944:
88:
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29:
68:
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3117:
963:
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257:
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76:
3129:
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eruptions. When created, these regions often occupy several thousand square kilometres and have volumes on the order of millions of cubic kilometers. In most cases, the lavas are normally laid down over several million years. They release large amounts of gases.
2422:
Salisbury, M. J.; Jicha, B. R.; de Silva, S. L.; Singer, B. S.; Jimenez, N. C.; Ort, M. H. (21 December 2010). "40Ar/39Ar chronostratigraphy of
Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex ignimbrites reveals the development of a major magmatic province".
1172:
Budd, David A.; Troll, Valentin R.; Deegan, Frances M.; Jolis, Ester M.; Smith, Victoria C.; Whitehouse, Martin J.; Harris, Chris; Freda, Carmela; Hilton, David R.; Halldórsson, Sæmundur A.; Bindeman, Ilya N. (25 January 2017).
366:, and an increase of one in VEI number is equivalent to a tenfold increase in volume of erupted material. VEI 7 or VEI 8 eruptions are so powerful that they often form circular calderas rather than
1756:
Ninkovich, D., Sparks, R.S.J., and
Ledbetter, M.T. (1978). "The exceptional magnitude and intensity of the Toba eruption, Sumatra: An example of using deep-sea tephra layers as a geological tool".
193:
ignored the possible existence of Mount
Multnomah, but in 1949 another volcanologist, F. M. Byers Jr., reviewed the book, and in the review, Byers refers to Mount Multnomah as a "supervolcano".
1707:
Knight, M.D., Walker, G.P.L., Ellwood, B.B., and Diehl, J.F. (1986). "Stratigraphy, paleomagnetism, and magnetic fabric of the Toba Tuffs: Constraints on their sources and eruptive styles".
2713:
468:
Possibly the largest known supereruption. Existence as a single eruption is controversial, and it could have been a multiple 2,000+ km event that spanned less than a million years
314:. Additionally, the largest flood basalt event (the Siberian Traps) occurred around 250 million years ago and was coincident with the largest mass extinction in history, the
165:
The term "supervolcano" was first used in a volcanic context in 1949. Its origins lie in an early 20th-century scientific debate about the geological history and features of the
497:
The largest of the Indian Peak-Caliente
Caldera Complex eruptions, preserved as the Wah Wah Springs Tuff; includes pyroclastic flows more than 500 meters (1,600 ft) thick
244:
Though there is no well-defined minimum explosive size for a "supervolcano", there are at least two types of volcanic eruptions that have been identified as supervolcanoes:
110:
but is unable to break through it. Pressure builds in a large and growing magma pool until the crust is unable to contain the pressure and ruptures. This can occur at
64:(VEI) of 8, the largest recorded value on the index. This means the volume of deposits for such an eruption is greater than 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cubic miles).
333:, which is approximately 40 km (25 mi) long. An estimated 14 km (3.4 cu mi) of basaltic lava was poured out during the eruption (VEI 4).
943:
4061:
3400:
3357:
2330:
Froggatt, P. C.; Nelson, C. S.; Carter, L.; Griggs, G.; Black, K. P. (13 February 1986). "An exceptionally large late
Quaternary eruption from New Zealand".
3326:
1103:
2019:
1471:
3191:
1870:
Williams, M.A.J. & Royce, K. (1982). "Quaternary geology of the middle son valley, North
Central India: Implications for prehistoric archaeology".
2239:"Magmatic Evolution of the La Pacana Caldera System, Central Andes, Chile: Compositional Variation of Two Cogenetic, Large-Volume Felsic Ignimbrites"
4454:
1799:
1742:
922:
is the title of a
British-Canadian television disaster film, first released in 2005. It tells a fictional story of a supereruption at Yellowstone.
2013:"A mid-Darriwilian super volcano in northern New Brunswick, rapid climate change and the start of the great Ordovician biodiversification event"
4352:
2379:
Lisa A. Morgan & William C. McIntosh (2005). "Timing and development of the Heise volcanic field, Snake River Plain, Idaho, western USA".
336:
The Ontong Java
Plateau has an area of about 2,000,000 km (770,000 sq mi), and the province was at least 50% larger before the
3271:
2108:
181:
in the Three
Sisters area were remnants of Mount Multnomah after it had been largely destroyed by violent volcanic explosions, similarly to
1853:
3405:
3508:
307:
303:
1572:
Keller, G (2014). "Deccan volcanism, the
Chicxulub impact, and the end-Cretaceous mass extinction: Coincidence? Cause and effect?".
310:
was the cause of the extinction event, but the volcanic activity may have caused environmental stresses on extant species up to the
4511:
4449:
3070:
1125:
Wotzlaw, Jörn-Frederik; Bindeman, Ilya N.; Watts, Kathryn E.; Schmitt, Axel K.; Caricchi, Luca; Schaltegger, Urs (September 2014).
3184:
2589:
Mason, Ben G.; Pyle, David M.; Oppenheimer, Clive (2004). "The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth".
2296:
1652:
Petraglia, M.; Korisettar, R.; Boivin, N.; Clarkson, C.; Ditchfield, P.; Jones, S.; Koshy, J.; Lahr, M. M.; et al. (2007).
1029:
Subsequent research proved that each peak of the Three Sisters was formed independently, and that Mount Multnomah never existed.
1946:
Lin, Jiamei; Abbott, Peter M.; Sigl, Michael; Steffensen, Jørgen P.; Mulvaney, Robert; Severi, Mirko; Svensson, Anders (2023).
3590:
2637:
2046:"The 36–18 Ma Indian Peak–Caliente ignimbrite field and calderas, southeastern Great Basin, USA: Multicyclic super-eruptions"
315:
4700:
3528:
2044:
Tingey, David G.; Hart, Garret L.; Gromme, Sherman; Deino, Alan L.; Christiansen, Eric H.; Best, Myron G. (1 August 2013).
