29:
251:
1458:
187:
176:
165:
154:
143:
115:
327:
604:). The victims were all members of the Suriname Association for Democracy, a group critical of the Surinamese military government. The group, according to government officials, was part of a conspiracy that was planning a coup d'état on Christmas Day. The state later admitted of conducting inadequate investigations into the case. An investigation began in 2008. Despite accepting political responsibility, Bouterse denied direct involvement.
460:
647:
An IACHR investigation into the case was launched in
January 1988. On 10 September 1993 the court awarded the victims' families U.S.$ 450,000 in damages and required Suriname to compensate the families for the expenses incurred in locating the victims' bodies. A second decision further determined the financial reparations insufficient, ordering the state to re-open the
646:
region seven Maroon civilians were driven off in a military vehicle on suspicion of belonging to the Jungle
Commando. A few kilometers further, they were ordered to dig their own graves. Six of the Maroons were summarily executed while the seventh died from sustained injuries while trying to escape.
634:, killed civilians including women and children. Both parties have denied that any civilians had been killed. On 27 September 1989, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights looked into the matter, declared that this constituted a very serious violation of the Right to Life, recommended that the
438:
ancestors were
African slaves who escaped from coastal Suriname between the mid-seventeenth and late eighteenth centuries to form independent settlements in the interior. They settled in interior parts of Suriname, and gained independence by signing a peace treaty with the Dutch in the 1760s. The
529:
A cease-fire was signed in June 1989. An emergency aid program to rebuild Maroon villages, an end to a state of emergency in the eastern part of the country, and the return of refugees to
Suriname were among the actions launched by the peace agreement. The government had proposed that the Jungle
525:
unless the government agreed to negotiations. Despite the threats, the rebels withdrew 36 hours later on
Brunswijk's orders. On 7 June 1989 talks were held on the island of Portal. The delegations reached an agreement on a tentative peace proposal. The government signed the pact on 21 July 1989,
638:
investigate the matter, and that the relatives of the victims are entitled to fair compensation. The IACHR identified 15 cases of deaths, four disappearances and one was unclear. Six of the cases were children, and three were women of which one was raped before she was killed.
475:
The war began as a personal feud between
Bouterse and Brunswijk, a Maroon who had served as Bouterse's bodyguard. It later assumed political dimensions. Brunswijk demanded democratic reforms, civil rights, and economic development for the country's Maroon minority.
450:
against the country's
Government. Bouterse eventually consolidated all power. In 1987 he directed the National Assembly to adopt a new constitution that allowed him to continue as head of the army, as a civilian government was established under close watch.
561:
where they set up their headquarters. The
Tucayana Amazonas were headed by Thomas Sabajo and his brother Hugo "Piko". In-fighting occurred and Thomas switched sides to the Surinamese Army which quickly moved in to regain control over the area. Piko fled to
514:, home village of Brunswijk. They massacred 35 people, mostly women and children. They destroyed most of the village, burning down Brunswijk's house and others. More than 100 survivors fled across the border to French Guiana.
584:. The government offered integration of Jungle Commando into the Suriname Army, and jobs for Maroons in gold prospecting and forestry in return for complete disarmament. On 27 March 1991, final talks were held in the town of
615:(IACHR) investigation, the Surinamese government made a public apology to the victims' families in 2006, additionally paying compensation to the survivors. The perpetrators of the crime remained unpunished.
599:
On 7 and 8 December 1982, military policemen kidnapped 15 men from their beds, most of them civilians, placed them on a bus and then murdered them after conspiracy charges were lodged against them (see the
588:, effectively putting an end to the conflict. Despite the agreement, a number of Jungle Commando officials residing in the Netherlands denounced the conditions and vowed to continue their armed struggle.
569:
Cease-fire violations continued after the truce without escalating into a full-scale conflict. But by
September 1989, at least 300 people had been killed, numerous villages were destroyed, and
1884:
1692:
434:
in South
America, with people of ethnic Indian (South Asian), Javanese, Chinese, European, Amerindian, African (Creole and Maroon), and multiracial origin. The
1595:
825:
1682:
1037:
200:
1234:
355:
611:. Three years after the attack, a statement was issued, in which Bouterse assumed direct responsibility for the murders. As a result of an
1392:
936:
483:
on 22 July 1986 at around 03:00. 12 soldiers guarding the checkpoint were captured. Later that night, an armed group opened fire on the
1625:
1197:
1515:
1358:
612:
1224:
1583:
607:
On 29 November 1986, the military government executed more than 40 people, including women and children, and burned the village of
1387:
851:
1198:"Tjongalangapassie victims v. Surin., Case 10.124, Inter-Am. C.H.R., Report No. 22/89, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.76, doc. 10 (1988-1989)"
1602:
1419:
722:
280:
1541:
1478:
1429:
1397:
295:
1617:
1171:
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1113:
796:
760:
591:
On 8 August 1992, a peace treaty was signed between the National Army, the Jungle Commando, and the Tucayana Amazonas.
