147:. The advantage of superphosphate fertilisers is that a significant proportion of the phosphate content is soluble and is immediately available to plants. It thus provides a very quick boost to plant growth. However, the complex soil dynamics tend to immobilize phosphate in mineral complexes or organic
360:
Eutrophication of rivers, lakes and the sea has a very well-documented link to increasing phosphate concentrations. However, teasing out the contribution made to this problem by the use of superphosphate is difficult because of the wide range of other sources of phosphorus compounds in both human and
163:
However, the key quality that made superphosphate so attractive—the solubility of the phosphate—also created an ongoing demand for the product as the soluble phosphorus salts and phosphate bound to fine sediments are eluted from fields into rivers and streams where they became lost to agriculture but
155:
The addition of phosphorus as super-phosphate enables much greater crop yields. Although there is some replenishment of soil phosphorus from mineral sources and release from soil complexes by physical and biological mechanisms, the rate of re-solubilisation is too low to support modern agricultural
762:
Kongshaug, Gunnar; Brentnall, Bernard A.; Chaney, Keith; Gregersen, Jan-Helge; Stokka, Per; Persson, Bjørn; Kolmeijer, Nick W.; Conradsen, Arne; Legard, Torbjørn; Munk, Harald; Skauli, Øyvind; Kiiski, Harri; Solheim, Kai Roger; Legard, Torbjörn; Brentnall, Bernard A.; Rauman-Aalto, Paulina (2014).
122:
All plants and animals need phosphorus compounds to carry out their normal metabolism even though in the case of plants it may constitute as little as 2% of their dry matter. The phosphorus can be in the form of soluble inorganic phosphates or organic compounds containing phosphorus. In the living
334:" vary between 30 years from 2022, or somewhere between 2051 and 2092. As the human population increases and the demand for food increases, the availability of superphosphate fertilisers in the future may be less secure, suggesting that alternative sources of phosphate may need to be developed.
151:
reducing the availability to plants. Phosphates are also lost to the soil and plant environment when crops are harvested or consumed by animals or otherwise lost to the local system. Phosphates tend to be tightly bound to fine sediments in the soil. Leaching of sediments from soil can lead to
88:(later an agricultural research station), naming the resultant product "super phosphate of lime". He patented the discovery, and in 1842, started producing superphosphate from fossilised dinosaur dung on an industrial scale; this was the first chemical manure produced in the world.
176:
Superphosphates are manufactured in all the main industrial centres of the world, including Europe, China and the US. In 2021, about 689,916 tonnes of superphosphate were produced with more than half from Poland and substantial amounts from
Indonesia, Bangladesh, China and Japan.
300:
Continuous use of superphosphate can lead to soil acidification, particularly on poorly buffered soils, altering pH levels and potentially limiting nutrient availability. This necessitates careful monitoring and management of soil pH to prevent long-term
142:
The fate of phosphates in soil is complicated as they readily form complexes with other minerals such as clays, and aluminium and iron salts, and may be generally unavailable to plants except by weathering and through the action of bacterial and the soil
320:
While superphosphate enriches soil with phosphorus, excessive or imbalanced application can disrupt nutrient ratios, leading to deficiencies or toxicities in plants. Evidence is emerging that elevated levels may be associated with deadly infections by
138:
Superphosphate is relatively cheap compared to other available sources of phosphate. The lower price contributes to its widespread adoption, particularly in developing regions where the costs of agricultural inputs are a significant consideration.
357:. Many terrestrial orchids which rely on mycorrhizal associations may have similar sensitivities to elevated phosphate levels and populations may be suppressed by applications of superphosphate containing fertiliser.
388:
317:, and the reaction to produce superphosphate is exothermic: provided that the heat generated is fully re-used, the whole cycle may have a negative carbon footprint as low as -518 g/kg for production alone.
312:
amounting in some estimates to 1.2kg/kg for the manufacture of superphosphate and 238 g/kg for transport. Other sources note that assuming all the sulfur for the sulfuric acid is recovered from oil and
451:
735:
990:
227:
The term, "double superphosphate", refers to a mixture of triple and single superphosphate, resulting from the extraction of phosphate rock with a mixture of phosphoric and sulfuric acids.
1192:
512:
185:
All formulations of superphosphate contain a significant proportion of soluble and available phosphate ions which is the key quality that has made them essential for modern agriculture.
