus April–May 1930
644:
614:
578:
554:Enkomi, June–July 1930
541:
516:
472:
447:
425:
384:
344:
286:
257:
215:investigated Cyprus’s
156:
2191:Archaeology of Cyprus
1716:Åström, Paul (1974).
1639:
1618:
1583:
1507:
1466:
1445:
1437:
1364:
1348:
1327:
1271:
1263:
1247:
1218:
1168:
1135:
1094:
1053:
1037:
1002:
981:
956:
914:
893:
885:
869:
808:
795:
774:
754:
727:It contained a stone
710:
702:
694:Excavations in Cyprus
683:
641:
611:
576:
562:, close to the river
546:necropolis of Kastros
539:
514:
469:
445:
423:
381:Cypern genom tiderna.
375:
342:
284:
255:
154:
1128:The Temple of Athena
652:shields. This was a
1545:(681–668 B.C.) and
1099:The excavations at
597:, etc. In his book
304:, Sigurd Curman as
18:
1642:
1621:
1586:
1518:ancient literature
1510:
1469:
1448:
1440:
1367:
1351:
1330:
1274:
1266:
1250:
1248:The Vouni palace.
1221:
1171:
1138:
1097:
1057:
1040:
1005:
984:
959:
917:
896:
888:
872:
811:
798:
777:
757:
713:
705:
686:
645:
615:
583:the British Museum
579:
542:
517:
473:
448:
426:
385:
345:
287:
258:
163:to the end of the
157:
138:modern archaeology
129:together with the
16:
1499:(templum in antis
1487:Soli October 1927
1335:Petra tou Limniti
818:and a deposit of
660:in, for example,
481:Alonia ton Plakon
456:Menelaos Markides
357:Sir Ronald Storrs
347:Cyprus was under
318:Martin P. Nilsson
104:
103:
2208:
2175:
2165:
2156:
2146:
2137:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2103:
2085:
2030:
2020:
2009:
2008:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1957:
1956:
1944:
1929:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1875:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1837:
1822:
1821:
1813:
1800:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1769:
1751:
1732:
1731:
1713:
1702:
1692:
1588:They also found
944:fertility symbol
934:blood sacrifices
856:Queen of animals
599:Sekler och dagar
498:Geometric period
412:The Publications
310:Johannes Hellner
144:and the western
26:
19:
15:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2166:
2159:
2147:
2140:
2128:
2121:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2086:
2033:
2021:
2012:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1960:
1945:
1932:
1920:
1916:
1905:
1878:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1838:
1825:
1814:
1803:
1791:
1787:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1752:
1735:
1728:
1714:
1705:
1693:
1680:
1675:
1634:
1602:Serapis Canopus
1571:mural paintings
1563:
1494:
1489:
1412:
1322:
1208:in the middle.
1159:
1130:
1089:
1081:Ptolemy I Soter
997:
948:anthropomorphic
864:
844:The Phoenicians
803:
749:
678:
556:
551:
521:Vrysi tou Barba
440:
435:
414:
377:Medelhavsmuseet
370:
322:Axel W. Persson
298:Gustaf VI Adolf
279:
225:Cypriot pottery
221:Oscar Montelius
205:Medelhavsmuseet
127:Alfred Westholm
100:
66:
56:
29:
12:
11:
5:
2214:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2177:
2176:
2157:
2138:
2119:
2099:978-9333341769
2098:
2031:
2010:
1958:
1930:
1914:
1876:
1857:
1850:
1823:
1801:
1785:
1764:
1733:
1726:
1703:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1633:
1630:
1590:water conduits
1562:
1559:
1513:Cypro-Roman.
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1457:stratification
1431:sanctuaries.
1411:
1408:
1396:spindle whirls
1321:
1318:
1314:incense burner
1158:
1155:
1129:
1126:
1088:
1085:
996:
993:
863:
860:
802:
799:
748:
745:
677:
674:
555:
552:
439:
436:
434:
431:
413:
410:
369:
366:
364:without him.
