140:
204:
971:
324:
melt and crystals were carried upwards into a melt dominant magma body that formed at between 3.5–6 km (2.2–3.7 mi) depth. There is emerging evidence that much of the silicic magma produced was formed deeper than this in the middle or lower crust (some have suggested as deep as the upper mantle) and ascending rapidly to this magma reservoir with only brief storage there. The relative uniformity of the eruptives (99% high-SiO
303:
consistent with a tectonic trigger. The eruption occurred through a lake system which was either the southern section of Lake Huka, recently separated by pre-eruption upwarping shortly before the eruption itself or some have suggested Lake Taupō had separated with a higher level than the remaining Lake Huka about a thousand years earlier, due solely to eruptive activity of the
Poihipi volcano adjoining
340:
These initial stages were from magma at relatively low overpressure and if stored and matured in a shallow magma chamber had a temperature of about 780 ± 20 °C, with between a week to two weeks ascent of magma before eruption. It is possible that if the later majority of the magma formed deeper,
357:
While pyroclastic density currents were generated throughout the eruption, the peak distance reached in ignimbrite deposits was about 90 km (56 mi) during phase 8. This phase, as well as several others, before phase 10, were not that much smaller than the later Hatepe eruption of the Taupō
349:
The timescales involved in the final eruption priming appear to be only decades long at most. The eruption itself lasted only a few months, with most of the stages as described below being continuous. The location of the eruptive vents are only known for the first four stages of the eruption. Vents
1195:
The use of years in this way in this table is because it is sortable. One day is 0.003 of a year so the eruption has arbitrarily been given a length just less than 3 months when it might have lasted from start to finish twice this. Many of the eruption stages were continuous and lasted just hours.
323:
The timescale for the growth of the assumed
Oruanui mush zone, which has a distinctive chemical and isotopic composition and zircon model-age spectra is now known to be from about 40,000 years ago from earlier Taupō Volcano eruptions. During crystal-liquid separation in this mush, large volumes of
1049:
A new landscape with up to hundreds of metres thick ignimbrite that ponded in valleys around the volcano. The actual area of the ignimbrite is less than the subsequent smaller Hatepe eruption presumably because the later generated a more intense pyroclastic flow but much less accumulative tephra
285:
generated during this eruption. A 140 km (54 sq mi) structural collapse is concealed beneath Lake Taupō, while the lake outline at least partly reflects volcano-tectonic collapse. Early eruption phases saw shifting vent positions; development of the caldera to its maximum extent
302:
deposits. The erupted magma was very uniform in composition and this composition has not been seen since but had been seen before the eruption. Detailed compositional analysis has revealed the early phases of the eruption had a small amount of magma from outside the Taupō Volcano and are most
328:
rhyolite), suggests the
Oruanui magma body had been vigorously convecting by the time of the eruption. Nonetheless composition analysis shows that three different rhyolites contributed, with the initial two phases of the eruption having contributions from a leak of biotite-bearing rhyolite,
345:
rhyolite believed to have been tapped from isolated pockets in the underlying crystal mush. Two distinct mafic magmas were involved in the eruption, and a total volume of 3–5 km (0.72–1.20 cu mi) of mafic magma is atypically high compared to other nearby rhyolitic eruptions.
1135:. The other twenty-four rhyolitic events until the present, including the major Hatepe eruption, dated to around 232 CE came from three distinct magma sources. These have had geographically focussed vent locations, and a wide range of eruption volumes, with nine explosive events producing
1037:. Less than 22,500 years ago, Lake Taupō, having filled to about 75 m (246 ft) above its current level, and draining initially via a Waihora outlet to the northwest, cut through its Oruanui ignimbrite dam near the present Taupō outlet to the northeast at a rate which left no
1390:
Dong, Xiyu; Kathayat, Gayatri; Rasmussen, Sune O.; Svensson, Anders; Severinghaus, Jeffrey P.; Li, Hanying; Sinha, Ashish; Xu, Yao; Zhang, Haiwei; Shi, Zhengguo; Cai, Yanjun; Pérez-Mejías, Carlos; Baker, Jonathan; Zhao, Jingyao; Spötl, Christoph (2022-10-04).
