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1738:. "Besides, the requirement that a thorough investigation must be conducted and that the decision should be based on the advice by the judge who passed the sentence was ignored." Bouterse's staff said that Meriba's status as the foster son of President Bouterse was not part of the decision, and that there were strong legal arguments for the pardon. According to rumors, after Meriba was released from jail, he was hired by the heavily armed Counter Terror Unit (CTU).
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1337:) became the largest bloc in the National Assembly, gaining 23 of the 51 seats. The coalition failed to gain an absolute majority in the parliament by three seats (the half of 50 plus 1 was needed). In order to secure the necessary two-thirds supermajority to become president, Bouterse cooperated with the party of his former opponent,
1130:. On 29 November 1986, members of the national military massacred at least 39 villagers of Moiwana, Brunswijk's home village, killing mostly women and children. The soldiers also burned down the village dwellings, including Brunswijk's house. The survivors fled as refugees with hundreds of other inland inhabitants across the
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The amnesty law was later overturned by a court ruling, and in
November 2019 the military court convicted Bouterse to 20 years imprisonment for the December killings. On 22 January 2020, Bouterse appeared before the court, in military uniform, to appeal this decision. On 20 December 2023, Suriname's
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television channel that 15 arrested "suspects who were plotting to overthrow the government later in
December were shot dead while trying to flee Fort Zeelandia". Years later Bouterse said that he was not present at the killings. In 2000 he stated that the decision for these killings was made by the
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On 13 April 2012, the public prosecutor in the
December Murders trial formulated the demanded sentence against five suspects, including the main suspect, Bouterse. His defense lawyer, Irwin Kanhai, requested that the trial would be declared moot because of the amnesty law. On 11 May 2012, the court
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proposed a law in the parliament which in effect would grant amnesty for the suspects in the
December Murders, including Dési Bouterse. The amnesty law would also cause immediate termination of the trial. The parliamentary voting was to be held on 23 March, the same day Ruben Rozendaal testified in
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in 2009, Bouterse said that the trial was being used by his political opponents to prevent him from running for office again and for their own political gain. In April 2012, two months before the verdict in the trial was expected, Bouterse's party member Andre
Misiekaba said, during a debate in the
1686:, who was on seventh place on the NDP list, had become eligible for taking the seat in the National Assembly. Moestadja, being the oldest member, chaired the first meeting of the Assembly. Bouterse was not a candidate for the presidency in the 2020 elections, and as no other candidates other than
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The military takeover, which was widely supported by the population, was officially aimed at fighting corruption and unemployment (which at the time affected 18 per cent of the working population), and at restoring order in public affairs. However, "the political plans were vague, no ideological
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Herman
Gooding, a chief inspector of the police, was assassinated in August 1990 during his investigation of the massacre. Reportedly he was forced out of his car near Fort Zeelandia and shot in the head. His body was left outside the office of Desi Bouterse. Other police investigators fled the
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because he wanted to clear his name before he died: he was suffering from a severe kidney disease, and the doctors had told him he did not have much time left to live. After consulting with his lawyer, Rozendaal decided to withdraw the testimony he had given in 2010. After the last suspects and
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ordered
Suriname to pay US$ 3 million in compensation to 130 survivors of the massacre, and to establish a US$ 1.2 million fund for the development of Moiwana. The Inter-American Court of Human rights has judged that the responsible persons have to be prosecuted and punished; however, previous
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On 4 April 2012, after three days of debate, the
Assembly passed the amnesty law with 28 votes in favor and 12 votes opposed. The political parties Nieuw Suriname and BEP, both members of Bouterse's coalition, left the room when the voting started because they "did not believe that they should
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In
December 2011, President Bouterse granted a pardon to his foster son Romano Meriba, who in 2005 was convicted to 15 years' imprisonment for the 2002 murder and robbery of a Chinese trader. Meriba was also convicted for throwing a hand grenade at the house of the Dutch ambassador. Judge
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After passage of the amnesty law, the
Netherlands immediately stopped the 20 million euro aid set aside for Suriname. President Bouterse was unmoved by this decision, saying, "I never asked you for 20 million euros. We have economic reserves of almost 800 million dollars". The
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Edgar Ritfeld, one of the 25 suspects, said that he did not want amnesty because he knows he is innocent. He wanted the trial to be continued so that his innocence could be proven. Ruben Rozendaal and Wim Carbiere, both suspects, also asked for continuation of the trial.
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Valstein-Montnor ruled that the evidence proved that Meriba tried to commit a robbery at the ambassador's house similar to that of the trader. After it was prevented by guards from the Dutch embassy, Meriba threw a hand grenade from a car at the ambassador's residence.
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was sentenced in 2005 to eight years' imprisonment in a Surinamese court for narcotics trafficking, weapons trafficking, and theft of luxury vehicles. He was released early for good behavior. The government's counter-terrorism department appointed him to a senior role.
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The government has stated that it is still continuing its investigation of the massacre. It claimed that prospective witnesses had either moved, died, or were uncooperative. It has also said that an investigation of the murder of Herman Gooding was continuing.
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In 2023, he was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment for the 1982 murders of fifteen political dissidents. He was reported missing by the Surinamese authorities in January 2024 after refusing to report to prison. He is currently considered a fugitive.
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has issued a warrant for his arrest. At that time, he could not be arrested in Suriname, because he was still president. As he was convicted of the drug offense before his election in 2010 as head of state, he risked arrest if he left Suriname.
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On 8 January 2024, Bouterse filed another appeal against his conviction, which was rejected the next day by the Attorney-General. On 12 January, a manhunt was launched against Bouterse after he failed to turn himself in to prison authorities.
