Sustainable fishery

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human consumers themselves. In addition to this, sustainable fish farming is able to control what their fish eat: farmers will take care to keep the fish's diet healthy and balanced. Conversely, one of the most unsustainable practices within the fish farming industry occurs is when farmers feed the fish pellets of animal waste. The quality of ocean water in and around fish farms is up to the farmers to maintain, and due to the fact that the mesh cages take up only a certain amount of space in the ocean, fish farmers can ensure that waste and other byproducts are not polluting the water. Everything from fish oils to fish skin may be incorporated into something new: for example, fish oils can become a beneficiary supplement for both animals and humans.

46: 1066: 131: 4017: 379: 31: 1353:. He describes the way that radically depleted fisheries were evaluated by experts who used the state of the fishery at the start of their careers as the baseline, rather than the fishery in its untouched state. Areas that swarmed with a particular species hundreds of years ago, may have experienced long-term decline, but it is the level of decades previously that is considered the appropriate reference point for current populations. In this way large declines in ecosystems or species over long periods of time were, and are, masked. There is a loss of 459: 490: 476: 416:", are needed each generation to produce the maximum harvestable surplus. The optimum escapement is that needed to reach that surplus. If the escapement is half the optimum, then normal fishing looks like overfishing. But this is still sustainable fishing, which could continue indefinitely at its reduced stock numbers and yield. There is a wide range of escapement sizes that present no threat that the stock might collapse or that the stock structure might erode. 3346: 4271: 516: 1017:

what it sounds like—to breed and raise fish in enclosed environments, then eventually sell the grown fish as food for consumers. Salmon, cod, and halibut are three types of finfish that are often farm-raised. The actual enclosures in which the fish grow and swim are made of mesh "cages" submerged underwater.

3505:; Branch, T. A.; Collie, J. S.; Costello, C.; Fogarty, M. J.; Fulton, E. A.; Hutchings, J. A.; Jennings, S.; Jensen, O. P.; Lotze, H. K.; Mace, P. M.; McClanahan, T. R.; Minto, C.; Palumbi, S. R.; Parma, A. M.; Ricard, D.; Rosenberg, A. A.; Watson, R.; Zeller, D. (2009). "Rebuilding Global Fisheries". 818:: Environmental economist Essam Y Mohammed argues that by creating direct economic incentives, whereby people are able to receive payment for the services their property provides, will help to establish sustainable fisheries around the world as well as inspire conservation where it otherwise would not. 3560:

Grafton, R. Quentin; Hilborn, Ray; Ridgeway, Lori; Squires, Dale; Williams, Meryl; Garcia, Serge; Groves, Theodore; Joseph, James; Kelleher, Kieran; Kompas, Tom; Libecap, Gary; Lundin, Carl Gustaf; Makino, Mitsutaku; Matthiasson, Thorolfur; McLoughlin, Richard; Parma, Ana; Martin, Gustavo San; Satia,

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One of the major impediments to the rational control of marine resources is inadequate data. According to fisheries scientist Milo Adkison (2007), the primary limitation in fisheries management decisions is poor data. Fisheries management decisions are often based on population models, but the models

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Because they are not catching the fish out in the open ocean, fish farmers are able to control the environment in which the fish exist. Sustainable fish farming practices do not use dangerous chemicals, hormones, or antibiotics on their fish, which benefits the surrounding marine environment, and the

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We propose that rebuilding ecosystems, and not sustainability per se, should be the goal of fishery management. Sustainability is a deceptive goal because human harvesting of fish leads to a progressive simplification of ecosystems in favour of smaller, high turnover, lower trophic level fish species

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be one a very environmentally-friendly way to harvest fish. Fish farms are regulated by laws and management plans, which prevents it from falling prey to the same phenomenon of overfishing, which cripples the fish populations and marine ecosystem as a whole. The basic premise of fish farming is just

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Everybody would like to see the rebuilding of fish stocks and this can only be achieved if we understand all of the influences, human and natural, on fish dynamics. ... fish communities can be altered in a number of ways, for example they can decrease if particular-sized individuals of a species are

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and diversity" and by perceiving the fishing industry as "the sole legitimate user, in effect the owner, of marine living resources." Historically, stock assessment scientists usually worked in government laboratories and considered their work to be providing services to the fishing industry. These

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Halpern, Benjamin S.; Walbridge, Shaun; Selkoe, Kimberly A.; Kappel, Carrie V.; Micheli, Fiorenza; d'Agrosa, Caterina; Bruno, John F.; Casey, Kenneth S.; Ebert, Colin; Fox, Helen E.; Fujita, Rod; Heinemann, Dennis; Lenihan, Hunter S.; Madin, Elizabeth M. P.; Perry, Matthew T.; Selig, Elizabeth R.;

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aimed at conserving life below water. Its Target 14.7 states that "By 2030, increase the economic benefits to small island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism".

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Social sustainability can conflict with biodiversity. A fishery is socially sustainable if the fishery ecosystem maintains the ability to deliver products the society can use. Major species shifts within the ecosystem could be acceptable as long as the flow of such products continues. Humans have

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Sustainability can mean different things to different people. Some may view sustainable fishing to be catching very little in order for fish populations to return to their historical levels (represented by the blue dot), while others consider sustainability to be the maximum amount of fish we can

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considers the health of the human ecosystem as well as the marine ecosystem. A fishery which rotates among multiple species can deplete individual stocks and still be sustainable so long as the ecosystem retains its intrinsic integrity. Such a definition might consider as sustainable fishing

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allows nature to adjust to a new steady state, without compromising future harvests. However, this view is naive, because constancy is not an attribute of marine ecosystems, which dooms this approach. Stock abundance fluctuates naturally, changing the potential yield over short and long-term

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Primary production required (PPR) to sustain global marine fisheries landings expressed as percentage of local primary production (PP). The maps represent total annual landings for 1950 (top) and 2005 (bottom). Note that PP estimates are static and derived from the synoptic observation for

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structure will erode to the point where it loses diversity and resilience to environmental fluctuations; that ecosystems and their economic infrastructures will cycle between collapse and recovery; with each cycle less productive than its predecessor; and that changes will occur in the

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asked, "How can fisheries science and conservation biology achieve a reconciliation?", then answered his own question, "By accepting each other's essentials: that fishing should remain a viable occupation; and that aquatic ecosystems and their biodiversity are allowed to persist."

