Swahili coast - Knowledge

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families were instrumental in the fashioning of Swahili urban life by establishing a Muslim ancestry, embracing Islam, financing mosques in the region, stimulating trade, and practicing the seclusion of women. The majority of the people in the Swahili coast were less wealthy and engaged in such jobs as clerks, craftsmen, sailors, and artisans. The Swahili culture is predominantly Islamic by religion. Archeological records have shown that mosques in the Swahili cities were built as early as the eight century CE. Muslim burial grounds of similar age have also been discovered. Despite being predominantly Muslim, the culture was distinctly African as indicated by the Swahili language used. This language was largely African characterized by many Arab and Persian words. Irrespective of their economic status, the Swahili drew a clear difference between them and the people from interior of the continent whom they considered as uncultured. For the elite, this distinction was important in selling into slavery Africans from neighboring, non-Muslim communities.

976:. Some estimate that coins were minted on the Swahili coast as early as the mid 9th century until the end of the 15th century CE. The making of coins came comparatively late to this area with many other cultures starting to make coins several centuries earlier. There are archaeological records of foreign coins being used in the area but few coins of foreign origin have been excavated. Previously, it was believed that the coins from the Swahili coast were of Persian origin, but now it is recognized that these are in fact indigenous coins. The coins found on the coast only have inscriptions in Arabic, not Swahili. The coins from this region can be put into five categories: Shanga silver, Tanzanian silver, Kilwa copper, Kilwa gold and Zanzibar copper. Silver is not found locally on the Swahili coast, so the metal had to be imported. 888:

however, especially in the western part of the Indian Ocean, Swahili coast being included, Muslim merchants dominated trade due to their ability to fund the construction of vessels. The yearly monsoon winds carried ships from the Swahili coast to the eastern Indian Ocean and back. These yearly winds were the catalyst for trade in the region as they reduced the risk associated with sailing and made it predictable. The monsoon winds were less strong and reliable as one travelled further South along Africa's coast resulting in settlements being smaller and less frequent towards the South. Trade was further encouraged by the invention of lateen sails which allowed merchants to travel apart from the

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under the leadership of Ali ibn Muhammad, captured Basra and even threatened to raid the capital, Baghdad. The vast majority of the slave rebels were Black Africans, and the 9th century Zanj revolts in Iraq is some of the best evidence of a large number of people being sold into slavery from Eastern Africa. As a result of this uprising, Abbasid Caliphate largely abandoned the large-scale importation of slaves from East Africa.

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persons in the Asian World were as domestic servants and concubines. Most of the enslaved would have been absorbed into Swahili households. The children of enslaved concubines were born as free members of their father's lineage without distinction and manumissions were a common act of piety for elderly Muslims. A series of slave uprisings took place between 869 and 883 CE in

823:, with many destinations being linked through trade. It has been claimed that the Indian Ocean trade network actually connected more people than the Silk Road. The Swahili coast largely exported raw products like timber, ivory, animal skins, spices, and gold. Finished products were imported from as far as east Asia such as silk and porcelain from 1215:, but many people continue non-Islamic traditions. For example, spirits who bring illness and misfortune are appeased and people are buried with valuable items. In addition, teachers of Islam are allowed to become medicine men; having medicine men being a practice carried over from local tribal religions. Men wear protective 835:. Some of the other imports received from Asia and Europe include cottons, silks, woolens, glass and stone beads, metal wire, jewelry, sandalwood, cosmetics, fragrances, kohl, rice, spices, coffee, tea, other foods and flavorings, teak, iron and brass fittings, sailcloth, pottery, porcelain, silver, brass, glass, 1114:

The culture of the Swahili coast had unique characteristics emerging from the diversity of its founders. The Swahili coast was essentially an urban civilization which revolved around trade activities. A few individuals in the Swahili coast were wealthy and made up the elite, ruling class. These elite

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was a guerilla war mounted by slaves against the Abbasids. This revolt lasted 14 years. Slaves with numbers as high as 15,000 would raid towns, set slaves free, and seize weapons and food. These revolts greatly destabilized the grip that the Abbasids had over slaves. During the Rebellion, the slaves,

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to distant locations. As many as 5 million of these may have come from Africa, though most would have been from West Africa, rather than East Africa. Before the 18th Century, the slave trade on the East African coast was fairly minor. Women and children were preferred since the main roles of enslaved

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to become Sultan, believing that he would be much easier to work with. The British gave Khalid an hour to vacate the Sultan's palace in Stone Town. Khalid failed to do so, and instead assembled an army of 2,800 men to fight the British. The British launched an attack on the palace and other locations

