2806:
90:
2818:
22:
887:
2890:
2780:
1199:
maximum for a Sun-synchronous orbit, and doing more than 16 would require an orbit inside the Earth's atmosphere or surface. The resulting valid orbits are shown in the following table. (The table has been calculated assuming the periods given. The orbital period that should be used is actually slightly longer. For instance, a retrograde equatorial orbit that passes over the same spot after 24 hours has a true period about
2854:
2878:
2830:
596:
2866:
2842:
1095:
882:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\rho &\approx -{\frac {3J_{2}R_{\text{E}}^{2}{\sqrt {\mu }}\cos i}{2a^{7/2}}}\\&=-(360^{\circ }{\text{ per year}})\times \left({\frac {a}{12\,352{\text{ km}}}}\right)^{-7/2}\cos i\\&=-(360^{\circ }{\text{ per year}})\times \left({\frac {T}{3.795{\text{ h}}}}\right)^{-7/3}\cos i,\end{aligned}}}
121:
between day and night. Riding the terminator is useful for active radar satellites, as the satellites' solar panels can always see the Sun, without being shadowed by the Earth. It is also useful for some satellites with passive instruments that need to limit the Sun's influence on the measurements,
85:
wavelengths, such as weather and spy satellites, and for other remote-sensing satellites, such as those carrying ocean and atmospheric remote-sensing instruments that require sunlight. For example, a satellite in Sun-synchronous orbit might ascend across the equator twelve times a day, each time at
1628:
evolve, due to higher-order perturbations in the Earth's gravitational field, the pressure of sunlight, and other causes. Earth observation satellites, in particular, prefer orbits with constant altitude when passing over the same spot. Careful selection of eccentricity and location of perigee
1198:
If one wants a satellite to fly over some given spot on Earth every day at the same hour, the satellite must complete a whole number of orbits per day. Assuming a circular orbit, this comes down to between 7 and 16 orbits per day, as doing less than 7 orbits would require an altitude above the
902:
170:, which perturbs inclined orbits, causes the orbital plane of the spacecraft to precess with the desired rate. The plane of the orbit is not fixed in space relative to the distant stars, but rotates slowly about the Earth's axis.
297:
25:
Diagram showing the orientation of a Sun-synchronous orbit (green) at four points in the year. A non-Sun-synchronous orbit (magenta) is also shown for reference. Dates are shown in white: day/month.
1090:{\displaystyle \cos i\approx -{\frac {2\rho }{3J_{2}R_{\text{E}}^{2}{\sqrt {\mu }}}}a^{7/2}=-\left({\frac {a}{12\,352{\text{ km}}}}\right)^{7/2}=-\left({\frac {T}{3.795{\text{ h}}}}\right)^{7/3}.}
551:
601:
1722:
214:
1629:
reveals specific combinations where the rate of change of perturbations are minimized, and hence the orbit is relatively stable – a
1960:
1781:
122:
as it is possible to always point the instruments towards the night side of the Earth. The dawn/dusk orbit has been used for solar-observing
1742:
1671:
1143:, which means that only lower orbits can be Sun-synchronous. The period can be in the range from 88 minutes for a very low orbit (
105:
of 10:30. The LST zones show how the local time beneath the satellite varies at different latitudes and different points on its orbit.
117:, where the local mean solar time of passage for equatorial latitudes is around sunrise or sunset, so that the satellite rides the
173:
Typical Sun-synchronous orbits around Earth are about 600–800 km (370–500 mi) in altitude, with periods in the 96–100-
2657:
2717:
505:
1873:
Low, Samuel Y. W. (January 2022). "Designing a
Reference Trajectory for Frozen Repeat Near-Equatorial Low Earth Orbits".
1827:
1634:
181:
compared to the direction of Earth's rotation: 0° represents an equatorial orbit, and 90° represents a polar orbit.
2712:
2592:
2011:
569:
2805:
2677:
2431:
2750:
2389:
2380:
2117:
1947:
1215:≈ 1.0027 times longer than the time between overpasses. For non-equatorial orbits the factor is closer to 1.)
