863:
896:
881:
325:
75:
31:
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50:
555:. After mating, the male performs an ornate postcopulatory display shaking his tail while producing a soft clicking sound. Throughout, he faces the female and often will walk backwards. A study has found evidence that the lyrebirds' 'dance choreography' is highly coordinated to different types of song repertoire. Coordination of movement with acoustic signals is a trait previously thought to be unique to humans, and indicates high cognitive ability.
786:, but adults are also vulnerable due to their loud calls. It has been observed that males suffer higher degrees of mortality, suggesting that their courtship displays render them highly vulnerable. Methods utilised by superb lyrebirds to reduce predation risk include selection of protected areas for nest sites, mimicking calls of other predatory birds, and adopting solitary and timid behaviours.
405:
443:, they have brown and buff coloured patterning. Lyrates of superb lyrebirds are larger than of Albert lyrebirds. Between the lyrates are twelve filamentaries, feathers of flexible silvery barbs. In the centre of the tail are two silvery median feathers. The tail of the female is less ornate, with shorter lyrates and plain, broad feathers in place of the filamentaries.
466:, but young birds without territories may associate in small groups which can be single or mixed-sex. Lyrebirds are not strong fliers and are not highly mobile, often remaining within the same area for their entire lifespans. Superb lyrebird territories are generally small, and there are known behavioural differences between different populations.
427:, its feathers are brighter tail than that of Albert's lyrebirds. The wings are short and round, and are only capable of weak flight, being mainly used for balance or for gliding from trees to the ground. The legs are powerful, capable of running quickly, and the feet are strong enough to move branches up to 10 cm in diameter.
604:, with an estimated 70-80% of the male's vocalisations consisting of imitations of other species, mostly other birds but occasionally marsupials. Females also sing, regularly producing both lyrebird-specific song and vocal mimicry. Both sexes can intersperse vocal mimicry with lyrebird-specific vocalisations including songs and
666:. Females prefer males that produce more accurate mimicry and that have a greater diversity of mimetic songs in their repertoire. Although to the human ear the differences between songs are indistinguishable, there are differences in the mimetic song quality between individual lyrebirds due to signal degradation,
423:, ranging in length from 860 mm (34 in) for the female to 1 m (39 in) for the male. Females weigh around 0.9 kg (2.0 lb), and males weigh around 1.1 kg (2.4 lb). The plumage colour is mainly dark brown on the upper body, with greyish-brown underparts and red-tinged
637:
The quality of mimetic song increases with age, with adult superb lyrebirds having both greater accuracy and a more diverse repertoire of mimetic songs when compared to subadult birds. Subadult lyrebirds produce recognisable imitations, which fall short of adult versions in terms of frequency range,
546:
on the nearest mound. This display incorporates both song and dance elements. The male fans out his tail horizontally to cover his entire body and head. The tail feathers are vibrated, and the lyrebird beats his wings against his body and struts around the mound. He also sings loudly, incorporating
649:
species, there are significant differences in lyrebird song in different populations over its geographic range. These include differences in repertoire and vocalisation characteristics, and may be due to differences in local bird species assemblages, which provide different options for model
590:
694:
resulted primarily from the selection on males in attracting mates or deterring rivals. However, a study found that females also produced mimetic vocalisations while foraging and during nest defence, suggesting that mimicry has a function in deterring predators and conspecific rivals.
840:
historic painting of a male and female pair of superb lyrebirds has the tail feathers of the male incorrectly displayed, with the lyrates in the centre of the plume surrounded by the filamentaries. This happened when a superb lyrebird specimen was prepared for display at the
634:, a species that had not been recorded in the area for over 10 years. During the winter when the nestlings hatch, adults more frequently mimic model species that are less active during this time, again suggesting that mimetic items are initially learnt from other lyrebirds.
591:
365:
in 1934–54, amid ill-founded fears the species was becoming threatened with extinction in its mainland populations. The
Tasmania population is thriving and even growing. Across the rest of its large range, the lyrebird is common, and is evaluated as being of
396:. The preferred habitat of the bird is in wet forest and rainforest, where there is an open ground layer of moist leaf litter shaded by vegetation. In favourable seasons, the lyrebird range is often extended into drier areas further from water sources.