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moved his capital from Muscat to Stone Town, the main city of the Zanzibar archipelago. He encouraged the creation of clove plantations as well as the settlement of Indian traders. Until 1890 the sultans of Zanzibar controlled part of the Swahili coast known as Zanj which included Mombasa and Dar es

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Trade along the Eastern African coast started as early as the first century CE. Bantu farmers, who are considered the initial settlers within the region, built communities along the coast. These farmers eventually started trading with traders from southeast Asia, southern Arabia, and sometimes Rome

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people. The communities settling along the coast shared archaeological and linguistic features with those from the interior of the continent. Archeological data has revealed the use of Kwale and Urewe ceramics both along the coast and within the interior parts, showing that the regions had a shared

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that stopped in Kilwa's port. In Kilwa's Husuni Kabwa, or Great Fort, there is evidence of gardens, a pool, and commercial activities. The fort served as a palace and area to store commercial goods and was built by sultan Al-Hasan Ibn Suleman. The fort consists of a public courtyard, and a private

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which is sometimes considered part of the Swahili coast. Several of these islands became very powerful through trade including Zanzibar and Kilwa. Before these islands became trade hubs, it is likely that the abundant local resources were very important to the islands' inhabitants. These resources

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Today, Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous region of Tanzania made up of the Zanzibar Archipelago. The archipelago is 25-50 kilometers (16-31 mi) from the mainland. Its main industries are tourism, spice production such as cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, and black pepper, and raffia palm trees. In 1698,

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On 10 December 1963, the Protectorate that had existed over Zanzibar since 1890 was terminated by the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom did not grant Zanzibar independence, as such, because the UK never had sovereignty over Zanzibar. Rather, by the Zanzibar Act 1963 of the United Kingdom, the UK

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According to Berger et al., this shared way of life began to diverge at least around 13th century CE (362). In the wake of trading activities along the coast, Arab merchants would pour scorn on non-Muslims and some African practices. This attitude of scorn allegedly pushed African elites to deny

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From the earliest times of which there is any record the African seaboard from the Red Sea to an unknown distance southwards was subject to Arabian influence and dominion. At a later period the coast towns were founded or conquered by Persian and Arabs who, for the most part, fled to East Africa

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due to overland trade being cheaper during that period, however, trade by ships provided the advantage that the goods that were transported on them were in bulk, meaning they could be available to the mass market. Many different ethnic groups were involved in the Indian Ocean's trade network,

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After Arabic, Swahili is the most widely used African language but the number of its speakers is another area in which there is little agreement. The most commonly mentioned numbers are 50, 80, and 100 million people. The number of its native speakers has been placed at just under 2

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in addition to general interactions. Most likely, Swahili was around in some form before Arab contact but then was heavily influenced. Swahili syntax is very similar to that of other Bantu languages as, like other Bantu languages, Swahili has five vowels (a,e,i,o,u).

309:. The shallow coast was important as it provided seafood. Starting in the early 1st millennium CE, trade was crucial. Submerged river estuaries created natural harbors while yearly monsoons winds helped trade. Later in the 1st millennium there was a migration of 287:

describe the society, culture, and economy of the Swahili coast at various points in its history. The Swahili coast has a distinct culture, demography, religion, and geography, and as a result—along with other factors, including economic—has witnessed rising

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explorer, described the town as "one of the most beautiful towns in the world." Although Kilwa had been trading for centuries, the city's wealth and control of the gold trade attracted the Portuguese who were in search of gold. During the period of

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influence can be seen in the small cups of coffee that are available in the area and the sweet meats that can be tasted. The Arab influence is also seen in the Swahili language, architecture, and boat design including food as aforementioned.

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between the 8th and 11th centuries on account of the religious differences of the times, the refugees being schismatics. Various small states thus grew up along the coast. These states are sometimes referred to, collectively, as the

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is in ruins, historically it was one of the most powerful city states on the Swahili coast. One of the main exports along the Swahili coast was gold and in the 13th century the city of Kilwa took control of the gold trade from

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Crowther, Alison; Faulkner, Patrick; Prendergast, Mary E.; Morales, Eréndira M. Quintana; Horton, Mark; Wilmsen, Edwin; Kotarba-Morley, Anna M.; Christie, Annalisa; Petek, Nik; Tibesasa, Ruth; Douka, Katerina (2016-05-03).