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Valorization of by-catch: helping to avoid discards (and their associated adverse ecological impacts) by valorizing by-catch products, as they are good sources for protein hydrolizates, peptones, enzymatic mixtures or fish oil being these products of interest different industrial

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Pelletier, Nathan L.; Ayer, Nathan W.; Tyedmers, Peter H.; Kruse, Sarah A.; Flysjo, Anna; Robillard, Greg; Ziegler, Friederike; Scholz, Astrid J.; Sonesson, Ulf (2006). "Impact categories for life cycle assessment research of seafood production systems: Review and prospectus".

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scientists dismissed conservation issues and distanced themselves from the scientists and the science that raised the issues. This happened even as commercial fish stocks deteriorated, and even though many governments were signatories to binding conservation agreements.

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On the other hand, overfishing can precede severe stock depletion and fishery collapse. Hilborn points out that continuing to exert fishing pressure while production decreases, stock collapses and the fishery fails, is largely "the product of institutional failure".

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in their area. Re-establishing a healthy food chain can result in the farm automatically filtering out impurities from feed water and air, feeding its own food chain, and additionally producing high net yields for harvesting. An example is the large cattle ranch

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is possible providing the right ideas (technology) are combined with the right rules, rather than simply hectoring fishers. There has been no lack of innovative ideas about how to harvest fish. He characterizes failures as primarily failures to apply appropriate

987:(EEZ). This move has had many implications for fisheries conservation, since it means that most of the most productive maritime ecosystems are now under national jurisdictions, opening possibilities for protecting these ecosystems by passing appropriate laws. 654:

at risk, while changing rainfall patterns and water use impact on inland (freshwater) fisheries and aquaculture. As climate change causes oceans to warm up, fish are forced to move away, into cooler Northern waters. This can cause overcrowding in these areas.

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Nellemann, C., Hain, S., and Alder, J. (Eds). February 2008. In Dead Water: Merging of climate change with pollution, over-harvest, and infestations in the world’s fishing grounds. United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal, Norway. Available at

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in the western Atlantic. Their numbers have severely declined and they will probably go extinct if these catch rates continue. Even if the barndoor skate goes extinct, changing the ecosystem, there could still be sustainable fishing of other commercial

906:. Ecosystem-based fishery concepts have been implemented in some regions. In a 2007 effort to "stimulate much needed discussion" and "clarify the essential components" of ecosystem-based fisheries science, a group of scientists offered the following 423:

Today over 70% of fish species are either fully exploited, overexploited, depleted, or recovering from depletion. If overfishing does not decrease, it is predicted that stocks of all species currently commercially fished for will collapse by 2048.

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Over the years, fish farming has made a name for itself in the fishing industry as a means of ensuring that the world's fish supplies do not deplete so rapidly. Sometimes referred to as "aquaculture", fish farming, when done right,

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than with fishing, the U.S. extended its jurisdiction, then 12 miles from the coast, to 200 miles. This made huge shelf areas part of its territory. Other nations followed, extending national control to what became known as the

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asserted that overfishing or "permanent exhaustion" was scientifically impossible, and stated that probably "all the great sea fisheries are inexhaustible". In reality, by 1883 marine fisheries were already collapsing. The

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Various organizations promote sustainable fishing strategies, educate the public and stakeholders, and lobby for conservation law and policy. The list includes the Marine Conservation Biology Institute and

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is the way significant changes to a system are measured against previous baselines, which themselves may represent significant changes from the original state of the system. The term was first used by the

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Strategies and techniques for marine conservation tend to combine theoretical disciplines, such as population biology, with practical conservation strategies, such as setting up protected areas, as with

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Alonso, Antonio A.; Antelo, Luis T.; Otero-Muras, Irene; Pérez-Gálvez, Raúl (2010). "Contributing to fisheries sustainability by making the best possible use of their resources: The BEFAIR initiative".

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United Nations Economic and Social Council (2021) Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals Report of the Secretary-General, E/2021/58, High-level political forum on sustainable development.

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Pauly, Daniel; Christensen, Villy; Guénette, Sylvie; Pitcher, Tony J.; Sumaila, U. Rashid; Walters, Carl J.; Watson, R.; Zeller, Dirk (2002). "Towards sustainability in world fisheries".

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Overfishing can be sustainable. According to Hilborn, overfishing can be "a misallocation of societies' resources", but it does not necessarily threaten conservation or sustainability".

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is modifying fish distribution and the productivity of marine and freshwater species. This reduces sustainable catch levels across many habitats, puts pressure on resources needed for

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A recent survey of global ocean health concluded that all parts of the ocean have been affected by human development and that 41 percent has been fouled with human polluted runoff,

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to enable sustainable exploitation. Modern fisheries management is often defined as mandatory rules based on concrete objectives and a mix of management techniques, enforced by a

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Sustainable management of fisheries cannot be achieved without an acceptance that the long-term goals of fisheries management are the same as those of environmental conservation.

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Maintain an "old growth" structure in fish populations, since big, old and fat female fish have been shown to be the best spawners, but are also susceptible to overfishing.

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to fish in distant waters, such as West Africa. Many experts reject fishing subsidies and advocate restructuring incentives globally to help struggling fisheries recover.

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According to Hilborn, the "loss of some species, and indeed transformation of the ecosystem is not incompatible with sustainable harvests." For example, in recent years,

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Sustainable fisheries certification: A promising direction is the independent certification programs for sustainable fisheries conducted by organizations such as the

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Economics: Another focus of conservationists is on curtailing detrimental human activities by improving fisheries' market structure with techniques such as salable

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involved in harvesting marine ecosystems into fishery economics, educating stakeholders and the wider public, and developing independent certification programs.

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Hospido, A.; Vazquez, M.E.; Cuevas, A.; Feijoo, G.; Moreira, M.T. (2006). "Environmental assessment of canned tuna manufacture with a life-cycle perspective".

1900: 187: 1708: 1152: 1129: 898:—pollution is another example.... No one factor operates in isolation and components of the ecosystem respond differently to each individual factor. 1956: 3324: 966:

Marine life is not evenly distributed in the oceans. Most of the really valuable ecosystems are in relatively shallow coastal waters, above or near the

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characterises marine protected areas as "a conservation tool of revolutionary importance that is being incorporated into the fisheries mainstream."