358:
Volcano. Ash (Kawakawa tephra) distributed during the various stages created a stratigraphic layer found over much of New
Zealand and its surrounding sea bed as wind direction varied, the eruptive columns were so high, and the volumes of ash were so large.
215:
flow (yellow shading). The central red area is the
Oruanui caldera with surrounding collapse crater in lighter red. It is superimposed on present day New Zealand although at the time New Zealand land mass was larger, as sea level was much
992:
Approximate maximum lake size at 22,500 years ago after the
Oruanui eruption (dark blue shading). This is before the volcanic material dam near the present lake outlet failed, and has the lake flowing via its old Waihora outlet into the
1018:, 850 km (530 mi) away. The local biological impact must have been immense as 10 centimetres (4 in) of ash was deposited from just south of Auckland over the whole of the rest of the North Island, and the top of the
1368:
2087:
Harper, MA; Pledger, SA; Smith, EG; Van Eaton, AR; Wilson, CJ (2015). "Eruptive and environmental processes recorded by diatoms in volcanically dispersed lake sediments from the Taupo
Volcanic Zone, New Zealand".
1064:
was destroyed and filled in with ignimbrite, which also created a temporary barrier between the Taupō and
Reporoa watersheds that had to be eroded before a stable drainage of the new Lake Taupō was established.
1507:
Dunbar, Nelia W.; Iverson, Nels A.; Van Eaton, Alexa R.; Sigl, Michael; Alloway, Brent V.; Kurbatov, Andrei V.; Mastin, Larry G.; McConnell, Joseph R.; Wilson, Colin J. N. (25 September 2017).
1855:"Reinterpretation of the post-26 ka Taupō Rhyolitic Magmatic System (New Zealand) as Deep and Vertically Extensive Based on Isotope Thermometry and Measured and Modeled Zircon Destinies"
333:
at more than 2 km (1.2 mi) depth, associated with tectonic faulting from a magma chamber to the north. The biotite-bearing rhyolite composition is like that found within the
187:
At the time of the eruption sea level was much lower than at present and the Taupō Volcano had been for over 100,000 years mainly located under a larger lake than the present
1226:
The numbering of Fig. 15 of Allen et al for geological processes is perhaps not logical given likely time of initiation. This is one reason the table has been made sortable.
1725:
1041:
around the lake. About 60 km (14 cu mi) of water was released, leaving boulders of up to 10 m (33 ft) at least as far down the
Waikato River as
350:
during stage 1 and 2 were in the north-east portion of present Lake Taupō, a third vent (or more likely several vents) was closer to the eastern alignment of the later
1815:
Van Eaton, Alexa R.; Wilson, Colin J. N. (2013). "The nature, origins and distribution of ash aggregates in a large-scale wet eruption deposit: Oruanui, New
Zealand".
693:
Early melt average ascent was about 5 days, these processes are relevant to composition signals and the violence of the eruption, independent of it being under a lake
1022:, both of which were larger in land area as sea levels were considerably lower than present. The pyroclastic ignimbrite flows destroyed all vegetation they reached.
1893:"Inferring magma ascent timescales and reconstructing conduit processes in explosive rhyolitic eruptions using diffusive losses of hydrogen from melt inclusions"
311:
and that had erupted at Trig 9471 and the Rubbish Tip Domes about 27,000 years ago, filling that portion of Lake Huka. Accordingly, many of the deposits contain
298:
The Oruanui eruption shows many unusual features: its episodic nature, a wide range of magma-water interaction, and complex interplay of pyroclastic fall and
255:(PDC) deposits (mostly ignimbrite) and 420 km (100 cu mi) of primary intracaldera material, equivalent to 530 km (130 cu mi) of
1564:
Muscheler, Raimund; Adolphi, Florian; Heaton, Timothy J; Bronk Ramsey, Christopher; Svensson, Anders; van der Plicht, Johannes; Reimer, Paula J (2020).
1458:
Muscheler, Raimund; Adolphi, Florian; Heaton, Timothy J; Bronk Ramsey, Christopher; Svensson, Anders; van der Plicht, Johannes; Reimer, Paula J (2020).