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The Swahili people and their culture formed from a distinct mix of African and Arab origins. The Swahili were traders and merchants and readily absorbed influences from other cultures. Historical documents including the

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In the pre-Swahili period, the region was occupied by smaller societies whose main socioeconomic activities were pastoralism, fishing, and mixed farming. Early on, those living on the Swahili coast prospered because of

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were important as they provided wood for boats. However, archaeological digs reveal that the culture of the Swahili people living on these islands was adapted to trade and their maritime surroundings quite early on.

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with the word "Swahili" itself descending from the Arabic word "sahil," meaning "coast"; "Swahili" meaning "people of the coast." Some hold that Swahili is a completely Bantu language with only a few Arabic

730:) remained a Protectorate under an agreement with the Sultan of Zanzibar. That coastal strip, remaining under the sovereignty of the Sultan of Zanzibar, was constituted as the Protectorate of Kenya in 1920. 1041:

in modern-day Somalia. By the mid-14th century the sultan of Kilwa was able to assert his power over several other city states. Kilwa levied a customs duty on the gold that was shipped north from

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or inner courtyards. Domestic housing was usually constructed of mud-bricks and were mostly one storey high. Often, they had two long and narrow rooms. Housing is often decorated by carved

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On 23 July 1920, the inland areas of the East Africa Protectorate were annexed as British dominions by Order in Council. That part of the former Protectorate was thereby constituted as the

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fleeing persecution in their homelands may have settled in the region, but it is likely that the religion took hold through Arab traders. The majority of Muslims on the Swahili coast are

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ended the Protectorate and made provision for full-self government in Zanzibar as an independent country within the Commonwealth. Upon the Protectorate being abolished, Zanzibar became a

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in addition to being one of the languages of the African Union. Estimates of the number of speakers vary greatly but are usually around 50, 80 and 100 million people. Swahili is a

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and to have already converted to Islam. The interactions that ensued led to the formation of the unique Swahili culture and city states, especially those facilitated by trade.

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When Said ibn Sultan died in 1856, his sons quarrelled over the succession. As a result of this struggle, the empire was divided in 1861 into two separate principalities:

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and from that time, the Sultan of Zanzibar ceased to be sovereign over that territory. The remaining 16 km (10 mi) wide coastal strip (with the exception of

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to reach the eastern Mediterranean. Initially, Portuguese rule in East Africa focused mainly on a coastal strip centred in Mombasa. With voyages led by Vasco da Gama,

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being chartered in 1888 and given the original grant to administer the territory. It administered about 240 km (150 mi) of coastline stretching from the

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A slave boy in Zanzibar punished by his master for a slight offence. The log weighed 32 pounds, and the boy could only move by carrying it on his head, circa 1890

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verses. The historian P. Curtis said about Islam and the Swahili coast, "The Muslim religion ultimately became one of the central elements of Swahili identity."

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into the Indian Ocean in 1498 marked the Portuguese entry into trade, politics, and society in the Indian Ocean world. The Portuguese gained control of the

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and window grilles. Larger houses sometimes have gardens and orchards. Houses were constructed close together which resulted in twisty narrow streets.

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winds. Evidence for Indian Ocean trade includes the presence of pot shards on coastal archaeological sites that can be traced back to China and India.

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Philippe Beaujard "East Africa, the Comoros Islands and Madagascar before the sixteenth century, Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa" (2007)

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LaViolette, Adria. Swahili Coast, In: Encyclopedia of Archaeology, ed. by Deborah M. Pearsall. (2008): 19-21. New York, NY: Academic Press.

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on the Swahili coast were built of wood and date back to the 9th century CE. Swahili Mosques are typically smaller than elsewhere in the

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acquired formal direct rule over the coastal area previously submitted to German protection. This resulted in a native uprising, the

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in Middle Eastern, Indian, and Chinese literature from the 7th to the 14th century. The word "Swahili" means people of the coasts in

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The Colony of Kenya came to an end in 1963 when an ethnic Kenyan majority government was elected for the first time and eventually

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Until 1884, the Sultans of Zanzibar controlled a substantial portion of the Swahili Coast, known as Zanj. That year, however, the

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which were leased from the Sultan. However, the company began to fail, and on 1 July 1895 the British government proclaimed a

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Kenya Protectorate Order in Council, 1920 S.R.O. 1920 No. 2343, S.R.O. & S.I. Rev. VIII, 258, State Pp., Vol. 87 p. 968

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Salaam. At the end of the 19th century, the British and German empires brought Zanzibar into their spheres of influence.

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around the city after which Khalid retreated and later went into exile. Hamoud was then peacefully installed as Sultan.