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The focus of sustainable fishing is often on the fish. Other factors are sometimes included in the broader question of sustainability. The use of

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Other organizations offer advice to members of the public who eat with an eye to sustainability. According to the marine conservation biologist

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is that it is one that is harvested at a sustainable rate, where the fish population does not decline over time because of fishing practices.

4290: 2652:"Direct economic incentives for sustainable fisheries management: the case of Hilsa conservation in Bangladesh - Shaping Sustainable Markets" 2181: 1732: 1120:. The basic concept of relationship farming is to put effort into building a healthy food chain, and then the food chain does the hard work. 3290: 2885: 2708: 1219:

Does the fishery have a problem with discards—generally, undersized animals caught and thrown away because their market value is low?

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Fisheries and aquaculture are, directly or indirectly, a source of livelihood for over 500 million people, mostly in developing countries.

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catch without depleting stocks any further (red dot). Most research, industry and policy backs the second view: viewing fish as a resource.

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Characterize and maintain the natural spatial structure of fish stocks, so that management boundaries match natural boundaries in the sea.

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Hughes, T.; Bellwood, D.; Folke, C.; Steneck, R.; Wilson, J. (2005). "New paradigms for supporting the resilience of marine ecosystems".

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at the continental edge, allowing photosynthesis, which energizes the lowest trophic levels. In the 1970s, for reasons more to do with

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Adapt to ecosystem changes through time, both short-term and on longer cycles of decades or centuries, including global climate change.

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In the end, we will conserve only what we love; we will love only what we understand; and we will understand only what we are taught.

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The traditional approach to fisheries science and management has been to focus on a single species. This can be contrasted with the

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been operating such regimes for thousands of years, transforming many ecosystems, depleting or driving to extinction many species.

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Ray, G. Carleton and McCormick-Ray, Jerry (eds). (2004). "Coastal-marine conservation: science and policy". Malden, Ma: Blackwell.

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is traditionally defined as harvesting so many fish that the yield is less than it would be if fishing were reduced. For example,

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need quality data to be accurate. Scientists and fishery managers would be better served with simpler models and improved data.

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Estimates of illegal catch losses range between $ 10 billion and $ 23 billion annually, representing between 11 and 26 million

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is the idea that undisturbed nature establishes a steady state that changes little over time. Properly done, fishing at up to

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are useful to evaluate the sustainability of components and systems. These are part of the broad question of sustainability.

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are generally made from nylon, polyester, polypropylene or high performance fibers such as ultra high modulus polyethylene (

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by lobbying for appropriate law and policy, setting up protected areas, restoring collapsed fisheries, incorporating all

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is not easy to fix, because pollution sources are so dispersed, and are built into the economic systems we depend on.

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to the point where rebuilding requires more than a single generation. Providing rebuilding takes only one generation,

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of resources on the oceans. The report shows at least 75 percent of the world's key fishing grounds may be affected.

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have funded various initiatives aimed at encouraging the development of MPAs and other ocean conservation measures.

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in his paper "Anecdotes and the shifting baseline syndrome of fisheries". Pauly developed the term in reference to

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Gell, Fiona R.; Roberts, Callum M. (2003). "Benefits beyond boundaries: The fishery effects of marine reserves".

3389: 1479: 1281: 789:: Government subsidies influence many of the world fisheries. Operating cost subsidies allow European and Asian 3886: 3561:

Ben; Schmidt, Carl-Christian; Tait, Maree; Zhang, Lin Xiu (2008). "Positioning fisheries in a changing world".

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in 2021 stated that: "Sustainable fisheries accounted for approximately 0.1 per cent of global GDP in 2017".

119: 79: 3151: 4740: 4730: 4592: 4501: 3996: 3951: 3603: 2978: 2860: 2157: 1721: 1266: 829:. These programs work at raising consumer awareness and insight into the nature of their seafood purchases. 617: 4006: 2202:

Spalding, Mark; Steneck, Robert; Watson, Reg (2008). "A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems".

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To a great extent, sustainability is like good art, it is hard to describe but we know it when we see it.

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A relatively new concept is relationship farming. This is a way of operating farms so they restore the

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The following organizations have download links for wallet-sized cards, listing good and bad choices:

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repeatedly dragged over their surfaces. For fifty years, governments and organizations, such as the

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Some organizations certify fishing industry players for sustainable or good practices, such as the

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Using ecosystem modeling for fisheries management and marine ecosystem conservation: Where are we?

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Include the actions of humans and their social and economic systems in all ecological equations.

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acknowledges natural fluctuations and regards as unsustainable only practices which damage the

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Jacquet, Jennifer (2007). "Silent water: A brief examination of the marine fisheries crisis".

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Large predator fish can contain significant amounts of mercury, a neurotoxin which can affect

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for the fishing ships and boats: there is even a debate about the long term sustainability of

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may be economically foolish, but it is not unsustainable. This definition is widely accepted.

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Account for evolutionary changes caused by fishing, which tends to remove large, older fish.

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Identify and maintain critical food-web connections, including predators and forage species.

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Coastal fishing communities in Bangladesh are vulnerable to flooding from sea-level rises.

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as the causes of recent, unprecedented declines in fish populations. Frid counters that

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Hilborn, Ray (2007). "Managing fisheries is managing people: What has been learned?".

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Redistribution of Fish Catch by Climate Change. A Summary of a New Scientific Analysis

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and the corresponding failure to account for ecosystem effects leading to declines of

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Some primary concerns around sustainability are that heavy fishing pressures, such as

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Reconciling Fisheries with Conservation: the Challenge of Managing Aquatic Ecosystems

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Reconciling Fisheries with Conservation: the Challenge of Managing Aquatic Ecosystems

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In his 1883 inaugural address to the International Fisheries Exhibition in London,

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Pages 45–56 in K Tsukamoto, T Kawamura, T Takeuchi, TD Beard Jr, MJ Kaiser (eds),

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are usually managed by trying to determine how many spawning salmon, called the "

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are believed to have peaked and begun a decline, with valuable habitats, such as

3358: 2593: 2570: 2394:: Documenting and Communicating Global Fisheries Impacts on Marine Ecosystems". 1927: 1750:

Words of the lagoon: Fishing and Marine Lore in the Palau District of Micronesia

4648: 4577: 4491: 4140: 4120: 4100: 4075: 4025: 3956: 3946: 3906: 3846: 3809: 3634: 2627: 2100: 1510:"The Spatial Expansion and Ecological Footprint of Fisheries (1950 to Present)" 1464: 1099: 923:

Monitor and maintain seafloor habitats to make sure fish have food and shelter.

