893:
into
Anatolia, both armies were separately defeated by the Seljuk Turks. The main Western Christian source, Odo of Deuil, and Syriac Christian sources claim that the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos secretly hindered the crusaders' progress, particularly in Anatolia, where he is alleged to have deliberately ordered Turks to attack them. However, this alleged sabotage of the Crusade by the Byzantines was likely fabricated by Odo, who saw the Empire as an obstacle, and moreover Emperor Manuel had no political reason to do so. Louis and Conrad and the remnants of their armies reached Jerusalem and participated in 1148 in an ill-advised attack on Damascus, which ended in their retreat. In the end, the crusade in the east was a failure for the crusaders and a victory for the Muslims. It would ultimately have a key influence on the fall of Jerusalem and give rise to the Third Crusade at the end of the 12th century.
6806:
11371:, p. 211 "Inner Anatolia was now set to become Muslim gradually, and this process occurred under the leadership of the Turks. In Anatolia, as elsewhere, the Seljuq rulers drank in Persian cultural ways in their cities. This tendency to copy Iran in administration, religion and culture reached its height in the thirteenth century with the fuller development of the Seljuq state in Anatolia and the influx of Persian refugees to Anatolian cities. Thus ‘a second Iran’ was created in Anatolia. It is food for thought that, while it was the Turks who conquered and settled the land of Anatolia in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, it was the Persians who were instrumental in bringing to these territories a developed Islamic religious and secular culture. (...)
963:
6751:. The bureaucrats and religious elite of their realm were generally Persian. In the 13th century, most Muslim inhabitants in major Anatolian urban hubs reportedly spoke Persian as their main language. It was in this century that the proneness of imitating Iran in terms of administration, religion and culture reached its zenith, encouraged by the major influx of Persian refugees fleeing Mongol invasions, who brought Persian culture with them and were instrumental in creating a "second Iran" in Anatolia. Iranian cultural, political, and literary traditions deeply influenced Anatolia in the early 13th century. The notable historian
7142:
85:
99:
8263:
6821:, took his name from the name of the state. Moreover, Byzantine influence in the Sultanate was also significant, since Byzantine Greek aristocracy remained part of the Seljuk nobility, and the native Byzantine (Rûm) peasants remained numerous in the region. Based on their genealogy, it appears that the Seljuk sultans favored Christian ladies, just like the early Ottoman sultans. Within the Seljuk harem, Greek women were the most dominant. Cultural Turkification in Anatolia first started during the 14th-century, particularly during the gradual rise of the
871:
1160:
116:
6698:
7105:
16007:
8207:
6852:
955:
6802:, an anonymous history of the Sultanate of Rum, was written in Persian. The sultans of Rum were largely not educated in Arabic. This clearly limited the Arab influence, or at least the direct influence, to a relatively small degree. In contrast, Persian literature and Iranian influence expanded because most sultans and even a significant portion of the townspeople knew the language.
6894:), used as stops, trading posts and defense for caravans, and of which about a hundred structures were built during the Anatolian Seljuk period, are particularly remarkable. Along with Persian influences, which had an indisputable effect, Seljuk architecture was inspired by local Byzantine architects, for example in the
7069:
A significant portion of the
Islamic Near East may have experienced a "silver famine" owing to little, or very little, silver mintings from the eleventh and most of the twelfth centuries. However, at the start of the thirteenth century a "silver flood" occurred in Rum Seljuq territory when Anatolian
1005:
and assailed the enemy's camp in 1203 or 1204. In a pitched battle, the
Seljukid forces managed to roll back several attacks of the Georgians but were eventually overwhelmed and defeated. Loss of the sultan's banner to the Georgians resulted in a panic within the Seljuk ranks. Süleymanshah himself
892:
was announced by Pope Eugene III, and was the first of the crusades to be led by
European kings, namely Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, with help from a number of other European nobles. The armies of the two kings marched separately across Europe. After crossing Byzantine territory
7057:
The sun-lion and the equestrian are the two central motifs in the Rum Seljuq numismatic figural repertoire. The image of a horseman with two more arrows ready and his bow taut represents strength and control and is a representation of the ideal Seljuq king of the Great Age. The image initially
7078:; frequently, both were struck using the same dies. The Seljuq silver coinage's superior quality and prominence contributed to the dynasty's affluence throughout the early part of the thirteenth century and explains why it served as a kind of anchor for the local "currency community." The
7033:
The earliest documented Rum Seljuq copper coins were made in the first part of the twelfth century in Konya and the eastern
Anatolian emirates. Extensive numismatic evidence suggests that, starting in the middle of the thirteenth century and continuing until the end of the Seljuk dynasty,
1217:
Near the end of his reign, Kaykhusraw III could claim direct sovereignty only over lands around Konya. Some of the beyliks (including the early
Ottoman state) and Seljuk governors of Anatolia continued to recognize, albeit nominally, the supremacy of the sultan in Konya, delivering the
7037:
Most of Kilij Arslan II's coins were minted in Konya between 1177–78 and 1195, with a small amount also occurring in Sivas, which the Rum
Seljuks conquered from the Danishmendids. Sivas may have started minting coins in 1185–1186. The majority of Kılıj Arslan II's coins are silver
1117:), resulting in the Seljuk Turks being forced to swear allegiance to the Mongols and became their vassals. The sultan himself had fled to Antalya after the battle, where he died in 1246; his death started a period of tripartite, and then dual, rule that lasted until 1260.
6989:
and had founded a township comprising a castle, a madrasa, a habitation zone and a caravanserai, which were later abandoned apparently around the 16th century. All but the caravanserai, which remains undiscovered, was explored in the 1960s by the art historian
11375:
Les réfugiés iraniens qui entrèrent en grand nombre en
Anatolie à la suite des invasions mongoles de l’Iran – les fonctionnaires, les poètes, les Sufis et, avant tout, les cadres religieux – transformèrent de l’intérieur la culture urbaine de cette
1089:. After three years, when he had finally quelled the revolt, the Crimean foothold was lost and the state and the sultanate's army had weakened. It is in these conditions that he had to face a far more dangerous threat, that of the expanding
1238:
in 1328. The sultanate's monetary sphere of influence lasted slightly longer and coins of Seljuk mint, generally considered to be of reliable value, continued to be used throughout the 14th century, once again, including by the
Ottomans.
7050:(small copper coins) issues. Following his death the sultanate was divided among his sons. Muhyiddin Mesut, son of Kilij Arslan II, minted coins in the northwesterly cities of Ankara, Çankırı, Eskişehir, and Kaztamunu from 1186 to 1200.
11311:
Even when the land of Rum became politically independent, it remained a colonial extension of Turco-Persian culture which had its centers in Iran and
Central Asia ... The literature of Seljuk Anatolia was almost entirely in
1190:, temporarily replacing them as the administrator of the Seljuk realm. But since the native forces who had called him to Anatolia did not manifest themselves for the defense of the land, he had to return to his home base in
943:, but when Erzurum was taken from the Saltukids at the start of the thirteenth century, he was installed there. Tughril governed Erzurum from 1192 to 1221. During 1211–1212, he broke free from the Seljuk state. In 1230,
16928:
6766:
Despite their Turkic origins, the Seljuks used Persian for administrative purposes; even their histories, which replaced Arabic, were in Persian. Their usage of Turkish was hardly promoted at all. Even Sultan
1234:. He was murdered in 1308 and his son Mesud III soon afterwards. A distant relative to the Seljuk dynasty momentarily installed himself as emir of Konya, but he was defeated and his lands conquered by the
11404:
Meanwhile, amid the migratory swarm that Turkified Anatolia, the dispersion of learned men from the Persian-speaking east paradoxically made the Seljuk court at Konya a new center for Perso-Islamic court
6902:. Anatolian architecture represents some of the most distinctive and impressive constructions in the entire history of Islamic architecture. Later, this Anatolian architecture would be inherited by the
13894:
14448:
14707:
6771:, as a child, spoke to courtiers in Persian. Khanbaghi states the Anatolian Seljuks were even more Persianized than the Seljuks that ruled the Iranian plateau. Persian poetry was written by sultans
14689:
14624:
9227:
14719:
9256:
phonology and orthography. Some sultans had two names that they chose to use alternatively in reference to their legacy. While the two palaces built by Alaeddin Keykubad I carry the names
14713:
12146:
7017:), slave-soldiers taken as children from non-Muslim communities, mainly Greeks from former Byzantine territories. The practice of keeping ghilmān may have offered a model for the later
15382:
14701:
9847:
16219:
14169:
13870:
14572:
13668:
7999:
13042:
16264:
15450:
13522:
675:
formed during this period. The increased wealth allowed the sultanate to absorb other Turkish states that had been established following the conquest of Byzantine Anatolia:
14695:
13540:
9240:
As regards with the names of the sultans, there are variants in form and spelling depending on the preferences displayed by one source or the other, either for fidelity in
15456:
14163:
9220:
8009:
1006:
was wounded and withdrew to Erzurum. Both the Rum Seljuk and Georgian armies suffered heavy casualties, but coordinated flanking attacks won the battle for the Georgians.