1127:
The first characterised eruption from the Taupō Volcano after the Oruanui eruption took place about 5000 years later. The first three eruptions were
354:, and the 4th vent was more central. The later stages of the eruption may have had venting from much of what is now the northern part of Lake Taupō.
1178:
The age given here is the most recent identified in a number of review articles, and may be subject to further correction. A previous age of 26.5
1776:"Structure and evolution of the Wairakei–Tauhara geothermal system (Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand) revisited with a new zircon geochronology"
1973:
Dunbar, N.W.; Iverson, N.A.; Van Eaton, A.R.; Sigl, M.; Alloway, B.V.; Kurbatov, A.V.; Mastin, L.G.; McConnell, J.R.; Wilson, C.J.N. (2017).
144:
Recent vents and caldera structures Taupō Volcano. Present active geothermal systems are in light blue. A key to the vents is in the diagram.
670:
The early phase 1 and 2 of the eruption were separated by several months, and this compositional signal is suggestive of a tectonic trigger.
72:
2167:
1937:"The 26·5 ka Oruanui Eruption, Taupo Volcano, New Zealand: Development, Characteristics and Evacuation of a Large Rhyolitic Magma Body"
1659:"The 26.5 ka Oruanui Eruption, Taupo Volcano, New Zealand: Development, Characteristics and Evacuation of a Large Rhyolitic Magma Body"
1336:"The 26.7 ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: A review of the roles of volcanism and climate in the post-eruptive sedimentary response"
1074:
with rainfall changed the drainage pattern of the Waikato River. The large amount of material mobilised particularly impacted the
195:. Lake Huka was destroyed in the eruption and other features of the local geography were changed significantly as outlined below.
2157:
1186:
to 25.675 ± 0.09 ka BP. In 2022, the ice core date of 25.318 ± .25 ka BP using the WD2014 timescale was corrected to 25.718 ka.
1006:
Tephra from the eruption covered much of the central North Island and is termed Kawakawa-Oruanui tephra, or KOT. The Oruanui
793:
Wet with nearby pyroclastic and fall deposits, and distal multiple-bedded fall material postulated after mafic magma recharge
1115:
from erupted lake sediments have been found in the volcanic ash deposits about 850 km (530 mi) downwind on the
1690:
2137:
2147:
2142:
885:
Single pumice fall with widespread, voluminous pyroclastic deposit after mafic magma recharge of about 18 hours
207:
Oruanui eruption impact North Island in terms of approximate 10cm ash deposit (white shading) and approximate
1148:
1272:
Barker, SJ; Wilson, CJN; Illsley-Kemp, F; Leonard, GS; Mestel, ERH; Mauriohooho, K; Charlier, BLA (2020).
1038:
252:
47:
1014:
affected most of New Zealand, with an ash layer as thick as 18 centimetres (7 in) deposited on the
2172:
1099:
ice core deposits 5,000 km (3,100 mi) away and they provide a convenient marker for the last
221:
112:
1369:"Introduction to Tephra-Derived Soils and Farming, Waikato-Bay of Plenty, North Island, New Zealand"
2162:
312:
263:
176:
1774:
Rosenberg, MD; Wilson, CJ; Bignall, G; Ireland, TR; Sepulveda, F; Charlier, BL (15 January 2020).
1025:
Later erosion and sedimentation had long-lasting effects on the landscape and may have caused the
2152:
1183:
1724:
Allan, AS; Barker, SJ; Millet, MA; Morgan, DJ; Rooyakkers, SM; Schipper, CI; Wilson, CJ (2017).