533:, with a single male mating with several females. A male's territory can overlap with up to six female territories. Within his territory, the male will construct several circular mounds of bare dirt on the forest floor, for the purpose of conducting
674:, as well as the frequency and volume attained. There is evidence that there are costs associated with the development of mimetic song, and while these costs are currently unknown, they indicate that that quality of a lyrebird's mimetic song is an
505:. The birds are most likely to forage in damp rainforest vegetation relative to drier areas, and in areas where the bottom vegetation strata is open and low in complexity, allowing good access to food sources in the leaf litter.
880:
711:(ep. 6), the superb lyrebird is described as able to imitate twenty bird species' calls, and a male is shown mimicking a car alarm, chainsaw, and various camera shutters. However, two of the three lyrebirds featured were
541:
in lyrebirds, with females visiting the territories of several different males and choosing the most desirable males with which to copulate. When a male encounters a female lyrebird, he performs an elaborate
792:
Human factors also pose threats to superb lyrebirds. Because they are ground-dwelling, superb lyrebirds are particularly threatened by vehicle collisions. The presence of roads and infrastructure also pose
750:. A lyrebird can move and bury up to 200 tonnes per hectare of leaf litter and soil every year, disturbing the soil to a greater extent than virtually any other animal. This soil disturbance hastens the
592:
813:
An instantly recognisable bird, the superb lyrebird has been featured as an emblem many times. Notable examples of this include a male superb lyrebird being featured on the reverse side of the
1265:
Maisey, A.C.; Nimmo, D.G.; Bennett, A.F. (2019). "Habitat selection by the superb lyrebird (Menura novaehollandiae), an iconic ecosystem engineer in forests of south-eastern
Australia".
611:
The mimicry of the superb lyrebird is highly accurate, with even the model species at times unable to distinguish between model song and mimicked song. For example, one study found that
622:
initially learn mimetic items through transmission by older lyrebirds, rather than from the model species themselves. This is reflected in the vocalisations of lyrebirds in the
1055:
581:
by the female for up to 7 weeks. Post-fledging parental care lasts several months, with the female exerting significant energy in feeding and brooding the nestling.
232:, the superb lyrebird displays one of the most sophisticated voice skills within the animal kingdom—"the most elaborate, the most complex, and the most beautiful".
690:
Historically, there has been far more research on the mimetic abilities of male lyrebirds. This is primarily due to the assumption that the evolution of song in
1054:
789:
As the superb lyrebird is a poor flyer, when alarmed it will tend to run away, sometimes incorporating short gliding flights to lower perches or downhill.
1384:
Smith, L.H. (2004). "Structural changes in the lyrate feathers in the development of the tail plumage of the superb lyrebird, Menura novaehollandiae".
454:, with feathers undergoing change in structure and patterning. The male superb lyrebird reaches maturity in 7–9 years, and the female in 6–7 years.
382:
1860:
Zann, R.; Dunstan, E. (2008). "Mimetic song in superb lyrebirds: species mimicked and mimetic accuracy in different populations and age classes".
862:
2454:
1516:
Dalziell, A.H.; Magrath, R.D. (2012). "Fooling the experts: accurate vocal mimicry in the song of the superb lyrebird, Menura novaehollandiae".
2213:
2493:
889:'s early 1800s painting of museum specimens of a male superb lyrebird (with tail feathers incorrectly displayed) and a female superb lyrebird
256:
on 4 November 1800, but his work was not published until 1802; in the intervening time period, however, the species was described and named
2573:
347:
1089:
2428:
895:
818:
1458:
Powys, V. (1995). "Regional variation in the territorial songs of superb lyrebirds in the
Central Tablelands of New South Wales".
2467:
2319:
316:
The classification of lyrebirds was the subject of much debate after the first specimens reached
European scientists after 1798.
2040:
Nungent, D.T. (2014). "Interactions between the superb lyrebird (Menura novaehollandiae) and fire in south-eastern
Australia".