816:
in 1092, Kilij Arslan was released and established himself in his father's territories between 1092 and 1094, possibly with the approval of Malik Shah's son and successor
16939:
15964:
14850:
14442:
14199:
13656:
13589:
12951:
16919:
16915:
15976:
15581:
14436:
14380:
14193:
14151:
13876:
6925:
being between Kayseri and Sivas. Furthermore, apart from Sultanhanı, five other towns across Turkey owe their names to caravanserais built there. These are Alacahan in
15563:
15551:
15178:
13071:
11526:
Eat, Drink, and be Merry (Luke 12:19): Food and Wine in Byzantium: Papers of the 37th Annual Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, in Honour of Professor A.A.M. Bryer
524:
510:
485:
471:
457:
443:
429:
415:
14950:
14566:
17740:
15837:
15719:
15605:
15587:
15575:
14521:
13723:
13717:
12139:
14987:
13371:
13048:
17044:
15970:
15611:
15599:
15569:
15557:
14485:
13674:
13552:
15958:
13882:
15593:
14343:
13923:
12876:
9213:
3887:
1226:. When Kaykhusraw III was executed in 1284, the Seljuk dynasty suffered another blow from internal struggles which lasted until 1303 when the son of Kaykaus II,
16942:
15982:
15952:
15891:
15114:
14673:
12846:
6982:
6724:
names. The Seljuks of Rum had inherited the administrative method of Persian statecraft from the Seljuk Empire, which they would later pass on to the Ottomans.
16972:
16913:
16299:
16269:
14908:
13917:
13106:
12858:
16537:
15832:
15345:
13528:
11494:
Shukurov, Rustam (2011), "The Oriental Margins of the Byzantine World: a Prosopographical Perspective", in Herrin, Judith; Saint-Guillain, Guillaume (eds.),
928:, the sultanate was quick to recover and consolidate its power. During the last years of Kilij Arslan II's reign, the sultanate experienced a civil war with
14337:
10015:: "This state too bore the name of Rûm, if not officially, then at least in everyday usage, and its princes appear in the Eastern chronicles under the name
16830:
13267:
12864:
12132:
12840:
12748:
11968:
Kastritsis, Dimitris (2013). "The Historical Epic "Ahval-i Sultan Mehemmed" (The Tales of Sultan Mehmed) in the Context of Early Ottoman Historiography".
17745:
15339:
13100:
12852:
13065:
12031:
Shukurov, Rustam (2020). "Grasping the Magnitude: Saljuq Rum between Byzantium and Persia". In Canby, Sheila; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina (eds.).
1156:(1265–1284) became the nominal ruler of all of Anatolia, with the tangible power exercised either by the Mongols or the sultan's influential regents.
16289:
15843:
15725:
13534:
13365:
13304:
16304:
15071:
14073:
13237:
12870:
6991:
16938:
16309:
13077:
11809:
Selcuklu Kervansarayları, Korunmaları Ve Kullanlmaları üzerine bir öneri: A Proposal regarding the Seljuk Caravanserais, Their Protection and Use
7141:
16294:
16274:
16229:
15327:
15221:
15172:
13261:
13243:
12078:
15166:
15124:
8262:
16259:
15499:
14187:
14157:
10173:
Oriental Armour of the Near and Middle East from the Eighth to the Fifteenth Centuries as Shown in Works of Art (in Islamic Arms and Armour)
98:
16894:
15059:
14997:
13516:
13469:
8077:
2370:
745:
Since the 1030s, migratory Turkish groups in search of pastureland had penetrated Byzantine borders into Anatolia. In the 1070s, after the
12100:
16933:
16851:
15617:
15065:
14610:
13094:
12420:
9634:
8235:
6837:, Turks, and Persians, the Seljuks were very successful between 1220 and 1250 and set the groundwork for later Islamization of Anatolia.
1144:(1249–1257), were set to rule the regions east of the river under Mongol administration. In October 1256, Bayju defeated Kaykaus II near
1013:, whose reign was unpopular. Kaykhusraw I seized Konya in 1205 reestablishing his reign. Under his rule and those of his two successors,
651:. It reached the height of its power during the late 12th and early 13th century, when it succeeded in taking key Byzantine ports on the
16860:
11977:
Khanbaghi, Aptin (2016). "Champions of the Persian Language: The Mongols or the Turks?". In De Nicola, Bruno; Melville, Charles (eds.).
16965:
16940:
16926:
16925:
16902:
16901:
8160:
8065:
7058:
appeared on Rum Seljuq copper coins in the late eleventh century. The first to add equestrian iconography to silver and gold coins was
2557:
809:
16934:
16897:
16869:
16856:
6805:
16875:
16530:
8055:
4273:
420:
16922:
16899:
16887:
16880:
16876:
16823:
16044:
10162:
These knights were equipped with long swords and bows, and for protection used large shields ("kite-shields"), lamellar armour and
6792:, the history of the Great Seljuk Empire and its breakup, written in Persian by Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi, was dedicated to Sultan
17720:
12437:
1222:
in the name of the sultans in Konya in recognition of their sovereignty, and the sultans continued to call themselves Fahreddin,
735:
90:
16937:
16936:
16932:
16881:
16867:
16862:
16854:
16853:
11933:
Inalcik, Halil (2008). "The Origins of Classical Ottoman Literature: Persian Tradition, Court Entertainments, and Court Poets".
11893:
Hillenbrand, Carole (2020). "What is Special about Seljuq History?". In Canby, Sheila; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina (eds.).
710:. Their power disintegrated during the second half of the 13th century. The last of the Seljuk vassal sultans of the Ilkhanate,
10199:"The miniatures of the manuscript "Varka and Gulshah" as a source for the study of weapons of XII–XIII centuries in Azerbaijan"
6994:, and the finds as well as several documents attest to the existence of a vivid settlement in the site, such as a 1463 Ottoman
1179:) that increasingly distanced themselves from both Mongol and Seljuk control. In 1277, responding to a call from Anatolia, the
785:, became increasingly independent after six to ten years. Nevertheless, it seems that Suleiman was tasked by Byzantine emperor
16920:
16914:
16909:
16958:
16935:
11668:
11533:
11505:
11397:
11236:
11200:
11164:
11128:
11092:
11056:
10987:
10946:
10910:
10870:
10834:
10782:
10741:
10705:
10669:
10600:
10564:
10518:
1808:
17715:
16884:
16523:
10877:
7979:
6886:, the Rum Seljuks translated the Iranian Seljuk architecture of bricks and plaster into the use of stone. Among these, the
6712:
The Seljuk dynasty of Rum, as successors to the Great Seljuks, based its political, religious and cultural heritage on the
16929:
16927:
16866:
16816:
8118:
7969:
7066:'s name from November 1261 to November 1262. Between 1211 and 1219, the bulk of his coins are minted at Konya and Sivas.