403:
677:
706:
37:
were discovered and used. Soluble phosphate is an essential nutrient for all plants, and the availability of superphosphate revolutionised agricultural productivity.
961:
541:
1139:
Nouri, E.; Surve, R.; Bapaume, L.; Stumpe, M.; Chen, M.; Zhang, Y.; Ruyter-Spira, C.; Bouwmeester, H.; Glauser, G.; Bruisson, S.; Reinhardt, D. (28 June 2021).
800:"The growth of improved pastures on acid soils. 1. The effect of superphosphate and lime on soil pH and on the establishment and growth of phalaris and lucerne"
1065:
765:
731:
986:
1188:
508:
477:
156:
productivity. Organic phosphorus contained within plant or animal matter is much more readily re-solubilised as the material decomposes through
900:
596:
843:"Interaction of soil pH and phosphorus efficacy: Long-term effects of P fertilizer and lime applications on wheat, barley, and sugar beet"
622:
929:
91:
1024:
673:
327:. Sustainable fertilisation practices, including soil testing and targeted applications, are essential to mitigate this risk.
1059:
699:
76:
which showed that coprolites were rich in phosphate that could be made available for plants by dissolution in sulfuric acid.
567:
123:
cell, energy is accumulated or expended using a complex range of biochemical processes which involve the transformation of
1222:
262:
with phosphoric acid. Many proprietary fertilisers are derived from triple superphosphate, for example by blending with
954:
537:
365:
have been traced back to intensive poultry rearing with the excess phosphate coming from poorly-managed chicken manure.
819:
782:
1046:
1260:
106:
next to a similar new factory operated by Joseph Fisons. These operations were destined to form part of the
648:
1255:
473:
193:
Single superphosphate is produced using the traditional method of extraction of phosphate rock with
893:
592:
1141:"Phosphate Suppression of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Involves Gibberellic Acid Signaling"
353:
323:
124:
593:"Phosphorus: a finite resource essential for life, critical for agriculture and food security"
342:
341:, have a sensitivity to excess phosphorus, getting all that they need from associations with
240:
128:
50:
618:
61:
8:
1250:
85:
925:
1165:
1140:
1116:
1091:
867:
842:
314:
267:
345:. Examples of plants that are intolerant of the application of superphosphate include
1170:
1121:
1055:
1012:
872:
778:
429:
131:
when energy is being expended and the reverse when energy is being accumulated as in
77:
1160:
1152:
1111:
1103:
862:
854:
811:
770:
441:
302:
263:
111:
73:
774:
509:"Phosphorus Basics: Understanding Phosphorus Forms and Their Cycling in the Soil"
446:
347:
331:
99:
563:
1214:
330:
The availability of suitable phosphate-rich rocks is limited and estimates of "
259:
165:
132:
49:, animal manure, or crushed bones. So valuable were these resources during the
22:
is a chemical fertiliser first synthesised in the 1840s by reacting bones with
858:
1244:
1092:"Inorganic phosphorus nutrition in green-leaved terrestrial orchid seedlings"
1090:
Davis, B.; Lim, W. H.; Lambers, H.; Dixon, K. W.; Read, D. J. (12 May 2022).
194:
110:
fertiliser company. The street where the original mill stood is still called
81:
23:
799:
84:, learnt of these discoveries and conducted his own research at his farm at
1174:
1125:
876:
338:
98:
to produce this new fertiliser from coprolites excavated in the village of
1156:
1107:
34:
33:
with sulfuric acid. Subsequently, other phosphate-rich deposits such as
647:. Altera Scientific Contributions -Wageningen University. 26 May 2015.
236:
144:
30:
815:
430:"Phosphate Fertilizer Production – From the 1830's to 2011 and Beyond"
362:
65:
54:
27:
894:"Table 7: Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Phosphate Fertilisers"
396:
Mining
History: The Bulletin of the Peak District Historical Society
103:
94:, recognising the significance of Lawes' work, converted a mill in
841:
von Tucher, S.; Hörndl, D.; Schmidhalter, U. (24 November 2017).
761:
337:
A significant number of plants, especially those that evolved in
157:
95:
69:
389:"The Origins and Developments of the British Coprolite industry"
152:
elevated phosphate concentrations in the receiving watercourse.