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Meriba was arrested again on 23 March 2012 in Paramaribo on charges of assaulting a citizen and police officer the night before in a nightclub. He was not long held in police custody because the complaint was retracted the following day.
1903:{{cite web|Thomas M. Antkowiak, Moiwana Village v. Suriname: A Portal into Recent Jurisprudential Developments of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 25 Berkeley J. Int'l Law. 268 (2007). Available at scholarship.law.berkeley.edu
1227:. Bouterse always proclaimed his innocence. He claimed that the star witness in his case, Patrick van Loon, was bribed by the Dutch government. Bouterse is believed by law enforcement officials to have been the leader of the so-called
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The pardon was controversial, as it is the first time a Surinamese President has pardoned someone convicted of murder and robbery. "People that have committed such heavy offends should not get a pardon" said former justice minister
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The trials for the December murders did not take place in Suriname until 30 November 2007. Among the 25 indicted suspects, Bouterse is the chief figure. Since the trial began, Bouterse never went to court. In an interview with
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set up a base in Suriname. In a letter, Dino Bouterse insisted he had no terrorist leanings and was motivated only by profit. Bouterse was arrested after an elaborate international sting in which he was recorded meeting in
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On the day of the coup, Bouterse's soldiers burned down the Central Police Station of Suriname. The remains of this building now form the "monument of the Revolution". Annually, on 25 February, the coup is commemorated.
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prices, Suriname's main export, accentuated the economic crisis. The regime was quickly confronted with several uprisings, sometimes led by part of the army, sometimes by civilians. In 1983, in the wake of the
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court that Bouterse personally killed two of the fifteen men: union leader Cyrill Daal and military member Soerindre Rambocus. That day there was no quorum in the parliament, and the voting did not continue.
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On 11 November 1975, Bouterse returned with his family to Suriname after it gained independence from the Netherlands. He wanted to help establish the Surinamese army. In 1979, Bouterse accepted a request by
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The human rights organisation 'Moiwana '86' has committed itself to achieving justice with regard to this event. It is seeking to hold military officers and the government as responsible for the massacre.
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support a law which is being opposed by a large part of the Surinamese community." The chair of the Surinamese parliament, Jennifer Simons, who is also a member of Bouterse's party, voted for the law.
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condemned the law and urged the Surinamese judges and the Public Prosecutor's Office to continue the trial. On 19 April 2012, Human Rights Watch demanded an immediate retraction of the law.
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Surinamese parliament, that: "The December Murders trial is a political trial which has the purpose to eliminate Bouterse from the political arena and therefore the Amnesty Act is needed."
824:, but his regime did not show any Communist orientation. The Netherlands suspended development aid to its former colony, destabilizing the Surinamese economy. At the same time, the fall in
1043:, one of the 28 MPs who voted in favour of the law), and a ban on European travel for all the Surinamese parliamentarians who voted for the amnesty law. Dutch minister of foreign affairs
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extended amnesty to him in 2012. After the trial was forced to continue, he was sentenced to 20 years in prison on 29 November 2019. He is also suspected of having directed the
1039:(VVD) believed that this sanction was not enough. They called for more penalties such as economic sanctions, expulsion of the Surinamese ambassador (who is the daughter of MP
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said it was "indigestible" that amnesty was granted to the suspects in this stage of the trial (the amnesty law was passed two months before the verdict in the trial).
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Bouterse has hired other convicts. His delegation that visited a South American summit had two members besides Bouterse who had criminal drug records: former military
1562:(KTPI) had been relieved of his duties at the end of 2010 due to his life partner asking for a piece of land with the help of a ministry official. He was succeeded by
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The controversial law granted amnesty to Bouterse and the 24 other suspects. This could also mean that the ongoing December Murders trial will face an immediate stop.
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Later in 1985, the government lifted the ban on opposition parties, beginning a transition to civilian rule. A new constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a
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On 1 February 2012, Ruben Rozendaal, one of the military suspects, announced in local media that it was time for him to come forward with the truth about the
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607:. Bouterse always maintained his innocence. He claimed the star witness in the case, Patrick van Loon, was bribed by the Dutch government. According to the
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After his inauguration as president, Bouterse immediately honoured the nine surviving conspirators, who together with him had conducted the violent
1201:. Angered that Shankar, who happened to be on the same flight to Amsterdam, didn't protest, Bouterse resigned as army commander. The following day,
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1118:(1986–1990), also known as a civil war, was between the Surinamese military regime, headed by Dési Bouterse, and the Surinamese Liberation Army, a
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with weapons in exchange for cocaine. A 2006 document from the American embassy reported a possible connection between Bouterse and the FARC.
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During his presidency Dési Bouterse introduced universal health care, free school meals, a minimum wage and a national pension scheme.
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On 19 July 2010, Bouterse was elected president with 36 of the 51 votes; he assumed office on 12 August 2010. His running mate
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had been nominated by the deadline of 8 July 2020 at 15:00 (UTC−3), Santokhi was elected as his successor on 13 July in an
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as his press secretary and cabinet's spokesman; he was a propagandist for Bouterse and a talkshow host. Bouterse installed
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However, Bouterse retained much power as army commander. He scuttled a number of government efforts to negotiate with the
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In 1970, Bouterse married Ingrid Figueira, whom he had known as a teenager in Suriname. They had two children: Peggy and
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By the end of April 2011, several ministers had been dismissed due to political changes in the cabinet. They included
543:, Bouterse was elected as President of Suriname with 36 of 50 parliament votes. He was inaugurated on 12 August 2010.