1021:, Seljuk power in Anatolia reached its apogee. Kaykhusraw's most important achievement was the capture of the harbour of
7051:
940:
17:
17735:
16850:
12042:
11958:
11923:
11904:
10181:
16879:
16868:
17546:
16921:
12612:
11874:
11816:
11797:
8143:
8035:
3963:
16855:
16324:
14560:
14495:
16546:
11228:
11192:
11156:
11120:
11084:
11048:
10938:
10902:
10862:
10733:
10697:
10592:
8170:
6638:
16906:
16367:
9920:, (University of Oklahoma Press, 1963), 29; "The literature of Seljuk Anatolia was almost entirely in Persian...".
9871:
281:
84:
17245:
17196:
17181:
16861:
16224:
9907:, (Rutgers University Press, 2002), 157; "...the Seljuk court at Konya adopted Persian as its official language."
8904:
8228:
4926:
16890:
16601:
1152:. In 1260 Kaykaus II fled from Konya to Crimea where he died in 1279. Kilij Arslan IV was executed in 1265, and
17517:
17402:
16916:
16900:
11620:
The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times: The Dynastic Periods from Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century
10361:"The Saliūq Campaign against the Crimea and the Expansionist Policy of the Early Reign of'Alā' al-Dīn Kayqubād"
7703:
6671:
699:
16885:
16874:
16857:
14030:
17461:
17377:
16889:
16859:
12521:
8973:
8966:
8197:
8148:
7949:
7095:
6846:
6499:
5312:
4931:
3277:
16912:
6798:
17466:
16930:
16037:
11886:
Turkish Language, Literature, and History: Travelers' Tales, Sultans, and Scholars Since the Eighth Century
8165:
7169:
17086:
16891:
16865:
10238:, Vol. 1A, ed. P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis, (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 244–245.
7184:
859:(not to be confused with the Seljuk sultan of the same name), captured Konya. In 1116 Kilij Arslan's son,
17654:
17297:
17186:
16910:
16907:
16767:
16279:
16184:
11950:
10413:
8045:
7833:
7196:
7083:
6945:
metropolitan area. The caravanserai of Hekimhan is unique in having, underneath the usual inscription in
5843:
3952:
3912:
3560:
1195:
1073:
1034:
16931:
16886:
16870:
16858:
16852:
14002:
17730:
17342:
17250:
17019:
16892:
16736:
12469:
12464:
11789:
8221:
8155:
7959:
7121:
723:
16924:
16917:
16898:
17710:
17610:
17605:
17576:
17556:
17551:
17412:
17049:
16883:
16882:
16878:
16873:
16864:
16145:
15826:
15762:
14036:
14018:
13960:
12453:
9754:
9629:
8180:
6474:
4871:
3927:
3548:
948:
939:
Following Kilij Arslan II's death, the sultanate was divided amongst his sons. Elbistan was given to
16893:
14832:
14826:
12089:
7034:
silver-producing mints and silver coinage flourished, particularly in central and eastern Anatolia.
5114:
2653:
17664:
17600:
17471:
17427:
17382:
17367:
17332:
17270:
17255:
17151:
17034:
16908:
16905:
16903:
16164:
16125:
12486:
11781:
10979:
10826:
10774:
10661:
10556:
10510:
10472:
9168:
8814:
8793:
2925:
2882:
1180:
16872:
16871:
16863:
12602:
6998:
which instructs the headmaster of the madrasa to lodge not in the school but in the caravanserai.
6575:
5221:
5189:
5160:
1133:
17659:
17644:
17586:
17442:
17422:
16896:
16245:
16030:
15401:
14902:
12622:
12491:
12480:
9673:
8822:
6986:
6713:
6404:
4607:
4306:
4280:
2959:
2373:
1106:
913:
703:
555:
365:
16904:
16515:
14884:
12607:
11937:(5). Translated by Sheridan, Michael D. Bilkent University Centure for Turkish Literature: 5–76.
639:
in 1077, just six years after the Byzantine provinces of central Anatolia were conquered at the
352:
17679:
17522:
17493:
17481:
17432:
17265:
17231:
17226:
17221:
17211:
17171:
17126:
17116:
17096:
17091:
17081:
17029:
16888:
16877:
16424:
16400:
16174:
16077:
14774:
14331:
12474:
12258:
12181:
12108:
11217:
11145:
11109:
11073:
11037:
10963:
10891:
10851:
10810:
10758:
10722:
10645:
10540:
10494:
10408:
9330:
9241:
9119:
8984:
8785:
8185:
7159:
6531:
6491:
6470:
4623:
3296:
2940:
1769:
962:
944:
750:
636:
300:
16950:
16895:
14896:
11660:
11181:
10927:
10686:
6970:
6855:
993:
quickly marshaled an army throughout her possessions and put it under command of her consort,
17669:
17639:
17571:
17447:
17372:
17352:
17260:
17176:
17141:
16923:
16911:
16792:
16154:
15444:
15023:
14926:
13231:
12627:
12557:
11844:
Crane, H. (1993). "Notes on Saldjūq Architectural Patronage in Thirteenth Century Anatolia".
11521:
11387:
10012:
9734:
8698:
7613:
6899:
5154:
4821:
3588:
238:
15033:
12996:
12774:
7086:
silver coins were modeled after the fineness and weight specifications of Rum Seljuq coins.
7059:
6895:
6772:
17684:
17634:
17536:
17417:
17362:
17347:
17106:
17066:
16797:
16395:
16390:
16347:
14938:
14920:
14914:
14868:
14856:
14145:
14083:
8472:
7779:
6922:
6732:
836:
and driven back into south-central Anatolia, where he set up his state with its capital in
781:). Around two years later, he established a principality that, while initially a Byzantine
592:
16676:
16454:
14838:
12294:
9441:
7054:'s reign in Erzurum, another son of Kilij Arslan II, minted silver dirhams in 1211–1212.
978:
967:
933:
680:
8:
17541:
17437:
17322:
17307:
17206:
17201:
17191:
17039:
17004:
16839:
16782:
16777:
16641:
12552:
11648:
9685:
8952:
8562:
8138:
8123:
7873:
7603:
7570:
7462:
7375:
7079:
6966:
6432:
6287:
6283:
5505:
4523:
2670:
1343:
1030:
829:
746:
640:
582:
339:
264:
16611:
16434:
14944:
12270:
9388:
6913:(built-in 1229) on the road between the cities of Konya and Aksaray, in the township of
3165:
867:. Upon Mesud's death in 1156, the sultanate controlled nearly all of central Anatolia.
856:
17725:
17327:
17076:
17071:
16918:
16656:
16626:
16596:
16380:
13943:
13888:
12934:
12547:
12497:
10390:
9069:
8940:
8133:
7989:
7793:
7578:
6736:
6702:
6466:
4857:
4167:
3223:
1246:
The comparative genealogy of the Sultanate of Rûm with their contemporary neighbors in
1187:
801:
793:
and the former travelled there on a secret route, presumably guided by the Byzantines.
786:
13729:
11828:
The Formation of Turkey. The Seljukid Sultanate of Rūm: Eleventh to Fourteenth Century
11585:
Blair, Sheila; Bloom, Jonathan (2004), "West Asia: 1000–1500", in Onians, John (ed.),
9261:
7583:
3250:
17397:
17387:
17302:
17136:
17054:
17009:
16731:
16701:
16082:
15928:
15333:
14844:
12646:
12617:
12542:
12038:
11954:
11919:
11900:
11870:
11812:
11793:
11664:
11653:
11529:
11501:
11393:
11232:
11196:
11160:
11124:
11088:
11052:
10983:
10942:
10906:
10866:
10830:
10778:
10737:
10701:
10665:
10596:
10560:
10514:
10198:
10177:
10171:
9762:
8928:
8694:
8625:
8175:
8128:
7843:
7769:
7653:
7643:
7623:
7593:
7130:
6950:
6717:
6661:
6597:
6535:
6454:
6424:
6400:
6280:
5237:
5132:
4290:
4222:
3238:
2301:
1176:
921:
917:
876:
715:
672:
608:
503:
15256:
14304:
13349:
11606:, Vol.1, Ed. James Hastings and John Alexander, (Charles Scribner's son, 1908), 753.