1020:, a 1925 travelogue by Helen Bridgeman, referring to an Indian Ocean sunset in Indonesia as an upside down "super-volcano".
2458:
Rejuvenation and Repeated Eruption of a 1.0 Ma Supervolcanic System at Mangakino Caldera, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand
4083:
3523:
3422:
2746:
744:
2703:
4483:
3177:
2568:
353:
2627:
914:
featured an episode "Mystery of the Megavolcano" in September 2006 examining such eruptions in the last 100,000 years.
329:
to be a large igneous province that is currently being formed. The last major outpouring occurred in 1783–84 from the
3503:
1593:
311:
2519:"Geochemical, isotopic and single crystal 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on the evolution of the Cerro Galán ignimbrites"
4068:
3764:
2191:"Discovery of two new super-eruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot track (USA): Is the Yellowstone hotspot waning?"
1948:"Bipolar ice-core records constrain possible dates and global radiative forcing following the ~74 ka Toba eruption"
1127:"Linking rapid magma reservoir assembly and eruption trigger mechanisms at evolved Yellowstone-type supervolcanoes"
4115:
3612:
3585:
3216:
3157:
838:
572:
226:
2649:"The initial dispersal and radiative forcing of a Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude super volcano: a model study"
1468:
1091:
3473:
2012:
982:
138:
2517:
Kay, Suzanne Mahlburg; Coira, Beatriz; Wörner, Gerhard; Kay, Robert W.; Singer, Bradley S. (1 December 2011).
2143:
1841:
710:
653:
3863:
3769:
3221:
20:
4516:
3913:
3813:
454:
1489:
4690:
4685:
4675:
4647:
4396:
3595:
3545:
2709:
USGS Fact Sheet – Steam Explosions, Earthquakes, and Volcanic Eruptions – What's in Yellowstone's Future?
2112:
4056:
3908:
3883:
3293:
3133:
3100:
3095:
910:
359:
61:
1654:"Middle Paleolithic Assemblages from the Indian Subcontinent Before and After the Toba Super-Eruption"
4526:
4459:
4302:
4034:
4029:
3903:
3733:
3575:
3362:
2471:
2316:
1987:
768:
2172:
4695:
4632:
4521:
4416:
4342:
4169:
3798:
3498:
3200:
976:
370:
because the downward withdrawal of magma causes the overlying rock mass to collapse into the empty
2698:
2116:
1443:
1175:"Magma reservoir dynamics at Toba caldera, Indonesia, recorded by oxygen isotope zoning in quartz"
173:
in the United States. In 1925, Edwin T. Hodge suggested that a very large volcano, which he named
4680:
4627:
4196:
4051:
3347:
2739:
2189:
Knott, Thomas; Branney, M.; Reichow, Marc; Finn, David; Tapster, Simon; Coe, Robert (June 2020).
1904:
987:
517:
483:
416:
230:
206:
71:
Location of Yellowstone hotspot over time. Numbers indicate millions of years before the present.
2460:
American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2012, abstract #V31C-2797. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
4642:
4476:
4423:
4317:
4140:
3985:
3343:
1814:
593:
265:
245:
166:
130:
802:
773:
629:
4046:
3858:
3320:
3281:
2159:
2089:
1793:
1736:
931:, a supereruption of Yellowstone is one of the events that contributes to a global cataclysm.
1706:
1384:
Oxford English Dictionary, third edition, online version June 2012. Retrieved on 2012-08-17.
1280:
Oxford English Dictionary, third edition, online version June 2012. Retrieved on 2012-08-17.
749:
609:
Huckleberry Ridge Tuff; consisted of three distinct eruptions separated by years to decades
4670:
4411:
4208:
4110:
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3937:
3687:
3491:
3385:
2660:
2598:
2530:
2483:
2432:
2388:
2339:
2250:
2202:
2057:
1959:
1918:
1879:
1829:
1765:
1716:
1665:
1618:
1546:
1501:
1250:
1186:
1138:
1063:
2718:
2683:
1340:
8:
4552:
4332:
4203:
4125:
3723:
3669:
3617:
3580:
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3276:
918:
867:
715:
685:
658:
598:
546:
283:
178:
115:
92:
2664:
2602:
2534:
2487:
2436:
2392:
2343:
2254:
2206:
2061:
1963:
1922:
1883:
1833:
1769:
1720:
1669:
1622:
1609:
BG, Mason (2004). "The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth".
1550:
1505:
1254:
1190:
1142:
1067:
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1689:
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1421:
1317:
1238:
1215:
1174:
843:
271:
2495:
1262:
299:
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4184:
3992:
3957:
3918:
3868:
3759:
3743:
3486:
3449:
3427:
3412:
3395:
3313:
3140:
3060:
2919:
2857:
2633:
2618:
2548:
2499:
2288:
2268:
2190:
1891:
1845:
1785:
1681:
1638:
1589:
1220:
1202:
1154:
624:
512:
363:
341:
318:, although it is unknown whether it was solely responsible for the extinction event.
111:
57:
2457:
2408:
1972:
1947:
1693:
1558:
1513:
87:
4637:
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4401:
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4191:
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4155:
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2538:
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2347:
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1967:
1926:
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1626:
1581:
1554:
1509:
1413:
1345:
1309:
1258:
1210:
1194:
1146:
1071:
968:
797:
528:
337:
150:
146:
103:
1755:
1241:(2001). "The 26.5ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: An introduction and overview".
813:
384:
Based on incomplete statistics, at least 60 VEI 8 eruptions have been identified.