281:, 616 km (238 sq mi) in area and 186 m (610 ft) deep, partly fills the
225:
172:
2177:
1209:
266:
characterised to date. The eruption is divided into 10 different phases on the basis of nine
262:, totalling 1,170 km (280 cu mi) of total deposits. As such it is the largest
139:
1053:
The volume created by the caldera collapse acted both as a sedimentation sink for the local
2097:
2043:
1986:
1975:"New Zealand supereruption provides time marker for the Last Glacial Maximum in Antarctica"
1904:
1824:
1787:
1740:
1726:"A cascade of magmatic events during the assembly and eruption of a super-sized magma body"
1628:
1577:
1520:
1509:"New Zealand supereruption provides time marker for the Last Glacial Maximum in Antarctica"
1471:
1404:
978:
909:
224:
of 8, it is one of the largest eruptions ever to occur in New Zealand and the most recent
8:
1108:
620:
a potential primer event but did not cause the overpressure seen in other super eruptions
2101:
2047:
1990:
1908:
1828:
1791:
1744:
1632:
1581:
1524:
1475:
1408:
2113:
2069:
2007:
1974:
1756:
1654:
1616:
1541:
1508:
1435:
1392:
1331:
1293:
341:
the maturing temperature was about 900 °C. About 0.5% of the eruptives was low-SiO
1640:
2117:
2073:
2061:
2012:
1917:
1892:
1836:
1800:
1775:
1595:
1546:
1489:
1440:
1422:
1297:
1273:
1060:
The former Lake Huka that had extended to the north and partially occupied the older
935:
Single ash and pumice fall bed, with mainly proximal, voluminous pyroclastic deposits
747:
Single pumice fall, accompanied by wet low-velocity pyroclastics to northwest of vent
1760:
2105:
2051:
2002:
1994:
1948:
1912:
1866:
1832:
1795:
1748:
1670:
1636:
1585:
1536:
1528:
1479:
1430:
1412:
1347:
1285:
994:
299:
248:
244:
212:
52:
1619:(2001). "The 26.5ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: An introduction and overview".
1352:
1335:
1289:
1153:
160:
32:
1158:
1116:
1107:. This ash cloud has been modelled to have taken about two weeks to encircle the
1100:
1096:
1061:
1015:
351:
1871:
1854:
1998:
1953:
1936:
1675:
1658:
1566:"Testing and Improving the IntCal20 Calibration Curve with Independent Records"
1532:
1460:"Testing and Improving the IntCal20 Calibration Curve with Independent Records"
1417:
1079:
1075:
1030:
667:
Lateral, tectonically associated feeding in from north biotite-bearing rhyolite
330:
267:
240:
2109:
2056:
2031:
1752:
2131:
2065:
1599:
1493:
1426:
1132:
1026:
998:
970:
958:
Fine-grained ash, with voluminous pyroclastic deposit in the Lake Taupo basin
334:
304:
87:
74:
278:
188:
2016:
1550:
1444:
1212:(DRE) which is more standardised way of expressing the size of an eruption.
1092:
1019:
1011:
126:
62:
203:
1091:
The Oruanui eruption ash deposits from the final (tenth) phase have been
156:
66:
1590:
1565:
1484:
1459:
1104:
1034:
1007:
908:
Wet fall deposit, with widespread, voluminous pyroclastic deposit with
470:
462:
208:
2032:"A review of break-out floods from volcanogenic lakes in New Zealand"
1054:
1042:
274:
and a tenth, poorly preserved but volumetrically dominant fall unit.
192:
862:
Mixed dry and wet fall with widespread multiple pyroclastic deposits
1071:
566:
466:
308:
256:
1563:
1457:
1393:"Coupled atmosphere-ice-ocean dynamics during Heinrich Stadial 2"
287:
282:
247:
and generated approximately 430 km (100 cu mi) of
1067:
Destruction of vegetation over most of the central North Island.
16:
World's most recent supereruption, of Taupō Volcano, New Zealand
1271:
1136:
1128:
1112:
974:
816:
Single pumice fall with thin but widespread pyroclastic deposit
271:
1773:
1389:
614:
259:
2086:
1274:"Taupō: an overview of New Zealand's youngest supervolcano"
129:
with detectable ash fall 5,000 km (3,100 mi) away
1972:
1506:
1934:
496:
Mush crystallisation and development of interstitial melt
2030:
Manville, V.; Hodgson, K. A.; Nairn, I. A. (June 2007).
1935:
Wilson, CJ; Blake, S; Charlier, BL; Sutton, AN (2006).
1723:
1057:
and as the basin in which a new Lake Taupō accumulated.
1161:(The most recent major eruption of the Taupō volcano)
2029:
591:
Crystal growth in isolated low-SiO2 rhyolite pockets
1890:
542:Crystallisation of rim zones in melt-dominant body
1196:The syn-eruption processes happened all together.