45:
around a planet, in which the satellite passes over any given point of the planet's surface at the same local
1620:
over the Earth surface. Even if an orbit remains Sun-synchronous, however, other orbital parameters such as
2697:
2167:
113:, where the local mean solar time of passage for equatorial latitudes is around noon or midnight, and the
2642:
1613:
1967:
77:
on the planet underneath it is nearly the same. This consistent lighting is a useful characteristic for
2796:
2622:
2449:
1789:
53:
through one complete revolution each year, so it always maintains the same relationship with the Sun.
2760:
2745:
2270:
1953:
1125:
of the spacecraft over Earth's surface, this formula gives a Sun-synchronous inclination of 98.7°.
66:
2755:
2063:
1846:
Rosengren, M. (November 1992). "ERS-1 - An Earth
Observer that exactly follows its Chosen Path".
1601:. The Sun will not be in exactly the same position in the sky during the course of the year (see
2617:
2219:
2139:
2127:
1819:
1723:"Stabilization of heliosynchronous orbits of an Earth's artificial satellite by solar pressure"
1171:= 180°). A period longer than 3.8 hours may be possible by using an eccentric orbit with
352:
2910:
2740:
2682:
2652:
2440:
2285:
2255:
2199:
2078:
1701:
1658:
1642:
1621:
123:
1916:
Rosengren, Mats (1989). "Improved technique for
Passive Eccentricity Control (AAS 89-155)".
1811:
1764:
2765:
2587:
2371:
2260:
2229:
2157:
2132:
2107:
2068:
2049:
2004:
1921:
1882:
1855:
1734:
1681:
1625:
162:. This precession is achieved by tuning the inclination to the altitude of the orbit (see
8:
2882:
2627:
2422:
2162:
1686:
1598:
1925:
1886:
1859:
1738:
196:
that is almost spherical will need an outside push to maintain a Sun-synchronous orbit.
2870:
2858:
2822:
2300:
2189:
2087:
1898:
326:
131:
118:
89:
74:
2817:
2667:
2565:
2495:
2250:
2204:
2122:
1984:
1941:
1902:
1823:
1812:
1589:
When one says that a Sun-synchronous orbit goes over a spot on the Earth at the same
178:
70:
62:
2834:
2647:
2579:
2343:
2305:
2179:
2149:
2102:
1890:
1602:
205:
167:
155:
151:
147:
292:{\displaystyle \Delta \Omega =-3\pi {\frac {J_{2}R_{\text{E}}^{2}}{p^{2}}}\cos i,}
2687:
2280:
2184:
2174:
2073:
1997:
1594:
561:
185:
46:
2894:
2810:
2783:
2735:
2727:
2722:
2607:
2602:
2533:
2513:
2504:
2097:
2083:
2059:
2054:
2029:
1691:
2904:
2637:
2632:
2551:
2194:
2112:
403:
2846:
2702:
2612:
2486:
2469:
2327:
2224:
2092:
1630:
102:
2707:
2542:
2312:
2292:
2209:
1696:
42:
21:
154:(rotate) approximately one degree eastward each day with respect to the
2275:
1989:
1654:
330:
98:
50:
2889:
2692:
2044:
1894:
78:
208:
per orbit for an Earth orbiting satellite is approximately given by
1676:
1650:
1606:
94:
82:
1942:
Sandwell, David T., The
Gravity Field of the Earth - Part 1 (2002)
2597:
1638:
135:
73:, because every time that the satellite is overhead, the surface
1633:, where the motion of position of the periapsis is stable. The
419:
174:
1721:
Tscherbakova, N. N.; Beletskii, V. V.; Sazonov, V. V. (1999).
2402:
2021:
1646:
193:
127:
1720:
1229:
189:
2841:
1818:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2007. p.
1661:, are all operated in such Sun-synchronous frozen orbits.
365:
An orbit will be Sun-synchronous when the precession rate
590:
for a circular or almost circular orbit, it follows that
159:
177:
range, and inclinations of around 98°. This is slightly
49:. More technically, it is an orbit arranged so that it
138:, affording them a nearly continuous view of the Sun.