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Berger, Eugene, et al. World History: Cultures, States, and Societies to 1500. University of North Georgia Press, 2016.

1339: 645: 2296: 3956: 3565: 2190: 2141: 1799: 1938:"Revisiting the Zanj and Re-Visioning Revolt: Complexities of the Zanj Conflict – 868-883 Ad – slave revolt in Iraq" 3580: 3570: 3512: 3490: 3473: 3468: 3387: 2078: 2005:"Coastal Subsistence, Maritime Trade, and the Colonization of Small Offshore Islands in Eastern African Prehistory" 765: 757: 1901: 3590: 3419: 3285: 3199: 3149: 637: 542: 568:, with spheres of influence already agreed upon the year before, with the British to take what would become the 3534: 1734: 951:, referred to as the Zanj Rebellion. The enslaved Zanj were likely transported from the more southern areas of 280: 3951: 3844: 3829: 2350: 1922: 1762: 1306: 546: 482: 17: 652:, to increase British influence in the region. He formed a British East Africa Association which led to the 447:

The Portuguese were able to wrest much of the coastal trade from Arabs between 1500 and 1700, but, with the

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Slave Trade Profiteers In the Western Indian Ocean: Suppression and Resistance In the Nineteenth Century

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can be largely attributed to the region's extensive participation in a trade network that spanned the

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are common in the Swahili coast's food due to its proximity and reliance on the coast. In addition,

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directly by sea, thus challenging older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the

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in 1498 was then successful in reaching India thereby permitting the Portuguese to trade with the

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Alpers, Edward A. The Indian Ocean In World History. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2014.

1499: 753: 738: 557:, further German interest in the area was soon shown in 1885 by the arrival of the newly created 504:(that is, Zanzibar Island). He established a ruling Arab elite and encouraged the development of 2102: 906:

It has been estimated that between 1450 and 1900 CE as many as 17 million people were sold into

632:, the shortest in recorded history. A struggle for succession took place as the Sultan's cousin 3788: 3595: 3189: 2992: 2241: 2168: 515:. As a regional commercial power in the 19th century, Oman held the island of Zanzibar and the 3881: 3745: 3665: 3308: 3209: 2818: 2129: 1564: 1558: 1495:

Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade: Crash Course World History #18

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Kenya (Annexation) Order in Council, 1920, S.R.O. 1902 No. 661, S.R.O. & S.I. Rev. 246.

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Kemezis, K., 2010. East African City States (1000-1500). Blackpast.org. Available at: <

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In 1886, the British and Germans secretly met and discussed their aims of expansion in the

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could not handle its dominions, it sold out to the German government, which began to rule

8: 3404: 3069: 3006: 2982: 2813: 2674: 2620: 2561: 2532: 2472: 2467: 1964:"The Indian Ocean and Swahili Coast coins, international networks and local developments" 1588: 761: 649: 633: 565: 554: 512: 448: 1710: 768:. In April 1964, the existence of this socialist republic was ended with its union with 3692: 3313: 3276: 3154: 2600: 2522: 2482: 2457: 1093:

after sultan Saif bin Sultan defeated the Portuguese at Mombasa. In 1832 the sultan of

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forced local chiefs on the mainland to agree to German protection, prompting Sultan

3854: 3849: 3839: 3768: 3445: 3399: 3342: 3271: 3134: 3028: 2977: 2955: 2808: 2755: 2694: 2054: 2026: 2016: 1971: 1150: 1145: 306: 244:). In addition, several coastal islands are included in the Swahili coast, such as 181: 49: 2021: 2004: 3740: 3241: 3229: 3214: 3169: 3119: 3059: 3001: 2962: 2950: 2943: 2852: 2669: 2652: 2627: 1875: 1788: 1281: 1271: 1170: 1023: 723: 596: 526: 468: 350: 1963: 1838: 1450:"Contagion of discontent: Muslim extremism spreads down east Africa coastline," 3885: 3834: 3733: 3697: 3677: 3660: 3600: 3364: 3256: 3234: 3224: 3076: 3054: 2938: 2933: 2918: 2913: 2840: 2786: 2738: 2709: 2615: 2605: 2238:"Development and Promotion of Extractive Industries and Mineral Value Addition" 1266: 1042: 1033: 1027: 993: 956: 839:, paints, ink, carved wood, books, carved chests, arms, ammunition, gunpowder, 716: 692: 673: 456: 441: 255:

Areas of what is today considered the Swahili coast were historically known as

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empire. However, it is unlikely that they were ever united under one ruler.