1033:to its current course through the Waikato to the
2129:
977:from the Oruanui eruption, containing spherical
690:Ascent, decompression and fragmentation of magma
1848:
1846:
1814:
1897:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1817:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1780:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1689:Richard Smith, David J. Lowe and Ian Wright. '
1621:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1557:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1070:Remobilisation of the pyroclastic material as
251:deposits, 320 km (77 cu mi) of
2036:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
1968:
1966:
1964:
1930:
1928:
1808:
1340:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
1278:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
1267:
1265:
1263:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1843:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1891:Myers, ML; Wallace, PJ; Wilson, CJ (2019).
1310:
499:magma reservoir development and composition
1961:
1925:
1647:
1500:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1179:
839:Pumice fall with local pyroclastic deposit
138:
2055:
2006:
1952:
1916:
1879:
1870:
1799:
1733:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
1700:
1674:
1589:
1540:
1483:
1434:
1416:
1366:
1351:
1240:
1222:
1220:
1218:
647:process just prior to and during eruption
1852:
1695:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
1010:is up to 200 metres (660 ft) deep.
969:
202:
1378:
1360:
1204:
1202:
2130:
1653:
1615:
1215:
640:Mafic magma infiltration into high-SiO
1045:. The impact has been summarised as:
912:postulated after mafic magma recharge
519:Melt-dominant magma body predominates
1611:
1609:
1199:
476:magma reservoir size and composition
318:
293:
107:1,170 km (280 cu mi)
13:
1367:Lowe, D. J.; Balks, M. R. (2019).
381: biotite-bearing in high-SiO
14:
2189:
2168:Volcanic eruptions in New Zealand
1606:
1918:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.11.009
1837:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.10.016
1801:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106705
1086:
2080:
2023:
1767:
1683:
1189:
985:
770:pumice and fine ash in 3 phases
594:immature but tapped in eruption
565:Recrystallisation of dissolved
337:adjacent to the Taupō Volcano.
2158:Events that forced the climate
1451:
1172:
522:enables potential for eruption
171:) was the world's most recent
1:
1641:10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00239-6
1353:10.1080/00288306.2004.9515074
1290:10.1080/00288306.2020.1792515
1233:
1149:North Island Volcanic Plateau
1122:
307:whose magma chamber is under
724:late process during eruption
290:) occurred during phase 10.
182:
7:
1142:
617:magma interacting with mush
253:pyroclastic density current
198:
10:
2194:
1999:10.1038/s41598-017-11758-0
1533:10.1038/s41598-017-11758-0
1418:10.1038/s41467-022-33583-4
461:Assimilation into melt of
222:Volcanic Explosivity Index
2110:10.1007/s10933-015-9851-5
2090:Journal of Paleolimnology
2057:10.1080/00288300709509826
1872:10.1093/petrology/egae055
1753:10.1007/s00410-017-1367-8
1182:, was updated in 2020 by
286:(indicated by lithic lag
137:
133:
121:
111:
103:
58:
46:
38:
28:
23:
1954:10.1093/petrology/egi066
1697:, updated 16 April 2007.
1676:10.1093/petrology/egi066
1165:
545:allows timing of cooling
264:phreatomagmatic eruption
177:phreatomagmatic eruption
1853:Bindeman, I.N. (2024).
469:basement greywacke and
313:volcanic ash aggregates
179:characterised to date.
