327:
20:
432:
344:
Load (AUL) or
Absorbency Against Pressure (AAP). The dried polymer particles are then screened for proper particle size distribution and packaging. The gel polymerization (GP) method is currently the most popular method for making the sodium polyacrylate superabsorbent polymers now used in baby diapers and other disposable hygienic articles.
90:. Low-density cross-linked SAPs generally have a higher absorbent capacity and swell to a larger degree. These types of SAPs also have a softer and stickier gel formation. High cross-link density polymers exhibit lower absorbent capacity and swell, and the gel strength is firmer and can maintain particle shape even under modest pressure.
260:
copolymers were originally designed for use in conditions with high electrolyte/mineral content and a need for long term stability including numerous wet/dry cycles. Uses include agricultural and horticultural. With the added strength of the acrylamide monomer, used as medical spill control, wire and
360:
Solution-based polymerization is commonly used today for SAP manufacture of co-polymers, particularly those with the toxic acrylamide monomer. This process is efficient and generally has a lower capital cost base. The solution process uses a water-based monomer solution to produce a mass of reactant
343:
containing 60 to 70% water. The logs are shredded or ground and placed in various types of driers. Additional cross-linking agents may be sprayed on the particles' surface; this "surface cross-linking" increases the product's ability to swell under pressure—a property measured as
Absorbency Under
78:
water, a SAP may absorb 300 times its weight (from 30 to 60 times its own volume) and can become up to 99.9% liquid, and when put into a 0.9% saline solution the absorbency drops to approximately 50 times its weight. The presence of valence cations in the solution impedes the polymer's ability to
352:
Solution polymers offer the absorbency of a granular polymer supplied in solution form. Solutions can be diluted with water prior to application, and can coat or saturate most substrates. After drying at a specific temperature for a specific time, the result is a coated substrate with
386:-based solvent. The net result is that the suspension polymerization creates the primary polymer particle in the reactor rather than mechanically in post-reaction stages. Performance enhancements can also be made during, or just after, the reaction stage.
835:
Mignon, Arn; Devisscher, Dries; Graulus, Geert-Jan; Stubbe, Birgit; Martins, José; Dubruel, Peter; De Belie, Nele; Van
Vlierberghe, Sandra (2017-01-02). "Combinatory approach of methacrylated alginate and acid monomers for concrete applications".
679:
Mignon, Arn; Vermeulen, Jolien; Snoeck, Didier; Dubruel, Peter; Van
Vlierberghe, Sandra; De Belie, Nele (2017-10-28). "Mechanical and self-healing properties of cementitious materials with pH-responsive semi-synthetic superabsorbent polymers".
334:
A mixture of acrylic acid, water, cross-linking agents and UV initiator chemicals are blended and placed either on a moving belt or in large tubs. The liquid mixture then goes into a "reactor" which is a long chamber with a series of strong
224:
The polymer came to be known as “Super
Slurper”. The USDA gave the technical know-how to several US companies for further development of the basic technology. A wide range of grafting combinations were attempted including work with
422:
had contaminated the fuel supply at Juanda
International Airport, which led to damage of the filter monitors and release of SAP spheres into the aircraft's fuel, eventually entering the main fuel supply lines.
723:
Horie, K.; Barón, Máximo; Fox, R. B.; He, J.; Hess, M.; Kahovec, J.; Kitayama, T.; Kubisa, P.; Maréchal, E.; Mormann, W.; Stepto, R. F. T.; Tabak, D.; Vohlídal, J.; Wilks, E. S.; Work, W. J. (1 January 2004).
381:
is practiced by only a few companies because it requires a higher degree of production control and product engineering during the polymerization step. This process suspends the water-based reactant in a
1075:
1145:
K. Horie; M. Báron; R. B. Fox; J. He; M. Hess; J. Kahovec; T. Kitayama; P. Kubisa; E. Maréchal; W. Mormann; R. F. T. Stepto; D. Tabak; J. Vohlídal; E. S. Wilks & W. J. Work (2004).
958:
Song, W., Xin, J., Zhang J. (2017). "One-pot synthesis of soy protein (SP)-poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) superabsorbent hydrogels via facile preparation of SP macromonomer".