5521:
5511:
3265:
17629:
17617:
17581:
17407:
17357:
17317:
17292:
17287:
17216:
17166:
17161:
17146:
17111:
17101:
17024:
16772:
16762:
16691:
16591:
16459:
16314:
16200:
16140:
16072:
15365:
14932:
14878:
14862:
12300:
11942:
11853:
9699:
9664:
9454:
9257:
9253:
9245:
8916:
8739:
8642:
8553:
8544:
8535:
8508:
8463:
8454:
8437:
8101:
7853:
7785:
7285:
6917:, covering 3,900 m (42,000 sq ft). Two caravanserais carry the name
6826:
6646:
6440:
5234:
4490:
3195:
1495:
1194:, and the Mongol administration was re-assumed, officially and severely. Also, the
1010:
1002:
990:
849:
766:
714:, was murdered in 1308. The dissolution of the Seljuk state left behind many small
596:
578:
223:
59:
45:
14785:
14109:
5265:
2622:
1207:
17674:
17593:
17476:
17312:
17121:
17014:
16666:
16621:
16484:
16444:
14890:
13834:
13344:
13225:
13143:
12458:
12340:
12282:
12032:
11894:
11835:
Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Maryam; Peacock, A.C.S., eds. (2016).
11495:
9820:
9538:
9516:
9414:
9133:
9105:
8803:
8616:
8607:
8589:
8526:
8499:
8490:
7743:
7693:
7673:
7633:
7492:
7245:
7006:
6954:
6903:
6768:
6559:
6495:
6396:
6328:
5790:
5787:
5183:
3852:
3491:
1137:
985:
and marched against Georgia, with an army of 150,000–400,000 and encamped in the
897:
841:
719:
233:
15184:
15077:
13964:
13829:
13785:
13249:
10139:
The Islamic world in ascendancy: from the Arab conquests to the siege of Vienna
6978:
6739:. Unlike the Seljuk Empire, the Seljuk sultans of Rum had Persian names such as
4577:
3873:
3835:
2638:
17649:
17505:
17498:
17392:
17282:
17238:
17131:
16741:
16686:
16586:
16494:
16429:
16337:
16169:
16053:
15936:
15863:
15672:
15535:
13911:
13764:
13697:
13255:
12352:
12264:
10589:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Supplement 2 (Kâfûr, Ebü'l-Misk – Züreyk, Kostantin)
10584:
10459:
10089:
The Islamic world in ascendancy: from the Arab conquests to the siege of Vienna
9564:
9371:
9126:
8725:
8715:
8598:
8580:
8571:
8517:
8481:
8275:
8251:
7941:
7713:
7099:
7022:
6938:
6822:
6788:
6380:
4527:
3900:
3824:
2863:
1823:
1153:
1121:
1110:
889:
805:
574:
253:
15462:
13619:
10324:
The Formation of Turkey: The Seljukid Sultanate of Rum: Eleventh to Fourteenth
6601:
1149:
870:
804:, either fighting his enemies or by suicide. In the aftermath, Suleiman's son
17704:
17624:
17563:
17529:
17512:
17454:
17337:
17156:
16998:
16606:
16474:
16284:
16179:
16135:
16101:
16011:
15698:
15428:
15411:
15043:
13819:
12582:
12328:
11970:
Writing History at the Ottoman Court: Editing the Past, Fashioning the Future
9877:
9853:
9758:
9507:
9360:
9321:
9283:
9249:
9193:
9182:
9032:
8775:
8374:
8211:
8113:
7803:
7109:
6780:
6635:
6618:
6587:
6563:
6543:
6527:
6414:
6319:
6061:
5647:
5571:
5243:
4535:
4230:
3603:
3210:
2910:
1795:
1125:
1094:
1078:
1026:
925:
833:
758:
706:. For the remainder of the 13th century, the Seljuks acted as vassals of the
676:
656:
632:
620:
434:
163:
12986:
11857:
9792:
9639:
6914:
6756:
6642:
1159:
1082:
1045:
continued to acquire lands along the Mediterranean coast from 1221 to 1225.
17689:
16787:
16716:
16696:
16504:
16449:
16234:
16149:
16120:
15637:
15503:
15239:
14760:
14175:
13781:
12824:
12587:
12400:
12380:
12364:
12306:
12288:
11749:
11739:
11737:
11712:
11710:
11708:
11706:
11704:
11636:
Muqarnas: History and Ideology: Architectural Heritage of the "Lands of Rum
9947:
The official use of the Greek language by the Seljuk chancery is well known
9803:) and he acceded to the throne on May 1, 1257 again after the departure of
9624:
9591:
9467:
9427:
9356:
9273:
9156:
8868:
8835:
8764:
8329:
7913:
7883:
7733:
6875:
6793:
6539:
6511:
6428:
6239:
6165:
6118:
5816:
4852:
4838:
3620:
3566:
3541:
3530:
2609:
2391:
2060:
1757:
1247:
998:
994:
929:
813:
782:
668:
664:
616:
104:
15794:
15654:
15007:
14756:
14024:
12592:
12124:
12063:
The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228)
6748:
4581:
16726:
16706:
16636:
16616:
16489:
16209:
16189:
16087:
15745:
14763:
14468:
14056:
13967:
13789:
13744:
Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under
13383:
13287:
13126:
12940:
12937:
12893:
12804:
12731:
12346:
10004:
9804:
9551:
8807:
8293:
8106:
7813:
7761:
7335:
6740:
6728:
6721:
6622:
6523:
6235:
5216:
4202:
3940:
3820:
3633:
2045:
1141:
1102:
1085:, but in 1239 he had to face an uprising led by a popular preacher named
1057:
900:, is the first known Seljuk ruler who is known to have used the title of
864:
558:
462:
448:
268:
249:
15693:
15291:
15281:
14660:
14410:
14394:
13629:
12799:
12054:
Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti’s Ayas
11979:
The Mongols' Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran
11734:
11701:
11522:"A sultan in Constantinople: the feasts of Ghiyath al-Din Kay-Khusraw I"
10360:
7018:
1199:
115:
16661:
16566:
16479:
16469:
16214:
16159:
16115:
15482:
14739:
14536:
14531:
14325:
14236:
14181:
13546:
13433:
12597:
12334:
12322:
9796:
9788:
9775:
9738:
9525:
9494:
9317:
9252:
which the sultans used, or for a rendering corresponding to the modern
9144:
9093:
9020:
8880:
7923:
7893:
7295:
7216:
7151:
7104:
6958:
6910:
6776:
6706:
6697:
6555:
6276:
6243:
5501:
5281:
5149:
5128:
4812:
4545:
3643:
3576:
2897:
2335:
2084:
1555:
1235:
1129:
1086:
1042:
1025:(Antalya) on the Mediterranean coast in 1207. His son Kaykaus captured
1018:
754:
378:
16808:
15688:
15038:
14650:
14505:
14415:
13603:
13339:
13318:
12794:
11549:
The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East
10249:
The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East
10217:
The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East
10102:
The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East
10076:
The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East
10033:
because it had been established on territory long considered 'Roman',
9975:
The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East
9943:
The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East
9751:
9278:
8892:
6930:
5203:
4876:
1037:
but in 1218 was forced to surrender the city of Aleppo, acquired from
16721:
16631:
16464:
16419:
16352:
16130:
16110:
15906:
14665:
14363:
14244:
13997:
13981:
13803:
13701:
13452:
13204:
12991:
12962:
12930:
12789:
12779:
12316:
12171:
11774:
Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim–Turkish Anatolia, Ca. 1040–1130
11270:, Vol.27, Ed. Jane Turner, (Macmillan Publishers Limited, 1996), 632.