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2375:"'Rambocus and Daal killed by Bouterse' – witness tells Suriname hearing – Stabroek News – Georgetown, Guyana"
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dictator of Suriname. From then until 1988, Bouterse was the power behind puppet presidents installed by him.
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The controversial amnesty law was protested both nationally and internationally. Organizations such as the
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were assigned to new posts. In addition to the newly formed cabinet, two deputy ministers were installed.
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693:. In this period, Bouterse became known as an athlete, and he was chosen as head of the basketball team.
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853:(then Bouterse's headquarters), where they were tortured and shot dead. These killings are known as the
833:, Suriname drew closer to Washington and expelled Cuban diplomats, perhaps for fear of U.S. aggression.
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2757:"Suriname's ex-dictator sentenced to 20 years in prison for the 1982 killings of political opponents"
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2002:"Suriname's ex-dictator sentenced to 20 years in prison for the 1982 killings of political opponents"
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1830:"Suriname's ex-dictator sentenced to 20 years in prison for the 1982 killings of political opponent"
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Supreme Court upheld Bouterse's conviction. He could still request a pardon to Suriname's president
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Thousands of people in Paramaribo conduct a silent march on 10 April 2012 against the amnesty law
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2809:"Former Suriname dictator vanishes after being sentenced in killings of 15 political opponents"
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United Nations Convention against illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
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to 11 years' imprisonment after being convicted of trafficking 474 kg (1,045 lb) of
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discussions had taken place in preparation for the coup," notes historian Rosemarijn Hoefte.
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under international law. This was confirmed by various specialists in international law.
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On 7 and 8 December 1982, fifteen prominent Surinamese men who had criticized Bouterse's
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668:(roughly equivalent to junior secondary general education), which he did not finish.
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1209:. A year later, new elections were held that returned the country to civilian rule.
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military officer, politician, convicted murderer, and drug trafficker who served as
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2546:"Human Rights Watch: 'Trek de Amnestiewet in' 19-4-2012 – De West – CQ-Link Nieuws"
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has said that 25 February should not be a holiday, but a national day of mourning.
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539:("Mega combination"), which included the NDP, won the parliamentary elections, and
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After becoming president, Bouterse designated 25 February, the anniversary of the
700:. Shortly after the marriage, Bouterse was assigned to the Dutch military base in
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violations committed during his military rule in the 1980s. Most notable were the
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On 23 June 2020, Bouterse announced that he did not want to take his seat in the
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2870:"Inter-American Court of Human Rights Case of the Moiwana Community v. Suriname"
2739:"Suriname court upholds ex-president's conviction over activist murders in 1982"
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On 25 February 1980, Bouterse, Horb, and fourteen other sergeants overthrew the
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2168:
Suriname in the Long Twentieth Century: Domination, Contestation, Globalization
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756:(Group of Sixteen), led by Bouterse. After the coup, he became chairman of the
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in 1982. He was prosecuted for the murders, and a trial was initiated, but the
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In 1968, Bouterse moved to the Netherlands, where he was conscripted into the
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2020:"Former Suriname dictator missing after failing to turn himself in to prison"
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decided to hear Rozendaal again, and this hearing was set for 23 March 2012.
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3283:. Verkiezingensuriname.nl (30 December 2011). Retrieved on 8 January 2012.
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1671:, Bouterse's NDP won 26 seats; he was reelected unopposed on 14 July 2015.
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2783:"Suriname court upholds 20-year sentence for ex-president in murder trial"
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in the Netherlands to 11 years in prison for trafficking 474 kilograms of
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Bouterse is a controversial figure, held responsible by some for numerous
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2712:"Bouterse in militair uniform voor de rechtbank, zitting in maart verder"
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has maintained an international warrant for his arrest. According to the
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1349:(6 seats), who had left the ruling New Front party before the election.
797:. It was characterized by a high level of government corruption and the
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The NGO Development Foundation » Moiwana Human Rights Organization
1636:, who handles the country's administrative and constitutional affairs;
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880:
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3183:"Inauguratie nieuwe president van Suriname op Onafhankelijkheidsplein"
3105:"Simons voert laatste voorbereidend overleg met fungerend voorzitter"
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to become chairman of a new Surinamese military union (union BoMiKa;
679:). After completing his military service, he signed up to train as a
1915:"NOVA – detail – Nieuws – Hoge raad bevestigt veroordeling bouterse"
1804:"Desi Bouterse: Suriname president gets 20 years in jail for murder"
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1570:. The second minister to leave office for personal reasons was Miss
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governments, including Bouterse's government, have failed to do so.
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released in 2011, Bouterse was active in the drug trade until 2006.
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2646:"Rosenthal schort hulp aan Suriname op – Amnestiewet Suriname – VK"
1694:. Bouterse announced his retirement from politics on 16 July 2020.
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while traveling on a diplomatic passport. He was extradited to the
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1644:, who deals with the country's social and educational issues; and
1178:, an opponent of Bouterse, was elected president in January 1988.
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Bouterse grants pardon to foster son | 2010 Elections in Suriname
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Desi Bouterse is al een mythe: sportleraar, legerleider, zakenman
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3255:. Volkskrant.nl. (30 December 2011) Retrieved on 8 January 2012.
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Bouterse geeft bevriende roofmoordenaar gratie – Buitenland – VK
2489:"Starnieuws – Alleen Wim Carbière vraagt om voortzetting proces"
1976:"Suriname President Bouterse sentenced to 20 years for killings"
1574:, the first minister of Finance & Planning of this cabinet.