1445:(J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
1116:
2472:
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out of sticks on raised earth platforms. Nests are most likely to be located in wetter areas with deep leaf litter and high
1108:
872:
245:
722:
A recording of a superb lyrebird mimicking sounds of an electronic shooting game, workmen, and chainsaws was added to the
2593:
1686:"Male superb lyrebirds mimic functionally distinct heterospecific vocalizations during different modes of sexual display"
371:
2196:
2588:
853:
826:
1577:"Male Superb Lyrebirds (Menura novaehollandiae) perform an ornate multimodal display immediately following copulation"
2583:
2185:
1895:
Crisologo, Taylor; Dzielski, Sarah; Purcell, James; Webster, Michael; Welbergen, Justin; Dalziell, Anastasia (2022).
1490:
Elliott, T.F.; Vernes, K. (2019). "Superb lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae mycophagy, truffles and soil disturbance".
1368:
450:
have no ornamental tail feathers. The tail plumage develops into that of the mature bird through a series of annual
2598:
2279:
2498:
1556:
Lill, A. (1979). "An assessment of male parental investment and pair bonding in the polygamous superb lyrebird".
723:
268:. Latham described the inner webs of the bird's outer tail-feathers as having numerous transparent lunules, its
2219:
1925:
731:
462:
Superb lyrebirds are ground-dwelling birds that typically live solitary lives. Adults usually live singly in
2306:
596:
Superb lyrebird sings in a suburban Sydney backyard, mimicking several
Australian native bird calls. (3:30)
224:, and is renowned for its elaborate tail and courtship displays, and its excellent mimicry. The species is
849:
who had never seen a live lyrebird, and Gould later painted his artwork from this incorrect presentation.
439:. There are outer two feathers broad and S-shaped named "lyrates" for their resemblance to the shape of a
2366:
2301:
1897:"Selective alarm call mimicry in the sexual display of the male superb lyrebird (Menura novaehollandiae)"
261:
185:
2371:
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in the ecosystem. The lyrebirds' clearing of bare patches also reduces the amount of fuel available for
2229:
969:
947:
719:
with such close similarity that a nearby kookaburra began responding to the lyrebird and calling back.
570:
vegetation complexity, reflecting the requirements of food availability and protection from predators.
1986:
1754:"Male lyrebirds create a complex acoustic illusion of a mobbing flock during courtship and copulation"
2332:
538:
253:
654:, with lyrebirds more likely to mimic fragments of bird songs that are most acoustically prominent.
615:
did not respond any differently to hearing their own songs than to hearing imitations by lyrebirds.
814:
350:
site. The superb lyrebird is found in the forests of southeastern
Australia, ranging from southern
74:
2000:
1964:
2537:
2459:
2340:
2293:
2241:
1616:
Dalziell, A.H.; Peters, R.A.; Cockburn, A.; Dorland, A.D.; Maisey, A.C.; Magrath, R.D. (2013).
802:
518:
2485:
2532:
265:
169:
2524:
2201:
2345:
2288:
771:
386:
217:
1725:
Robinson, F. N.; Curtis, H. S. (1996). "The vocal displays of the lyrebirds (Menuridae)".
8:
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1083:
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822:
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The foraging behaviour of the superb lyrebird has a major effect on the structure of the
727:
716:
619:
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447:
336:
contains fossils of lyrebirds dating back to about 15 million years ago. The prehistoric
39:
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1877:
1783:
1707:
1598:
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1401:
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selection. It could also be due to differences in the acoustic environment mediated by
463:
417:
393:
338:
229:
69:
2358:
1657:
Reilly, P.N. (1970). "Nesting of the superb lyrebird in
Sherbrooke Forest, Victoria".
1185:
Robinson, F.N.; Curtis, S. (1996). "The vocal displays of the lyrebirds (Menuridae)".
1010:
Menkhorst, P.; Rodgers, D.; Clarke, R.; Davies, J.; Marsack, P.; Franklin, K. (2017).