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Marine conservation biology: the science of maintaining the sea's biodiversity

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Marine Conservation Biology: The Science of Maintaining the Sea's Biodiversity

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Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems: Biological-Physical Interactions in the Oceans

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The Unnatural History of the Sea: The Past and Future of Humanity and Fishing

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was established 12 years earlier for the purpose of finding why fisheries in

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practices that lead to the reduction and possible extinction of some species.

180: 115: 3536: 3034: 3003:"The rise of consumer awareness campaigns in an era of collapsing fisheries" 2252: 2223: 1769:

Casey, J. M. (1998). "Near Extinction of a Large, Widely Distributed Fish".

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Swartz, Wilf; Sala, Enric; Tracey, Sean; Watson, Reg; Pauly, Daniel (2010).

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Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas

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Maintain resilient ecosystems that are able to withstand occasional shocks.

853: 600: 567:, have encouraged the fishing industry to develop trawler fleets. Repeated 298: 230: 1798: 684:(UNEP) mapped the impacts of stressors such as climate change, pollution, 475: 4403: 4315: 4165: 4145: 4130: 4115: 4110: 4060: 3841: 3760: 3599: 3267:"African Court Convicts Captain of Renegade Ship in Illegal Fishing Case" 1589: 1395: 971: 895: 878: 670: 639: 405: 397: 324: 316: 271: 238: 234: 168: 160: 152: 110: 87: 71: 3702: 3591: 2809: 4627: 4335: 4125: 4105: 2636: 2500: 2481: 1736: 1377: 1358: 1354: 1110: 1086: 773: 504: 413: 328: 148: 4270: 1414:

and the science underpinning it was distorted by its "narrow focus on

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Subsidies, Decommissioning Schemes and Effective Fisheries Management

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Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: A Contemporary Approach

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Since 1950, 90 percent of 25 species of big predator fish have gone.

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Devine, Jennifer A.; Baker, Krista D.; Haedrich, Richard L. (2006).

3053: 2800:. Available at www.mpaglobal.org. Off-site Link MPA News, March 2008 2543: 2518: 2437:"The world trade organization and global fisheries sustainability". 1824:"Global Fisheries and Marine Conservation: Is Coexistence Possible?" 1206:

Is the species in trouble in the wild where the animals were caught?

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who created a 220 hectare relationship farm featured prominently in

4447: 3981: 3971: 3921: 2932:"What is Sustainable Fish Farming? | Wedding Catering | Eco Caters" 2750:

Francis RC, Hixon MA, Clarke ME, Murawski SA, and Ralston S (2007)

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where fisheries scientists sometimes fail to identify the correct "

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that are adapted to withstand disturbance and habitat degradation.

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Managing Small-Scale Fisheries: Alternative Directions and Methods

2115:"The global destruction of bottom habitats by mobile fishing gear" 1094:

in southern Spain. Relationship farming was first made popular by

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Goode GB and Collins JW (1887) "The fresh-halibut fishery". In:

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The Great Salmon Run: Competition Between Wild And Farmed Salmon

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Valuation and the reconciliation of fisheries with conservation

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Berkes F, Mahon R, McConney P, Pollnac R and Pomeroy R (2001)

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Best Catering in San Diego, Los Angeles, & DC | Eco Caters

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were declining. At the time of Huxley's address, the Atlantic

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Keep a perspective that is holistic, risk-averse and adaptive.

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MPA Global: A database of the world's marine protected areas.

1308: 332: 2200: 2783: 2067:

Impacts of Sea Level Rise on the Coastal Zone of Bangladesh

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in the world, now only a tenth of its former surface area.

336: 3620: 2706:"Marine Ecologists To Help Rebuild Decreasing Fish Stocks" 1863: 1835: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1709:"What do you understand by intrinsic and extrinsic values" 1060: 908:

ten commandments for ecosystem-based fisheries scientists:

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Ten commandments for ecosystem-based fisheries scientists

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10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[290:tsaupd]2.0.co;2

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fishery had already collapsed (and has never recovered).

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Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act

894:. Fishing, however, is not the sole cause of changes to 575:

habitat, radically changing the associated communities.

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The fisheries and fishery industry of the United States

1805: 970:, where the sunlit waters are often nutrient rich from 1507: 1405: 3500: 2124:

Chapter 12, pp. 198–210, in Norse and Crowder (2005).

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Chapter 11, pp. 185–197, in Norse and Crowder (2005).

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Chapter 15, pp. 247–259, in Norse and Crowder (2005).

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laws related to marine conservation include the 1972

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High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development

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Adkison advocates increased fisheries data gathering

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Salmon Farming May Doom Wild Populations, Study Says

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International Council for the Exploration of the Sea

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Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification

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Lakes are dependent on the inflow of water from its

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Maintaining a biological, social and economic system

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Three ways of defining a sustainable fishery exist:

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2011-08-29 at Wikiwix Fisheries Exhibition, London.

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The Southern African Sustainable Seafood Initiative

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Does fishing for the species damage ocean habitats?