278:
275:
266:Toulis Souidos
119:Einar Gjerstad
115:archaeological
102:
101:
99:
98:
95:
91:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
57:September 1927
53:
49:
48:
47:Einar Gjerstad
45:
41:
40:
35:
31:
30:
27:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2213:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2115:
2109:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2006:
2000:
1992:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1910:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1853:
1851:9789198664492
1847:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1781:
1775:
1767:
1765:9789963560554
1761:
1757:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1729:
1727:9789185058624
1723:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1629:
1627:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1394:, axe heads,
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:spindle whorl
1303:
1302:archaic style
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1142:
1134:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:stratigraphic
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1001:
992:
988:
980:
976:
973:
969:
965:
955:
951:
949:
945:
940:
935:
931:
927:
923:
913:
909:
907:
902:
892:
884:
880:
878:
868:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
807:
794:
790:
787:
786:Cypro-Archaic
782:
773:
769:
766:
762:
753:
744:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:
719:
709:
701:
697:
695:
691:
682:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
640:
636:
633:
629:
628:chamber tombs
624:
620:
619:Late Cypriote
610:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
575:
571:
569:
565:
561:
550:
547:
538:
534:
531:
526:
522:
513:
509:
507:
503:
499:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
468:
464:
462:
457:
453:
444:
430:
422:
418:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
382:
378:
374:
365:
362:
358:
354:
350:
341:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
296:
292:
283:
274:
271:
267:
263:
262:Vivi Gjerstad
254:
250:
248:
243:
239:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
197:Cyprus Museum
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
153:
149:
147:
146:Mediterranean
143:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
123:Erik Sjöqvist
120:
116:
112:
108:
96:
93:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
64:
60:
54:
50:
46:
42:
39:
36:
32:
25:
20:
2168:
2149:
2130:
2089:
2023:
1990:
1952:
1948:
1922:
1917:
1908:
1868:
1841:
1817:
1793:
1788:
1755:
1717:
1695:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1643:
1622:
1587:
1564:
1547:Ashurbanipal
1515:
1511:
1495:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1449:
1413:
1404:
1368:
1356:
1352:
1331:
1294:Ionian-Greek
1287:
1275:
1251:
1230:
1222:
1210:
1205:
1172:
1160:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1122:
1098:
1074:
1062:
1058:
1041:
1025:
1006:
989:
985:
964:sacred trees
960:
918:
897:
873:
852:inscriptions
832:
828:votive gifts
812:
778:
758:
741:
714:
693:
687:
670:ostrich eggs
646:
616:
598:
580:
557:
545:
543:
520:
518:
480:
477:Chalcolithic
474:
449:
427:
415:
386:
380:
376:
353:crown colony
346:
326:Ivar Kreuger
295:crown prince
290:
288:
270:conservation
259:
213:
165:Roman period
158:
134:John Lindros
106:
105:
88:Achievements
1632:The Theatre
1626:iconostasis
1420:river delta
1381:as well as
1310:loom weight
1238:frigidarium
1183:cylindrical
1045:cult statue
968:tambourines
846:called her
722:Hellenistic
632:shaft tombs
603:groundwater
406:Roman glass
320:as well as
177:Agia Eirini
142:Middle East
2185:Categories
1673:References
1651:auditorium
1543:Esarhaddon
1255:sudatorium
1179:stylobates
1157:The Palace
1009:Phoenician
820:carbonized
733:alabastron
502:necropolis
452:John Myres
334:Volvo Ă–V 4
330:Volvo cars
277:Background
247:terracotta
238:chronology
67:March 1931
2108:cite book
1999:cite book
1774:cite book
1659:orchestra
1655:orchestra
1647:orchestra
1551:Aphrodite
1539:Erechteus
1531:Athenians
1416:Mersinaki
1410:Mersinaki
1398:, bowls,
1369:Bones of
1312:, and an
1279:vestibule
1234:caldarium
1175:peristyle
1113:Mersinaki
1077:Antigonus
922:peribolos
824:libations
737:Ptolemaic
690:Acropolis
650:Mycenaean
568:Famagusta
525:limestone
489:Byzantine
417:quarter.
314:treasurer
306:secretary
233:Iron Ages
227:from the
217:neolithic
209:Stockholm
173:Nitovikla
161:Stone Age
131:architect
113:’s early
1535:Phalerus
1388:obsidian
1225:cisterns
1195:Egyptian
1147:treasury
1105:Limnitis
1066:Heracles
1017:Heracles
939:minotaur
901:agrarian
765:Mesaoria
731:with an
658:frescoes
643:Nicosia.
461:Anatolia
302:chairman
242:typology
169:Lapithos
1667:diazoma
1663:paradoi
1610:Mithras
1522:Solon’s
1392:chisels
1283:megaron
1191:capital
1187:ellipse
1070:Melqart
1021:Melqart
1013:Larnaca
835:temenos
801:Idalion
761:Stylloi
725:tumuli.
718:tumulus
662:Knossos
623:stomion
591:faience
564:Pedieos
560:Salamis
506:pottery
361:tourism
349:British
201:Nicosia
189:Amathus
185:Idalion
148:areas.
34:Country
2096:
1848:
1762:
1724:
1598:Cybele
1594:marble
1575:stucco
1567:spolia
1527:Strabo
1452:trench
1424:Apollo
1379:cattle
1377:, and
1298:chiton
1290:relief
1206:uraeus
1202:relief
1198:Hathor
1189:. One
1118:Aipeia
1064:Greek
972:flutes
877:turban
840:Athena
781:dromoi
747:Stylli
729:pithos
654:Minoan
530:dromos
493:modern
491:, and
404:, and
402:copper
394:silver
390:bronze
316:, and
240:and a
229:Bronze
193:Enkomi
191:, and
181:Marion
111:Cyprus
65:Sweden
55:Cyprus
44:Leader
38:Sweden
1951:[
1477:Poros
1429:Greek
1400:beads
1375:sheep
1371:swine
1339:flint
1101:Vouni
926:altar
906:betyl
816:altar
666:Crete
595:ivory
485:Roman
52:Start
2114:link
2094:ISBN
2005:link
1846:ISBN
1780:link
1760:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1606:Eros
1604:and
1555:Isis
1553:and
1492:Soli
1383:fish
1308:and
1223:The
1109:Soli
970:and
848:Anat
613:B.C.
398:gold
231:and
203:and
125:and
80:Crew
72:Goal
1316:.
1111:to
930:ash
664:on
463:.
312:as
300:as
249:.
207:in
199:in
62:End
2187::
2160:^
2141:^
2122:^
2110:}}
2106:{{
2034:^
2013:^
2001:}}
1997:{{
1961:^
1933:^
1879:^
1860:^
1826:^
1804:^
1776:}}
1772:{{
1736:^
1706:^
1681:^
1649:,
1533:,
1373:,
920:a
842:.
593:,
570:.
487:,
400:,
396:,
392:,
332:,
308:,
211:.
187:,
183:,
179:,
175:,
171:,
121:,
2116:)
2102:.
2007:)
1854:.
1782:)
1768:.
1730:.
1019:-
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