566:, but was arrested by the police in February 1990, and returned to Suriname where Piko and his supporters were killed.
526:
which was approved by parliament on 7 August 1989. The accord declared the intention of both sides to end hostilities.
1633:
1332:
Rapport van de Mensenrechtencommissie van Midden-Amerikaanse staten betreffende een incident te Atjoni nabij Pokigron
1294:
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348:
1447:
1424:
447:
425:
310:
290:
1934:
1638:
1483:
491:. The fighting lasted three hours, and one soldier and two civilians were wounded. Later it was confirmed that the
431:
740:"The Saramaka Peace Treaty in Sranan: An edition of the 1762 text (including a copy of the original manuscript)"
1763:
1697:
1088:
446:
participated in building a national army. Five years later, in 1980, he and fifteen other army sergeants led a
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more rights, but neglected indigenous rights. On 31 August 1989, they took possession of the ferry near
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
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into the jungle, robbed them of their possessions, and burned their houses. On 11 September 1987, the
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1758:
1238:
1301:
903:
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Commando troops were to be transformed into a security unit, to patrol the interior of the country.
1979:
1974:
1793:
1788:
1733:
1561:
1546:
1505:
1457:
1344:
1924:
1664:
1566:
1320:
826:"The Kingdom Of The Netherlands In The Caribbean. Suriname 1954 – 2004: Kroniek van een illusie"
630:
led by Dési Bouterse, retaliated by attacking the Jungle Commando, and according to a report by
1578:
1402:
765:
635:
270:
1808:
1748:
1738:
1702:
1607:
1551:
1466:
1303:
Overleven in een Grensgebied: Veranderingsprocessen bij de Wayana in Suriname en Frans-Guyana
580:
On 19 March 1991, a meeting between representatives took place in the eastern mining town of
439:
Dutch were unable to conquer them and agreed to allow them autonomy within their territory.
1770:
1529:
627:
500:
315:
119:
1006:
8:
1849:
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128:
855:
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operations were being disrupted. An estimated 7000 maroons fled to refugee camps in
1803:
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1084:
690:
601:
496:
488:
468:
464:
401:
300:
196:
180:
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739:
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191:
1863:
712:
542:
492:
435:
405:
397:
331:
124:
570:
480:
373:
1326:
48: Areas convulsed by arrival of refugees from the Jungle Commando conflict
1878:
574:
538:
484:
265:
941:
585:
521:, Suriname's main hydroelectric plant, and threatened to flood the capital
622:. The Jungle Commando headed by Ronnie Brunswijk ordered the villagers of
518:
504:
169:
780:
The newspaper article of 26 July - four days later - stated that it was
558:
522:
681:"Fragile Peace Plan in Suriname Tests Government's Control Over Army"
381:
1336:
1367:
1042:
1038:"Suriname's Leader and Rebel Chief Vow to Negotiate Uprising's End"
685:
648:
623:
459:
408:
ethnic group, against the National Army led by then-army chief and
389:
285:
186:
175:
164:
153:
142:
114:
87:
642:
On 31 December 1987, during a counter-insurgency operation in the
1287:
De oorlog van de sergeanten: Surinaamse militairen in de politiek
1148:
1119:
1047:
802:
608:
554:
511:
442:
In 1975 Suriname gained full independence from the Netherlands.
643:
581:
563:
550:
260:
54: Areas of the Tucayana Amazonas conflict are not included
737:
1885:
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of South America
651:
medical dispensary and the school in the victims' village.
537:
felt betrayed by the 1989 Treaty of Kourou, which gave the
549:. The group went on to take possession of the villages of
98:
Jungle Commando surrenders after restoration of democracy.
1222:
1172:"Franse artsen melden nieuw bloedbad in dorp Suriname"
42: Areas convulsed by the Jungle Commando conflict
1062:
958:
1876:
1235:Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law
678:
1352:
1225:"Suriname Faces Past Human Rights Violations"
1114:"De ondergang van een Surinaams bosnegerdorp"
349:
931:
929:
927:
925:
392:between 1986 and 1992. It was fought by the
77:(6 years, 2 weeks and 3 days)
510:In November 1986, military forces attacked
1359:
1345:
1108:
1106:
975:
973:
356:
342:
1007:"25 Jaar geleden - 12 – 17 februari 1990"
922:
613:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
1321:VPRO Wereldnet, dinsdag 6 september 2005
937:"Het vergeten verhaal van de Tucajana's"
458:
1103:
970:
479:The Surinamese Interior War started in
1877:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1079:
1077:
1032:
1030:
1028:
618:On 23 April 1987, the war had come to
503:responded by destroying the temple in
1420:Within the Kingdom of the Netherlands
1366:
1340:
1299:
1068:
964:
896:
753:
738:Jacques Arends; Margot van den Berg.