2138:Pre-Holocene volcanism
1691:Volcanoes – Lake Taupo
982:
717:rhyolite into high-SiO
217:
169:Kawakawa/Oruanui event
2143:Pleistocene volcanism
1397:Nature Communications
1210:Dense-rock equivalent
973:
206:
1941:Journal of Petrology
1859:Journal of Petrology
1663:Journal of Petrology
979:accretionary lapilli
910:accretionary lapilli
713:injection of low-SiO
42:About 25,700 year BP
2148:Taupō Volcanic Zone
2102:2015JPall..54..263H
2048:2007NZJGG..50..131M
1991:2017NatSR...712238D
1909:2019JVGR..369...95M
1829:2013JVGR..250..129V
1792:2020JVGR..39006705R
1745:2017CoMP..172...49A
1633:2001JVGR..112..133W
1591:10.1017/RDC.2020.54
1582:2020Radcb..62.1079M
1525:2017NatSR...712238D
1485:10.1017/RDC.2020.54
1476:2020Radcb..62.1079M
1409:2022NatCo..13.5867D
1184:IntCal20 correction
1133:Puketarata eruption
1109:Southern Hemisphere
399:
163:(also known as the
125:Devastated much of
84: /
1979:Scientific Reports
1513:Scientific Reports
1029:to shift from the
983:
392: 99% high-SiO
374: syn-eruption
367: pre-eruption
362:Eruption Timetable
361:
218:
88:38.800°S 175.900°E
2173:Plinian eruptions
1097:Western Antarctic
968:
967:
329:presumably along
165:Kawakawa eruption
149:
148:
2185:
2122:
2121:
2096:(263–77): 1–15.
2084:
2078:
2077:
2059:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2010:
1985:(12238): 12238.
1970:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1888:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1730:
1721:
1698:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1655:Wilson, C. J. N.
1651:
1645:
1644:
1627:(1–4): 133–174.
1617:Wilson, C. J. N.
1613:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1576:(4): 1079–1094.
1561:
1555:
1554:
1544:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1470:(4): 1079–1094.
1455:
1449:
1448:
1438:
1420:
1387:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1332:Wilson, C. J. N.
1327:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1284:(2–3): 320–346.
1269:
1227:
1224:
1213:
1206:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1176:
995:Mangakino Stream
400:
397:
391:
386:
380:
375:
373:
368:
366:
360:
319:Eruption process
294:Unusual features
249:pyroclastic fall
245:Late Pleistocene
238:
236:
233:
153:Oruanui eruption
142:
99:
98:
96:
95:
94:
93:-38.800; 175.900
89:
85:
82:
81:
80:
77:
24:Oruanui eruption
21:
20:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2163:VEI-8 eruptions
2128:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2085:
2081:
2028:
2024:
1971:
1962:
1933:
1926:
1889:
1880:
1851:
1844:
1813:
1809:
1772:
1768:
1728:
1722:
1701:
1688:
1684:
1652:
1648:
1614:
1607:
1562:
1558:
1505:
1501:
1456:
1452:
1388:
1379:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1328:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1270:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1159:Hatepe eruption
1145:
1125:
1117:Chatham Islands
1101:glacial maximum
1089:
1062:Reporoa Caldera
1016:Chatham Islands
1004:
1003:
1002:
988:
720:
716:
643:
446:
444:
439:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
410:
408:
406:
404:
395:
389:
388:
384:
378:
377:
371:
370:
364:
363:
352:Hatepe eruption
344:
327:
321:
296:
234:
231:
229:
201:
185:
145:
92:
90:
86:
83:
78:
75:
73:
71:
70:
69:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2191:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2153:Supervolcanoes
2150:
2145:
2140:
2124:
2123:
2079:
2042:(2): 131–150.
2022:
1960:
1924:
1878:
1865:(6). egae055.
1842:
1807:
1766:
1699:
1682:
1646:
1605:
1556:
1499:
1450:
1377:
1359:
1346:(3): 525–546.