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https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/east-african-city-states/

711:". The UK held Tanganyika as a League of Nations mandate until the end of 3819: 3778: 3709: 3414: 3303: 3246: 3174: 3124: 3011: 2987: 2876: 2714: 2632: 2610: 2586: 2432: 2422: 2182: 2174:

Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience

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Oriental influences in Swahili: a study in language and culture contacts,

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On the Swahili coast, coin minting can be correlated to an increase in

808: 508: 497: 452: 436:, the Portuguese dominated much of southeast Africa's coast, including 205: 115: 2255: 2031: 1195: 333: 3796: 3455: 3429: 3359: 3337: 3330: 3114: 2891: 2825: 2721: 2544: 2527: 2412: 2407: 2381: 2133: 1636:"Zanzibar, a sultanate and British protectorate of East Africa" 1614:"Zanzibar, a sultanate and British protectorate of East Africa" 1521:"Zanzibar, a sultanate and British protectorate of East Africa" 1239:

and have little decorations. In addition, they typically do not have

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/about/transcripts/episode60/

1077: 3323: 2928: 2864: 2835: 2745: 2704: 2512: 2492: 2372: 1179: 1166: 1068: 1010: 989: 777: 727: 703:, although German resistance continued until 1918. After this, the 577: 478: 409: 370: 362: 245: 241: 150: 107: 2001: 3295: 3033: 2923: 2881: 2769: 2581: 2576: 2505: 1240: 1208: 1124: 1051: 1038: 1005: 935: 907: 876: 860: 764:. Jamshid fled into exile, and the Sultanate was replaced by the 585: 421: 405: 354: 249: 225: 209: 138: 134: 119: 3801: 2905: 2859: 2566: 2553: 1232: 1216: 1174: 985: 939: 915: 911: 852: 844: 501: 437: 401: 327: 268: 256: 201: 142: 1855:. 1st ed. 2017. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. 807:

and Greece (Berger et al. 362). The rise of the Swahili coast

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and heralded the end of Zanzibar's influence on the mainland.

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German East Africa was gradually occupied by forces from the

573: 505: 460: 237: 229: 111: 41: 2686: 1902:"Islam, From Arab To Islamic Empire: The Early Abbasid Era" 1256: 1244: 1116: 1094: 1090: 1001: 972:. The earliest coins share many similarities to coins from 948: 919: 880: 733:

In 1961, Tanganyika gained its independence from the UK as

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formalised control of the area by the UK, who renamed it "

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owned or claimed overlordship over the mainland cities of

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The Swahili: The social landscape of a mercantile society

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area. Due to the intricate architecture present in Kilwa

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Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion, Volume 2

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Swahili is grouped in the Bantu language family (orange)

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region of the East African coast, including Mombasa and

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in the early 16th century. Vasco da Gama having visited

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connections to the interior and to claim descent from

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http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/55/contents/

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Agreement of 14 June 1890: State pp. vol. 82. p. 653

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At the zenith of its power in the 15th century, the

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Coastal area of the Indian Ocean in southeast Africa