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
908:Digital Library for Dutch Literature
784:that Brunswijk was behind the attack
710:
679:Susana Hayward (September 3, 1989).
507:, and capturing all males present.
404:, whose members originated from the
34:
1211:
1074:
1025:
432:most ethnically diverse populations
148:Lachmipersad Frederik Ramdat Misier
13:
1309:. Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers.
1275:, Amsterdam 2005: KIT Publishers,
1273:Suriname na de binnenlandse oorlog
1176:Reformatorisch Dagblad via Delpher
731:
711:Kohn, George Childs (2013-10-31).
661:
219:At least 300 civilians were killed
14:
1991:
1314:
1143:"Leger Suriname zoekt gijzelaars"
797:"Leger Suriname zoekt gijzelaars"
761:"Leger Suriname zoekt gijzelaars"
1456:
1223:Claudia Martin; Françoise Roth.
325:
249:
185:
174:
163:
152:
141:
113:
27:
1285:Hoogbergen, W. & D. Kruijt:
1190:
1164:
1135:
999:
517:On 1 June 1989 rebels captured
16:1986–1992 civil war in Suriname
1089:Council on Hemispheric Affairs
1085:"Suriname: Justice Under Fire"
870:
844:
818:
789:
704:
1:
1178:(in Dutch). 29 September 1987
904:"Sranan. Cultuur in Suriname"
654:
594:
499:was behind both attacks. The
419:
396:led by Thomas Sabajo and the
632:Aide Médicale Internationale
75:22 July 1986 – 8 August 1992
7:
1147:Reformatorisch Dagblad via
801:Reformatorisch Dagblad via
454:
426:1980 Surinamese coup d'état
10:
1996:
1289:, Amsterdam 2005: Bakker,
1265:
1123:(in Dutch). 2 January 1991
717:. Routledge. p. 477.
545:and called themselves the
423:
1836:
1779:
1724:
1715:
1660:
1651:
1537:
1528:
1474:
1465:
1454:
1430:National Military Council
1378:
1239:Washington College of Law
471:victims of the civil war
296:National Military Council
218:
206:
134:
106:
67:
26:
21:
1542:Administrative divisions
1300:Boven, Karin M. (2006).
770:(in Dutch). 26 July 1986
430:Suriname has one of the
1935:Wars involving Suriname
1393:Chairmen of the Estates
370:Surinamese Interior War
306:Surinamese Interior War
22:Surinamese Interior War
1693:Science and technology
1626:Deputy Prime Minister
852:"Suriname 2003 report"
766:Reformatorisch Dagblad
636:Government of Suriname
472:
377:
135:Commanders and leaders
1091:Report. June 14, 2012
985:Amnesty International
462:
207:Casualties and losses
1639:Constitutional Court
1516:World Heritage Sites
1484:Environmental issues
1207:. 27 September 1989.
878:"Distrikt Marowijne"
1408:Society of Suriname
1327:Binnenlandse oorlog
1243:American University
858:on 22 February 2006
830:Rozenberg Quarterly
386:Sipaliwini District
378:Binnenlandse Oorlog
332:Suriname portal
316:Return to democracy
281:Constituent country
276:Society of Suriname
214:60 jungle commandos
1930:Surinamese Maroons
1698:Telecommunications
1388:Colonial governors
1230:Human Rights Brief
714:Dictionary of Wars
473:
271:Dutch colonization
1920:Conflicts in 1992
1915:Conflicts in 1991
1910:Conflicts in 1990
1905:Conflicts in 1989
1900:Conflicts in 1988
1895:Conflicts in 1987
1890:Conflicts in 1986
1872:
1871:
1832:
1831:
1711:
1710:
1647:
1646:
1603:Political parties
1591:National Assembly
1557:Foreign relations
1524:
1523:
1442:(1986–1992)
1403:Colony of Surinam
1271:Vries, Ellen de:
724:978-1-135-95494-9
547:Tucayana Amazonas
535:indigenous people
394:Tucayana Amazonas
366:
365:
223:
222:
129:Tucayana Amazonas
102:
101:
62:
61:
1987:
1970:1992 in Suriname
1965:1991 in Suriname
1960:1990 in Suriname
1955:1989 in Suriname
1950:1988 in Suriname
1945:1987 in Suriname
1940:1986 in Suriname
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1443:
1435:December murders
1425:1980 coup d'état
1361:
1354:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1310:
1308:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1249:on March 3, 2016
1245:. Archived from
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1050:. March 27, 1991
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997:
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944:via Nickerie.net
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910:(in Dutch). 1992
900:
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854:. Archived from
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691:Associated Press
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602:December murders
497:Ronnie Brunswijk
469:Moiwana massacre
465:Albina, Suriname
402:Ronnie Brunswijk
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330:
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311:1990 coup d'état
301:December murders
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197:Ronnie Brunswijk
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1980:1990s conflicts
1975:1980s conflicts
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1011:Dagblad De West
1005:
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981:"Desi Bouterse"
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1489:Climate change
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1315:External links
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1189:
1163:
1152:. 26 July 1986
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1071:, p. 207.