2763:Proceedings of Coastal Zone 07, Portland, Oregon. 2134:Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level 1839:The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 1173:International Collective in Support of Fishworkers 2969:Fourth World Fisheries Congress, Vancouver, 2004. 2741:Fourth World Fisheries Congress, Vancouver, 2004. 2603:Fourth World Fisheries Congress, Vancouver, 2004. 2580:Fourth World Fisheries Congress, Vancouver, 2004. 2519:"All fishing nations must unite to cut subsidies" 1722:Fisheries and Aquaculture in our Changing Climate 607:Fourth World Fisheries Congress, Vancouver, 2004. 578: 571:and dredging literally flattens diversity in the 4722: 3426:McLeod, Karen and Leslie. Heather (Eds.) (2009) 2691:Pages 311-325 in T Pitcher, D Pauly and P Hart, 1077:At the Fourth World Fisheries Congress in 2004, 4618:International Seafood Sustainability Foundation 4244:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 3084:"Good Fish Guide - Marine Conservation Society" 2319:The New York Times, 9 March 2008 Available at: 2262:— the largest oceanographic project in history. 2145:Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis 1450:International Seafood Sustainability Foundation 1177:World Forum of Fish Harvesters and Fish Workers 1047:Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act 306: 3458:Mann, Kenneth and Lazier, John (3rd Ed. 2005) 1585: 1583: 70:, with practical strategies, such as avoiding 66:combines theoretical disciplines, such as the 3776: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1276:In 2015, the MDGs then evolved to become the 1201:, four criteria apply when choosing seafood: 718:, memory, mental focus, and produce tremors. 315:is not fully sustainable. This might include 27:Sustainable fishing for the long term fishing 3615:Fisheries for Global Welfare and Environment 2516: 836: 179:on wild salmon. Fish that occupy the higher 4394:List of commercially important fish species 4239:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 3649: 3174:Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability 2810:Pew, SeaWeb shrug off oil to target fishing 2107: 2033:Environment, Development and Sustainability 1475:List of commercially important fish species 1029:International laws and treaties related to 1000: 832:Ecosystem based fisheries: See next section 435:industry, as well as charting the price of 183:are less efficient sources of food energy. 3790: 3783: 3769: 2517:Sumaila, U. Rashid; Pauly, Daniel (2007). 1652:Knapp G, Roheim CA and Anderson JL (2007) 1560: 193: 3743: 3663: 3590: 3526: 3429:Ecosystem-Based Management for the Oceans 2635: 2542: 2396:Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment 1899:Ludwig, D; Hilborn, R; Walter, C (1993). 1646: 1543: 1533: 1349:human exploitation) and thus work with a 1141:The Society for Environmental Exploration 943: 804:Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization 105:, will result in the loss of significant 4366:Regional fishery management organisation 1654:= The+Great+Salmon+Run&col=&n=4 1179:, Frozen at Sea Fillets Association and 1064: 377: 252: 129: 44: 29: 3728:"Deep-sea fishes qualify as endangered" 2616:Trends in Food Science & Technology 2350: 2030: 1594:"Are Sustainable Fisheries Achievable?" 1061:Reconciling fisheries with conservation 746: 528: 14: 4723: 3264: 3064:from the original on 17 September 2009 3054:"Seafoods Archive - The Safina Center" 2304:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1251:Australian Marine Conservation Society 1149:Australian Marine Conservation Society 1123: 695: 4196: 3803: 3764: 3492:Marine biodiversity and food security 3474:Norse EA and Crowder LB (Eds) (2005) 3418:Marine Conservation Biology Institute 3094:from the original on 10 December 2015 3000: 2472:Fish Proverb v2.0 (Bringing in Rules) 2385: 2191:" Pew Ocean Science Series. Oct 2009. 1866:Resources, Conservation and Recycling 1768: 1321: 1302: 806:, or laws such as those listed below. 350:Energy and resources are employed in 4249:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement 3617:, 5th World Fisheries Congress 2008. 3288:The Global Extent of Illegal Fishing 3172:Millennium Development Report 2008: 2861:Protecting Sea Life: Marine Reserves 2662:from the original on 4 December 2013 1069:Management goals might consider the 1024: 682:United Nations Environment Programme 4424:Future of Marine Animal Populations 4301:Fishery Resources Monitoring System 4291:Monitoring control and surveillance 2007:"Laherrere: Multi-Hubbert Modeling" 1636:. Page 28. Pearson/Addison Wesley. 1406:Traditional management of fisheries 961:Voluntary Marine Conservation Areas 766:monitoring control and surveillance 622:Effects of climate change on oceans 24: 3317:"The Unnatural History of the Sea" 3193:Millennium Development Report 2008 3154:from the original on 26 April 2010 2656:shapingsustainablemarkets.iied.org 2373:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2007.00263_2.x 2158:The Dangers of Ocean Acidification 1752:, University of California Press. 1692: 1139:in the U.S., The U.K.'s Frontier ( 1108:(2006) and the documentary films, 658: 25: 4752: 4623:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 4356:National Marine Fisheries Service 4351:European Fisheries Control Agency 3652:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 3623:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 3327:from the original on 10 July 2016 2322:"Oceans at Risk - New York Times" 611: 151:, in critical condition. Current 4269: 4015: 3832:Population dynamics of fisheries 3265:Urbina, Ian (October 12, 2015). 2704:University of Liverpool (2006). 2693:Reinventing Fisheries Management 1357:of change that occurs when each 535:Environmental effects of fishing 514: 488: 474: 457: 68:population dynamics of fisheries 4553:Aquaculture Stewardship Council 4409:Environmental impact of fishing 3367: 3351: 3339: 3309: 3300: 3297:University of British Columbia. 3277: 3258: 3234: 3205: 3186: 3166: 3136: 3106: 3076: 3046: 3028: 2994: 2972: 2949: 2924: 2900: 2876: 2854: 2822: 2803: 2776: 2744: 2721: 2698: 2674: 2644: 2606: 2583: 2559: 2510: 2487: 2465: 2430: 2379: 2344: 2332:from the original on 2013-05-10 2313: 2287:from the original on 2009-07-07 2265: 2246: 2194: 2180:Cheung, W.W.L., et al. (2009) " 2174: 2150: 2127: 2083: 2059: 2024: 2013:from the original on 2013-10-28 1999: 1988:from the original on 2007-09-29 1974: 1949: 1892: 1886:10.1016/j.resconrec.2005.10.003 1857: 1829: 1762: 1742: 1480:Aquaculture Stewardship Council 1293: 1260: 327:are usually made of artificial 4527:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 3887:Otolith microchemical analysis 3241:University of Alaska Fairbanks 2991:. Retrieved 20 September 2009. 