2519:
2389:
2181:
2022:
1787:
1775:
1711:
1639:
1602:
1436:
1364:
1305:
Ashton, D.H.; Bassett, O.D. (1997). "The effects of foraging by the superb lyrebird (
1148:
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1112:
623:
552:
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333:
2061:
1881:
1537:
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977:
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2012:
1904:
1869:
1825:
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1734:
1697:
1666:
1629:
1618:"Dance choreography is coordinated with song repertoire in a complex avian display"
1588:
1525:
1467:
1424:
1393:
1322:
1274:
1194:
973:
942:
663:
627:
351:
299:
2381:
2075:
Kenyon, R.F. (1972). "Polygyny among superb lyrebirds in
Sherbrooke Forest Park".
1873:
1702:
1685:
1529:
978:"Lyrebirds, scrubbirds, bowerbirds, Australasian treecreepers, Australasian wrens"
228:
to
Australia and is found in forest in the southeast of the country. According to
2506:
577:. Eggs are laid in a deep bed of lyrebird feathers within the nest, and are then
522:
482:
and insects found on the forest floor. There is also evidence that the birds are
435:
Adult males have tails up to 70 cm (28 in) long, consisting of sixteen
248:
illustrated and described this species as the "superb lyrebird", which he called
241:
1909:
1896:
842:
755:
679:
578:
424:
1950:
1770:
1753:
1752:
Dalziell, Anastasia; Maisey, Alex; Magrath, Robert; Welbergen, Justin (2021).
1634:
1617:
1027:
Attenborough: the amazing Lyre Bird sings like a chainsaw! Now in high quality
1025:
324:
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2264:
2026:
2017:
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933:
751:
675:
667:
574:
559:
367:
277:
59:
54:
1951:"Amazing! Bird sounds from the lyrebird – David Attenborough – BBC Wildlife"
1830:
1813:
1363:. Kensington, New South Wales, Australia: New South Wales University Press.
1779:
1643:
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775:
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612:
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consistency and acoustic purity, for example in imitations of the complex
30:
2511:
2441:
2273:
1955:
1420:
671:
513:
502:
2545:
2433:
2154:
Austral English: A Dictionary of Australasian Words, Phrases and Usages
2128:
886:
837:
651:
567:
537:
These mounds are defended vigorously from other males. There is strong
389:
355:
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1738:
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1471:
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Superb lyrebirds are vulnerable to native predatory birds such as the
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registry in 2013. The vocalizations of some superb lyrebirds in the
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The mimicry of male superb lyrebirds is a well-known example of a
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by scratching vigorously in the upper soil layers, disturbing the
2327:
1959:
797:, for example disturbance from domestic animals and predation by
601:
548:
498:
436:
343:
313:", the name given by early Dutch explorers to Western Australia.
310:
1684:
Dalziell, Anastasia; Welbergen, Justin; Magrath, Robert (2022).
1082:
2314:
2207:
1894:
762:, which in turn reduces the extent and intensity of wildfires.
487:
96:
1751:
918:
916:
2402:
1814:"Elaborate mimetic vocal displays by female superb lyrebirds"
1615:
1215:
Smith, L.H. (1997). "Building a viable lyrebird population".
735:
378:
269:
1009:
573:
The female breeds once per year in winter, usually laying a
408:
Superb lyrebird in courtship display – as seen from the back
913:
563:
440:
404:
116:
1111:. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 250.
2001:"A little flute music: mimicry, memory, and narrativity"
1683:
1067:. Vol. 6. London (published 1802). pp. 207–10.
600:
The superb lyrebird is renowned for its elaborate vocal
377:
This range of the superb lyrebird includes a variety of
1421:"Superb Lyrebird (Menura novaehollandiae), version 1.0"
657:
922:
630:, which were observed to frequently mimic the song of
474:
The diet of the superb lyrebird consists primarily of
1999:
Powys, Vicki; Taylor, Hollis; Probets, Carol (2013).
968:
856:, also has the tail feathers displayed incorrectly.
264:
in 1801, and this is the accepted name by virtue of
1998:
1264:
948:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22703605A132071218.en
698:
1811:
1574:
715:birds. One of the three was observed imitating a
2565:
2158:The most southerly county in Victoria is called
1515:
1724:
1184:
805:, which is often associated with urban areas.