154:
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4307:
3878:
3738:
3654:
3642:
3622:
3518:
3308:
3288:
3211:
3014:
2877:
2789:
2779:
2572:
2300:
2263:
2238:
1475:
996:
886:
862:
174:
142:
107:
4608:
2364:
The minimum total volume of tephra is 1,200 km but probably nearer 2,000 km, ...
1905:
Antonio Costa; Victoria C. Smith; Giovanni Macedonio; Naomi E. Matthews (2014).
1531:
1490:"An Archean megacaldera complex: The Blake River Group, Abitibi greenstone belt"
4444:
4384:
4369:
4322:
4218:
4164:
4024:
3682:
3659:
3632:
3550:
3540:
3442:
3437:
3303:
3254:
3090:
3019:
2837:
2817:
302:
produced the Deccan Traps about 66 million years ago, coincident with the
275:
190:
2610:
2543:
2518:
1630:
1585:
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4587:
4471:
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4009:
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2896:
2872:
2847:
2842:
2832:
2588:
2565:
2552:
2503:
2272:
2140:"Geologic Map of the Central San Juan Caldera Cluster, Southwestern Colorado"
1931:
1906:
1849:
1206:
1158:
462:
437:
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371:
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322:
3169:
1728:
1677:
817:
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3024:
2794:
1685:
1224:
807:
778:
739:
634:
330:
291:
279:
182:
134:
2673:
2648:
1076:
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4130:
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3828:
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3432:
3352:
3259:
3244:
2974:
2929:
2904:
2812:
2784:
2774:
2329:
927:
849:
Consisted of three distinct eruptions, separated by 30-40 thousand years
67:
28:
4274:
2472:"The 26.5ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: an introduction and overview"
1425:
1396:
1321:
1292:
210:
in 2000, referring to eruptions that produce extremely large amounts of
4542:
4357:
4327:
4312:
4100:
4088:
3848:
3710:
3336:
2999:
2949:
2924:
2070:
2045:
1777:
119:
2708:
1198:
4284:
4073:
4002:
3947:
3942:
3808:
3649:
3555:
3298:
2984:
2969:
2954:
2802:
2444:
2400:
2351:
2215:
1150:
567:
421:
157:(about 25,600 years ago) was the world's most recent VEI-8 eruption.
123:
80:
2139:
129:
Large-volume supervolcanic eruptions are also often associated with
4577:
4562:
4093:
4078:
3980:
3818:
3266:
3029:
3004:
2979:
2909:
2704:
Yellowstone Supervolcano and Map of Supervolcanoes Around The World
1907:"The magnitude and impact of the Youngest Toba Tuff super-eruption"
1417:
1379:
1313:
1275:
1126:
962:
522:
256:
16:
Volcano that has erupted 1000 cubic km of lava in a single eruption
1863:
833:
196:
More than fifty years after Byers' review was published, the term
4557:
4406:
4243:
4233:
4041:
3853:
3565:
3560:
2959:
2944:
2887:
2769:
2755:
2378:
1653:
1651:
880:
876:
430:
326:
234:
222:
53:
75:
4567:
4493:
3009:
2994:
2964:
2939:
2934:
2914:
2867:
2090:"Volcanic Explosivity Index: Measuring the size of an eruption"
1749:
1368:
Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes
999: – Temperature anomaly event caused by a volcanic eruption
949:
Volcano, lake, and caldera locations in the TaupĹŤ Volcanic Zone
287:
238:
211:
170:
4238:
3997:
1429:
1325:
872:
720:
691:
663:
603:
99:
2724:
2421:
1700:
990: – Volcanic supereruption 74,000 years ago in Indonesia
4582:
3034:
2807:
1124:
1099:
491:
1869:
1842:
10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<913:DOAITG>2.0.CO;2
889:; consisted of two distinct eruptions separated by years
201:
2188:
1945:
1812:
992:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
177:, had existed in that region. He believed that several
3401:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
2043:
260:
Map of large flood basalt igneous provinces worldwide
3327:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
1815:"Dispersal of ash in the great Toba eruption, 75 ka"
1171:
958:
755:
Guacha ignimbrite, two smaller eruptions identified
2714:
Scientific American's The Secrets of Supervolcanoes
2699:
Overview and Transcript of the original BBC program
2646:
2317:"What is a supervolcano? What is a supereruption?"
1395:
1291:
83:, the site of a VEI 8 eruption c. 75,000 years ago
2516:
2284:
2282:
1872:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1487:
1102:Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. 21 August 2015.
1049:
4662:
4455:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
2625:
979: – Hypothetical global-scale disaster risk
4353:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
2476:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2279:
2083:
2081:
1478:. Vulcan.wr.usgs.gov. Retrieved on 2011-11-18.
1243:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
615:
503:
474:
445:
347:
3358:Existential risk from artificial intelligence
3199:
3185:
2740:
32:World map of known VEI 7 and VEI 8 volcanoes
1798:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1741:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1574:Geological Society of America Special Papers
1488:Pearson, V.; Daigneault, R. (January 2009).
1052:"Arc magmatism, calderas, and supervolcanos"
358:Volcanic eruptions are classified using the
3406:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
2311:
2309:
2230:
2078:
1806:
321:Such outpourings are not explosive, though
133:, which can cover huge areas with lava and
3509:Climate change and civilizational collapse
3192:
3178:
2747:
2733:
2303:. Volcano.si.edu. Retrieved on 2011-11-18.
251:
2682:
2672:
2542:
2374:
2372:
2262:
2214:
2069:
1971:
1930:
1532:"The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth"
1393:
1289:
1214:
1075:
4512:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
4450:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
2306:
1338:
554:Deposited the Grey's Landing Ignimbrite
379:
325:may occur. Many volcanologists consider
255:
86:
74:
66:
27:
2236:
1813:Rose, W.I. & Chesner, C.A. (1987).