2873:. Retrieved 20 September 2009. 2680:Pitcher TJ and Pauly D (1998) 1957:"WWF - Poorly managed fishing" 1715: 1701: 1672: 1623: 1599: 1501: 1288: 1216:taken with the target species? 816:Payment for Ecosystem Services 741: 626:Rising ocean temperatures and 593:How we are emptying our seas, 579:Changing the ecosystem balance 391: 13: 1: 4522:European Environmental Agency 4512:Grey nurse shark conservation 4419:Destructive fishing practices 3917:Pop-up satellite archival tag 3674:10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00189-7 2459:10.1016/j.fishres.2007.08.017 1495: 1392:United States Fish Commission 1361:redefines what is "natural". 1278:Sustainable Development Goals 1073:on bear and river ecosystems. 881:has also altered the way the 721: 539:Destructive fishing practices 120:fishing down marine food webs 4502:Marine conservation activism 3952:Climate change and fisheries 3583:10.1016/j.marpol.2007.11.003 3423:) Bibliography of resources. 3022:10.1016/j.marpol.2006.09.003 2819:. Retrieved 11 October 2009. 2494:Running notes from session 7 2090:Coral reefs around the world 1791:10.1126/science.281.5377.690 1535:10.1371/journal.pone.0015143 1267:Millennium Development Goals 1043:Marine Mammal Protection Act 618:Climate change and fisheries 373: 366:, etc. The methodologies of 307:Environmental sustainability 7: 2386:Pauly, Daniel (2007). "The 1928:10.1126/science.260.5104.17 1433:Community-supported fishery 1426: 1376:Senegalese conservationist 1245:Marine Conservation Society 1212:Is there a large amount of 1145:Marine Conservation Society 1051:National Marine Sanctuaries 802:, like those set up by the 772:Ideas and rules: Economist 702:Fish diseases and parasites 507:are dying around the world. 443:stocks. Another example is 125: 74:through techniques such as 10: 4757: 4548:Marine Stewardship Council 4341:EU Common Fisheries Policy 3635:10.1016/j.tree.2005.03.022 3383: 3345:Norse & Crowder 2005, 2628:10.1016/j.tifs.2010.07.011 1485:Marine Stewardship Council 1460:Marine Life Protection Act 1364: 1188:Marine Stewardship Council 1127: 1004: 947: 892:predator and prey dynamics 890:targeted, as this affects 823:Marine Stewardship Council 750: 734:, formerly among the four 699: 662: 615: 582: 532: 431:) has been applied to the 395: 197: 37:map showing the levels of 4702:Glossary of fishery terms 4697:Index of fishing articles 4687: 4636: 4535: 4479: 4414:Fishing down the food web 4389:Maximum sustainable yield 4376: 4278: 4267: 4221: 4217: 4192: 4024: 4013: 3947:Match/mismatch hypothesis 3820: 3816: 3799: 2979:Advice for Seafood Lovers 2045:10.1007/s10668-007-9108-1 1851:10.1007/s11367-006-0275-3 995:The Pew Charitable Trusts 837:Ecosystem based fisheries 585:Fishing down the food web 551:, underwater ridges, and 521:Shrinking of the Aral Sea 427:A Hubbert linearization ( 301:and Dave Preikshot, 213:maximum sustainable yield 84:illegal fishing practices 76:individual fishing quotas 54:A conventional idea of a 4588:Save Our Seas Foundation 4321:Individual fishing quota 4296:Vessel monitoring system 3942:Hydrographic containment 3490:Duffy, J. Emmett (2008) 2912:Animal Welfare Institute 1001:Sustainable Fish Farming 904:ecosystem-based approach 222:intergenerational equity 209:Long term constant yield 4234:Exclusive economic zone 3912:GIS and aquatic science 3867:Standard weight in fish 3537:10.1126/science.1173146 3501:Worm, B.; Hilborn, R.; 3497:. Updated 25 July 2008. 2224:10.1126/science.1149345 985:exclusive economic zone 630:are radically altering 543:Nearly all the world's 313:non-renewable resources 194:Defining sustainability 103:recruitment overfishing 4463:Turtle excluder device 4136:Shoaling and schooling 2499:2011-08-29 at Wikiwix 1607:"Fish and Overfishing" 1373: 1258: 1222: 1137:Blue Frontier Campaign 1105:The Omnivore's Dilemma 1074: 1049:which established the 1045:, as well as the 1972 957:Marine Protected Areas 950:Marine protected areas 944:Marine protected areas 941: 900: 846: 565:Asian Development Bank 388: 295: 268: 136: 51: 42: 4487:Marine protected area 4361:Regional fishery body 3987:Census of Marine Life 3882:Catch per unit effort 3495:Encyclopedia of Earth 3357:Huxley, Thomas (1883) 2794:Sea Around Us Project 2782:Wood, L. J. (2007). 2695:, Chapman & Hall. 2565:Clark C, Munro G and 2253:Census of Marine Life 2156:Doney, S. C. (2006) " 1369: 1230:Monterey Bay Aquarium 1226: 1203: 1169:Sea Around Us Project 1068: 1007:Salmon farming issues 911: 887: 841: 547:, and large areas of 381: 368:life-cycle assessment 291: 264: 253:Social sustainability 198:Further information: 133: 48: 41:in the world's oceans 33: 4326:Minimum landing size 4286:Fisheries management 4261:Magnuson–Stevens Act 4256:Fisheries Convention 4007:Fisheries scientists 3284:UBC Fisheries Centre 2113:Watling, Les (2005) 2065:Sarwar G.M. (2005) " 1818:Preikshot, Dave and 1724:Policy brief of the 1455:Worldwatch Institute 1412:fisheries management 1339:fisheries management 1239:Blue Ocean Institute 1157:Langkawi Declaration 758:Fisheries management 753:Fisheries management 747:Fisheries management 706:Harmful algal blooms 673:, and other abuses. 529:Habitat modification 335:. Synthetic braided 283:have been caught as 4741:Population dynamics 4731:Sustainable fishery 4603:Defying Ocean's End 4507:Salmon conservation 4497:Marine conservation 4437:The End of the Line 4430:The Sunken Billions 4399:Sustainable seafood 4384:Sustainable fishery 3997:Fisheries databases 3927:Age class structure 3897:Fisheries acoustics 3703:10.1038/nature01017 3695:2002Natur.418..689P 3575:2008MarPo..32..630G 3519:2009Sci...325..578W 3124:on 20 December 2008 2894:The Wildlife Trusts 2535:2007Natur.450..945S 2451:2007FishR..88....1. 2365:2007AqFF....8..285H 2216:2008Sci...319..948H 2169:Scientific American 2104:, 2 September 2009. 1920:1993Sci...260...17L 1878:2006RCR....47...56H 1783:1998Sci...281..690C 1660:World Wildlife Fund 1526:2010PLoSO...515143S 1490:Sustainable seafood 1439:The End of the Line 1332:fisheries scientist 1265:The United Nations 1124:Awareness campaigns 1031:marine conservation 696:Diseases and toxins 652:fishing communities 628:ocean acidification 545:continental shelves 439:, which depends on 56:sustainable fishery 18:Sustainable fishing 4692:Outline of fishing 4311:Fisheries observer 3962:Aquatic ecosystems 3609:2020-08-07 at the 3293:2010-05-20 at the 3271:The New York Times 3252:2007-07-11 at the 3198:2010-08-27 at the 3179:2015-04-23 at the 3088:www.fishonline.org 3040:2005-11-07 at the 3001:Pauly, D. (2007). 