2794:
905:
599:
546:{\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a^{3}}{\mu }}},}
508:
217:
1966:. Space Flight Mechanics Conference. Archived from
109:Special cases of the Sun-synchronous orbit are the
1089:
881:
545:
496:is the period of the spacecraft around the earth.
393:equals the mean motion of the Earth about the Sun
291:
158:to keep pace with the Earth's movement around the
146:A Sun-synchronous orbit is achieved by having the
184:Sun-synchronous orbits are possible around other
2902:
1612:Sun-synchronous orbits are mostly selected for
361:is the inclination of the orbit to the equator.
2005:
1616:, with an altitude typically between 600 and
93:Sun-synchronous orbit from a top view of the
81:that image the Earth's surface in visible or
1961:"The A-B-Cs of Sun Synchronous Orbit Design"
1985:List of satellites in Sun-synchronous orbit
1950:, from U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission
1714:
1167:, but this orbit would be equatorial, with
2779:
2012:
1998:
1672:Orbital perturbation analysis (spacecraft)
1135:equals −1 when the semi-major axis equals
1128:Note that according to this approximation
1915:
1845:
1008:
741:
499:As the orbital period of a spacecraft is
2019:
1814:Our Changing Planet: The View from Space
192:. A satellite orbiting a planet such as
88:
20:
2903:
2658:Transposition, docking, and extraction
1948:Sun-Synchronous Orbit dictionary entry
1918:Advances in the Astronautical Sciences
1875:AIAA Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets
163:
61:A Sun-synchronous orbit is useful for
1993:
1958:
327:coefficient for the second zonal term
141:
86:approximately 15:00 mean local time.
1841:
1839:
199:
1872:
13:
1959:Boain, Ronald J. (February 2004).
1935:
492:is the earth orbital period while
221:
218:
14:
2922:
2718:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
1978:
1854:(72). European Space Agency: 76.
1836:
1804:
2888:
2876:
2864:
2852:
2840:
2828:
2816:
2804:
2778:
2713:Interplanetary Transport Network
2593:Collision avoidance (spacecraft)
570:standard gravitational parameter
345:is the mean radius of the Earth,
101:(LST) zones for reference and a
2678:Astronomical coordinate systems
2432:Longitude of the ascending node
56:
2751:Retrograde and prograde motion
1909:
1866:
1774:
1757:
814:
796:
721:
703:
1:
1708:
2698:Equatorial coordinate system
1614:Earth observation satellites
7:
1664:
10:
2927:
2450:Longitude of the periapsis
1920:. Vol. 69. AAS/NASA.
1593:each time, this refers to
1155:= 96°) to 3.8 hours (
2774:
2761:Specific angular momentum
2666:
2578:
2522:
2458:
2411:
2351:
2342:
2238:
2148:
2037:
2028:
1227:
1108:, i.e., for an altitude
16:Type of geocentric orbit
2756:Specific orbital energy
1765:"SATELLITES AND ORBITS"
2168:Geostationary transfer
1091:
883:
547:
293:
106:
39:heliosynchronous orbit
26:
2741:Orbital state vectors
2683:Characteristic energy
2653:Trans-lunar injection
2441:Argument of periapsis
2118:Prograde / Retrograde
2079:Hyperbolic trajectory
1702:World Geodetic System
1659:Canadian Space Agency
1643:European Space Agency
1622:argument of periapsis
1092:
884:
548:
294:
124:scientific satellites
92:
31:Sun-synchronous orbit
24:
2588:Bi-elliptic transfer
2108:Parabolic trajectory
1682:Geosynchronous orbit
1626:orbital eccentricity
1100:As an example, with
903:
597:
506:
402:, which is 360° per
215:
166:) such that Earth's
2628:Low-energy transfer
1973:on 25 October 2007.