1330:Manville, V.;
1309:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1214:
1208:These are not
1198:
1188:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1124:
1121:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1080:Hauraki Plains
1076:Waikato Plains
1068:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1031:Hauraki Plains
997:and on to the
991:
990:
989:
987:
984:
966:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
943:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
920:
919:
916:
913:
906:
903:
900:
897:
893:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
870:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
847:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
824:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
801:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
778:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
755:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
732:
731:
728:
725:
722:
718:
714:
711:
708:
705:
701:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
678:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
655:
654:
651:
648:
645:
641:
638:
635:
632:
628:
627:
624:
621:
618:
612:
609:
606:
602:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
579:
578:
575:
572:
569:
563:
560:
557:
553:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
530:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
507:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
484:
483:
480:
477:
474:
459:
456:
453:
449:
448:
441:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
393:
382:
342:
325:
320:
317:
295:
292:
228:. It occurred
200:
197:
184:
181:
175:, and largest
147:
146:
143:
135:
134:
131:
130:
123:
119:
118:
115:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
60:
56:
55:
50:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2190:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1929:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1847:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1370:
1363:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1192:
1185:
1175:
1171:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1154:Taupō volcano
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:geochemically
1087:Distal impact
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:Waikato River
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1000:
999:Waikato River
996:
981:as in phase 8
980:
976:
972:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
944:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
921:
917:
914:
911:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
894:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
871:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
848:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
825:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
802:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
779:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
756:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
733:
729:
726:
723:
712:
709:
706:
703:
702:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
679:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
656:
652:
649:
646:
639:
636:
633:
630:
629:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
603:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
580:
576:
573:
571:allows timing
570:
568:
567:orthopyroxene
564:
561:
558:
555:
554:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
531:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
508:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
485:
481:
478:
475:
473:igneous rocks
472:
468:
464:
460:
457:
454:
451:
450:
442:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
402:
401:
359:
355:
353:
347:
338:
336:
335:Maroa Caldera
332:
316:
314:
310:
306:
305:Mount Tauhara
301:
291:
289:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
227:
226:supereruption
223:
214:
210:
205:
196:
194:
190:
180:
178:
174:
173:supereruption
170:
166:
162:
161:Taupō Volcano
158:
154:
141:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
68:
64:
61:
57:
54:
53:Ultra-Plinian
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
34:
33:Taupō Volcano
31:
27:
22:
19:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2039:
2035:
2025:
1982:
1978:
1947:(1): 35–69.
1944:
1940:
1900:
1896:
1862:
1858:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1736:
1732:
1694:
1685:
1666:
1662:
1649:
1624:
1620:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1519:(1): 12238.
1516:
1512:
1502:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1400:
1396:
1362:
1343:
1339:
1301:. Retrieved
1281:
1277:
1191:
1174:
1126:
1090:
1024:
1020:South Island
1005:
986:Local impact
356:
348:
339:
322:
297:
276:
219:
186:
168:
164:
152:
150:
127:North Island
63:North Island
18:
1823:: 129–154.
1739:(7): 1–34.
1570:Radiocarbon
1464:Radiocarbon
1403:(1): 5867.
1131:as was the
1095:matched to
409:relative to
403:Approximate
277:Modern-day
213:pyroclastic
157:New Zealand
91: /
67:New Zealand
2178:Lake Taupō
2132:Categories
1903:: 95–112.
1786:(106705).
1303:2023-11-28
1234:References
1139:deposits.
1123:Afterwards
1105:Antarctica
1035:Tasman Sea
1008:ignimbrite
471:Quaternary
463:Cretaceous
445:Volume<
438:Volume<
426:Geological
416:Geological
405:start time
279:Lake Taupō
209:ignimbrite
189:Lake Taupō
2118:127263257
2074:129792354
2066:0028-8306
1669:: 35–69.
1600:0033-8222
1494:0033-8222
1427:2041-1723
1298:225424075
1055:catchment
1043:Mangakino
443:Igmibrite
433:Relevance
257:rhyolitic
193:Lake Huka
183:Geography
2017:28947829
1761:73613346
1657:(2005).
1551:28947829
1445:36195764
1334:(2004).
1143:See also
1072:alluvium
1039:terraces
721:rhyolite
644:rhyolite
467:Jurassic
431:Eruption
421:Eruption
411:eruption
396:rhyolite
385:rhyolite
309:Wairakei
288:breccias
268:mappable
199:Eruption
79:175°54′E
59:Location
2098:Bibcode
2044:Bibcode
2008:5613013
1987:Bibcode
1905:Bibcode
1825:Bibcode
1788:Bibcode
1741:Bibcode
1629:Bibcode
1578:Bibcode
1542:5613013
1521:Bibcode
1472:Bibcode
1436:9532435
1405:Bibcode
1129:dacitic
1113:Diatoms
1012:Ashfall
804:−0.2152
781:−0.2151
413:(years)
407:process
283:caldera
243:in the
220:With a
191:called
76:38°48′S
29:Volcano
2116:
2072:
2064:
2015:
2005:
1759:
1598:
1549:
1539:
1492:
1443:
1433:
1425:
1296:
1137:tephra
975:Tephra
923:−0.232
896:−0.231
850:−0.225
758:−0.215
436:Tephra
390:
387:
379:
376:
372:
369:
365:
239:years
216:lower.