11081:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 27 (Kütahya Mevlevîhânesi̇ – Mani̇sa)
10326:, transl. & ed. P.M. Holt, (Pearson Education Limited, 2001), 42.
9988:
Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim-Turkish Anatolia, ca. 1040–1130
9481:
9308:
9287:
9008:
8856:
8680:
8656:
8428:
8338:
7903:
7723:
7063:
6830:
6760:
6744:
6614:
6487:
6436:
6251:
4861:
4559:
4509:
4189:
3972:
3877:
2030:
2018:
1347:
1164:
1049:
1014:
817:
774:
707:
684:
562:
517:
476:
169:
15805:
15276:
11632:
Lost in Translation: Architecture, Taxonomy, and the "Eastern Turks"
10341:
6949:
with information relating to the tower, two further inscriptions in
5784:
5296:
4922:
16982:
16681:
16671:
16646:
16581:
16576:
16499:
16385:
16342:
16328:
15880:
15204:
15097:
14970:
14655:
14592:
14541:
14420:
14299:
14240:
14219:
14093:
13745:
13662:
13572:
13334:
13314:
12912:
12562:
12410:
12390:
12370:
12358:
12118:"Examples of caravanserais built by the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate"
11622:, Vol. I, Ed. Richard Hovannisian, (St. Martin's Press, 1999), 250.
10972:
10819:
10767:
10654:
10549:
10503:
10465:
9881:
9857:
9842:
9808:
9604:
9577:
9337:
9081:
8750:
8652:
8365:
8302:
7863:
7663:
7443:
7305:
7235:
6974:
6934:
6752:
6255:
6086:
5884:
5541:
4901:
4563:
4531:
2397:
1227:
1114:
1061:
1038:
762:
711:
695:
688:
660:
570:
490:
313:
16022:
15306:
15302:
15261:
15231:
14284:
13634:
13624:
12784:
12686:
12191:
11786:
The New Islamic Dynasties: a Chronological and Genealogical Manual
11497:
Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean After 1204
11153:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 29 (Mekteb – Misir Mevlevîhânesi̇)
10899:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 29 (Mekteb – Misir Mevlevîhânesi̇)
9346:
9342:
8670:
6727:
As an expression of Turco-Persian culture, Rum Seljuks patronized
4262:
2562:
778:
770:
644:
190:
16746:
16651:
16545:
16439:
15922:
15901:
15810:
15800:
15788:
15703:
15150:
15134:
15028:
14799:
14795:
14790:
14669:
14634:
14279:
14258:
14124:
14114:
13495:
13479:
13189:
13184:
12702:
12676:
12659:
12276:
12242:
12231:
12220:
12104:
12085:
10976:
10823:
10771:
10658:
10553:
10507:
10469:
10164:
9800:
9401:
9057:
8844:
8419:
8383:
8347:
8320:
8311:
8284:
7683:
7472:
7452:
7385:
7365:
7325:
7275:
7265:
7255:
7002:
6942:
6879:
6859:
6851:
6057:
5632:
5620:
5308:
4910:
4593:
4252:
3840:
3569:
3500:
3154:
2854:
2590:
1231:
1219:
1203:
1183:
1172:
1145:
1098:
1090:
1022:
986:
909:
860:
790:
652:
600:
273:
15296:
13844:
16986:
16980:
16571:
16371:
16357:
16254:
16097:
15772:
15658:
15386:
15310:
15266:
14309:
14294:
14119:
13849:
13824:
13500:
13209:
13199:
13179:
13158:
13021:
13011:
13006:
13001:
12970:
12966:
12814:
12809:
12707:
12237:
11446:
11002:
10419:
10396:
9269:
9265:
8410:
8401:
8392:
8027:
7532:
7502:
7425:
7355:
7315:
7071:
7039:
7001:
The Seljuk palaces, as well as their armies, were staffed with
6995:
6946:
6926:
6883:
6583:
6247:
6150:
5869:
5628:
5300:
5277:
5255:
4573:
3869:
3639:
3523:
2356:
1053:
954:
916:
in 1176, Kilij Arslan II also defeated a Byzantine army led by
901:
797:
722:, which eventually conquered the rest and reunited Anatolia to
542:
228:
186:
16849:
15271:
12819:
10288:
10286:
10284:
10282:
9352:
6867:
6755:
composed a six-volume Persian language poetic work called the
4171:
3169:
2305:
951:, allowing for Erzurum to be annexed by the Seljuk sultanate.
587:
566:
16067:
15530:
15514:
15286:
15235:
14805:
14526:
14289:
14274:
14254:
14129:
13839:
13713:
13639:
13599:
13194:
13174:
13153:
12758:
12712:
12225:
12215:
12195:
12013:
Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul, eds. (1995).
11189:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 3 (Amasya – Âşik Mûsi̇ki̇si̇)
9380:
8996:
8684:
8666:
8356:
7552:
7542:
7522:
7512:
7482:
7415:
7405:
7395:
7345:
7075:
7043:
6985:, who had taken refuge in the region after the defeat in the
6863:
6834:
6810:
6135:
5624:
5304:
4248:
3829:
3653:
1281:
1211:
1191:
971:
905:
881:
845:
837:
648:
623:
207:
199:
12117:
12015:
Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places
11410:
10057:
10055:
10027:
Christianity in Persia and the Status of Non-muslims in Iran
9365:
Founder of Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate with capital in İznik
1132:(1246–1260), assumed the rule in the area west of the river
16561:
13016:
12537:
11811:(in Turkish and English). Yapı-Endüstri Merkezi Yayınları.
11477:
11475:
11473:
11328:
11326:
11324:
11322:
11320:
11245:
10279:
7225:
7047:
6969:. There are other particular cases, like the settlement in
6818:
4239:
1081:(1237–1246) began his reign by capturing the region around
982:
12034:
The Seljuqs and their Successors: Art, Culture and History
11896:
The Seljuqs and their Successors: Art, Culture and History
11834:
11755:
11743:
11716:
11566:
11554:
11209:
10144:
947:
who was allied to the Khwarazmshah Jalal al-Din, lost the
852:. He was the first Muslim commander against the crusades.
14810:
11338:
10859:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 40 (Tanzi̇mat – Teveccüh)
10269:
10267:
10265:
10263:
10261:
10259:
10257:
10052:
10029:
p. 215: "The Seljuqs called the lands of their sultanate
7070:
silver mines were discovered. The fineness of Rum Seljuq
6870:) subject in the periodic capital of the Sultanate of Rum
2077:
Yûsuf, Kara Arslan, Abu Bakr, Umar, Bori & Dawlatshah
958:
The Sultanate of Rûm and surrounding states, c. 1200
920:. Despite a temporary occupation of Konya in 1190 by the
12079:"The concepts that shape Anatolian Seljuq caravanserais"
11846:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
11470:
11317:
10935:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 5 (Balaban – Beşi̇r Ağa)
10370:
9260:
and Keykubadiye Palace, he named his mosque in Konya as
1048:
In the 1220s, he sent an expeditionary force across the
11722:
11677:
11350:
11286:
11225:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî)
11117:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî)
10694:
TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 8 (Ci̇lve – Dârünnedve)
10232:
Anatolia in the period of the Seljuks and the "beyliks"
10119:
10107:
10040:
10639:
10637:
10635:
10633:
10631:
10629:
10627:
10625:
10254:
1009:
Suleiman II died in 1204 and was succeeded by his son
812:, took power in Nicaea. Following the death of sultan
13696:
First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the
12012:
11434:
11422:
10347:
10329:
9678:
932:
fighting to retain control and losing to his brother
10582:
10457:
9905:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
9832:
Between 1249 and 1254 triple reign of three brothers
11689:
11524:, in Brubaker, Leslie; Linardou, Kallirroe (eds.),
11307:
Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire
11071:
10925:
10889:
10756:
10622:
9958:
9918:
Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire
9286:, was named Gıyasiye Medrese, and the one built by
2024:
Father of the founder of Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate
27:
Turkish state in central Anatolia from 1077 to 1308
11652:
11458:
11173:
10203:Austrian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
10003:(Oxford University Press, 1991), vol. 3, p. 1816.