2984:2008-06-09 at the 2965:2011-07-26 at the 2888:2009-09-01 at the 2866:2009-10-17 at the 2840:2009-09-06 at the 2815:2010-07-13 at the 2796:, UNEP-WCMC & 2789:2009-08-14 at the 2770:2008-12-17 at the 2759:2009-01-15 at the 2737:2011-07-26 at the 2728:Christensen, Villy 2711:2017-09-18 at the 2687:2013-05-13 at the 2599:2011-07-26 at the 2576:2011-07-26 at the 2477:2009-09-19 at the 2445:(1–3): 1–4. 2007. 2439:Fisheries Research 2353:Fish and Fisheries 2326:The New York Times 2258:2008-12-02 at the 2187:2011-07-26 at the 2163:2016-03-04 at the 2139:2017-05-13 at the 2120:2008-10-13 at the 2095:2017-03-05 at the 2076:" Masters thesis. 2072:2012-08-15 at the 1748:Johannes R (1981) 1711:. 18 January 2019. 1685:2016-09-12 at the 1416:target populations 1327:Shifting baselines 1322:Shifting baselines 1303:Unreported fishing 1075: 778:sustainable growth 632:aquatic ecosystems 549:continental slopes 389: 137: 52: 43: 39:primary production 4736:Fish conservation 4718: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4674:Threatened sharks 4573:Ocean Conservancy 4558:Friend of the Sea 4188: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4096:Lobster fisheries 4041:Diversity of fish 3837:Shifting baseline 3806:Fisheries science 3689:(6898): 689–695. 3513:(5940): 578–585. 3486:978-1-55963-662-9 3470:978-1-4051-1118-8 3464:Wiley-Blackwell. 3454:978-0-88936-943-6 3438:978-1-59726-155-5 3410:978-1-55963-662-9 3394:Crowder, Larry B. 3390:Norse, Elliott A. 3359:Inaugural Address 3213:"Goal 14 targets" 3058:The Safina Center 2850:978-1-85675-294-7 2210:(5865): 948–952. 1777:(5377): 690–692. 1678:Washington Post. 1642:978-0-321-30504-6 1611:Our World in Data 1445:Ocean Conservancy 1420:species abundance 1271:biodiversity loss 1192:Friend of the Sea 1033:include the 1966 1025:Laws and treaties 968:continental shelf 827:Friend of the Sea 787:Fishing subsidies 762:fisheries science 716:fetal development 690:over-exploitation 555:, have had heavy 464:Fishing down the 227:genetic structure 16:(Redirected from 4748: 4654:Marine pollution 4458:Cetacean bycatch 4453:Incidental catch 4273: 4219: 4218: 4194: 4193: 4161:Humboldt current 4019: 3937:Trophic cascades 3877:Data storage tag 3862:Fish measurement 3857:Stock assessment 3818: 3817: 3801: 3800: 3785: 3778: 3771: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3747: 3722: 3677: 3667: 3646: 3596: 3594: 3556: 3530: 3378: 3371: 3365: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3262: 3256: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3228: 3219:. 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3907:Coded wire tag 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3847:Fish mortality 3844: 3839: 3834: 3828: 3826: 3814: 3813: 3810:wild fisheries 3797: 3796: 3794:science topics 3788: 3787: 3780: 3773: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3723: 3678: 3658:(9): 448–455. 3647: 3629:(7): 380–386. 3618: 3597: 3569:(4): 630–634. 3557: 3498: 3488: 3480:Island Press. 3472: 3456: 3440: 3432:Island Press. 3424: 3415: 3412: 3396:(Eds.) (2005) 3385: 3382: 3380: 3379: 3366: 3350: 3338: 3321:www.york.ac.uk 3308: 3299: 3276: 3257: 3233: 3204: 3185: 3165: 3135: 3105: 3075: 3045: 3027: 3016:(3): 308–313. 2993: 2989:Callum Roberts 2971: 2948: 2923: 2908:"Fish Farming" 2899: 2883:Seas of Plenty 2875: 2871:Callum Roberts 2853: 2821: 2802: 2775: 2743: 2720: 2697: 2673: 2643: 2605: 2582: 2558: 2509: 2486: 2464: 2429: 2402:(4): 290–295. 2378: 2359:(4): 285–296. 2343: 2328:. 2008-03-09. 2312: 2264: 2245: 2193: 2173: 2149: 2126: 2106: 2101:Guardian.co.uk 2082: 2058: 2039:(2): 255–263. 2023: 1998: 1973: 1948: 1945:on 2012-05-02. 1891: 1856: 1845:(6): 414–421. 1828: 1804: 1761: 1741: 1714: 1700: 1691: 1671: 1645: 1622: 1598: 1559: 1520:(12): e15143. 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1465:Ocean Outcomes 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1435: 1428: 1425: 1407: 1404: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1304: 1301: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1248: 1242: 1236: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1210: 1207: 1199:Callum Roberts 1125: 1122: 1062: 1059: 1026: 1023: 1002: 999: 948:Main article: 945: 942: 940: 939: 936: 933: 930: 927: 924: 921: 918: 915: 875:global warming 840: 838: 835: 834: 833: 830: 819: 813: 808: 807: 800:fishing quotas 795: 794: 791:fishing fleets 783: 782: 751:Main article: 748: 745: 743: 740: 728:drainage basin 723: 720: 697: 694: 686:exotic species 663:Main article: 660: 657: 648:Sea level rise 636:Climate change 613: 612:Climate change 610: 609: 608: 598: 583:Main article: 580: 577: 530: 527: 520: 513: 512: 511: 494: 487: 486: 485: 480: 473: 472: 471: 463: 456: 455: 454: 453: 452: 410:Pacific salmon 396:Main article: 393: 390: 382: 375: 372: 308: 305: 290: 263: 254: 251: 250: 249: 242: 217: 200:Sustainability 195: 192: 181:trophic levels 173:Salmon farming 163:fish, such as 141:wild fisheries 127: 124: 60:Sustainability 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4753: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4669:Shark finning 4667: 4665: 4664:Shark culling 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4593:Sea Around Us 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4568:Seafood Watch 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4470: 4469:Shrimp-Turtle 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4331:Pulse fishing 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4229:Fisheries law 4227: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4199:Fisheries law 4195: 4191: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4081:Eel fisheries 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4071:Cod fisheries 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4056:Demersal fish 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4023: 4018: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3932:Trophic level 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3774: 3772: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3563:Marine Policy 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3376: 3370: 3363: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3303: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3223:on 2020-09-30 3222: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3189: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3010:Marine Policy 3004: 2997: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2975: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2956:Pauly, Daniel 2952: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2879: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2857: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2814: 2811: 2806: 2799: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2747: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2701: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2677: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2529:(7172): 945. 