754:of the leaf litter, and increases the rate of
734:area of New South Wales are said to possess a
332:Lyrebirds are ancient Australian animals. The
1926:"Lyrebirds mimicking chainsaws: fact or lie?"
1489:
1304:
1146:
852:A specimen of a male superb lyrebird, at the
1575:Dalziell, A. H..; Welbergen, J. A.. (2022).
1236:
1093:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1859:
1418:
584:
319:
290:
281:
2226:Photos, audio and video of superb lyrebird
1109:"Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird-names"
48:
29:
2129:"NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service"
2016:
1908:
1829:
1769:
1701:
1633:
1592:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1239:The Field Guide to the Birds of Australia
946:
819:NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service
1812:Dalziell, A.H.; Welbergen, J.A. (2016).
1077:
765:
588:
512:
457:
403:
323:
2039:
1241:(2 ed.). HarperCollins Publishers.
1106:
782:. Nests are particularly vulnerable to
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2148:
2074:
1923:
1855:
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1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
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1656:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1492:International Journal of Avian Science
1358:
1333:
1102:
1100:
1052:
901:A male superb lyrebird museum specimen
741:
508:
216:, with the other being the much rarer
2240:
2239:
2220:Superb lyrebird photo and information
1967:from the original on 14 December 2021
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
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1483:
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1232:
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1208:
984:. International Ornithologists' Union
685:
276:comes from this description from the
212:, one of two species from the family
1555:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
658:Mimicry as a sexually selected trait
469:
361:The bird was introduced to southern
328:Superb lyrebird in courtship display
2574:IUCN Red List least concern species
2208:Superb lyrebird scientific research
2162:; it is the haunt of the Lyre-bird.
1838:
1794:
1544:
1412:
1097:
1065:Transactions of the Linnean Society
934:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
832:
372:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
220:. It is one of the world's largest
13:
2222:– Sherbrooke Lyrebird Survey Group
2171:
1924:Taylor, Hollis (3 February 2014).
1818:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
1502:
1478:
1448:
1419:Lill, A.; Boesman, P.F.D. (2020).
1327:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1997.tb00688.x
1293:
1245:
1227:
1205:
1060:, a Bird of New South Wales"
1053:Davies, Thomas (4 November 1800).
962:
854:American Museum of Natural History
558:Females are the sole providers of
14:
2610:
2190:
1985:National Film and Sound Archive:
1163:
996:
2156:. Macmillan and Co. p. 63.
894:
879:
861:
430:
412:The superb lyrebird is a large,
73:
2307:Menura_(Menura)_novaehollandiae
2142:
2121:
2095:
2068:
2033:
1992:
1979:
1943:
1917:
1888:
1745:
1718:
1677:
1650:
1609:
1568:
1377:
1361:The Lyrebird: a natural history
1237:Pizzey, G.; Knight, F. (2003).
923:BirdLife International (2018).
724:National Film and Sound Archive
699:Mimicry of anthropogenic sounds
678:that can be used by females in
1313:forests at Beenak, Victoria".
1140:
1071:
1046:
1018:
399:
342:has been described from early
1:
2180:William Heinemann Australia.
1874:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.05.021
1703:10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.04.002
1530:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.03.009
1315:Australian Journal of Ecology
906:
808:
240:Based on specimens sent from
1014:. Clayton: CSIRO Publishing.
982:World Bird List Version 13.1
871:– superb lyrebird (1800) by
346:fossils found at the famous
7:
1359:Reilly, Pauline N. (1988).
817:, and as the emblem of the
547:his own vocalisations with
252:, in a presentation to the
235:
10:
2615:
2594:Endemic birds of Australia
2230:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
2197:BirdLife Species Factsheet
1910:10.1007/s10682-022-10200-w
1107:Jobling, James A. (2010).
821:. The Victorian county of
517:Nest site photographed by
244:to England, Major-General
2589:Birds of Victoria (state)
2248:
2178:The Life of the Lyrebird.
2077:Emu – Austral Ornithology
1771:10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.003
1659:Emu – Austral Ornithology
1635:10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.018
1460:Emu – Austral Ornithology
1386:Emu – Austral Ornithology
1187:Emu – Austral Ornithology
1012:The Australian Bird Guide
941:: e.T22703605A132071218.