1332:
640:Whakamaru Ignimbrite/Mount Curl Tephra
4663:
2469:
2425:Geological Society of America Bulletin
2369:
2184:
2182:
2137:
2131:
1571:
1237:
580:Responsible for the Antana Ignimbrite
290:on a continental scale resulting from
3173:
2728:
2142:. USGS Investigations Series I-2799.
2025:from the original on 12 December 2019
1898:
1529:
1525:
1523:
488:Indian Peak–Caliente Caldera Complex
304:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
3529:Tipping points in the climate system
3128:
2719:Supervolcano eruption mystery solved
2138:Lipman, Peter W. (2 November 2007).
3524:Extinction risk from climate change
3423:New World Order (conspiracy theory)
3152:
2470:Wilson, C. J. N (1 December 2001).
2179:
2146:from the original on 31 August 2010
2106:
1645:
306:. The scientific consensus is that
204:popular science television program
13:
4484:List of fictional doomsday devices
2647:Timmreck, C.; Graf, H.-F. (2006).
2582:
2575:. Pbs.org. Accessed on 2017-10-12.
2107:Ort, Michael (22 September 1997).
1859:from the original on 17 June 2010.
1608:
1520:
903:
354:List of largest volcanic eruptions
14:
4712:
3504:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
2692:
2653:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
1469:USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory
1339:Klemetti, Erik (4 October 2013).
436:Produced 439–631 million tons of
316:Permian–Triassic extinction event
270:Large igneous provinces, such as
4620:
4619:
4607:
3765:Decline in amphibian populations
3151:
3139:
3127:
3116:
3115:
2886:
2087:
1106:from the original on 3 July 2017
1092:"Questions About Supervolcanoes"
961:
942:
147:threaten species with extinction
4116:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
3613:Land surface effects on climate
3586:Human impact on the environment
3217:Future of an expanding universe
2559:
2510:
2463:
2451:
2415:
2323:
2237:Lindsay, J. M. (1 March 2001).
2100:
2037:
2005:
1980:
1973:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108162
1939:
1709:Journal of Geophysical Research
1602:
1565:
1559:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001
1514:10.1016/j.precamres.2008.03.009
1481:
1462:
1436:
1399:The Ancient Volcanoes of Oregon
1387:
1373:
1360:
1295:The Ancient Volcanoes of Oregon
1023:
745:Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex
227:Blake River Megacaldera Complex
187:The Ancient Volcanoes of Oregon
137:. These can cause long-lasting
2684:11858/00-001M-0000-0011-FD24-C
2632:. Cambridge University Press.
2629:Eruptions that shook the world
1283:
1269:
1231:
1165:
1118:
1084:
1043:
1010:
983:Timeline of volcanism on Earth
160:
1:
4062:Interpretations of Revelation
3864:Cosmological phase transition
3770:Decline in insect populations
3222:Ultimate fate of the universe
2754:
2721:, BBC Science, 6 January 2014
2496:10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00239-6
1988:"Lexique du substrat rocheux"
1394:Byers Jr., F. M. (May 1949).
1290:Byers Jr., F. M. (May 1949).
1263:10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00239-6
1036:
543:Grey's Landing Supereruption
408:Ejecta bulk volume (approx.)
312:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
143:triggering of a small ice age
21:Supervolcano (disambiguation)
4517:Future of Humanity Institute
3914:Potentially hazardous object
3814:Interplanetary contamination
2566:"Mystery of the Megavolcano"
1892:10.1016/0031-0182(82)90001-3
1341:"The rise of a supervolcano"
455:Flat Landing Brook Formation
225:supervolcanoes, such as the
37: VEI 8 (supervolcanoes)
7:
4701:Lists of volcanic eruptions
4397:Nemesis (hypothetical star)
3546:Global terrestrial stilling
2113:Northern Arizona University
1370:. Missoula, Mountain Press.
1016:The term was first used in
954:
839:Andes Central Volcanic Zone
573:Andes Central Volcanic Zone
388:Well-known VEI 8 eruptions
348:Massive explosive eruptions
286:, are extensive regions of
10:
4717:
3909:Asteroid impact prediction
3884:Heat death of the universe
3294:Mutual assured destruction
2264:10.1093/petrology/42.3.459
1952:Quaternary Science Reviews
1911:Frontiers in Earth Science
1050:de Silva, Shanaka (2008).
935:
925:In the 2009 disaster film
594:Huckleberry Ridge eruption
360:volcanic explosivity index
351:
263:
98:Supervolcanoes occur when
62:volcanic explosivity index
18:
4601:
4535:
4527:Nuclear Threat Initiative
4504:
4460:List of apocalyptic films
4437:
4303:2011 end times prediction
4295:
4035:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
4030:Abomination of desolation
3966:
3904:Asteroid impact avoidance
3841:
3752:
3734:List of extinction events
3709:
3702:
3668:
3576:Environmental degradation
3472:
3463:
3378:
3363:Technological singularity
3232:
3207:
3201:Global catastrophic risks
3111:
3053:
2895:
2884:
2762:
2611:10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9
2544:10.1007/s00445-010-0410-7
1631:10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9
4522:Future of Life Institute
4424:Resurrection of the dead
4417:Post-tribulation rapture
3799:Colony collapse disorder
2790:Cryptovolcanic structure
2626:Oppenheimer, C. (2011).
2299:13 February 2010 at the
2293:Global Volcanism Program
2289:Large Holocene Eruptions
1932:10.3389/feart.2014.00016
1366:Harris, Stephen (1988).