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After the return of democratic government, led in succession by
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country for safety, stalling the progress of the investigation.
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789:, was allowed to continue publishing, but was subject to heavy
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2356:"Starnieuws – "Bouterse heeft Daal en Rambocus doodgeschoten""
1742:, son of President Bouterse, was appointed to head this unit.
752:. The sergeants who accomplished this coup were known as the
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ancestry. As a young boy he moved from Domburg to the capital
63:
from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially
1648:, who oversees the nation's economy. The president appointed
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2981:"Suriname leader's son sentenced to over 16 years in prison"
2564:"Starnieuws – Human Rights Watch: Amnestiewet is belediging"
1083:
229:
President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations
3209:"Live blog: Verkiezing president en vicepresident Suriname"
2308:"Starnieuws – Breaking news: Amnestie voor 8 december 1982"
1760:. "Such people now circulate around the state power", said
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846:
817:
2619:"Announcement | Mededeling | Radio Netherlands Worldwide"
3312:"Meriba weer vrij 31-03-2012 – De West – CQ-Link Nieuws"
1185:, and a number of Bouterse's opponents were murdered or
1057:
967:
On 19 March, five members of Bouterse's political party
511:
from 2010 to 2020. From 1980 to 1987, he was Suriname's
2427:"Suriname Grants Amnesty to 'Narco-President' Bouterse"
2326:"The Surinamese amnesty act is a blessing for Bouterse"
1305:
and Panama with DEA operatives posing as Hezbollah and
1189:. Matters came to a head when Bouterse was detained at
960:
witnesses in the December Murders case were heard, the
793:). In 1985, it banned political parties and restricted
2261:"Parbode Surinaams opinie maandblad – Ruben Rozendaal"
1793:. Ndp.sr (24 April 2004). Retrieved on 8 January 2012.
1784:
According to the Statutes of the DNP written as Desiré
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1242:, since Bouterse was convicted before his election as
570:
which pitted his government first against the maroon
3265:"Controversy as Bouterse grants pardon to foster son"
3079:"Bouterse heeft niet bewilligd voor lidmaatschap DNA"
2052:
Bouterse achterachterkleinkind van Zeeuwse boerenzoon
1341:, which had 7 seats; and the Peoples Alliance party (
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Frank Wijngaarde, journalist (with Dutch citizenship)
3040:
Suriname's Bouterse Secures Second Presidential Term
1312:
3294:"Starnieuws – Meriba aangehouden voor mishandeling"
2507:"Grote teleurstelling over goedkeuring amnestiewet"
1380:Labor, Technological Development & Environment
3131:"Kandidaatstelling Santokhi en Brunswijk een feit"
1193:while returning to Suriname on a personal trip to
805:of fifteen opponents in 1982, Bouterse closed the
2601:"Bouterse: "Nederland, de tijden zijn veranderd""
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2843:. Ngocaribbean.org. Retrieved on 8 January 2012.
2148:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
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1506:Spatial Planning, Land- & Forest Management
1366:His cabinet consisted of the following members:
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3053:"Bouterse bewilligt niet voor lidmaatschap DNA"
3271:30 December 2011; Retrieved on 8 January 2012.
2535:
2297:
2196:
2117:
1891:Court in Surinam convicts Bouterse to 20 years
3604:
3484:
2061:
812:He established diplomatic relations with the
775:The military dictatorship imposed an evening
2948:"Vervolging president Bouterse wél mogelijk"
2130:. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010
1946:"Vervolging president Bouterse wél mogelijk"
1276:On 29 August 2013, Dino was arrested by the
327:25 February 1980 – 27 November 1987
2969:, Countrywatch; Retrieved on 26 August 2016
2886:
2471:"Geen moleculen van bloed aan mijn vingers"
2180:
2178:
2176:
3611:
3597:
3498:
3491:
3477:
2978:
2525:"Reporters Without Borders tegen amnestie"
2287:"Amnesty law change may end current trial"
1717:, as a national holiday. Former president
1706:; he awarded them the Grand Cordon of the
1161:
1050:On 8 April 2012, the Dutch prime minister
971:and one member of Paul Somohardjo's party
849:attempt on 11 March 1982, were brought to
151:
56:about living persons that is unsourced or
3821:Surinamese politicians of Chinese descent
2894:"Suriname Coup Leaders Had Power Already"
1999:
1625:, a loyalist of Pertjajah Luhur chairman
1020:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
241:30 August 2013 – 4 December 2014
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3238:"Bouterse eert plegers staatsgreep 1980"
3006:"Enorme winst voor Bouterse in Suriname"
2372:
2173:
1873:Omstreden Bouterse beëdigd als president
1217:On 16 July 1999, Bouterse was convicted
1082:
1037:People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
993:
727:
628:Bouterse was born on 13 October 1945 in
593:On 16 July 1999, Bouterse was sentenced
2736:
2583:"Rosenthal schort hulp aan Suriname op"
2243:"Misiekaba: Dit is een politiek proces"
1855:Bouterse gekozen tot president Suriname
1678:even though he had been elected in the
1566:, also a member of the political party
1558:The first minister of Spatial Planning
1536:Transport, Communication & Tourism
927:On 10 December 1982 Bouterse stated on
3733:
2938:
2918:
2696:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2000:Rozenblad, Gerold (20 December 2023).