562:. They build large domed
529:Superb lyrebirds exhibit
291:
282:
254:Linnean Society of London
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
2584:Birds of New South Wales
2018:10.1215/22011919-3611230
2005:Environmental Humanities
585:Vocalisation and mimicry
486:, meaning that they eat
320:Distribution and habitat
2599:Birds described in 1801
2152:(1898). "Bulln-Bulln".
1831:10.3389/fevo.2016.00034
1307:Menura novae-hollandiae
1217:Australian Bird Watcher
1090:Encyclopædia Britannica
815:Australian 10-cent coin
664:sexually selected trait
161:M. novaehollandiae
2551:Menura-novaehollandiae
2320:menura-novaehollandiae
2294:Menura_novaehollandiae
2280:Menura novaehollandiae
2250:Menura novaehollandiae
1429:10.2173/bow.suplyr1.01
1147:Boles, Walter (2011).
927:Menura novaehollandiae
597:
526:
409:
329:
266:nomenclatural priority
258:Menura novaehollandiae
202:Menura novaehollandiae
179:Menura novaehollandiae
2533:Paleobiology Database
2176:Smith, L. H. (1988).
2107:Royal Australian Mint
1151:. Pulse of the Planet
766:Threats and predators
595:
516:
458:Behaviour and ecology
407:
327:
1975:– via YouTube.
1901:Evolutionary Ecology
1149:"Lyrebird: Overview"
772:collared sparrowhawk
652:vegetation structure
2232:'s Macaulay Library
2216:– Dr. Ellen Rudolph
1987:Sounds of Australia
1042:– via YouTube
742:Ecosystem engineers
728:Sounds of Australia
717:laughing kookaburra
535:courtship displays.
509:Mating and breeding
205:) is an Australian
40:Conservation status
2354:BirdLife-Australia
2210:from 'LyrebirdLab'
1443:Birds of the World
1311:Eucalyptus regnans
972:; Donsker, David;
799:introduced species
705:David Attenborough
686:Mimicry in females
598:
527:
410:
394:sclerophyll forest
392:, and wet and dry
339:Menura tyawanoides
330:
230:David Attenborough
2561:
2560:
2520:Open Tree of Life
2242:Taxon identifiers
2204:– Museum Victoria
2150:Morris, Edward E.
2042:Wildlife Research
1739:10.1071/MU9960258
1628:(12): 1132–1135.
1594:10.1111/ibi.13052
1472:10.1071/MU9950280
1279:10.1111/aec.12684
1199:10.1071/MU9960258
1118:978-1-4081-3326-2
1084:"Lyre-Bird"
974:Rasmussen, Pamela
825:is named for its
624:Sherbrooke Forest
593:
544:courtship display
493:Superb lyrebirds
470:Diet and foraging
334:Australian Museum
218:Albert's lyrebird
193:
192:
63:
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2109:. 8 January 2016
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2020:
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1930:The Conversation
1921:
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1868:(3): 1043–1054.
1862:Animal Behaviour
1857:
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1809:
1792:
1791:
1773:
1764:(9): 1970–1976.
1749:
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1690:Animal Behaviour
1681:
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1671:10.1071/MU970073
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1606:
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1524:(6): 1401–1410.
1518:Animal Behaviour
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1056:"Description of
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833:Museum specimens
756:nutrient cycling
594:
539:sexual selection
354:to southeastern
300:specific epithet
294:
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285:
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181:
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
24:Superb lyrebird
21:
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2507:Observation.org
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2214:Superb lyrebird
2202:Superb lyrebird
2193:
2174:
2172:Further reading
2169:
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1758:Current Biology
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1622:Current Biology
1614:
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1398:10.1071/MU01020
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1267:Austral Ecology
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613:strike-thrushes
589:
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523:Bellinger River
511:
472:
460:
446:In both sexes,
433:
425:flight feathers
402:
322:
242:New South Wales
238:
197:superb lyrebird
189:
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72:
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16:Species of bird
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2191:External links
2189:
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2048:(3): 203–211.