170:
and disposable bed liners for nursing home patients in the USA. Early applications in the US market were with small regional diaper manufacturers as well as
166:
and waste aqueous fluid, and artificial snow for motion picture and stage production. The first commercial use was in 1978 for use in feminine napkins in
1025:
Report on the accident to Airbus A330-342 B-HLL operated by Cathay
Pacific Airways Limited at Hong Kong International Airport, Hong Kong on 13 April 2010
644:
Kabiri, K. (2003). "Synthesis of fast-swelling superabsorbent hydrogels: effect of crosslinker type and concentration on porosity and absorption rate".
365:
energy is used to drive much of the process, helping reduce manufacturing cost. The reactant polymer gel is then chopped, dried and ground to its final
221:
co-polymer gave water absorption greater than 400 times its weight. Also, the gel did not release liquid water the way that fiber-based absorbents do.
94:
985:
198:. The water-absorbing capacity of these types of materials is only up to eleven times their weight and most of it is lost under moderate pressure.
1024:
158:. SAPs are also used for blocking water penetration in underground power or communications cable, in self-healing concrete, horticultural
506:
406:, the aircraft landed safely with no fatalities. The investigation concluded that superabsorbent polymer (SAP) spheres, a component of a
369:
size. Any treatments to enhance performance characteristics of the SAP are usually accomplished after the final granule size is created.
766:
202:
1209:
1190:
1147:"Definitions of terms relating to reactions of polymers and to functional polymeric materials (IUPAC Recommendations 2003)"
726:"Definitions of terms relating to reactions of polymers and to functional polymeric materials (IUPAC Recommendations 2003)"
1050:
1123:
1105:
999:
1183:
Los materiales inteligentes de este milenio: Los hidrogeles macromoleculares. Síntesis, propiedades y aplicaciones
931:
Zohuriaan-Mehr, M.J (2009). "Protein- and homo poly(amino acid)-based hydrogels with super-swelling properties".
403:
357:
and cables, though it is especially optimized for use on components such as rolled goods or sheeted substrates.
123:
Superabsorbent polymers are crosslinked in order to avoid dissolution. There are three main classes of SAPs:
411:
282:
339:. The UV radiation drives the polymerization and cross-linking reactions. The resulting "logs" are sticky
1236:
1180:
1030:(Report). Civil Aviation Department The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. July 2013
318:. Each of the processes have their respective advantages but all yield a consistent quality of product.
191:
786:
Snoeck, Didier; Van
Tittelboom, Kim; Steuperaert, Stijn; Dubruel, Peter; De Belie, Nele (2012-03-15).
556:
395:
378:
311:
788:"Self-healing cementitious materials by the combination of microfibres and superabsorbent polymers"
288:
Other materials are also used to make a superabsorbent polymer, such as polyacrylamide copolymer,
277:
in the presence of an initiator to form a poly-acrylic acid sodium salt (sometimes referred to as
315:
104:
Polymer that can absorb and retain extremely large amounts of a liquid relative to its own mass.
1181:
Katime
Trabanca, Daniel; Katime Trabanca, Oscar; Katime Amashta, Issa Antonio (September 2004).
285:, sodium polyacrylate is listed in Food Additive Status List, and there are strict limitations.
1146:
594:
366:
310:
Today superabsorbent polymers are made using one of three primary methods: gel polymerization,
296:
252:/poly(acrylic acid) superabsorbent polymers with good mechanical strength have been prepared.
979:
913:
772:
159:
653:
484:
479:
155:
67:
1000:"Polymer Substances and Polymer Adjuvants for Food Treatment - 173.73 Sodium polyacrylate"
217:
molecules (i.e. starch-grafting). The hydrolyzed product of the hydrolysis of this starch-
8:
589:
362:
281:). This polymer is the most common type of SAP made in the world today. According to the
278:
63:
657:
1169:
879:
817:
747:
705:
495:
300:
248:(0.9%wt.) within the same range as synthetic polyacrylates do in current applications.
1090:
665:
1231:
1205:
1186:
1185:(1 ed.). Bilbao: Servicio Editorial de la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU).