9923:
848:but died the same year fighting Malik Shah's son,
765:. Between 1075 and 1081, he gained control of the
11045:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm)
10849:
10730:TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm)
10488:
10486:
10484:
10482:
10011:, Royal Asiatic Society Books, Routledge (2013),
9515:After his death, sultanate split until 1260 when
8266:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
1171:The Seljuk state had started to split into small
1148:and all of Anatolia became officially subject to
718:(Turkish principalities), among them that of the
135: Conquered from the Danishmendids up to 1174
17741:Vassal and tributary states of the Mongol Empire
17702:
12037:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 144–162.
12004:Richards, Donald S.; Robinson, Chase F. (2003).
12003:
11452:
11231:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 342–344.
11195:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 404–406.
11159:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 349–351.
11123:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 341–342.
11087:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 371–372.
10941:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 514–516.
10736:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 365–371.
10700:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 183–186.
10595:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 324–325.
1186:raided Anatolia and defeated the Mongols at the
13763:
11780:
10227:
10225:
10197:Sabuhi, Ahmadov Ahmad oglu (July–August 2015).
1101:in 1242 and in 1243, the sultan was crushed by
840:. He defeated three Crusade contingents in the
12115:
12076:
11837:Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs
11806:
11500:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., pp. 181–191,
11101:
11065:
11031:
11029:
11027:
11025:
11023:
11021:
11019:
11017:
11015:
10905:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 54–57.
10479:
10298:
9757:ruled the country on behalf of Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
6941:, as well as the township of Akhan within the
6720:, even to the point of naming their sons with
1163:The declining Sultanate of Rûm, vassal of the
904:and captured the remaining territories around
874:Horseman with Anatolian Seljuk equipement, in
828:Kilij Arslan, although victorious against the
141: Conquered from the Byzantines up to 1182
16966:
16824:
16531:
16038:
14055:
12140:
11899:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 6–16.
11883:
11416:
11137:
10804:
10802:
10800:
10798:
10796:
10794:
10065:(University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971), 79.
9221:
8229:
757:and a former contender for the throne of the
65:
51:
37:
15636:
14672:transferred in 1301 to Dündar Bey's brother
13905:Sinop Dynasty or Isfendiyarid Dynasty :
13382:Temporarily incorporated into the Beylik of
11655:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery
11616:Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods
11519:
11392:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 72.
11215:
11179:
11143:
11107:
11035:
10961:
10955:
10808:
10720:
10643:
10534:
10532:
10530:
10222:
10091:, (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000), 63–64.
10020:
15744:
15364:
14738:
14467:
13286:
13125:
12730:
12154:
11913:
11892:
11826:Cahen, Claude; Holt, Peter Malcolm (2001).
11572:
11560:
11368:
11344:
11051:, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 387.
11012:
10865:, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 510.
10843:
10714:
10538:
9737:ruled the country on behalf of ʿIzz ad-Dīn
9635:List of battles involving the Seljuk Empire
796:Suleiman tried, unsuccessfully, to conquer
659:coasts. In the east, the sultanate reached
91:Double-headed eagle used by the Rum Seljuks
17746:States and territories established in 1077
16973:
16959:
16831:
16817:
16538:
16524:
16045:
16031:
15481:
12147:
12133:
11967:
11584:
11283:, (University of Michigan Press, 2003), 3.
10996:
10791:
10684:
10492:
10402:
10382:
10376:
10318:
10316:
10314:
10176:. London: Robert Elgood. p. Fig. 38.
9228:
9214:
8236:
8222:
7062:(r. 1196–1204). Antalya minted coins with
15203:
14591:
14362:
13942:
13712:Second period of Beylik reconstituted by
13451:
12658:
12065:. Translated by Longbottom, Peter. Brill.
11976:
11941:
11867:The First Crusade: The call from the East
11864:
11825:
11771:
11683:
11647:
11481:
11332:
11292:
11218:"Ebû Tâlib TUĞRUL b. ARSLANŞAH b. TUĞRUL"
10919:
10527:
10150:
10141:, (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000), 65.
10125:
10113:
6957:, since it was constructed by the sultan
912:from the last of the Danishmends. At the
844:. In 1107, he ventured east and captured
832:of 1096, was defeated by soldiers of the
694:The Seljuk sultans bore the brunt of the
595:and its peoples, as it remains in modern
17618:End of the Crusader states in the Levant
14969:
14218:
13571:
12051:
12030:
12021:
11997:A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire
11728:
11528:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p. 96,
11493:
11356:
11251:
10883:
10578:
10576:
10438:
10308:, (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015), 184.
10292:
10273:
10046:
7103:
6850:
6817:One of its most famous Persian writers,
6804:
6696:
1167:, and the emerging beyliks, c. 1300
1158:
961:
953:
869:
671:. Especially strong trade ties with the
16838:
13424:Mengücekli Süleyman Shah (1142- ?)
12438:Timeline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
11988:The Rum Seljuqs: Evolution of a Dynasty
11932:
11589:, Laurence King Publishing, p. 130
11440:
11428:
11385:
10750:
10425:
10311:
10169:
6763:, which focused on the Seljuk sultans.
6187:The list of important historical events
1033:his vassal in 1214. He also subjugated
880:, mid-13th century miniature (detail),
736:Timeline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
663:. Trade through Anatolia from Iran and
14:
17703:
15096:
13036:Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty:
12911:
12060:
10852:"TERKEN HATUN, the mother of MAHMÛD I"
10451:
10335:
10196:
6692:
1198:captured the Mediterranean coast from
631:The Sultanate of Rûm seceded from the
16954:
16812:
16519:
16026:
15861:
15743:
15635:
15480:
15363:
15202:
15095:
14968:
14737:
14590:
14466:
14361:
14217:
14054:
13941:
13762:
13570:
13450:
13285:
13124:
12910:
12729:
12657:
12645:
12644:
12128:
11994:
11985:
11843:
11695:
11464:
10678:
10573:
9929:
6809:Inlaid metal candle holder, probably
6600:were divided into two by a firman of
6164:
6162:
6149:
6147:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6056:
6054:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6020:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5942:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5883:
5881:
5868:
5861:
5859:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5813:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5759:
5743:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5725:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5646:
5644:
5618:
5612:
5607:
5592:
5590:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5538:
5536:
5519:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5430:
5408:
5406:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5374:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5318:
5294:
5288:
5273:
5271:
5251:
5249:
5233:
5231:
5213:
5179:
5177:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5064:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5008:
5002:
4990:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4942:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4897:
4886:
4884:
4869:
4851:
4834:
4829:
4820:
4818:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4749:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4725:
4697:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4637:
4635:
4621:
4605:
4603:
4589:
4587:
4569:
4567:
4558:
4541:
4522:
4520:
4505:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4426:
4424:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4350:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4318:
4304:
4302:
4288:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4238:
4228:
4226:
4221:
4198:
4184:
4182:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4088:
4086:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3969:
3962:
3960:
3939:
3926:
3924:
3899:
3897:
3886:
3884:
3865:
3863:
3848:
3846:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3619:
3602:
3600:
3575:
3573:
3547:
3545:
3529:
3527:
3513:
3511:
3497:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3372:
3360:
3342:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3264:
3237:
3222:
3220:
3209:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3163:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3087:
3085:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3037:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2973:
2971:
2958:
2952:
2939:
2937:
2924:
2909:
2907:
2896:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2861:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2800:
2798:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2652:
2650:
2637:
2635:
2621:
2619:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2586:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2299:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2196:
2194:
2102:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2044:
2042:
2029:
2027:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1893:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1822:
1820:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1775:
1768:
1766:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1673:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
863:, took the city with the help of the
808:was imprisoned and a general of his,
226:(official, court, literature, spoken)
105:Lion and Sun adopted by Kaykhusraw II
15862:
13895:Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second
13399:Mengücekli Davud Shah (1142- ?)
