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on several railway schemes. Between spring 1835 and 1844, Gooch was the engineer for the
Manchester and Leeds Railway on behalf of George Stephenson, who was working on other projects. In September 1837, during Gooch's tenure, work commenced boring the tunnel. Gooch was assisted by Barnard Dickinson.
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when it struck ice that had fallen onto the tracks from one of the ventilation shafts. The ice had built up during exceptionally cold weather and fell into the tunnel when it started to thaw. The train was the first to use the tunnel in three days as a result of a temporary break in services around
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1840; but the opening was delayed after the discovery of a defective invert, 0.5 miles (0.8 km) from one end which had displaced the central track drain. After repairs, the tunnel was officially opened by Sir John
Frederick Sigismund Smith, the government inspector of railways on 1 March 1841.
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sections of its outer brickwork. The build up of heat in the surrounding ground led to a 'false spring'; many plants produced flowers and buds as the warm soil triggered new growth. Damage to the tunnel lining was minimal which was attributed to heated gases from the fire escaping through the
247:, assisted by Barnard Dickinson. Progress on its construction was slower than anticipated, largely because excavation was more difficult than anticipated. On 1 March 1841, Summit Tunnel was opened by Sir John Frederick Sigismund Smith; it had cost of Ā£251,000 and 41 workers had died.
340:, which were used to remove material from the shafts. The bedrock was hewn using physical strength and hand tools, illuminated only by candlelight. At an early stage of track laying, the rails were laid directly onto excavated rock, but conventional wooden
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The tunnel is 1 mile 1,125 yards (2.638 km) long and 22 feet (6.6 m) tall; the horseshoe-shaped bore is 26 feet (7.9 m) wide and accommodates a pair of tracks. The tunnel falls on a gradient of 1-in-330 southwards (towards
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through which it was bored proved to be harder to excavate than anticipated. In March 1839, because of slow progress, the original contractors were dismissed and George
Stephenson took over, after which the pace of work increased until a
309:). It was driven by hand through shale, coal and sandstone, after which the walls were lined with six courses of brick, using more than 23 million bricks. The bricks were handmade locally and up to 60,000 were laid in a single day.
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Alignment of the tunnel was achieved by drilling 14 vertical shafts to provide survey points. When the tunnel was complete, two shafts were sealed and the remaining 12 were retained as ventilation. The
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The original contractors were Evans, Stewart and
Copeland. At the peak of construction, a workforce of between 800 and 1,250 men and boys was active, aided by about 100 horses and 13 stationary
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occurred. There were no deaths and five months later, the tunnel reopened after repairs. The tunnel has remained in continuous use with little interruption since it opened.
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Edmondson, Vikki; Sherratt, Fred; Roff, Richard; Levett, Andy (May 2018). "Advancing tunnelling: the
Victorian engineering management legacy".
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tracks in a single horseshoe-shaped tube, approximately 24 feet (7.2 m) wide and 22 feet (6.6 m) high. Summit Tunnel was designed by
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When speaking about the tunnel, Dickinson exclaimed: "This tunnel will defy the rage of tempest, fire, war or wasting age".
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321:. During August 1838, James Wood, the chairman of the Manchester and Leeds Railway, laid the first brick in a ceremony.
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239:, a natural obstruction to most forms of traffic. The tunnel is just over 1.6 miles (2.6 km) long and carries two
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were up to 92 to 308 feet (28 to 94 m) deep. During the tunnel's service life, No.6 was sealed after rock falls.
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Summit Tunnel cost Ā£251,000 and the loss of 41 lives. The cost was far greater than the railway company expected.
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to water. It has been estimated that about 8,100 tonnes (dry weight) of cement was transported to the tunnel from
282:. When built, it was the world's longest railway tunnel and a critical element of the first trans-Pennine line.
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Summit Tunnel, between
Littleborough and Todmorden is the highest section of the 51-mile (82 km) long
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in
England is one of the world's oldest railway tunnels. It was constructed between 1838 and 1841 by the
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Public walkthrough of the Summit Tunnel days prior to its reopening to rail traffic, 17 August 1985
508:"The Summit tunnel 175 years on: The miracle of engineering which survived a devastating fire."