871:
863:
709:
697:
564:
415:
326:
304:
245:
234:
83:
1173:
883:
821:
751:
66:. A SAP's ability to absorb water depends on the ionic concentration of the aqueous
1161:
967:
940:
853:
845:
807:
799:
737:
689:
661:
292:
274:
182:
Until the 1920s, water-absorbing materials were fiber-based products. Choices were
154:. SAPs were discontinued from use in tampons due to 1980s concern over a link with
43:
that can absorb and retain extremely large amounts of a liquid relative to its own
971:
849:
151:
71:
257:
241:
171:
163:
898:
787:
693:
1225:
867:
803:
701:
218:
210:
114:
The swelling ratio of a superabsorbent polymer can reach the order of 1000:1.
1165:
742:
725:
875:
812:
544:
471:
458:
270:
253:
226:
183:
147:
75:
353:
superabsorbency. For example, this chemistry can be applied directly onto
515:
407:
383:
269:
Superabsorbent polymers are now commonly made from the polymerization of
249:
205:(USDA) was conducting work on materials to improve water conservation in
36:
19:
86:
are controlled by the type and degree of cross-linkers used to make the
539:
489:
462:
419:
230:
195:
136:
858:
785:
944:
519:
55:
40:
402:
to Hong Kong encountered a dual engine stall whilst descending into
1199:
399:
336:
289:
240:
Today's research has proved the ability of natural materials, e.g.
59:
900:
Method and apparatus for powder coating a moving web: US 4561380 A
307:
to name a few. The latter is one of the oldest SAP forms created.
117:
Superabsorbent polymers for water are frequently polyelectrolytes.
523:
139:
51:
16:
Polymers that absorb and retain extremely large amounts of liquid
467:
214:
187:
143:
1144:
1092:
ADHESIVE BANDAGE: United States Patent
Application 20080027366
618:
Hawaii Energy and Environmental Technologies (HEET) Initiative
129:
2. Cellulose‐ or starch‐acrylonitrile graft copolymers
834:
167:
678:
244:
and proteins, to perform super absorbent properties in pure
957:
442:
354:
206:
44:
897:
Mulder, Douglas C.; O'Ryan, David E. (December 31, 1985),
509:(high-tech masking tape designed for use with latex paint)
431:
340:
126:
1. Cross‐linked polyacrylates and polyacrylamides
87:
1124:"Safety of sodium polyacrylate, potassium polyacrylate"
792:
Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures
111:
The liquid absorbed can be water or an organic liquid.
765:
Sun, Fang; Messner, Bernfried A. (December 5, 2006),
1200:
Buchholz, Fredric L; Graham, Andrew T, eds. (1997).
768:
Manufacture of web superabsorbent polymer and fiber
132:3. Cross‐linked maleic anhydride copolymers
209:. They developed a resin based on the grafting of
1223:
1089:Da Silva Jr., Macedo Carlos (January 31, 2008),
896:
512:Fuel monitoring systems in aviation and vehicles
722:
930:
569:Water retention for supplying water to plants
299:, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers, cross-linked
135:The largest use of SAPs is found in personal
58:when mixed, absorb aqueous solutions through
1088:
1051:"Use of superabsorbent polymers in concrete"
984:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
914:"SUPER SLURPER Compound with a super thirst"
410:monitor installed in a fueling dispenser at
372:
764:
476:Drown-free water source for feeder insects
361:polymerized gel. The polymerization's own
347:
857:
811:
741:
1202:Modern Superabsorbent Polymer Technology
445:for motion picture and stage productions
430:
325:
203:United States Department of Agriculture
18:
414:caused the main metering valves in the
1224:
1048:
643:
451:Cement-based materials (e.g. concrete)
264:
1204:(1 ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
321:
612:
610:
1110:U.S. Food & Drug Administration
283:U.S. Food & Drug Administration
35:) is a water-absorbing hydrophilic
13:
933:Polymers for Advanced Technologies
303:, and starch grafted copolymer of
14:
1248:
1004:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
607:
418:to seize. It was discovered that
1116:
1098:
1082:
1068:
1042:
1017:
992:
951:
924:
906:
404:Hong Kong International Airport
82:The SAP's total absorbency and
890:
828:
779:
758:
716:
672:
637:
624:
79:bond with the water molecule.
1:
1138:
1049:Jensen, Ole Mejlhede (2013).