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1321:(4): 383–394.
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1273:(3): 503–513.
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1193:(4): 258–275.
1162:
1139:
1117:
1096:
1081:, ed. (1911).
1079:Chisholm, Hugh
1070:
1058:Menura superba
1045:
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869:Menura superba
867:
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843:British Museum
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738:-like timbre.
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680:mate selection
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709:Life of Birds
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519:S. W. Jackson
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368:least concern
364:
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302:derives from
301:
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278:Ancient Greek
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246:Thomas Davies
243:
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170:Binomial name
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127:Passeriformes
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55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
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27:
22:
19:
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2132:. Retrieved
2123:
2111:. Retrieved
2106:
2097:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2011:(1): 43–70.
2008:
2004:
1994:
1981:
1969:. Retrieved
1954:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1929:
1919:
1900:
1890:
1865:
1861:
1821:
1817:
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1757:
1747:
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1689:
1679:
1665:(2): 73–78.
1662:
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1580:
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1190:
1186:
1153:. Retrieved
1142:
1130:. Retrieved
1088:
1073:
1064:
1057:
1048:
1036:, retrieved
1026:
1020:
1011:
986:. Retrieved
981:
964:
952:. Retrieved
938:
932:
926:
868:
851:
838:John Gould's
836:
812:
801:such as the
795:edge effects
791:
788:
776:gray goshawk
769:
760:forest fires
748:forest floor
745:
721:
708:
702:
689:
661:
644:
636:
617:
610:
599:
572:
557:
528:
492:
484:mycophagists
473:
461:
445:
434:
411:
381:, including
376:
360:
337:
331:
315:
306:
304:Modern Latin
298:"tail". Its
295:
286:
273:
257:
249:
239:
201:
200:
196:
194:
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
18:
2442:iNaturalist
2274:Wikispecies
2103:"Ten Cents"
1956:BBC Studios
1696:: 181–196.
970:Gill, Frank
954:12 November
847:taxidermist
732:New England
672:attenuation
618:Generally,
606:alarm calls
503:leaf litter
464:territories
418:terrestrial
400:Description
383:subtropical
348:Riversleigh
289:"moon" and
262:John Latham
2568:Categories
2546:Xeno-canto
1564:: 489–498.
1498:: 198–204.
907:References
887:John Gould
827:Woiwurrung
809:In culture
780:currawongs
692:passerines
645:Like many
632:pilotbirds
575:single egg
568:understory
553:bird calls
480:earthworms
390:rainforest
356:Queensland
2579:Menuridae
2160:Buln-Buln
2083:: 70–76.
2027:2201-1919
1788:232051050
1712:248574914
1603:247370446
1437:216280972
1392:: 59–73.
1155:3 October
1127:659731768
1032:BBC Earth
823:Buln Buln
784:predation
647:passerine
620:juveniles
579:incubated
551:of other
448:juveniles
421:passerine
387:temperate
222:songbirds
214:Menuridae
207:passerine
155:Species:
137:Menuridae
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
2486:22703605
2460:11125319
2346:22703605
2341:BirdLife
2259:Wikidata
2062:53573580
1965:Archived
1882:53170532
1780:33636120
1644:23746637
1538:53145329
1406:85865652
1287:91992855
1223:: 71–80.
640:whipbird
628:Victoria
531:polygyny
478:such as
437:feathers
414:pheasant
363:Tasmania
352:Victoria
236:Taxonomy
210:songbird
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
2434:2488980
2408:suplyr1
2382:suplyr1
2328:Avibase
2265:Q757013
1960:YouTube
1935:26 June
1558:The Auk
803:red fox
713:captive
602:mimicry
549:mimicry
499:topsoil
416:-sized
370:on the
344:Miocene
311:Holland
270:generic
226:endemic
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
2538:416946
2525:531206
2473:561097
2421:MENUNO
2315:ARKive
2184:
2134:6 June
2113:5 June
2060:
2025:
1971:10 May
1880:
1786:
1778:
1710:
1642:
1601:
1536:
1435:
1404:
1367:
1285:
1132:27 May
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