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This article is about the Summit Tunnel in
England. For the Summit Tunnel in California, see
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434:. It collided with the tunnel wall, but remained upright and no injuries were reported.
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were also used. The spoil was used for other purposes, including in the construction of
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693:"Derailment in Summit tunnel, near Todmorden, West Yorkshire, 28 December 2010."
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On 28 December 2010, a passenger train travelling from
Manchester to Leeds was
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762:(1975, Random House); a novel set during the building of the Summit Tunnel.
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220:. When built, Summit Tunnel was the longest railway tunnel in the world.
640:"Southern Entrance to Summit (Railway Tunnel) (Grade II) (1162164)"
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5: Former railway tunnel opened up for pedestrian/cycle/horse traffic
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683:āāRail Accident Investigation Boardāā, 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
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occurred in March 1840. The last brick was laid on 9 December 1840.
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locomotive hauling a freight train through the tunnel, 8 June 1983
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The tunnel closed for the first eight months of 1985 following a
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Buildings and structures in the
Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale
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The Manchester & Leeds Railway : the Calder Valley line
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The southern portal of the tunnel was grade II listed in 1986.
681:āDerailment in Summit tunnel, near Todmorden, West Yorkshire.ā
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emerges from Summit Tunnel southern portal near Littleborough
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4: Straddles the border between Yorkshire and Lincolnshire
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6: Former railway tunnel now carrying electricity cables
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2: Straddles the border between Yorkshire and Lancashire
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1: Straddles the border between Yorkshire and Derbyshire
488:āāengineering-timelines.comāā, Retrieved: 12 June 2018.
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Progress on construction was slower than expected; the
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Railway tunnel near Todmorden, West Yorkshire, England
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3: Straddles the border between Yorkshire and Cumbria
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666:"Summit Tunnel blaze was a threat to towns' future."
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527:(4 ed.). Beckington, Frome: Trackmaps. 45A.
523:Kelman, Leanne (2018). Brailsford, Martyn (ed.).
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598:The Parliamentary Gazetteer of England and Wales
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739:(2). London: Institution of Civil Engineers.
564:(2 ed.). London: Telford. p. 195.
562:Civil engineering heritage. Northern England
175:1 mile 1,125 yards (2.638 km)
671:, 19 December 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
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290:Thomas Longridge Gooch
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245:Thomas Longridge Gooch
166:Thomas Longridge Gooch
978:Woodsmith Mine Tunnel
780:at Wikimedia Commons
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822:Railway tunnels open
733:Forensic Engineering
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90:53.68389Ā°N 2.09194Ā°W
346:Blackpool Promenade
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95:53.68389; -2.09194
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988:Re-opened tunnels
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776:Media related to
534:978-1-9996271-1-9
313:was used for its
298:Robert Stephenson
294:George Stephenson
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136:1 March 1841
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374:bricklayers
258:Development
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68:Coordinates
1047:Categories
995:Thurgoland
980:(minerals)
935:Thurgoland
930:Sugar Loaf
920:Queensbury
651:13 January
571:0727725181
365:blue shale
218:Manchester
78:53Ā°41ā²02ā³N
972:Standedge
915:Lees Moor
910:Greenside
864:Standedge
829:Blea Moor
815:Yorkshire
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432:Christmas
391:Incidents
233:Todmorden
157:Technical
128:Operation
81:2Ā°05ā²31ā³W
44:Class 158
925:Sandsend
900:Cat Hill
874:Thackley
849:Grosmont
844:Bramhope
427:derailed
342:sleepers
237:Pennines
149:Reopened
113:SD940208
52:Overview
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966:Norwood
940:Weedley
905:Drewton
895:Burdale
839:Bradway
834:Bowling
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361:bedrock
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270:, 2008
185:tracks
172:Length
141:Closed
133:Opened
120:Status
1010:Notes
231:near
214:Leeds
195:Grade
741:ISSN
718:ISBN
653:2022
566:ISBN
529:ISBN
411:fire
363:and
319:Hull
227:and
216:and
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