972:10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.02.018
960:Industrial Crops and Products
850:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.08.102
666:10.1016/S0014-3057(02)00391-9
572:Wire and cable water blocking
213:polymer onto the backbone of
23:Superabsorbent polymer powder
600:
535:Medical waste solidification
412:Juanda International Airport
29:superabsorbent polymer (SAP)
7:
1106:"Food Additive Status List"
583:
389:
10:
1253:
1154:Pure and Applied Chemistry
730:Pure and Applied Chemistry
529:Hot and cold therapy packs
177:
54:, which are classified as
694:10.1617/s11527-017-1109-4
557:environmental remediation
396:Cathay Pacific flight 780
373:Suspension polymerization
312:suspension polymerization
246:water and saline solution
804:10.1177/1045389X12438623
682:Materials and Structures
646:European Polymer Journal
555:Waste stabilization and
454:Composites and laminates
295:copolymer, cross-linked
201:In the early 1960s, the
1166:10.1351/pac200476040889
1122:
998:
743:10.1351/pac200476040889
426:
348:Solution polymerization
316:solution polymerization
142:products, such as baby
102:Superabsorbent polymer:
1058:Concrete International
595:Potassium polyacrylate
457:Controlled release of
436:
435:Expanded polymer balls
331:
297:carboxymethylcellulose
261:cable water blocking.
120:
24:
918:Agricultural Research
838:Carbohydrate Polymers
480:Expandable water toys
434:
329:
99:
22:
561:Water-absorbent pads
485:Expansion microscopy
156:toxic shock syndrome
1112:. 28 February 2024.
658:2003EurPJ..39.1341K
590:Sodium polyacrylate
363:exothermic reaction
279:sodium polyacrylate
265:Copolymer chemistry
162:agents, control of
1237:History of hygiene
775:on August 29, 2011
496:Fire-retardant gel
437:
416:fuel metering unit
394:On 13 April 2010,
379:suspension process
332:
322:Gel polymerization
301:polyethylene oxide
25:
1211:978-0-471-19411-8
1192:978-84-8373-637-1
920:: 7–9. June 1975.
518:(a cross between
503:Fragrance carrier
305:polyacrylonitrile
235:polyvinyl alcohol
84:swelling capacity
1244:
1215:
1196:
1177:
1151:
1132:
1131:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1055:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1029:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:
996:
990:
989:
983:
975:
955:
949:
948:
945:10.1002/pat.1395
928:
922:
921:
910:
904:
903:
894:
888:
887:
861:
832:
826:
825:
815:
783:
777:
776:
771:, archived from
762:
756:
755:
745:
720:
714:
713:
676:
670:
669:
652:(7): 1341–1348.
641:
635:
628:
622:
621:
614:
526:; used in China)
293:maleic anhydride
275:sodium hydroxide
152:sanitary napkins
50:Water-absorbing
1252:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1212:
1193:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1121:
1117:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1008:
1006:
997:
993:
977:
976:
956:
952:
929:
925:
912:
911:
907:
895:
891:
833:
829:
813:1854/LU-6869809
784:
780:
763:
759:
721:
717:
677:
673:
642:
638:
629:
625:
616:
615:
608:
603:
586:
581:
575:Wound dressings
532:Magical effects
429:
392:
375:
350:
324:
267:
242:polysaccharides
180:
160:water retention
121:
98:
64:water molecules
17:
12:
11:
5:
1250:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1197:
1191:
1178:
1160:(4): 889–906.
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1115:
1097:
1081:
1067:
1041:
1016:
991:
950:
939:(8): 655–671.
923:
905:
889:
827:
778:
757:
736:(4): 889–906.