1720: 1718: 922:and transported by Asian slave traders through the 1787: 1318:Felix A. Chami, "Kaole and the Swahili World," in 1199:Houses are often decorated with carved door frames 1968:Afriques. Débats, Méthodes et Terrains d'Histoire 1556: 1059:subjugation, trade essentially stopped in Kilwa. 756:within the Commonwealth under the Sultan. Sultan 3898: 1715: 624:. In August 1896, following the death of Sultan 1724: 1131:as well as tropical fruits are often used. The 1763:"AFRICA - Explore the Regions - Swahili Coast" 672:, the administration being transferred to the 2358: 2009:The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1203:The primary religion of the Swahili coast is 1009:include mangroves, fishing, and crustaceans. 1466: 1464: 1462: 1460: 561:, which had a mission to colonize the area. 2163: 1880:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 585. 883:. Trade in the region decreased during the 679:In 1891, after it became apparent that the 644:In 1886, the British government encouraged 337:A 1572 depiction of the city of Kilwa from 2365: 2351: 1534: 774:United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar 2248: 2030: 2020: 1975: 1873: 1457: 636:seized power. The British instead wanted 471:, the Portuguese retreated to the south. 2079:"The Story of Africa| BBC World Service" 1929: 1194: 1105: 1076: 819:network has been likened to that of the 797: 760:was overthrown a month later during the 525: 473: 332: 2123: 1961: 1084:is the Zanzibar Archipelago's main city 14: 3899: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2157: 1867: 1757: 1755: 1725:Horton, Mark; Middleton, John (2000). 1392: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 741:. It became a republic a year later. 576:) and the Germans to take present-day 305:helped by regular yearly rainfall and 2346: 1997: 1995: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1785: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1320:Southern Africa and the Swahili World 988:close to the Swahili coast including 783: 2126:Zanzibar: Its History and Its People 1655: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1325: 654:Imperial British East Africa Company 582:Imperial British East Africa Company 361:and Sofala and the island-states of 2310: 2274: 2230: 2206: 2071: 1935: 1752: 1173:language with heavy influence from 538:and the area of "Muscat and Oman". 24: 3942:Geography of Cabo Delgado Province 1992: 1948: 1894: 1837:. 3 September 2001. Archived from 1823: 1779: 1416: 1345: 979: 620:in 1890, Zanzibar itself became a 25: 3968: 2103:"Exotic Zanzibar and its seafood" 1473: 492:(1806–1856) moved his court from 3873: 3872: 3205:West South Central United States 628:, Britain and Zanzibar fought a 549:to protest. Coinciding with the 385:(plus numerous smaller places). 60: 3420:Latin America and the Caribbean 3286:Latin America and the Caribbean 2289:"History and Origin of Swahili" 2117: 2095: 2047: 1858: 1845: 1811: 1743: 1703: 1685: 1676: 1656:Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). 1649: 1627: 1605: 1581: 1563:. St. Martin's press. pp. 1550: 1502:from the original on 2021-12-15 1226: 543:Society for German Colonization 2258:. Swahililanguage.stanford.edu 1512: 1444: 1312: 1299: 895: 599:, which was suppressed by the 451:of Portugal's key foothold at 281:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 13: 1: 2022:10.1080/15564894.2016.1188334 1874:Rodriguez, Junius P. (2007). 1589:"Brief History of Fort Jesus" 1292: 1161:and the national language of 766:People's Republic of Zanzibar 715:after which it was held as a 271:and is derived from the word 2887:Middle East and North Africa 2592:Middle East and North Africa 2124:Ingrams, William H. (1967), 1962:Perkins, John (2015-12-25). 1089:Zanzibar became part of the 584:took over administration of 341:and Frans Hogenberg's atlas 7: 1790:The Rough Guide to Tanzania 1659:"British East Africa" 1250: 1190: 1139: 1062: 292:in the early 21st century. 10: 3973: 3922:Coasts of the Indian Ocean 3180:Northeastern United States 1831:"Focus on the slave trade" 1786:Finke, Jens (2010-01-04). 1557:Kevin Shillington (1995). 1403:World History Encyclopedia 1143: 1101: 1066: 1021: 899: 787: 681:German East Africa Company 610:Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty 593:German East Africa Company 559:German East Africa Company 295: 3868: 3810: 3787: 3754: 3718: 3651: 3545: 3453: 3444: 3373: 3294: 3100: 2904: 2685: 2643: 2552: 2543: 2491: 2448: 2388: 2055:"Historic Sites of Kilwa" 1921:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 827:, spices and cotton from 802:Map of Indian Ocean trade 513:the island's slave labour 481:slave market in 1860, by 161: 156: 125: 103: 68: 59: 35: 3957:Indian Ocean slave trade 3661:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 2665:Transantarctic Mountains 1432:Kilwa Kisiwani, Tanzania 1207:. Initially, unorthodox 1017: 963: 947:, a city of present-day 902:Indian Ocean slave trade 831:, and black pepper from 776:, which became known as 670:East Africa Protectorate 608:With the signing of the 570:East Africa Protectorate 343:Civitates orbis terrarum 39: 3410:Caribbean South America 1669:Encyclopædia Britannica 1642:Encyclopædia Britannica 1620:Encyclopædia Britannica 1527:Encyclopædia Britannica 1004:in addition to distant 754:constitutional monarchy 188:) is a coastal area of 3190:Southern United States 2993:Scandinavian Peninsula 2242:East African Community 2169:Gates, Henry Louis Jr. 1645:(11th ed.). 