1096:Volcanic Hazards Program
1003:
977:Global catastrophic risk
3348:Artificial intelligence
3071:Eruptions by death toll
2591:Bulletin of Volcanology
2523:Bulletin of Volcanology
1758:Bulletin Volcanologique
1729:10.1029/JB091iB10p10355
1678:10.1126/science.1141564
1474:4 February 2012 at the
988:Toba catastrophe theory
682:McMullen Supereruption
518:San Juan volcanic field
484:Wah Wah Springs Caldera
252:Large igneous provinces
248:and massive eruptions.
246:large igneous provinces
231:Abitibi greenstone belt
200:was popularised by the
131:large igneous provinces
4477:List of disaster films
4318:Apocalyptic literature
3418:Malthusian catastrophe
3344:Synthetic intelligence
2167:Cite journal requires
1450:. BBC. 3 February 2000
1406:The Journal of Geology
1302:The Journal of Geology
417:Youngest Toba eruption
266:Large igneous province
261:
221:is sometimes used for
95:
91:Cross-section through
84:
72:
45:
3859:Coronal mass ejection
3321:Electromagnetic pulse
3282:Kinetic energy weapon
2674:10.5194/acp-6-35-2006
1586:10.1130/2014.2505(03)
1539:Earth-Science Reviews
1077:10.1130/focus082008.1
380:Known super eruptions
259:
90:
78:
70:
31:
4261:War of Gog and Magog
3938:Near-Earth supernova
3688:Human overpopulation
3492:Mass mortality event
3386:Anthropogenic hazard
2571:17 June 2017 at the
2243:Journal of Petrology
2018:. pp. 118–119.
1715:(B10): 10355–10382.
1530:Bryan, S.E. (2010).
1494:Precambrian Research
1018:Conquering the World
784:Kidnappers eruption
711:Heise Volcanic Field
697:McMullen Ignimbrite
654:Heise Volcanic Field
529:Fish Canyon eruption
475:2,000–12,000 km
446:2,000–13,200 km
405:Years ago (approx.)
122:zones (for example,
19:For other uses, see
4333:Blood moon prophecy
4126:Number of the Beast
3724:Holocene extinction
3670:Earth Overshoot Day
3618:Ocean acidification
3581:Habitat destruction
3571:Ecological collapse
3277:Kinetic bombardment
3212:Future of the Earth
2665:2006ACP.....6...35T
2603:2004BVol...66..735M
2535:2011BVol...73.1487K
2488:2001JVGR..112..133W
2437:2011GSAB..123..821S
2393:2005GSAB..117..288M
2344:1986Natur.319..578F
2255:2001JPet...42..459L
2207:2020Geo....48..934K
2109:"La Garita Caldera"
2062:2013Geosp...9..864B
1964:2023QSRv..31208162L
1923:2014FrEaS...2...16C
1884:1982PPP....38..139W
1834:1987Geo....15..913R
1770:1978BVol...41..286N
1721:1986JGR....9110355K
1670:2007Sci...317..114P
1623:2004BVol...66..735M
1551:2010ESRv..102..207B
1506:2009PreR..168...66P
1255:2001JVGR..112..133W
1191:2017NatSR...740624B
1143:2014Geo....42..807W
1068:2008Geo....36..671D
868:Yellowstone hotspot
863:Lava Creek eruption
803:TaupĹŤ Volcanic Zone
774:TaupĹŤ Volcanic Zone
716:Yellowstone hotspot
686:Yellowstone hotspot
659:Yellowstone hotspot
630:TaupĹŤ Volcanic Zone
616:2,450–2,500 km
599:Yellowstone hotspot
547:Yellowstone hotspot
504:5,500–5,900 km
389:
284:Ontong Java Plateau
185:. In his 1948 book
169:volcanic region of
116:Yellowstone Caldera
93:Long Valley Caldera
79:Satellite image of
4691:Doomsday scenarios
4686:Volcanic landforms
4676:Geological hazards
4648:Doomsday scenarios
4214:Beast of the Earth
4106:Book of Revelation
3894:Virtual black hole
3874:False vacuum decay
3824:Pollinator decline
3787:Biological warfare
3777:Biotechnology risk
3628:Resource depletion
3066:Lists of volcanoes
2853:Subglacial volcano
2828:Pyroclastic shield
2071:10.1130/GES00902.1
1778:10.1007/BF02597228
1179:Scientific Reports
387:
342:Hikurangi Plateaus
308:an asteroid impact
262:
96:
85:
73:
46:
4658:
4657:
4489:Zombie apocalypse
4390:Postmillennialism
4185:Great Tribulation
3958:Stellar collision
3919:Near-Earth object
3869:Geomagnetic storm
3837:
3836:
3760:Biodiversity loss
3744:Genetic pollution
3698:
3697:
3487:Biodiversity loss
3450:Societal collapse
3428:Nuclear holocaust
3413:Economic collapse
3396:Doomsday argument
3314:Antimatter weapon
3167:
3166:
2920:Basaltic andesite
2858:Submarine volcano
2639:978-0-521-64112-8
2529:(10): 1487–1511.
2338:(6054): 578–582.
1664:(5834): 114–116.
1401:, by H. Williams"
1297:, by H. Williams"
1199:10.1038/srep40624
901:
900:
769:Mangakino Caldera
625:Whakamaru Caldera
513:La Garita Caldera
459:Tetagouche Group
364:logarithmic scale
153:of New Zealand's
4708:
4623:
4622:
4614:World portal
4612:
4611:
4573:Financial crisis
4402:Nibiru cataclysm
4380:Premillennialism
4224:Dhul-Suwayqatayn
4192:Son of perdition
4180:Olivet Discourse
4156:Whore of Babylon
3782:Biological agent
3729:Human extinction
3719:Extinction event
3707:
3706:
3678:Overexploitation
3608:Land consumption
3603:Land degradation
3470:
3469:
3332:Micro black hole
3240:Chemical warfare
3194:
3187:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3155:
3154:
3143:
3131:
3130:
3119:
3118:
3076:Decade Volcanoes
3054:Lists and groups
3045:Pyroclastic flow
3040:Pyroclastic fall
2890:
2823:Pyroclastic cone
2749:
2742:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2688:
2686:
2676:
2643:
2622:
2576:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2546:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2445:10.1130/B30280.1
2431:(5–6): 821–840.