1926:1989ommd.proc...49R
1887:2022JSpRo..59...84L
1860:1992ESABu..72...76R
1739:1999KosIs..37..417S
1687:Geostationary orbit
1599:apparent solar time
959:
647:
263:
111:noon/midnight orbit
2623:Inclination change
2271:Distant retrograde
1786:marine.rutgers.edu
1087:
945:
896:is 360° per year,
879:
877:
633:
564:of the orbit, and
543:
424:), so we must set
289:
249:
142:Orbital precession
107:
75:illumination angle
71:weather satellites
27:
2792:
2791:
2766:Two-line elements
2574:
2573:
2496:Eccentric anomaly
2338:
2337:
2205:Orbit of the Moon
2064:Highly elliptical
1792:on 22 August 2019
1782:"Types of Orbits"
1645:, as well as the
1585:
1584:
1064:
1061:
1018:
1015:
968:
965:
952:
840:
837:
812:
751:
748:
719:
688:
653:
640:
538:
537:
353:semi-latus rectum
275:
256:
200:Technical details
188:planets, such as
164:Technical details
37:), also called a
2918:
2893:
2892:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2821:
2820:
2809:
2808:
2800:
2782:
2781:
2723:Lagrangian point
2618:Hohmann transfer
2563:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2400:
2396:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2349:
2348:
2318:Heliosynchronous
2267:Lagrange points
2220:Transatmospheric
2035:
2034:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1974:
1972:
1965:
1930:
1929:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1895:10.2514/1.A34934
1870:
1864:
1863:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1817:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1788:. Archived from
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1741:. Archived from
1718:
1619:
1603:Equation of time
1569:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1194:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1134:
1124:
1120:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1050:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1000:
987:
986:
982:
969:
967:
966:
961:
958:
953:
950:
944:
943:
930:
922:
895:
888:
886:
885:
880:
878:
862:
861:
857:
845:
841:
839:
838:
835:
826:
813:
810:
808:
807:
786:
773:
772:
768:
756:
752:
750:
749:
746:
733:
720:
717:
715:
714:
693:
689:
687:
686:
685:
681:
664:
654:
649:
646:
641:
638:
632:
631:
618:
589:
579:
577:
567:
559:
552:
550:
549:
544:
539:
533:
532:
523:
522:
495:
491:
484:
483:
481:
480:
475:
472:
458:
456:
455:
447:
444:
423:
417:
414:
411:
401:
392:
391:
389:
388:
382:
379:
360:
350:
344:
324:
323:
321:
318:
298:
296:
295:
290:
276:
274:
273:
264:
262:
257:
254:
248:
247:
237:
168:equatorial bulge
156:celestial sphere
99:local solar time
2926:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2815:
2803:
2795:
2793:
2788:
2770:
2688:Escape velocity
2669:
2662:
2643:Rocket equation
2570:
2562:
2556:
2547:
2538:
2529:
2518:
2509:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2465:
2454:
2445:
2436:
2427:
2418:
2407:
2398:
2394:
2390:Semi-minor axis
2385:
2381:Semi-major axis
2376:
2367:
2361:
2334:
2256:Areosynchronous
2240:
2234:
2215:Sun-synchronous
2200:Near-equatorial
2144:
2024:
2018:
1981:
1970:
1963:
1938:
1936:Further reading
1933:
1914:
1910:
1871:
1867:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1745:on 3 March 2016
1727:Cosmic Research
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1667:
1617:
1595:mean solar time
1564:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1224:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1074:
1070:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1028:
1024:
1012:
1004:
999:
995:
994:
978:
974:
970:
960:
954:
949:
939:
935:
931:
923:
921:
904:
901:
900:
893:
876:
875:
853:
846:
834:
830:
825:
821:
820:
809:
803:
799:
784:
783:
764:
757:
745:
737:
732:
728:
727:
716:
710:
706:
691:
690:
677:
673:
669:
665:
648:
642:
637:
627:
623:
619:
617:
607:
600:
598:
595:
594:
581:
580:for Earth); as
575:
573:
572:of the planet (
565:
562:semi-major axis
557:
528:
524:
521:
507:
504:
503:
493:
490:
486:
476:
473:
467:
466:
464:
454:
448:
445:
443:
436:
435:
433:
431:
425:
415:
412:
409:
407:
400:
394:
383:
380:
374:
373:
371:
366:
358:
348:
342:
336:
329:related to the
319:
316:
314:
312:
306:
269:
265:
258:
253:
243:
239:
238:
236:
216:
213:
212:
202:
144:
115:dawn/dusk orbit
103:descending node
59:
47:mean solar time
17:
12:
11:
5:
2924:
2914:
2913:
2898:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2861:
2849:
2837:
2825:
2813:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2784:List of orbits
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2736:Orbit equation
2733:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2608:Gravity assist
2605:
2603:Delta-v budget
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2534:Orbital period
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2514:True longitude
2507:
2505:Mean longitude
2498:
2489:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2443:
2434:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2340:
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2332:
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2322:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2261:Areostationary
2258:
2253:
2244:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2230:Very low Earth
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2158:Geosynchronous
2154:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2140:Transfer orbit
2137:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2098:Lagrange point
2095:
2090:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2020:Gravitational
2017:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1979:External links
1977:
1976:
1975:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1908:
1865:
1835:
1829:978-0521828703
1828:
1803:
1773:
1756:
1733:(4): 393–403.