715:
671:
636:
623:
605:
604:
602:
599:
598:
597:
592:
585:
582:
580:
579:
578:Food additives
576:
573:
570:
567:
562:
559:
553:
550:
547:
542:
536:
533:
530:
527:
513:
510:
504:
501:
498:
493:
487:
482:
477:
474:
465:
455:
452:
449:
446:
438:
428:
425:
391:
388:
374:
371:
349:
346:
323:
320:
266:
263:
258:polyacrylamide
179:
176:
172:Kimberly Clark
119:
118:
115:
112:
93:
92:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1249:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1026:
1020:
1005:
1001:
995:
987:
981:
973:
969:
965:
961:
954:
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:
919:
915:
909:
902:
901:
893:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
831:
823:
819:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
782:
774:
770:
769:
761:
753:
749:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
719:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
675:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
640:
633:
627:
619:
613:
611:
606:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
577:
574:
571:
568:
566:
563:
560:
558:
554:
552:Surgical pads
551:
549:Spill control
548:
546:
543:
541:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
521:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
500:Flood control
499:
497:
494:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
475:
473:
472:adult diapers
469:
466:
464:
460:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
440:
439:
433:
424:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
387:
385:
380:
370:
368:
364:
358:
356:
345:
342:
338:
328:
319:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
273:blended with
272:
262:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
222:
220:
219:acrylonitrile
216:
212:
211:acrylonitrile
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:adult diapers
145:
141:
138:
133:
130:
127:
124:
116:
113:
110:
109:
108:
107:
103:
96:
91:
89:
85:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:bonding with
61:
57:
53:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
31:(also called
30:
21:
1218:
1201:
1182:
1157:
1153:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1084:
1076:"水弹枪_百度图片搜索"
1070:
1061:
1057:
1044:
1032:. Retrieved
1019:
1007:. Retrieved
1003:
994:
980:cite journal
963:
959:
953:
936:
932:
926:
917:
908:
899:
892:
841:
837:
830:
795:
791:
781:
773:the original
767:
760:
733:
729:
718:
685:
681:
674:
649:
645:
639:
631:
626:
620:. July 2016.
617:
545:Potting soil
516:Gel blasters
492:applications
459:insecticides
393:
376:
359:
351:
333:
309:
287:
271:acrylic acid
268:
254:Polyacrylate
239:
227:acrylic acid
223:
200:
184:tissue paper
181:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
105:
101:
100:
81:
49:
37:homopolymers
33:slush powder
32:
28:
26:
1128:Socopolymer
1064:(1): 48–52.
966:: 117–125.
844:: 448–455.
538:Motionless
441:Artificial
408:fuel filter
384:hydrocarbon
250:Soy protein
1226:Categories
1139:References
1009:August 16,
859:1942/22766
688:(6): 238.
630:Horie, K,
540:water beds
490:Filtration
463:herbicides
420:salt water
231:acrylamide
196:fluff pulp
137:disposable
97:definition
41:copolymers
868:0144-8617
798:: 13–24.
710:255318116
702:1871-6873
601:Citations
565:Water gel
520:paintball
507:Frog tape
337:UV lights
76:distilled
72:deionized
56:hydrogels
1232:Polymers
1174:98351038
884:46760339
876:27702534
822:92983639
752:98351038
584:See also
400:Surabaya
390:Aviation
330:Hydrogel
290:ethylene
68:solution
60:hydrogen
52:polymers
654:Bibcode
524:airsoft
468:Diapers
448:Candles
367:granule
237:(PVA).
178:History
144:diapers
140:hygiene
1208:
1189:
1172:
1034:10 Oct
882:
874:
866:
820:
750:
708:
700:
634:, 890.
632:et al.
215:starch
194:, and
192:sponge
188:cotton
106:Notes:
1170:S2CID
1150:(PDF)
1054:(PDF)
1028:(PDF)
880:S2CID
818:S2CID
748:S2CID
706:S2CID
398:from
355:wires
207:soils
168:Japan
164:spill
95:IUPAC
70:. In
1206:ISBN
1187:ISBN
1036:2023
1011:2021
986:link
872:PMID
864:ISSN
698:ISSN
522:and
470:and
461:and
443:snow
427:Uses
377:The
341:gels
233:and
150:and
74:and
45:mass
1162:doi
968:doi
964:100
941:doi
854:hdl
846:doi
842:155
808:hdl
800:doi
738:doi
690:doi
662:doi
314:or
88:gel
39:or
1228::
1168:.
1158:76
1156:.
1152:.
1126:.
1108:.
1062:35
1060:.
1056:.
1002:.
982:}}
978:{{
962:.
937:20
935:.
916:.
878:.
870:.
862:.
852:.
840:.
816:.
806:.
796:25
794:.
790:.
746:.
734:76
732:.
728:.
704:.
696:.
686:50
684:.
660:.
650:39
648:.
609:^
229:,
190:,
186:,
174:.
146:,
47:.
27:A
1214:.
1195:.
1176:.
1164::
1130:.
1078:.
1038:.
1013:.
988:)
974:.
970::
947:.
943::
886:.
856::
848::
824:.
810::
802::
754:.
740::
712:.
692::
668:.
664::
656::
256:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