11947:Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition
11916:The Medieval Turks: Collected Essays
11884:Hickman, Bill; Leiser, Gary (2016).
11772:Beihammer, Alexander Daniel (2017).
11604:Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics
11547:A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz,
10878:Terken Khatun (wife of Malik-Shah I)
10365:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
10247:A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz,
10215:A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz,
10190:
10100:A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz,
10074:A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz,
9986:Beihammer, Alexander Daniel (2017).
9973:A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz,
9941:Andrew Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz,
9791:was defeated on October 14, 1256 in
7112:, minted at Sivas, 1240–1241 AD
1256:
643:(1071). It had its capital first at
16052:
14708:Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey
10435:(Ateş Publications), vol. I, p. 85.
10348:Ring, Watson & Schellinger 1995
10063:The History of the Mongol Conquests
9961:Early Mystics in Turkish Literature
9668:
9272:". Similarly, the medrese built by
7010:
1230:, established himself as sultan in
52:
24:
11281:Explorations in Ottoman Prehistory
10395:(Muhammed Ramazânî Publications),
10001:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
9819:Between 1262 and 1266 Rukn ad-Dīn
9774:Between 1246 and 1249 ʿIzz ad-Dīn
9761:between 1266 and 2 August 1277 (1
8261:
6981:, founded by the Seljuk commander
6825:. With a population that included
1109:(a mountain between the cities of
1067:
561:state, established over conquered
25:
17757:
14917:(1398–1399, 1402–1420, 1421–1423)
14449:Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey the Second
13059:Mardin Dynasty or Ilgazi Dynasty:
12613:Ikhtiyar al-Din Hasan ibn Ghafras
12070:
11304:
7784:(330–1453; 1204-1261 in exile as
6965:), who is thought to have been a
6705:, built between 1221 and 1226 by
1060:and began to put pressure on the
160:Independent sultanate (1077–1243)
16547:States in late medieval Anatolia
16005:
15916:Important centers and extension:
15782:Important centers and extension:
15682:Important centers and extension:
15524:Important centers and extension:
15422:Important centers and extension:
15144:Important centers and extension:
15017:Important centers and extension:
14720:Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey
14644:Important centers and extension:
14515:Important centers and extension:
14404:Important centers and extension:
14268:Important centers and extension:
14103:Important centers and extension:
13991:Important centers and extension:
13813:Important centers and extension:
13613:Important centers and extension:
13489:Important centers and extension:
13328:Important centers and extension:
13168:Important centers and extension:
12980:Important centers and extension:
12768:Important centers and extension:
12696:Important centers and extension:
10306:Historical Dictionary of Georgia
9276:in Kayseri, within the complex (
8205:
7748:224–651 AD (briefly in Anatolia)
7140:
7042:; however, there are also a few
6909:The largest caravanserai is the
1214:, from the Seljuk in the 1240s.
740:
698:and eventually succumbed to the
522:
508:
483:
469:
455:
441:
427:
413:
147: Other conquests until 1243
114:
97:
83:
15249:Important centers and extension
14690:Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey
14625:Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey
12209:Important centers and extension
12006:Texts, documents, and Artefacts
11641:
11625:
11609:
11593:
11578:
11541:
11513:
11487:
11379:
11362:
11298:
11273:
11257:
10609:
10409:Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî
10353:
10241:
10209:
10156:
10131:
10094:
10081:
10068:
9863:
9835:
9826:
9813:
9781:
9768:
9744:
9727:
9351:1077–1086 recognised Sultan of
9290:in Sivas as Izzediye Medrese.
6840:
4590:Nurū'd-[Dīn Mahmud Sultān Shāh
855:Meanwhile, another Rum Seljuk,
599:. The name is derived from the
591:was a synonym for the medieval
353:Division from the Seljuk Empire
17721:1308 disestablishments in Asia
14714:Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin Ilyas Bey
14561:Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First
14496:Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First
12024:The Byzantine Turks, 1204–1461
11918:. Edinburgh University Press.
11520:Korobeinikov, Dimitri (2007),
10367:, Vol. 16 (2006), pp. 133–149.
10236:The Cambridge History of Islam
9993:
9980:
9967:
9952:
9935:
9910:
9897:
9653:
7604:Kingdom of Alexander the Great
7028:
5510:(Grand Vizier of ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
1056:. In the east he defeated the
769:cities of Nicaea (present-day
129: Sultanate of Rûm in 1100
13:
1:
14702:Hamidoğlu Necmeddin Ishak Bey
12522:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
11999:. Cambridge University Press.
11935:Journal of Turkish Literature
11839:. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
10583:Osman Gazi Özgüdenli (2016).
10458:Osman Gazi Özgüdenli (2016).
10448:(Nevâî Publications), p. 426.
10037:Byzantine, by Muslim armies."
9990:. New York: Routledge. p. 15.
9945:, (I.B. Tauris, 2013), 132; "
9890:
9869:According to Yazıcıoğlu Ali,
8252:History of the Turkic peoples
7174:
7096:Anatolian Seljuks family tree
6847:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
6617:gained independence from the
5533:(24 April 1279 – 30 May 1279)
4891:Rukn ad-Dīn and two daughters
667:was developed by a system of
121:
11914:Hillenbrand, Carole (2021).
11453:Richards & Robinson 2003
11264:Saljuqs: Saljuqs of Anatolia
11072:Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2003).
10926:Özaydın, Abdülkerim (1992).
10890:Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2004).
10757:Özaydın, Abdülkerim (2002).
10025:). A. Christian Van Gorder,
9959:Mehmed Fuad Koprulu (2006).
9721:
9565:Giyath al-Din Kaykhusraw III
6621:in 1295 after the demise of
5526:(15 May 1277 – 20 June 1277)
5274:Nasirū'd-Dīn Barkyāruk Shāh
4830:Bardūlīya Khātun (Prodoulia)
120:Expansion of the Sultanate,
7:
17716:1077 establishments in Asia
16768:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
14031:Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan
13784:, commander descended from
11972:. Indiana University Press.
11951:University of Chicago Press
11551:, (I.B. Tauris, 2015), 121.
11386:Findley, Carter V. (2005).
10418:(Ahmed Ateş Publications),
10021:
9977:, (I.B. Tauris, 2015), 265.
9735:Sāhīp Shams ad-Dīn Īsfahānī
9690:'Seljuks of Rûm'),
9679:
9618:
9539:Rukn al-Din Kilij Arslan IV
9508:Giyath al-Din Kaykhusraw II
9415:'Izz al-Din Kilij Arslan II
9058:Cuman–Kipchak Confederation
8905:Kimek–Kipchak Confederation
8119:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
7834:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
7084:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
7052:Tughril ibn Kılıç Arslan II
4824:ad-Dīn Īsfahānī (1246–1249)
4560:Malīka Ādīla Ghāzīya Khātun
1241:
1206:, as well as the cities of
1196:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
1074:Mongol conquest of Anatolia
1001:made a sudden advance into
941:Tughril ibn Kılıç Arslan II
823:
761:, came to power in western
66:
10:
17762:
17277:Period post-Second Crusade
12470:Battle of Dorylaeum (1147)
12465:Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)
12061:Tricht, Filip Van (2011).
11790:Edinburgh University Press
11765:
11389:The Turks in World History
11229:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
11193:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
11157:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
11146:"MES'ÛD b. MUHAMMED TAPAR"
11121:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
11085:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
11074:"MAHMÛD b. MUHAMMED TAPAR"
11049:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
10939:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
10903:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
10863:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
10850:Bezer, Gülay Öğün (2011).