2419:
2413:
2412:
2401:10.1130/B25519.1
2387:(3–4): 288–306.
2376:
2367:
2366:
2352:10.1038/319578a0
2327:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2304:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2216:10.1130/G47384.1
2186:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2115:. Archived from
2104:
2098:
2097:
2088:King, Hobart M.
2085:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1819:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1789:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1732:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1545:(3–4): 207–229.
1536:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1485:
1479:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1444:"Supervolcanoes"
1440:
1434:
1433:
1403:
1391:
1385:
1381:supervolcano, n.
1377:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1299:
1287:
1281:
1277:supervolcano, n.
1273:
1267:
1266:
1249:(1–4): 133–174.
1239:Wilson, C. J. N.
1235:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1151:10.1130/g35979.1
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1047:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1014:
993:
971:
969:Volcanoes portal
966:
965:
946:
883:, United States
798:Oruanui eruption
723:, United States
694:, United States
666:, United States
617:
606:, United States
525:, United States
505:
494:, United States
476:
447:
390:
386:
189:, volcanologist
151:Oruanui eruption
56:that has had an
42:
36:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4696:Future problems
4661:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4633:Future problems
4606:
4597:
4531:
4500:
4467:Climate fiction
4433:
4308:2012 phenomenon
4291:
4197:Sheep and Goats
4084:2 Thessalonians
3962:
3879:Gamma-ray burst
3833:
3748:
3739:Genetic erosion
3694:
3664:
3655:Water pollution
3623:Ozone depletion
3519:Desertification
3459:
3374:
3309:Doomsday device
3289:Nuclear warfare
3228:
3203:
3198:
3168:
3163:
3107:
3049:
3015:Tephriphonolite
2891:
2882:
2878:Harmonic tremor
2780:Complex volcano
2758:
2753:
2695:
2640:
2585:
2583:Further reading
2580:
2579:
2573:Wayback Machine
2564:
2560:
2515:
2511:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2420:
2416:
2377:
2370:
2328:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2301:Wayback Machine
2287:
2280:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2187:
2180:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2105:
2101:
2086:
2079:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1944:
1940:
1903:
1899:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1828:(10): 913–917.
1817:
1811:
1807:
1791:
1790:
1754:
1750:
1734:
1733:
1705:
1701:
1650:
1646:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1570:
1566:
1534:
1528:
1521:
1486:
1482:
1476:Wayback Machine
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1337:
1333:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1270:
1236:
1232:
1170:
1166:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1011:
1006:
997:Volcanic winter
991:
967:
960:
957:
950:
947:
938:
906:
904:Media portrayal
887:Lava Creek Tuff
726:Blacktail Tuff
382:
356:
350:
300:RĂ©union hotspot
268:
254:
175:Mount Multnomah
163:
106:rises into the
44:
40:
38:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4714:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4681:Supervolcanoes
4678:
4673:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4628:Apocalypticism
4617:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4472:Disaster films
4469:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4447:
4445:Alien invasion
4441:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4385:Amillennialism
4382:
4372:
4370:Millenarianism
4367:
4366:
4365:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4323:Apocalypticism
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4277:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4219:Dhu al-Qarnayn
4216:
4211:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4165:Great Apostasy
4162:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4054:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4022:
4012:
4010:Last Judgement
4007:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3972:
3970:
3968:Eschatological
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3911:
3906:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3683:Overpopulation
3680:
3674:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3660:Water scarcity
3657:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3635:
3633:Sea level rise
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3596:on marine life
3593:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3551:Global warming
3548:
3543:
3541:Global dimming
3538:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3499:Cascade effect
3496:
3495:
3494:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3474:Climate change
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3304:Doomsday Clock
3301:
3296:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3255:Cyberterrorism
3252:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3197:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3149:
3137:
3125:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3091:Volcanic field
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3020:Trachyandesite
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2897:Volcanic rocks
2893:
2892:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2838:Shield volcano
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2818:Parasitic cone
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2694:
2693:External links
2691:
2690:
2689:
2644:
2638:
2623:
2597:(8): 735–748.
2584:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2558:
2509:
2482:(1): 133–174.
2462:
2450:
2414:
2368:
2322:
2305:
2278:
2249:(3): 459–486.
2229:
2201:(9): 934–938.
2178:
2169:|journal=
2130:
2119:on 19 May 2011
2099:
2077:
2056:(4): 864–950.
2036:
2004:
1992:dnr-mrn.gnb.ca
1979:
1938:
1897:
1862:
1805:
1764:(3): 286–298.
1748:
1699:
1644:
1617:(8): 735–748.
1601:
1594:
1564:
1519:
1500:(1–2): 66–82.
1480:
1461:
1435:
1418:10.1086/625620
1386:
1372:
1359:
1331:
1314:10.1086/625620
1282:
1268:
1230:
1164:
1137:(9): 807–810.