122:Impact
104:Volume
2114:S2CID
2070:S2CID
1757:S2CID
1729:(PDF)
1372:(PDF)
1294:S2CID
1166:Notes
1050:fall.
946:−0.24
873:−0.23
827:−0.22
796:>5
753:0.01
704:0.001
615:Mafic
487:10000
452:10000
447:(km)
428:Event
423:Stage
418:Stage
331:dykes
272:units
270:fall
260:magma
211:from
2062:ISSN
2013:PMID
1596:ISSN
1547:PMID
1490:ISSN
1441:PMID
1423:ISSN
1078:and
964:100
822:0.1
776:0.1
681:0.01
658:0.01
631:0.01
510:3000
440:(km)
300:flow
151:The
48:Type
39:Date
2106:doi
2052:doi
2003:PMC
1995:doi
1949:doi
1913:doi
1901:369
1867:doi
1833:doi
1821:250
1796:doi
1784:390
1749:doi
1737:172
1693:',
1671:doi
1637:doi
1625:112
1586:doi
1537:PMC
1529:doi
1480:doi
1431:PMC
1413:doi
1348:doi
1286:doi
1103:in
961:265
941:10
918:10
891:10
868:10
865:5.5
819:2.5
799:10
773:0·8
750:0.8
582:100
556:100
533:100
465:to
232:675
167:or
159:'s
155:of
113:VEI
2134::
2112:.
2104:.
2094:54
2092:.
2068:.
2060:.
2050:.
2040:50
2038:.
2034:.
2011:.
2001:.
1993:.
1981:.
1977:.
1963:^
1945:47
1943:.
1939:.
1927:^
1911:.
1899:.
1895:.
1881:^
1863:65
1861:.
1857:.
1845:^
1831:.
1819:.
1794:.
1782:.
1778:.
1755:.
1747:.
1735:.
1731:.
1702:^
1667:47
1665:.
1661:.
1635:.
1623:.
1608:^
1594:.
1584:.
1574:62
1572:.
1568:.
1545:.
1535:.
1527:.
1515:.
1511:.
1488:.
1478:.
1468:62
1466:.
1462:.
1439:.
1429:.
1421:.
1411:.
1401:13
1399:.
1395:.
1380:^
1344:47
1342:.
1338:.
1312:^
1292:.
1282:64
1280:.
1276:.
1242:^
1217:^
1201:^
1180:ka
1119:.
1111:.
952:10
938:85
915:37
888:15
845:1
842:14
730:–
699:–
684:11
676:–
661:10
653:–
626:–
605:10
600:–
577:–
551:–
528:–
505:–
482:–
398:.
315:.
241:BP
237:90
230:25
65:,
2120:.
2108::
2100::
2076:.
2054::
2046::
2019:.
1997::
1989::
1983:7
1957:.
1951::
1921:.
1915::
1907::
1875:.
1869::
1839:.
1835::
1827::
1804:.
1798::
1790::
1763:.
1751::
1743::
1679:.
1673::
1643:.
1639::
1631::
1602:.
1588::
1580::
1553:.
1531::
1523::
1517:7
1496:.
1482::
1474::
1447:.
1415::
1407::
1374:.
1356:.
1350::
1306:.
1288::
1082:.
1001:.
955:–
949:–
932:–
929:9
926:–
905:–
902:8
899:–
882:–
879:7
876:–
859:–
856:6
853:–
836:–
833:5
830:–
813:–
810:4
807:–
790:–
787:3
784:–
767:–
764:2
761:–
744:–
741:1
738:–
735:0
727:–
719:2
715:2
710:–
707:9
696:–
687:–
673:–
664:–
650:–
642:2
637:–
634:8
623:–
611:–
608:7
597:–
588:–
585:6
574:–
562:–
559:5
548:–
539:–
536:4
525:–
516:–
513:3
502:–
493:–
490:2
479:–
458:–
455:1
394:2
383:2
343:2
326:2
235:±
117:8
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