1943:
1632:The president's four top advisors are
181:12 August 2010 – 16 July 2020
3592:
3472:
2229:"Ex-Suriname head faces murder trial"
2162:
2160:
1126:, led by Bouterse's former bodyguard
1058:2019 conviction by the military court
758:National Military Council of Suriname
533:, Bouterse's political alliance, the
498:
3801:Surinamese people of Chinese descent
2643:
2580:
2453:"Bouterse vraagt mogelijk vergeving"
1669:2015 Surinamese legislative election
1327:2010 Surinamese legislative election
1155:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
609:United States diplomatic cables leak
18:
3811:Surinamese people of French descent
3157:"Breaking: NDP dient geen lijst in"
2979:Neumeister, Larry (10 March 2015).
1698:Controversial honouring of the coup
1613:had served as the secretary of the
1212:
1078:
1047:did not agree with these requests.
836:
744:government with a violent military
284:4 July 1987 – 13 July 2024
13:
3841:Fugitives wanted on murder charges
3806:Surinamese people of Dutch descent
2392:"President Bouterse works to put "
2157:
1329:, Bouterse and his coalition, the
801:of political opponents. After the
14:
3852:
3766:People convicted of drug offenses
3325:
2737:Kuipers, Ank (20 December 2023).
2154:. historiek.net. 25 februari 2010
1708:Honorary Order of the Yellow Star
1664:of the Central Bank of Suriname.
1313:President of Suriname (2010–2020)
1122:Maroon group better known as the
723:
446: 1970, divorced)
3786:Royal Netherlands Army personnel
3710:
3577:
3512:
3331:
2919:Neilan, Terence (17 July 1999).
1764:, former president of Suriname.
1680:2020 Surinamese general election
525:. In 1987, Bouterse founded the
23:
3781:Politicians convicted of murder
3451:President pro tempore of UNASUR
3304:
3286:
3274:
3258:
3246:
3231:
3201:
3175:
3149:
3123:
3097:
3071:
3045:
3033:
3015:
2999:
2972:
2960:
2957:, Radio Nederland, 21 July 2010
2912:
2862:
2846:
2827:
2801:
2775:
2749:
2730:
2704:
2660:
2637:
2611:
2593:
2574:
2556:
2517:
2499:
2481:
2463:
2445:
2419:
2401:
2385:
2373:Stabroek, ed. (24 March 2012).
2366:
2348:
2318:
2279:
2253:
2235:
2231:. Al Jazeera. 21 February 2009.
2221:
2081:
2045:
2012:
1993:
1968:
1282:Drug Enforcement Administration
673:armed forces of the Netherlands
578:, led by his former bodyguard,
463:
443:
3751:Leaders who took power by coup
3042:Voice of America, 14 July 2015
2967:"Suriname 2016 Country Review"
2859:, Retrieved on 8 January 2012.
2429:. 10 July 2012. Archived from
2263:. 14 July 2012. Archived from
1944:Brader, Peggy (21 July 2010).
1937:
1907:
1896:
1884:
1866:
1848:
1822:
1796:
1777:
1581:(Sport- & Youth Affairs),
1:
3796:Surinamese military personnel
2983:. Yahoo! News. Archived from
1893:. wpxi news 29 November 2019.
1771:
1514:Social Affairs & Housing
1026:Reaction from the Netherlands
919:Robby Sohansingh, businessman
913:Jiwansingh Sheombar, military
898:Sugrim Oemrawsingh, scientist
734:Commander of the Armed Forces
623:
562:in 1986 against a village of
503:; born 13 October 1945) is a
1593:(Regional Development), and
1168:30 September 1987 referendum
932:commander of the battalion,
889:, journalist and businessman
686:Koninklijke Militaire School
34:biography of a living person
7:
3791:Surinamese drug traffickers
3771:People from Wanica District
1704:1980 Surinamese coup d'état
1660:(IMF) official, as the new
1658:International Monetary Fund
1525:Sport- & Youth Affairs
1487:Public Works & Traffic
845:or were connected with the
61:must be removed immediately
10:
3857:
3722:* denotes acting Commander
3215:(in Dutch). Archived from
2170:, Palgrave MacMillan, 2014
1724:
1358:Vice President of Suriname
1093:
950:
916:Jozef Slagveer, journalist
3719:
3708:
3630:
3575:
3519:
3510:
3457:
3448:
3440:
3435:
3425:
3416:
3408:
3403:
3397:Jennifer Geerlings-Simons
3393:
3387:National Democratic Party
3383:
3378:
3373:
3360:National Military Council
3356:
3351:
3346:
2953:22 September 2012 at the
1621:of Regional Development.
1111:in the east of Suriname.