1189:"Analysis: A watershed moment for phosphates and the river Wye"
987:"Preventing Phytophthora Infestations in Restoration Nurseries"
644:
148:
107:
57:
across Europe were pillaged for human bones to satisfy demand.
270:. Typical fertiliser-grade triple superphosphate contains 45%
308:
Production and transport produce significant quantities of CO
46:
840:
1048:
72:
in
England. He was aware of previous research in Dorset by
566:. Encyclopaedia of New Zealand - Teara. 24 November 2008.
511:. Alabama A&M and Auburn Universities. 19 April 2019.
235:
Triple superphosphate is a component of many proprietary
1138:
45:
The earliest phosphate-rich fertilisers were made from
1215:"River Wye: Pollution not caused by farming, says NFU"
1089:
595:. CSIRO _ Australia's Science Agency. 26 June 2019.
540:. New South Wales Department of Primary Industries.
295:
68:– fossilised dinosaur dung – in the cliffs of south
26:. The process was subsequently improved by reacting
674:"Phosphorus: Essential to Life—Are We Running Out?"
1242:
928:. The American Geological Institute. July 2023.
960:. University of Western Australia. April 2024.
804:Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture
766:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1151:(6). National Library of Medicine: 959–970.
386:
117:
476:. Ipswich Maritime Trust. 26 October 2019.
361:animal waste streams. Recent issues on the
1054:. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies.
1164:
1115:
989:. Oregon State University. January 2022.
866:
676:. Columbia Climate School. 1 April 2013.
668:
666:
445:
382:
380:
378:
102:. He moved his operation in the 1850s to
926:"Mineral Resource of the Month - Sulfur"
797:
230:
222:
188:
888:
886:
732:"Superphosphate above 35% - production"
587:
585:
1243:
949:
947:
769:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–49.
663:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
375:
532:
530:
427:
1191:. MA Agriculture. 20 February 2023.
883:
757:
755:
753:
611:
582:
944:
492:
13:
1225:from the original on 29 March 2024
1195:from the original on 29 March 2024
1071:from the original on 26 April 2024
1027:from the original on 27 March 2024
967:from the original on 26 April 2024
932:from the original on 29 March 2024
906:from the original on 28 March 2024
899:. Stanford University. June 2004.
822:from the original on 28 March 2024
738:from the original on 29 March 2024
712:from the original on 28 March 2024
651:from the original on 29 March 2024
599:from the original on 28 March 2024
544:from the original on 28 March 2024
527:
515:from the original on 28 March 2024
454:from the original on 26 April 2024
14:
1272:
993:from the original on 8 April 2024
750:
680:from the original on 8 April 2024
625:from the original on 8 April 2024
621:. University of Hawaii at Manoa.
570:from the original on 8 April 2024
296:Adverse impacts of superphosphate
645:"Phosphorus leaching from soils"
480:from the original on 17 May 2020
197:, an approximate 1:1 mixture of
16:Phosphorus containing fertiliser
1207:
1181:
1132:
1083:
1039:
1005:
979:
918:
834:
791:
724:
692:
474:"The Story of Corpolite Street"
180:
637:
556:
466:
421:
281:eq, single superphosphate 20%
171:
1:
1013:"Approaching peak phosphorus"
775:10.1002/14356007.a19_421.pub2
538:"Why phosphorus is important"
368:
258:. It is obtained by treating
447:10.1016/j.proeng.2012.09.461
164:help to encourage unwelcome
7:
239:. It primarily consists of
10:
1277:
387:O'Connor, Bernard (2005).
40:
1145:Plant and Cell Physiology
859:10.1007/s13280-017-0970-2
763:"Phosphate Fertilizers".
118:Agricultural significance
955:"Super-sensitive plants"
700:"Normal superphosphates"
428:Ivell, David M. (2012).
564:"Story: Superphosphate"
354:Grevillea crithmifolia
324:Phytophthora cinnamomi
125:adenosine triphosphate
60:In 1842, the Reverend
1261:Inorganic fertilizers
1023:. 15 September 2022.
798:Horsnell, LJ (1985).
343:Arbuscular mycorrhiza
241:monocalcium phosphate
231:Triple superphosphate
223:Double superphosphate
189:Single superphosphate
129:adenosine diphosphate
51:Industrial Revolution
434:Procedia Engineering
62:John Stevens Henslow
53:that graveyards and
1157:10.1093/pcp/pcab063
1108:10.1093/aob/mcac030
402:(5). Archived from
1221:. 14 August 2023.