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1692:List of orbits
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1649:spacecraft of
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1579:
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1550:
1546:
1545:
1542:
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1527:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
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1416:
1415:
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1404:
1401:
1397:
1396:
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1387:
1384:
1364:
1360:
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1356:
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1068:
1057:
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1048:
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1031:
1027:
1022:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
993:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
964:
957:
948:
942:
938:
934:
929:
926:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
890:
889:
874:
871:
868:
865:
860:
856:
852:
849:
844:
833:
829:
824:
819:
816:
811: per year
806:
802:
798:
795:
792:
789:
787:
785:
782:
779:
776:
771:
767:
763:
760:
755:
744:
740:
736:
731:
726:
723:
718: per year
713:
709:
705:
702:
699:
696:
694:
692:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
660:
657:
652:
645:
636:
630:
626:
622:
616:
613:
610:
608:
606:
603:
602:
578:.440 km/s
554:
553:
542:
536:
531:
527:
520:
517:
514:
511:
488:
452:
441:
429:
398:
363:
362:
356:
346:
340:
334:
310:
300:
299:
288:
285:
282:
279:
272:
268:
261:
252:
246:
242:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
201:
198:
150:orbital plane
143:
140:
95:ecliptic plane
67:reconnaissance
58:
55:
41:, is a nearly
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2923:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2896:
2891:
2886:
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2874:
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2862:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2843:
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2836:
2826:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2785:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:-body problem
2730:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:Oberth effect
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2552:Orbital speed
2546:
2544:
2537:
2535:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2508:
2506:
2499:
2497:
2490:
2488:
2473:
2471:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2444:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2426:
2424:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2393:
2391:
2384:
2382:
2375:
2373:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2306:Earth's orbit
2304:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
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2246:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:Geostationary
2161:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1840:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1766:
1760:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
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1673:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1196:
1133:
1126:
1116:
1112:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
991:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
962:
955:
946:
940:
936:
932:
927:
924:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
899:
898:
897:
872:
869:
866:
863:
858:
854:
850:
847:
842:
831:
827:
822:
817:
804:
800:
793:
790:
788:
780:
777:
774:
769:
765:
761:
758:
753:
742:
738:
734:
729:
724:
711:
707:
700:
697:
695:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
658:
655:
650:
643:
634:
628:
624:
620:
614:
611:
609:
604:
593:
592:
591:
588:
584:
571:
563:
540:
534:
529:
525:
518:
515:
512:
509:
502:
501:
500:
497:
479:
471:
462:
451:
440:
428:
421:
405:
404:sidereal year
397:
387:
378:
369:
357:
355:of the orbit,
354:
347:
339:
335:
333:of the Earth,
332:
328:
309:
305:
304:
303:
286:
283:
280:
277:
270:
266:
259:
250:
244:
240:
233:
230:
227:
224:
211:
210:
209:
207:
197:
195:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
116:
112:
104:
100:
96:
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
2911:Earth orbits
2883:Solar System
2746:Perturbation
2728:
2703:Ground track
2613:Gravity turn
2564:
2557:
2550:
2541:
2532:
2512:
2503:
2494:
2487:True anomaly
2485:
2470:Mean anomaly
2468:
2448:
2439:
2430:
2421:
2401:
2388:
2379:
2372:Eccentricity
2370:
2328:Lunar cycler
2317:
2301:Heliocentric
2241:other points
2214:
2190:Medium Earth
2088:Non-inclined
1968:the original
1954:NASA Q&A
1917:
1911:
1881:(1): 84–93.