1911. 1623:(11th ed.). 1911. 1530:(11th ed.). 1911. 1200: 1111: 1085: 803: 531: 485: 346: 185: 42: 3666:Antarctic Convergence 3210:Western United States 2327:africa.uima.uiowa.edu 1977:10.4000/afriques.1769 1817:BBC Kilwa Pot Sherds 1729:. Oxford: Blackwell. 1198: 1109: 1080: 1073:Sultanate of Zanzibar 815:. The Indian Ocean's 801: 794:Monsoon of South Asia 746:declared independence 536:Sultanate of Zanzibar 529: 477: 434:Afonso de Albuquerque 416:routes that used the 400:and the port city of 336: 196:and inhabited by the 3952:Zanzibar slave trade 2732:Greater Central Asia 2059:World Monuments Fund 1936:Asquith, Christina. 1593:www.mombasa-city.com 1277:Swahili architecture 758:Jamshid bin Abdullah 701:East Africa Campaign 622:British protectorate 430:Francisco de Almeida 398:Island of Mozambique 3932:African slave trade 3878:Continents of Earth 3405:Brazilian Highlands 2814:Indian subcontinent 2675:Antarctic Peninsula 2473:Southern Hemisphere 2468:Northern Hemisphere 1709:Zanzibar Act 1963: 1231:The earliest known 1127:and many different 762:Zanzibar Revolution 650:African Great Lakes 638:Hamoud bin Mohammed 634:Khalid bin Barghash 566:African Great Lakes 555:Scramble for Africa 84: / 43:Pwani ya Waswahili 3907:Historical regions 3693:Great Barrier Reef 3314:Mainland Australia 3022:Apennine Peninsula 2483:Western Hemisphere 2458:Eastern Hemisphere 2293:www.swahilihub.com 1201: 1112: 1086: 970:Indian Ocean trade 804: 790:Indian Ocean trade 784:Indian Ocean trade 780:six months later. 719:trust territory. 685:German East Africa 662:German East Africa 626:Hamad bin Thuwaini 602:Kaiserliche Marine 591:The same year the 532: 486: 347: 259:or Zingion in the 192:, bordered by the 186:Pwani ya Waswahili 88:6.8113°S 39.2844°E 3937:Regions of Africa 3927:Islam and slavery 3894: 3893: 3774:Mediterranean Rim 3647: 3646: 3586:Mediterranean Sea 3440: 3439: 3393:Amazon Rainforest 3220:Canadian Prairies 3185:Pacific Northwest 3046:Iberian Peninsula 2831:Arabian Peninsula 2658:Antarctic Plateau 2418:Three/Four Worlds 1851:Suzuki, Hideaki. 1560:History of Africa 1454:(3 November 2012) 1331:A. Lodhi (2000), 924:Mediterranean Sea 705:League of Nations 687:directly. During 646:William Mackinnon 551:Berlin Conference 500:on the island of 394:Cape of Good Hope 174: 173: 16:(Redirected from 3964: 3917:Cultural regions 3912:Southeast Africa 3876: 3875: 3855:Global Southwest 3850:Global Southeast 3840:Global Northwest 3835:Global Northeast 3825:Global Heartland 3769:Indian Ocean Rim 3451: 3450: 3343:Island Melanesia 3034:Balkan Peninsula 2809:Himalayan states 2756:Russian Far East 2550: 2549: 2478:Water Hemisphere 2367: 2360: 2353: 2344: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2319: 2308: 2307: 2305: 2304: 2295:. Archived from 2285: 2272: 2271: 2265: 2263: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2224: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2065: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2034: 2024: 1999: 1990: 1989: 1979: 1959: 1946: 1945: 1940:. Archived from 1933: 1927: 1926: 1920: 1912: 1910: 1909: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1871: 1865: 1862: 1856: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1827: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1806:isbn:1405380187. 1793: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1773: 1767:www.thirteen.org 1759: 1750: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1722: 1713: 1707: 1701: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1683: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1661: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1638: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1616: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1600: 1599: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1532: 1531: 1523: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1490: 1471: 1468: 1455: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1427: 1414: 1413: 1411: 1410: 1394: 1343: 1329: 1323: 1316: 1310: 1303: 1146:Swahili language 547:Bargash bin Said 483:Edwin Stocqueler 307:animal husbandry 99: 98: 96: 95: 94: 93:-6.8113; 39.2844 89: 85: 82: 81: 80: 77: 64: 54: 53: 45: 33: 32: 21: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3947:Slavery in Oman 3897: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3864: 3806: 3783: 3750: 3714: 3643: 3632:South China Sea 3541: 3484:Central America 3436: 3369: 3290: 3242:Northern Mexico 3230:Northern Canada 3215:Atlantic Canada 3170:Mountain states 3096: 2951:European Russia 2944:Southern Russia 2900: 2853:Iranian Plateau 2681: 2670:West Antarctica 2653:East Antarctica 2639: 2539: 2487: 2463:Land Hemisphere 2444: 2384: 2371: 2341: 2340: 2331: 2329: 2321: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2300: 2287: 2286: 2275: 2261: 2259: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2222: 2220: 2218:www.mwambao.com 2212: 2211: 2207: 2193: 2171:, eds. (1999), 2162: 2158: 2144: 2136:, p. 162, 2122: 2118: 2108: 2106: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2087: 2085: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2063: 2061: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2000: 1993: 1960: 1949: 1934: 1930: 1914: 1913: 1907: 1905: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1850: 1846: 1841:on 25 May 2017. 