2528: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2490: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2341:Off-site Link 2331: 2327: 2323: 2316: 2310:Off-site Link 2307: 2301: 2283: 2276: 2268: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2249: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2197: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2171:, March 2006. 2170: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2130: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2110: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2086: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2062: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2027: 2012: 2008: 2002: 1987: 1983: 1982:"ASPO Italia" 1977: 1963:on 2011-04-17 1962: 1958: 1952: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1902: 1895: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1860: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1832: 1825: 1821: 1820:Pauly, Daniel 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1765: 1759: 1758:0-520-03929-7 1755: 1751: 1745: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1710: 1704: 1695: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1669: 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1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1039:United States 1036: 1032: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1008: 998: 996: 992: 988: 986: 981: 977: 973: 969: 964: 962: 958: 951: 937: 934: 931: 928: 925: 922: 919: 916: 913: 912: 910: 909: 905: 899: 897: 893: 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 861:According to 858: 855: 851: 845: 831: 828: 824: 820: 817: 814: 810: 809: 805: 801: 797: 796: 792: 788: 785: 784: 779: 775: 771: 770: 769: 767: 763: 759: 754: 739: 737: 736:largest lakes 733: 729: 719: 717: 711: 707: 703: 693: 691: 687: 683: 678: 676: 672: 666: 656: 653: 650:puts coastal 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 623: 619: 606: 602: 601:Pauly, Daniel 599: 596: 592: 591: 590: 586: 576: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 557:bottom trawls 554: 550: 546: 540: 536: 517: 506: 502: 498: 497:fringing reef 491: 477: 467: 460: 451: 449: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 429:Hubbert curve 425: 421: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 380: 371: 369: 365: 361: 357: 356:refrigeration 353: 348: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 303: 300: 294: 289: 286: 282: 276: 273: 267: 262: 258: 246: 243: 240: 236: 233:, or deplete 232: 228: 224: 223: 218: 214: 210: 207: 206: 205: 201: 191: 189: 184: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 132: 123: 121: 117: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 91: 89: 88:externalities 85: 81: 78:, curtailing 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 47: 40: 36: 32: 19: 4480:Conservation 4468: 4435: 4428: 4383: 4211:conservation 4206: 4166:Algal blooms 4151:Water column 4066:Pelagic fish 4046:Coastal fish 3992:OSTM/Jason-2 3967:Bioeconomics 3902:Acoustic tag 3872:Fish counter 3738:(7072): 29. 3735: 3731: 3686: 3682: 3655: 3651: 3626: 3622: 3614: 3592:11336/100137 3566: 3562: 3510: 3506: 3494: 3476: 3460: 3444: 3428: 3402:Island Press 3397: 3374: 3369: 3353: 3341: 3329:. Retrieved 3320: 3311: 3306:Pauly (1995) 3302: 3279: 3270: 3260: 3245: 3236: 3225:. Retrieved 3221:the original 3216: 3207: 3188: 3168: 3156:. Retrieved 3148:panda.org.za 3147: 3138: 3126:. Retrieved 3122:the original 3117: 3108: 3096:. Retrieved 3087: 3078: 3066:. Retrieved 3057: 3048: 3030: 3013: 3009: 2996: 2974: 2951: 2940:. Retrieved 2938:. 2019-02-21 2935: 2926: 2915:. Retrieved 2911: 2902: 2892: 2878: 2856: 2833: 2824: 2805: 2778: 2752: 2746: 2723: 2716:ScienceDaily 2715: 2700: 2692: 2676: 2664:. Retrieved 2655: 2646: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2585: 2561: 2526: 2522: 2512: 2489: 2467: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2334:. Retrieved 2325: 2315: 2289:. Retrieved 2267: 2248: 2207: 2203: 2196: 2176: 2168: 2152: 2144: 2129: 2109: 2099: 2085: 2061: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2015:. Retrieved 2001: 1990:. Retrieved 1976: 1965:. 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K. 3118:amcs.org.au 2637:10261/48145 1396:New England 1289:Data issues 972:land runoff 896:marine life 879:overfishing 742:Remediation 671:overfishing 640:aquaculture 505:Coral reefs 406:Overfishing 398:Overfishing 392:Overfishing 317:diesel fuel 272:Ray Hilborn 239:overfishing 220:Preserving 169:forage fish 161:piscivorous 153:aquaculture 149:coral reefs 80:destructive 72:overfishing 4725:Categories 4628:Greenpeace 4336:Slot limit 4279:Management 4203:management 4171:Dead zones 4126:Salmon run 4106:Eel ladder 4002:Institutes 3842:Fish stock 3227:2020-09-24 2942:2021-02-15 2917:2021-02-15 2590:Sumaila UR 2567:Sumaila UR 2501:Paul Romer 2482:Paul Romer 2390:Around Us 2336:2017-09-15 2291:2009-09-15 2017:2013-11-03 1992:2013-11-03 1967:2011-04-20 1737:Copenhagen 1616:2023-10-05 1496:References 1378:Baba Dioum 1359:generation 1355:perception 1167:, and the 1128:See also: 1111:Food, Inc. 1087:food chain 1005:See also: 976:upwellings 959:(MPAs) or 869:points to 774:Paul Romer 722:Irrigation 700:See also: 533:See also: 414:escapement 329:polyamides 4598:WorldFish 4563:SeaChoice 4176:Fish kill 4156:Upwelling 4121:Migration 4028:fisheries 3822:Fisheries 3660:CiteSeerX 3600:Hilborn R 3523:CiteSeerX 2505:TEDGlobal 2053:155038806 1053:program. 883:ecosystem 776:believes 760:draws on 675:Pollution 553:seamounts 445:North Sea 374:Obstacles 364:logistics 360:packaging 323:. 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