1117:
1083:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1022:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
994:
985:
980:
973:
972:
956:
953:
952:
951:
948:
941:
937:
934:
933:
932:
923:
915:
905:
902:
899:
898:
896:
895:1,000 km
893:
890:
884:
870:
865:
859:
858:
856:
855:1,050 km
853:
850:
847:
841:
836:
830:
829:
827:
826:1,170 km
824:
821:
811:
810:, New Zealand
805:
800:
794:
793:
791:
790:1,200 km
788:
785:
782:
781:, New Zealand
776:
771:
765:
764:
762:
761:1,300 km
759:
756:
753:
747:
742:
736:
735:
733:
732:1,500 km
730:
727:
724:
718:
713:
707:
706:
704:
703:1,700 km
701:
698:
695:
688:
683:
679:
678:
676:
675:1,800 km
673:
670:
667:
661:
656:
650:
649:
647:
646:2,000 km
644:
641:
638:
637:, New Zealand
632:
627:
621:
620:
618:
613:
610:
607:
601:
596:
590:
589:
587:
586:2,500 km
584:
581:
578:
575:
570:
564:
563:
561:
560:2,800 km
558:
555:
552:
551:United States
549:
544:
540:
539:
537:
536:5,000 km
534:
531:
526:
520:
515:
509:
508:
506:
501:
498:
495:
489:
486:
480:
479:
477:
472:
469:
466:
460:
457:
451:
450:
448:
443:
440:
434:
428:
419:
413:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
381:
378:
349:
346:
323:lava fountains
276:Siberian Traps
264:Main article:
253:
250:
191:Howel Williams
162:
159:
139:climate change
114:(for example,
39:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4713:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4643:Risk analysis
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:Social crisis
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:Organizations
4503:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4429:World to come
4427:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4375:Millennialism
4373:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4363:Messianic Age
4361:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4348:Gog and Magog
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4338:Earth Changes
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4175:New Jerusalem
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4151:War in Heaven
4149:
4147:
4146:Two witnesses
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4015:Second Coming
4013:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:Deforestation
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3455:World War III
3453:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3370:Transhumanism
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:Technological
3231:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3160:
3159:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3086:Volcanic belt
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:Phonotephrite
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:Volcanic cone
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Stratovolcano
2846:
2844:
2843:Somma volcano
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:Rootless cone
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2174:
2161:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2082:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2021:
2014:
2008:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1801:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1744:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1611:Bull Volcanol
1605:
1597:
1595:9780813725055
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1524:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1390:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1369:
1363:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1286:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1042:
1026:
1019:
1013:
1009:
998:
995:
989:
986:
984:
981:
978:
975:
974:
970:
964:
959:
945:
940:
939:
930:
929:
924:
921:
920:
916:
913:
912:
908:
907:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
878:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
815:
814:TaupĹŤ Volcano
812:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
689:
687:
684:
681:
680:
677:
674:
671:
669:Kilgore Tuff
668:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
619:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
548:
545:
542:
541:
538:
535:
532:
530:
527:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
507:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
478:
473:
470:
467:
464:
463:New Brunswick
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
449:
444:
441:
439:
438:sulfuric acid
435:
432:
429:
427:
426:North Sumatra
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
391:
385:
377:
375:
373:
372:magma chamber
369:
365:
361:
355:
345:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
267:
258:
249:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:Three Sisters
158:
156:
155:TaupĹŤ Volcano
152:
148:
144:
141:(such as the
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
94:
89:
82:
77:
69:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
30:
26:
22:
4605:
4548:Cyberwarfare
4266:Third Temple
4121:Lake of fire
3931:Rogue planet
3899:Impact event
3889:Proton decay
3842:Astronomical
3792:Bioterrorism
3638:Supervolcano
3637:
3536:Flood basalt
3482:Anoxic event
3391:Collapsology
3379:Sociological
3250:Cyberwarfare
3156:
3144:
3132:
3120:
3081:Volcanic arc
3025:Trachybasalt
2863:Supervolcano
2862:
2795:Fissure vent
2659:(1): 35–49.
2656:
2652:
2628:
2594:
2590:
2561:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2453:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2384:
2381:GSA Bulletin
2380:
2363:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2292:
2246:
2242:
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2007:
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1991:
1982:
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1941:
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1878:(3–4): 139.
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1095:
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1059:
1055:
1045:
1025:
1017:
1012:
926:
919:Supervolcano
917:
909:
846:, Argentina
808:North Island
779:North Island
740:Cerro Guacha
635:North Island
471:466,000,000
433:, Indonesia
422:Toba Caldera
383:
376:
374:beneath it.
357:
344:broke away.
335:
331:Laki fissure
320:
297:
292:flood basalt
280:Deccan Traps
269:
243:
218:
216:
205:
198:supervolcano
197:
195:
186:
183:Mount Mazama
164:
135:volcanic ash
128:
97:
50:supervolcano
49:
47:
25:
4671:Volcanology
4624:Categories
4593:Survivalism
4280:Zoroastrian
4136:Seven seals
4131:Seven bowls
4057:Historicism
3953:Solar flare
3829:Overfishing
3804:Defaunation
3591:coral reefs
3353:AI takeover
3272:Nanoweapons
3260:Cybergeddon
3245:Cyberattack
3158:WikiProject
3101:polygenetic
3096:monogenetic
2975:Nephelinite
2930:Blairmorite
2905:Agglomerate
2813:Mud volcano
2785:Cryovolcano
2775:Cinder cone
2094:Geology.com
2029:11 November
1997:22 December
1454:30 November
1397:"Review of
1352:29 November
1293:"Review of
533:27,800,000
500:30,600,000
219:megacaldera
161:Terminology
43: VEI 7
4665:Categories
4553:Depression
4543:Ransomware
4358:Messianism
4328:Armageddon
4313:Apocalypse
4101:Antichrist
4089:Man of sin
3986:Three Ages
3849:Big Crunch
3711:Extinction
3703:Biological
3465:Ecological
3337:Strangelet
3000:Rhyodacite
2950:Ignimbrite
2925:Benmoreite
1958:: 108162.