1016:Reporters Without Borders
901:Lesley Rahman, journalist
877:Kenneth Gonçalves, lawyer
874:Cyrill Daal, union leader
527:National Democratic Party
523:a period of military rule
500:[ˈdeːsiˈbʌutərsə]
485:
474:
422:
417:National Democratic Party
412:
382:
377:
373:
361:
349:
331:
320:
315:National Military Council
312:
307:Jennifer Geerlings-Simons
300:
288:
277:
272:National Democratic Party
269:
257:
245:
234:
227:
215:
203:
185:
174:
166:
162:
150:
143:
16:8th President of Suriname
3624:Armed Forces of Suriname
3374:Party political offices
2078:, 14 May 2005 (in Dutch)
1789:20 December 2013 at the
1585:(Justice & Police),
910:Harold Riedewald, lawyer
831:U.S. invasion of Grenada
718:Bond voor Militair Kader
681:non-commissioned officer
666:Middelbare Handelsschool
632:, located in Suriname's
517:leader after conducting
3826:Politicide perpetrators
3816:Surinamese Pentecostals
3269:Stabroek News – Guyana,
1950:Radio Nederland archive
1422:Finance & Planning
1162:Transition to democracy
677:Nederlandse Krijgsmacht
582:, and then against the
568:Surinamese Interior War
157:Official portrait, 2010
3776:Presidents of Suriname
2839:7 October 2011 at the
2409:"BEP-fractie liep weg"
2215:thecuttingedgenews.com
2128:"Desi Bouterse (1945)"
1509:Steven Relyveld (NDP)
1490:Rabin Parmessar (NDP)
1170:. Elections were held
1116:Suriname Guerrilla War
1091:
999:
807:University of Suriname
737:
492:Desiré Delano Bouterse
387:Desiré Delano Bouterse
48:Please help by adding
3700:Henri van Axeldongen*
3419:President of Suriname
3023:"Presidential pardon"
1495:Regional Development
1444:Justice & Police
1437:Don soejit Tosendjojo
1433:Trade & Industry
1086:
1012:Amnesty International
997:
865:John Baboeram, lawyer
860:The 15 victims were:
843:military dictatorship
783:(only one newspaper,
731:
509:President of Suriname
169:President of Suriname
3831:Surinamese murderers
3340:at Wikimedia Commons
2987:on 20 September 2016
2192:. 14 September 2012.
2186:"Timeline: Suriname"
2006:The Associated Press
1692:uncontested election
1560:Martinus Sastroredjo
1153:In August 2005, the
1035:and the then ruling
895:, university teacher
496:Dutch pronunciation:
54:Contentious material
3697:Robert Kartodikromo
3380:New political party
2678:on 30 November 2019
2166:Rosemarijn Hoefte,
2105:on 3 September 2016
2026:. 12 January 2024.
1607:Ginmardo Kromosoeto
1246:in 2010, he has no
795:freedom of assembly
748:, now known as the
636:. He was born in a
3703:Werner Kioe A Sen*
3534:Fred Ramdat Misier
3404:Political offices
3219:on 15 January 2021
2925:The New York Times
2900:. 27 December 1990
2789:. 20 December 2023
2763:. 20 December 2023
2211:"The Cutting Edge"
1836:. 20 December 2023
1810:. 30 November 2019
1747:Etienne Boerenveen
1684:Soewarto Moestadja
1654:Gillmore Hoefdraad
1623:Abigail Lie A Kwie
1595:Simon Martosatiman
1564:Simon Martosatiman
1465:Natural Resources
1309:drug traffickers.
1109:Marowijne District
1092:
1033:Dutch Labour Party
1008:Human Rights Watch
1000:
799:summary executions
738:
356:Office established
344:Fred Ramdat Misier
3728:
3727:
3586:
3585:
3554:Jules Wijdenbosch
3467:
3466:
3458:Succeeded by
3436:Diplomatic posts
3426:Succeeded by
3394:Succeeded by
3385:President of the
3368:Office abolished
3347:Military offices
3336:Media related to
3316:dewest-online.com
2815:. 13 January 2024
2718:. 22 January 2020
2550:dewest-online.com
2336:on 4 October 2013
2247:NOS (Netherlands)
1980:www.aljazeera.com
1925:on 5 October 2013
1676:National Assembly
1634:Jules Wijdenbosch
1617:and was made the
1589:(Public Health),
1587:Celsius Waterberg
1556:
1555:
1499:Stanley Betterson
1390:Interior Affairs
1323:Jules Wijdenbosch
905:Surendre Rambocus
754:Groep van zestien
588:Tucayana Amazonas
556:National Assembly
521:and establishing
489:
488:
295:Party established
270:President of the
137:
136:
129:
111:
37:needs additional
3848:
3746:December murders
3723:
3714:
3691:
3670:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3581:
3559:Ronald Venetiaan
3549:Ronald Venetiaan
3539:Ramsewak Shankar
3516:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3441:Preceded by
3412:Ronald Venetiaan
3409:Preceded by
3358:Chairman of the
3344:
3343:
3335:
3320:
3319:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3161:Dagblad Suriname
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3019:
3013:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2921:"World Briefing"
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2874:
2866:
2860:
2850:
2844:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2674:. Archived from
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2625:on 22 April 2012
2621:. Archived from
2615:
2609:
2608:
2607:. 21 April 2012.
2597:
2591:
2590:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2531:. 30 March 2012.
2521:
2515:
2514:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2477:. 14 April 2012.
2467:
2461:
2460:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2405:
2399:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2332:. Archived from
2322:
2316:
2315:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2207:
2194:
2193:
2182:
2171:
2164:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2098:. Archived from
2093:
2085:
2079:
2068:
2059:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1952:. Archived from
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1921:. Archived from
1911:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1870:
1864:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1800:
1794:
1781:
1762:Ronald Venetiaan
1755:
1719:Ronald Venetiaan
1650:Cliffton Limburg
1597:. The ministers
1583:Martin Misiedjan
1400:Foreign Affairs
1369:
1368:
1339:Ronnie Brunswijk
1331:Mega Combination
1319:Ronald Venetiaan
1213:Drug trafficking
1191:Schiphol Airport
1176:Ramsewak Shankar
1172:two months later
1134:to neighbouring
1128:Ronnie Brunswijk
1096:Moiwana massacre
1088:Moiwana massacre
1079:Moiwana massacre
1069:justice minister
957:December Murders
887:André Kamperveen
855:December murders
837:December murders
803:December murders
781:freedom of press
779:, and curtailed
760:and as such the
732:Bouterse as the
580:Ronnie Brunswijk
560:Moiwana massacre
552:December murders
502:
497:
467:
465:
447:
445:
400:
396:
394:
378:Personal details
368:Office abolished
364:
352:
325:
313:Chairman of the
303:
291:
282:
260:
248:
239:
218:
210:Ronald Venetiaan
206:
188:
179:
155:
141:
140:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
50:reliable sources
27:
26:
19:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3721:
3715:
3706:
3685:
3664:
3656:Ivan Graanoogst
3645:Ivan Graanoogst
3626:
3617:
3587:
3582:
3573:
3529:Henk Chin A Sen
3517:
3506:
3497:
3463:
3454:
3446:
3431:
3422:
3414:
3399:
3390:
3363:
3328:
3323:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3279:
3275:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3109:Suriname Herald
3103:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3057:Suriname Herald
3051:
3050:
3046:
3038:
3034:
3029:. 11 June 2015.