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1024:
998:
969:
967:, p. 197.
957:
921:
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817:
806:. 26 July 1986
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571:bauxite mining
557:, and finally
481:Stolkertsijver
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412:head of state
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1794:Coat of arms
1734:Demographics
1562:Human rights
1547:Constitution
1506:Biodiversity
1439:
1413:World War II
1302:
1286:
1272:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:the original
1228:
1205:World Courts
1204:
1192:
1180:. Retrieved
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1166:
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1146:
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1125:. Retrieved
1118:Terdege via
1117:
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942:De Ware Tijd
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860:. Retrieved
856:the original
846:
834:. Retrieved
829:
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772:. Retrieved
768:via Digibron
764:
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586:Drietabbetje
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463:Monument in
441:
429:
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369:
367:
305:
286:Independence
107:Belligerents
56:
1665:Agriculture
1567:LGBT rights
882:Suriname.nu
533:A group of
519:Afobaka Dam
505:Moengotapoe
448:bloody coup
240:History of
170:Johan Kraag
1879:Categories
1809:Literature
1764:indigenous
1744:Healthcare
1677:(currency)
1325:Oneworld:
1069:Boven 2006
1013:(in Dutch)
987:(in Dutch)
965:Boven 2006
946:(in Dutch)
884:(in Dutch)
832:(in Dutch)
655:References
620:Sipaliwini
595:War crimes
559:Bigi Poika
523:Paramaribo
495:headed by
424:See also:
420:Background
1749:Languages
1739:Education
1703:Transport
1670:Companies
1628:(defunct)
1620:(defunct)
1608:President
1584:Commander
1552:Elections
1467:Geography
382:civil war
1859:Category
1771:Religion
1596:Chairman
1579:Military
1530:Politics
1372:articles
1368:Suriname
1253:July 19,
1095:July 19,
1054:July 19,
1043:NY Times
745:July 19,
696:July 19,
686:LA Times
649:Saramaca
624:Pokigron
455:Conflict
436:Maroons'
410:de facto
390:Suriname
380:) was a
242:Suriname
231:a series
229:Part of
88:Suriname
86:Eastern
82:Location
1843:Outline
1799:Cuisine
1781:Culture
1717:Society
1675:Dollar
1653:Economy
1380:History
1266:Sources
1149:Delpher
1120:Delpher
1048:Reuters
1017:18 June
991:18 June
950:18 June
914:18 June
836:18 June
803:Delpher
782:assumed
774:18 June
609:Moiwana
555:Washabo
539:Maroons
512:Moiwana
467:to the
400:led by
1864:Portal
1789:Anthem
1754:People
1683:Energy
1479:Cities
1370:
1293:
1279:
1182:20 May
1156:19 May
1127:20 May
888:19 May
862:14 May
810:19 May
721:
644:Atjoni
582:Moengo
564:Guyana
551:Apoera
489:Albina
406:Maroon
266:Caribs
261:Arawak
233:on the
95:Result
57:
52:
46:
40:
1850:Index
1824:Sport
1814:Music
1729:Crime
1501:Flora
1496:Fauna
1307:(PDF)
1201:(PDF)
543:Jenny
374:Dutch
1804:Flag
1759:list
1291:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1255:2015
1184:2020
1158:2020
1129:2020
1097:2015
1056:2015
1019:2020
993:2020
952:2020
916:2020
890:2020
864:2020
838:2020
812:2020
776:2020
747:2015
719:ISBN
698:2015
368:The
72:Date
487:in
388:of
1881::
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372:(
357:e
350:t
343:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