1412:(3): 325.
1308:(3): 325.
1062:(8): 671.
1037:References
852:2,500,000
818:Lake TaupĹŤ
787:1,080,000
758:5,700,000
752:, Bolivia
729:6,000,000
700:8,990,000
672:4,500,000
612:2,100,000
583:4,000,000
557:8,720,000
411:Reference
362:. It is a
352:See also:
282:, and the
241:, Canada.
120:subduction
4438:Fictional
4285:Saoshyant
4170:New Earth
4141:The Beast
4074:Preterism
4047:Christian
4003:Kali Yuga
3948:Micronova
3943:Hypernova
3809:Dysgenics
3650:Verneshot
3556:Hypercane
3299:Dead Hand
2985:Phonolite
2970:Leucitite
2955:Komatiite
2803:Lava dome
2799:Lava cone
2756:Volcanoes
2619:129680497
2553:1432-0819
2504:0377-0273
2273:0022-3530
2050:Geosphere
1850:0091-7613
1786:128626019
1639:129680497
1580:: 57–89.
1448:bbc.co.uk
1207:2045-2322
1159:1943-2682
1110:22 August
844:Catamarca
750:Sur LĂpez
690:Southern
568:La Pacana
465:, Canada
399:Location
217:The term
81:Lake Toba
4578:Pandemic
4563:Epidemic
4558:Droughts
4412:Prewrath
4343:End time
4209:Al-Qa'im
4094:Katechon
4079:2 Esdras
4069:Idealism
4052:Futurism
3981:Maitreya
3976:Buddhist
3819:Pandemic
3267:Gray goo
3122:Category
3030:Trachyte
3005:Rhyolite
2980:Obsidian
2910:Andesite
2569:Archived
2409:53648675
2297:Archived
2150:6 August
2144:Archived
2123:5 August
2020:Archived
1854:Archived
1694:20380351
1686:17615356
1472:Archived
1426:30058772
1322:30058772
1225:28120860
1104:Archived
955:See also
892:640,000
643:340,000
523:Colorado
338:Manihiki
118:) or at
112:hotspots
58:eruption
4638:Hazards
4536:General
4407:Rapture
4256:Messiah
4244:Sufyani
4234:Israfil
4204:Islamic
4042:Messiah
4020:1 Enoch
3854:Big Rip
3566:Ecocide
3561:Ice age
3134:Commons
3061:Hotspot
2960:Lapilli
2945:Felsite
2770:Caldera
2661:Bibcode
2599:Bibcode
2531:Bibcode
2484:Bibcode
2433:Bibcode
2389:Bibcode
2360:4332421
2340:Bibcode
2319:. USGS.
2251:Bibcode
2222:21 June
2203:Bibcode
2195:Geology
2058:Bibcode
1960:Bibcode
1919:Bibcode
1880:Bibcode
1830:Bibcode
1822:Geology
1766:Bibcode
1717:Bibcode
1666:Bibcode
1658:Science
1619:Bibcode
1547:Bibcode
1502:Bibcode
1251:Bibcode
1216:5264179
1187:Bibcode
1139:Bibcode
1131:Geology
1064:Bibcode
1056:Geology
936:Gallery
881:Wyoming
877:Montana
823:26,500
442:75,000
431:Sumatra
327:Iceland
288:basalts
272:Iceland
235:Ontario
229:in the
223:caldera
207:Horizon
102:in the
60:with a
54:volcano
4568:Famine
4494:Zombie
4296:Others
4251:Jewish
4229:Dajjal
4111:Events
4025:Daniel
3926:winter
3753:Others
3643:winter
3443:winter
3438:famine
3433:cobalt
3146:Portal
3010:Tephra
2995:Pumice
2965:Latite
2940:Dacite
2935:Cinder
2915:Basalt
2868:Tossol
2636:
2617:
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2332:Nature
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879:, and
577:Chile
402:Notes
274:, the
239:Quebec
212:ejecta
171:Oregon
149:. The
145:) and
104:mantle
41:
35:
4583:Riots
4275:Norse
4239:Mahdi
3998:Kalki
3993:Hindu
3323:(EMP)
2763:Types
2615:S2CID
2405:S2CID
2356:S2CID
2023:(PDF)
2016:(PDF)
1857:(PDF)
1818:(PDF)
1782:S2CID
1690:S2CID
1635:S2CID
1535:(PDF)
1430:JSTOR
1422:JSTOR
1346:Wired
1326:JSTOR
1318:JSTOR
1004:Notes
873:Idaho
834:Galán
721:Idaho
692:Idaho
664:Idaho
604:Idaho
396:Zone
393:Name
368:cones
179:peaks
108:crust
100:magma
52:is a
3035:Tuff
2808:Maar
2634:ISBN
2549:ISSN
2500:ISSN
2269:ISSN
2224:2022
2173:help
2152:2010
2125:2010
2031:2023
1999:2019
1846:ISSN
1800:link
1743:link
1682:PMID
1590:ISBN
1456:2023
1354:2023
1221:PMID
1203:ISSN
1155:ISSN
1112:2017
1100:USGS
928:2012
911:Nova
492:Utah
340:and
298:The
237:and
124:Toba
2679:hdl
2669:doi
2607:doi
2539:doi
2492:doi
2480:112
2441:doi
2429:123
2397:doi
2385:117
2348:doi
2336:319
2259:doi
2211:doi
2066:doi
1968:doi
1956:312
1927:doi
1888:doi
1838:doi
1774:doi
1725:doi
1674:doi
1662:317
1627:doi
1582:doi
1578:505
1555:doi
1543:102
1510:doi
1498:168
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1310:doi
1259:doi
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