3021:
3020:
3016:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2955:Wayback Machine
2944:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2851:
2847:
2841:Wayback Machine
2832:
2828:
2818:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2679:
2672:www.nytimes.com
2668:"Archived copy"
2666:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2648:. Volkskrant.nl
2642:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2579:
2575:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2433:on 10 July 2012
2425:
2424:
2420:
2415:. 6 April 2012.
2407:
2406:
2402:
2390:
2386:
2371:
2367:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2267:on 14 July 2012
2259:
2258:
2254:
2249:. 4 April 2012.
2241:
2240:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2209:
2208:
2197:
2184:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2158:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2076:NRC Handelsblad
2069:
2062:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2018:
2017:
2013:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1956:on 15 June 2015
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1871:
1867:
1860:NRC Handelsblad
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1791:Wayback Machine
1782:
1778:
1774:
1749:
1727:
1700:
1627:Paul Somohardjo
1619:deputy minister
1551:Michel Blokland
1354:Robert Ameerali
1347:Paul Somohardjo
1343:Volks Alliantie
1335:Mega Combinatie
1315:
1278:U.S. government
1268:Bouterse's son
1255:Ruben Rozendaal
1253:In April 2012,
1215:
1203:Ivan Graanoogst
1183:Jungle Commando
1164:
1132:Marowijne River
1124:Jungle Commando
1107:village in the
1098:
1081:
1060:
1028:
973:Pertjajah Luhur
953:
934:Paul Bhagwandas
925:
839:
726:
634:Wanica District
626:
576:Jungle Commando
541:on 19 July 2010
519:a military coup
495:
470:
469:
466: 1990)
461:
457:
456:Ingrid Waldring
449:
441:
437:
434:
433:Ingrid Figueira
413:Political party
401:
398:
397:13 October 1945
392:
390:
389:
388:
362:
350:
342:
340:Henk Chin A Sen
338:
326:
321:
301:
289:
283:
278:
258:
246:
240:
235:
216:
204:
195:
192:Robert Ameerali
186:
180:
175:
158:
146:
133:
122:
116:
113:
76:"Dési Bouterse"
70:
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3326:External links
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3298:starnieuws.com
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3012:.nl, 26 May 10
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1611:Mahinder Gopie
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1599:Raymond Sapoen
1572:Wonnie Boedhoe
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1207:Telephone Coup
1163:
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1094:Main article:
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1041:Rashied Doekhi
1027:
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969:Megacombinatie
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838:
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724:Sergeants Coup
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536:Megacombinatie
531:On 25 May 2010
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3676:Ernst Mercuur
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2587:De Volkskrant
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2475:Waterkant.Net
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2459:. 5 May 2012.
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2398:22 March 2012
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2056:Waterkant.net
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2015:
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1758:Hans Jannasch
1753:
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1740:Dino Bouterse
1737:
1736:Chan Santokhi
1731:
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1459:Soeresh Algoe
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1294:New York City
1292:and taken to
1291:
1290:United States
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1270:Dino Bouterse
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1136:French Guiana
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1065:Chan Santokhi
1055:
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1045:Uri Rosenthal
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962:court-martial
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893:Gerard Leckie
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480:Dino Bouterse
478:3, including
477:
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399:(age 78)
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3673:Glenn Sedney
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3248:
3241:
3233:
3221:. Retrieved
3217:the original
3213:De Ware Tijd
3212:
3203:
3191:. Retrieved
3186:
3177:
3165:. Retrieved
3160:
3151:
3139:. Retrieved
3134:
3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3108:
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3087:. Retrieved
3082:
3073:
3061:. Retrieved
3056:
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3017:
3009:
3001:
2989:. Retrieved
2985:the original
2974:
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2928:. Retrieved
2924:
2914:
2902:. Retrieved
2897:
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2876:. Retrieved
2864:
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2817:. Retrieved
2812:
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2791:. Retrieved
2786:
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2760:
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2720:. Retrieved
2715:
2706:
2680:. Retrieved
2676:the original
2671:
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2650:. Retrieved
2639:
2627:. Retrieved
2623:the original
2613:
2604:
2595:
2586:
2576:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2528:
2519:
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2435:. Retrieved
2431:the original
2421:
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2403:
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2368:
2359:
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2334:the original
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2269:. Retrieved
2265:the original
2255:
2246:
2237:
2223:
2214:
2189:
2167:
2132:. Retrieved
2107:. Retrieved
2100:the original
2095:
2083:
2055:
2047:
2035:. Retrieved
2024:The Guardian
2023:
2014:
2005:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1979:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1954:the original
1949:
1939:
1927:. Retrieved
1923:the original
1918:
1909:
1898:
1886:
1876:
1868:
1858:
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1833:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1807:
1798:
1779:
1766:
1744:
1732:
1728:
1712:
1701:
1673:
1666:
1646:Andy Rusland
1638:Errol Alibux
1631:
1576:
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1529:Ismanto Adna
1480:Ashwin Adhin
1455:Agriculture
1426:Andy Rusland
1365:
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871:, journalist
859:
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814:Soviet Union
811:
786:de Ware Tijd
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594:
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548:human rights
545:
534:
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367:
363:Succeeded by
355:
322:
302:Succeeded by
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259:Succeeded by
236:
217:Succeeded by
197:Ashwin Adhin
176:
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
60:
43:verification
36:
3741:1945 births
3686: [
3665: [
3662:Arthy Gorré
3544:Johan Kraag
3461:José Mujica
3135:Star Nieuws
2793:21 December
2767:21 December
1750: [
1715:coup d'état
1682:. As such,
1656:, a former
1518:Alice Amafo
1234:Since 1999
1229:Suri kartel
1220:in absentia
1199:Switzerland
1187:disappeared
822:North Korea
746:coup d'état
742:Henck Arron
640:family of
638:Multiracial
601:Netherlands
596:in absentia
566:during the
351:Preceded by
290:Preceded by
264:José Mujica
247:Preceded by
205:Preceded by
199:(2015–2020)
194:(2010–2015)
3735:Categories
3620:Commanders
3500:Presidents
3455:2013–2014
3423:2010–2020
3391:1987–2024
3364:1980–1987
3353:New office
3242:BN De stem
3189:(in Dutch)
3163:(in Dutch)
3137:(in Dutch)
3111:(in Dutch)
3085:(in Dutch)
3083:GFC Nieuws
3059:(in Dutch)
3010:Volkskrant
2945:(in Dutch)
2878:4 December
2819:13 January
2722:22 January
2716:NOS Nieuws
2682:17 January
2644:Redactie.
2581:Redactie.
2511:amnesty.nl
2437:4 December
2291:amnesty.ch
2271:4 December
2096:unesco.org
2089:"Suriname"
2037:16 January
1985:30 January
1840:14 January
1814:30 January
1772:References
1667:After the
1591:Linus Diko
1579:Paul Abena
1476:Education
1052:Mark Rutte
943:Al Jazeera
907:, military
881:Eddy Hoost
791:censorship
662:Paramaribo
642:Amerindian
624:Early life
584:indigenous
505:Surinamese
393:1945-10-13
117:April 2022
87:newspapers
3187:Waterkant
2991:26 August
2853:"Moiwana"
2787:France 24
2629:1 January
2109:8 January
2032:0261-3077
1919:novatv.nl
1615:president
1375:Minister
1372:Ministry
1298:Hezbollah
1120:guerrilla
869:Bram Behr
572:guerrilla
332:President
323:In office
280:In office
237:In office
177:In office
39:citations
3504:Suriname
3115:28 April
2951:Archived
2837:Archived
2692:cite web
2652:12 March
2340:15 April
2190:BBC News
2144:cite web
1808:BBC News
1787:Archived
1662:governor
1411:Defense
1263:Colombia
1248:immunity
1018:and the
883:, lawyer
762:de facto
714:Roy Horb
514:de facto
475:Children
407:Suriname
65:libelous
3622:of the
3223:13 July
3193:13 July
3089:23 June
3063:23 June
2904:23 June
2813:AP News
2761:AP News
2743:Reuters
2134:4 March
2058:(Dutch)
1960:13 June
1881:(Dutch)
1863:(Dutch)
1834:AP News
1725:Pardons
1542:(ABOP)
1531:(KTPI)
1520:(ABOP)
1501:(ABOP)
1471:(PALU)
1469:Jim Hok
1450:(ABOP)
1439:(abop)
1356:became
1307:Mexican
1236:Europol
1225:cocaine
1101:Moiwana
1090:victims
951:Amnesty
826:bauxite
736:in 1985
706:Germany
702:Seedorf
683:at the
658:Chinese
646:African
630:Domburg
613:Europol
605:cocaine
599:in the
564:Maroons
529:(NDP).
468:
460:
448:
440:
436:
423:Spouses
403:Domburg
101:scholar
3167:8 July
3141:8 July
2030:
1929:9 June
1482:(NDP)
1428:(NDP)
1417:(NDP)
1406:(NDP)
1303:Greece
1286:Panama
1174:, and
1105:Maroon
777:curfew
656:, and
654:French
586:group
574:group
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3690:]
3669:]
2930:1 May
2873:(PDF)
2103:(PDF)
2092:(PDF)
1754:]
1345:) of
1195:Ghana
1103:is a
691:Weert
650:Dutch
462:(
458:
442:(
438:
108:JSTOR
94:books
32:This
3225:2020
3195:2020
3169:2020
3143:2020
3117:2020
3091:2020
3065:2020
2993:2016
2932:2010
2906:2020
2880:2017
2821:2024
2795:2023
2769:2023
2724:2020
2698:link
2684:2022
2654:2014
2631:2014
2439:2017
2342:2012
2273:2017
2150:link
2136:2010
2111:2012
2039:2024
2028:ISSN
1987:2022
1962:2015
1931:2012
1842:2024
1816:2022
1756:and
1605:and
1568:KTPI
1259:FARC
1197:and
1114:The
929:STVS
847:coup
820:and
818:Cuba
698:Dino
383:Born
167:8th
80:news
41:for
3502:of
2330:RNW
1284:in
1280:'s
1261:of
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720:).
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