853:(Suppl 1): 41–49.
268:potassium chloride
1256:Calcium compounds
1061:978-94-91040-69-6
816:10.1071/ea9850149
78:John Bennet Lawes
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1096:Annals of Botany
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348:Hakea prostrata
303:soil degradation
291:
280:
264:ammonium sulfate
257:
218:
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112:Coprolite Street
80:, who farmed in
74:William Buckland
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332:peak phosphorus
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1102:(6): 669–678.
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1038:
1004:
978:
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810:. CSIRO: 149.
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784:978-3527306732
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315:gas sweetening
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260:phosphate rock
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166:eutrophication
133:photosynthesis
119:
116:
92:Edward Packard
42:
39:
20:Superphosphate
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9:
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3:
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1017:Nature Plants
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409:on 2017-02-02
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82:Hertfordshire
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38:
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32:
29:
25:
24:sulfuric acid
21:
1227:. Retrieved
1218:
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1183:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1073:. Retrieved
1047:
1041:
1029:. Retrieved
1020:
1016:
1007:
995:. Retrieved
981:
969:. Retrieved
934:. Retrieved
920:
908:. Retrieved
850:
846:
836:
824:. Retrieved
807:
803:
793:
764:
740:. Retrieved
726:
714:. Retrieved
694:
682:. Retrieved
653:. Retrieved
639:
627:. Retrieved
619:"Phosphorus"
613:
601:. Retrieved
572:. Retrieved
558:
546:. Retrieved
517:. Retrieved
482:. Retrieved
468:
456:. Retrieved
437:
433:
423:
411:. Retrieved
404:the original
399:
395:
359:
352:
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339:Gondwanaland
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181:Formulations
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121:
90:
59:
44:
19:
18:
440:: 166–171.
237:fertilisers
172:Manufacture
35:phosphorite
1251:Phosphates
1245:Categories
734:. Knoema.
369:References
145:microbiome
86:Rothamsted
66:coprolites
31:coprolites
363:River Wye
160:action.
158:microbial
55:catacombs
28:phosphate
1229:29 March
1223:Archived
1219:BBC News
1199:29 March
1193:Archived
1175:34037236
1126:35247265
1075:29 March
1066:Archived
1031:28 March
1025:Archived
991:Archived
971:28 March
962:Archived
936:29 March
930:Archived
910:28 March
901:Archived
877:29178058
826:28 March
820:Archived
742:28 March
736:Archived
716:28 March
707:Archived
678:Archived
649:Archived
623:Archived
603:28 March
597:Archived
568:Archived
548:28 March
542:Archived
519:28 March
513:Archived
484:28 March
478:Archived
458:28 March
452:Archived
413:27 March
104:Bramford
1166:8504448
1117:9113155
997:8 April
868:5722739
705:. EPA.
684:8 April
655:8 April
629:8 April
574:8 April
149:ligands
96:Ipswich
70:Suffolk
41:History
1173:
1163:
1124:
1114:
1058:
875:
865:
781:
108:Fisons
100:Kirton
64:found
1069:(PDF)
1052:(PDF)
965:(PDF)
958:(PDF)
904:(PDF)
897:(PDF)
847:Ambio
710:(PDF)
703:(PDF)
407:(PDF)
392:(PDF)
47:guano
1231:2024
1201:2024
1171:PMID
1122:PMID
1077:2024
1056:ISBN
1033:2024
999:2024
973:2024
938:2024
912:2024
873:PMID
828:2024
779:ISBN
744:2024
718:2024
686:2024
657:2024
631:2024
605:2024
576:2024
550:2024
521:2024
486:2024
460:2024
415:2024
351:and
292:eq.
266:and
245:Ca(H
214:CaSO
212:and
199:Ca(H
1161:PMC
1153:doi
1112:PMC
1104:doi
1100:129
863:PMC
855:doi
812:doi
771:doi
442:doi
127:to
1247::
1217:.
1169:.
1159:.
1149:62
1147:.
1143:.
1120:.
1110:.
1098:.
1094:.
1064:.
1019:.
1015:.
946:^
885:^
871:.
861:.
851:47
849:.
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