1829: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1812: 1802: 1784: 1780: 1771: 1769: 1761: 1760: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1737: 1723: 1716: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1654: 1650: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1597: 1595: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1575: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1535: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1503: 1492: 1491: 1474: 1469: 1458: 1449: 1445: 1437: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1417: 1408: 1406: 1398:"Swahili Coast" 1396: 1395: 1346: 1330: 1326: 1317: 1313: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1282:Kilwa Sultanate 1272:Swahili culture 1253: 1229: 1193: 1148: 1142: 1104: 1091:Omani sultanate 1075: 1067:Main articles: 1065: 1032:Although today 1030: 1024:Kilwa Sultanate 1022:Main articles: 1020: 984:There are many 982: 980:Coastal islands 966: 904: 898: 796: 788:Main articles: 786: 724:Colony of Kenya 660:via Mombasa to 597:Abushiri revolt 490:Said bin Sultan 469:Saif bin Sultan 351:Kilwa Sultanate 298: 261:Greco-Roman era 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 118: 114: 110: 92: 90: 86: 83: 78: 75: 73: 71: 70: 55: 47: 40: 38: 31: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3970: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3888: 3886:Physical Earth 3869: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3816: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3799: 3793: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3760: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3725: 3723: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3698:Mariana Trench 3695: 3685: 3680: 3678:Atlantic Ocean 3675: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3657: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3641: 3639:Southern Ocean 3636: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3627:East China Sea 3619: 3618: 3617: 3607: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3561:Atlantic Ocean 3558: 3552: 3550: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3466: 3460: 3458: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3433: 3432: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3379: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3367: 3365:Remote Oceania 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3335: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3300: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3288: 3283: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3279: 3274: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3238: 3237: 3235:Western Canada 3232: 3227: 3225:Eastern Canada 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3106: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3052: 3051: 3050: 3049: 3048: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3026: 3025: 3024: 3014: 3009: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2996: 2995: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2939:South Caucasus 2936: 2934:North Caucasus 2926: 2916: 2910: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2857: 2856: 2855: 2845: 2844: 2843: 2841:South Caucasus 2833: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2801: 2800: 2799: 2794: 2784: 2779: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2743: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2735: 2734: 2719: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2710:Aralkum Desert 2707: 2697: 2691: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2667: 2662: 2661: 2660: 2649: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2608: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2564: 2558: 2556: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2509: 2508: 2501:Africa-Eurasia 2497: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2454: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2394: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2370: 2369: 2362: 2355: 2347: 2339: 2338: 2309: 2273: 2247: 2229: 2205: 2191: 2156: 2142: 2116: 2094: 2070: 2046: 2015:(2): 211–237. 1991: 1947: 1944:on 2016-03-06. 1928: 1893: 1887:978-0313332739 1886: 1866: 1857: 1844: 1822: 1810: 1800: 1778: 1751: 1742: 1735: 1714: 1702: 1693: 1684: 1675: 1664:Chisholm, Hugh 1648: 1626: 1604: 1580: 1574:978-0312125981 1573: 1549: 1533: 1511: 1472: 1456: 1452:The Economist 1443: 1415: 1344: 1340:978-9173463775 1324: 1311: 1297: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1267:Shirazi people 1264: 1259: 1252: 1249: 1228: 1225: 1192: 1189: 1144:Main article: 1141: 1138: 1103: 1100: 1064: 1061: 1028:Kilwa Kisiwani 1019: 1016: 981: 978: 965: 962: 957:Zanj Rebellion 900:Main article: 897: 894: 785: 782: 737:, joining the 717:United Nations 693:British Empire 674:Foreign Office 614:United Kingdom 457:Mombasa Island 388:The voyage of 297: 294: 200:. It includes 198:Swahili people 172: 171: 166: 159: 158: 154: 153: 127: 123: 122: 105: 101: 100: 66: 65: 57: 56: 36: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3969: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3870: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3688:Pacific Ocean 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3622:Pacific Ocean 3620: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 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