1878:
1874:
1868:
1851:
1848:ESA Bulletin
1847:
1813:
1806:
1794:. Retrieved
1790:the original
1785:
1776:
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:the original
1730:
1726:
1716:
1635:ERS-1, ERS-2
1631:frozen orbit
1618:1000 km
1611:
1590:
1588:
1197:
1149:6554 km
1131:
1127:
1114:
1110:
1106:7200 km
1099:
891:
586:
582:
555:
498:
477:
469:
460:
449:
438:
426:
395:
385:
376:
367:
364:
337:
307:
301:
204:The angular
203:
183:
172:
145:
114:
110:
108:
60:
57:Applications
38:
34:
30:
28:
18:
2871:Outer space
2859:Spaceflight
2823:Mathematics
2708:Hill sphere
2543:Mean motion
2423:Inclination
2412:Orientation
2313:Mars cycler
2251:Areocentric
2123:Synchronous
1697:Polar orbit
1123:800 km
43:polar orbit
2648:Rendezvous
2344:Parameters
2180:High Earth
2150:Geocentric
2103:Osculating
2060:Elliptical
1709:References
1655:RADARSAT-2
1591:local time
331:oblateness
206:precession
179:retrograde
148:osculating
119:terminator
79:satellites
2835:Astronomy
2693:Ephemeris
2670:mechanics
2580:Maneuvers
2523:Variation
2286:Libration
2281:Lissajous
2185:Low Earth
2175:Graveyard
2074:Horseshoe
1903:236275629
1597:, not to
1242:latitude
1235:Altitude
1042:−
992:−
963:μ
928:ρ
919:−
916:≈
910:
867:
848:−
818:×
805:∘
794:−
778:
759:−
725:×
712:∘
701:−
659:
651:μ
615:−
612:≈
605:ρ
535:μ
519:π
343:≈ 6378 km
281:
234:π
228:−
222:Ω
219:Δ
51:precesses
2905:Category
2459:Position
2084:Inclined
2055:Circular
1677:Analemma
1665:See also
1651:EUMETSAT
1624:and the
1607:Analemma
1553:3
1497:2
1460:2
1423:2
1367:1
1330:1
1293:1
1256:1
1240:Maximal
1228:Period (
1225:per day
1193: km
1181: km
1165: km
1141: km
1014: km
892:or when
747: km
485:, where
418:10
126:such as
83:infrared
2895:Science
2811:Physics
2797:Portals
2668:Orbital
2638:Phasing
2598:Delta-v
2403:Apsides
2397:,
2195:Molniya
2113:Parking
2050:Capture
2038:General
1922:Bibcode
1883:Bibcode
1856:Bibcode
1796:24 June
1735:Bibcode
1657:of the
1639:Envisat
1581:142.1°
1568:
1544:125.3°
1525:116.0°
1512:
1488:110.1°
1475:
1451:106.0°
1438:
1414:103.0°
1395:100.7°
1382:
1345:
1308:
1271:
1245:Inclin-
1223:Orbits
1213:
1201:
1060: h
836: h
568:is the
560:is the
482:
465:
457:
434:
390:
372:
351:is the
325:is the
152:precess
136:PROBA-2
63:imaging
2324:Other
2225:Tundra
2093:Kepler
2069:Escape
2022:orbits
1944:(p. 8)
1901:
1826:
1749:19 May
1572:≈ 3:26
1516:= 2:40
1479:= 2:24
1442:≈ 2:11
1386:≈ 1:51
1358:99.0°
1349:≈ 1:43
1321:97.7°
1312:= 1:36
1284:96.6°
1275:= 1:30
1247:ation
556:where
302:where
186:oblate
175:minute
132:Hinode
69:, and
2847:Stars
2566:Epoch
2355:Shape
2293:Lunar
2247:Mars
2239:About
2210:Polar
2030:Types
1971:(PDF)
1964:(PDF)
1899:S2CID
1768:(PDF)
1647:MetOp
1578:37.9°
1541:54.7°
1522:64.0°
1485:69.9°
1448:74.0°
1411:77.0°
1392:79.3°
1355:81.0°
1318:82.3°
1281:83.4°
1237:(km)
1187:>
1175:<
1056:3.795
832:3.795
408:1.990
315:1.082
194:Venus
128:TRACE
97:with
2358:Size
2297:Sun
2276:Halo
2128:semi
1824:ISBN
1798:2017
1751:2015
1653:and
1637:and
1605:and
1575:5165
1538:4182
1519:3385
1482:2722
1445:2162
1408:1681
1389:1262
1183:but
1130:cos
190:Mars
134:and
2133:sub
2045:Box
1891:doi
1820:339
1641:of
1609:).
1352:894
1315:567
1278:274
1210:364
1204:365
1191:352
1179:352
1163:352
1139:352
1010:352
907:cos
864:cos
801:360
775:cos
743:352
708:360
656:cos
576:600
574:398
420:rad
410:968
278:cos
160:Sun
35:SSO
2907::
2481:,
2477:,
2086:/
2062:/
1897:.
1889:.
1879:59
1877:.
1852:72
1850:.
1838:^
1822:.
1784:.
1731:37
1729:.
1725:.
1456:10
1435:11
1419:11
1400:12
1379:13
1373:11
1363:13
1326:14
1289:15
1252:16
1232:)
1195:.
1189:12
1177:12
1161:12
1159:=
1151:,
1147:=
1137:12
1121:≈
1113:−
1104:=
1006:12
739:12
585:≈
463:=
459:=
432:=
422:/s
413:71
370:=
322:10
317:63
313:=
130:,
65:,
29:A
2799::
2729:n
2561:0
2558:t
2548:v
2539:n
2530:T
2510:l
2501:L
2492:E
2483:f
2479:θ
2475:ν
2466:M
2446:ϖ
2437:ω
2428:Ω
2419:i
2399:q
2395:Q
2386:b
2377:a
2368:e
2013:e
2006:t
1999:v
1928:.
1924::
1905:.
1893::
1885::
1862:.
1858::
1832:.
1800:.
1770:.
1753:.
1737::
1565:7
1562:/
1559:3
1555:+
1549:7
1533:3
1530:8
1509:3
1506:/
1503:2
1499:+
1493:9
1472:5
1469:/
1466:2
1462:+
1432:/
1429:2
1425:+
1403:2
1376:/
1369:+
1342:7
1339:/
1336:5
1332:+
1305:5
1302:/
1299:3
1295:+
1268:2
1265:/
1262:1
1258:+
1230:h
1207:/
1185:a
1173:p
1169:i
1157:a
1153:i
1145:a
1132:i
1118:E
1115:R
1111:a
1102:a
1085:.
1080:3
1076:/
1072:7
1067:)
1052:T
1047:(
1039:=
1034:2
1030:/
1026:7
1021:)
1002:a
997:(
989:=
984:2
980:/
976:7
972:a
956:2
951:E
947:R
941:2
937:J
933:3
925:2
913:i
894:ρ
873:,
870:i
859:3
855:/
851:7
843:)
828:T
823:(
815:)
797:(
791:=
781:i
770:2
766:/
762:7
754:)
735:a
730:(
722:)
704:(
698:=
683:2
679:/
675:7
671:a
667:2
662:i
644:2
639:E
635:R
629:2
625:J
621:3
587:a
583:p
566:μ
558:a
541:,
530:3
526:a
516:2
513:=
510:T
494:T
489:E
487:T
478:T
474:/
470:Ω
468:Δ
461:ρ
453:E
450:T
446:/
442:E
439:Ω
437:Δ
430:E
427:n
416:×
406:(
399:E
396:n
386:t
384:d
381:/
377:Ω
375:d
368:ρ
359:i
349:p
341:E
338:R
320:×
311:2
308:J
287:,
284:i
271:2
267:p
260:2
255:E
251:R
245:2
241:J
231:3
225:=
33:(
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