10734:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
10698:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
10593:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation
10431:Râvendî, Muhammed b. Ali,
10251:, (I.B. Tauris, 2015), 29.
10219:, (I.B. Tauris, 2015), 73.
10104:, (I.B. Tauris, 2015), 72.
10078:, (I.B. Tauris, 2015), 12.
10009:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
9661:Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate
9468:Giyath al-Din Kaykhusraw I
9428:Giyath al-Din Kaykhusraw I
9282:) dedicated to his sister
8665:Chief gods and goddesses:
7093:
7089:
6967:Christian convert to Islam
6844:
6657:Disestablishment period of
4898:Mugisū'd-Dīn Toghrul Shāh
1071:
733:
729:
624:
17736:History of Konya Province
17488:Period post-Third Crusade
17061:Period post-First Crusade
16995:
16846:
16755:
16554:
16409:
16366:
16323:
16243:
16198:
16096:
16060:
16000:
15945:
15915:
15871:
15857:
15819:
15781:
15753:
15739:
15712:
15681:
15645:
15631:
15544:
15523:
15490:
15476:
15437:
15421:
15373:
15359:
15320:
15248:
15212:
15198:
15159:
15143:
15105:
15091:
15052:
15016:
14978:
14964:
14819:
14747:
14733:
14682:
14643:
14600:
14586:
14553:
14514:
14476:
14462:
14429:
14403:
14371:
14357:
14318:
14267:
14227:
14213:
14170:Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey
14138:
14102:
14064:
14050:
14011:
13990:
13951:
13937:
13904:
13871:Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha
13863:
13812:
13772:
13758:
13684:
13649:
13612:
13580:
13566:
13509:
13488:
13460:
13446:
13417:
13393:Erzincan and Kemah Branch
13392:
13358:
13327:
13295:
13281:
13218:
13167:
13134:
13120:
13087:
13058:
13035:
12979:
12920:
12906:
12886:
12833:
12767:
12739:
12725:
12695:
12667:
12653:
12640:
12575:
12530:
12514:
12507:
12446:
12430:
12251:
12208:
12204:
12162:
12101:"List of Seljuk edifices"
12052:Sinclair, Thomas (2020).
12022:Shukurov, Rustam (2016).
12017:. Vol. 3. Routledge.
11865:Frankopan, Peter (2013).
11600:Architecture (Muhammadan)
11417:Hickman & Leiser 2016
10170:Gorelik, Michael (1979).
9999:Alexander Kazhdan, "Rūm"
9086:11th century–13th century
8000:Decline and modernization
7950:Periods of Ottoman Empire
6973:contiguous to an ancient
6896:Celestial Mosque in Sivas
6874:In their construction of
6498:on August 1231 and ended
6042:
6040:
6038:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6018:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6006:
5998:
5996:
5986:
5984:
5968:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5940:
5938:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5866:
5857:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5757:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5739:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5721:
5705:
5703:
5661:
5616:
5614:
5517:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5476:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5428:
5424:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5404:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5384:
5380:
5372:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5342:
5340:
5211:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5072:
5062:
5060:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5028:
5026:
5018:
5014:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4988:
4984:
4958:
4895:
4893:
4867:
4849:
4832:
4827:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4747:
4745:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4695:
4691:
4671:
4667:
4649:
4619:
4601:
4599:
4556:
4539:
4503:
4501:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4422:
4418:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4380:
4376:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4348:
4346:
4286:
4236:
4234:
4219:
4196:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4138:
4132:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4010:
3986:
3967:
3958:
3937:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3765:
3763:
3749:
3747:
3735:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3432:
3418:
3416:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3318:
3316:
3262:
3235:
3207:
3192:
3190:
3182:
3180:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3115:
3109:
3101:
3095:
3083:
3079:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2981:
2956:
2954:
2922:
2894:
2892:
2859:
2832:
2824:
2818:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2764:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2520:
2508:
2506:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2466:
2464:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2057:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1943:
1941:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1782:
1773:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1439:
1437:
1383:
1381:
800:in 1086, and died in the
724:become the Ottoman Empire
565:territories and peoples (
538:
392:
388:
375:
362:
349:
336:
332:
324:
320:
307:
294:
290:
280:
260:
245:
219:
179:
153:
113:
79:
74:
32:
14613:, frontier rulers under
14573:Germiyanlı Süleyman Shah
14239:, brother-in-law of the
13792:in the imperial army of
12487:Battle of Iconium (1190)
11227:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
11191:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
11155:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
11119:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
11083:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
11047:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
10937:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
10901:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
10861:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
10732:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
10696:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
10591:(in Turkish). Istanbul:
9704:Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti
9659:Modernly referred to as
9646:
9592:'Ala al-Din Kayqubad III
9519:remained the sole ruler
9169:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
8815:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
8794:Western Turkic Khaganate
8740:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
6674:disintegrated after 1336
6397:ʿIzz ad-Dīn Kilij Arslān
5252:Nizāmū'd-Dīn Argun Shāh
4907:Muizū'd-Dīn Kāysar Shāh
4194:Jalāl ad-Dīn Kay Farīdûn
1136:. His younger brothers,
1128:three sons. The eldest,
1124:realm was divided among
997:. Georgian troops under
256:(majority of population)
39:Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti
15838:Muzafferuddin Ishak Bey
15720:Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali
15663:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
15655:Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali
15463:Pervâneoğlu Gazi Çelebi
15391:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
14615:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
14522:Kula (District), Manisa
14385:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
14243:governor for Anatolia,
13972:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
13794:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
13409:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
13407:Incorporation into the
12481:Battle of Myriokephalon
12156:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
11990:. Taylor & Francis.
11858:10.1163/156852093X00010
11807:Bektaş, Cengiz (1999).
11634:, Finbarr Barry Flood,
10388:Zahîrüddîn-i Nîsâbûrî,
10304:Alexander Mikaberidze,
9552:'Ala al-Din Kayqubad II
9526:'Izz al-Din Kayka'us II
9442:Rukn al-Din Suleiman II
8823:Second Turkic Khaganate
7021:during the time of the
6714:Turco-Persian tradition
6405:Battle of Myriokephalon
4570:Muhyi'd-Dīn Masud Shāh
3949:. 1177–1191, 1192–1194)
1763:Chief of Seljuk dynasty
914:Battle of Myriokephalon
749:, the Seljuk commander
15977:Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey
15600:Giyas al-Din Halil Bey
15451:Pervâneoğlu Mehmed Bey
15383:Mühezzibeddin Ali Kâşî
14775:Kerimeddin Karaman Bey
14437:Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey
14381:Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey
14332:Giyath al-Din Muhammad
14194:Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey
14152:Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey
13877:Candaroğlu Ibrahim Bey
13782:Şemseddin Yaman Candar
13553:Melikshah bin Muhammed
12475:Battle of Mount Cadmus
12447:Wars and major battles
11995:Pamuk, Sevket (2000).
11986:Mecit, Songul (2013).
11266:, Robert Hillenbrand,
10422:1960, vol. II/5, p. 5.
10061:John Joseph Saunders,
9848:el-Evâmirü’l-ʿAlâʾiyye
9711:
9703:
9696:Anatolian Seljuk State
9605:Giyath al-Din Masud II
9578:Giyath al-Din Masud II
9495:'Ala al-Din Kayqubad I
9482:'Izz al-Din Kayka'us I
9331:Suleiman ibn Qutulmish
9320:for succession to the
8985:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
8786:First Turkic Khaganate
8267:
8171:Constitutional history
8056:Provisional government
8010:Defeat and dissolution
7160:Prehistory of Anatolia
7113:
7074:is similar to that of
6871:
6814:
6709:
6471:Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
2587:Abu'l Ghazi Hasan Bey
1168:
975:
974:, 597 H (1200–1201 CE)
959:
945:Jahan Shah bin Tughril
885:
753:, a distant cousin of
751:Suleiman ibn Qutulmish
637:Suleiman ibn Qutalmish
301:Suleiman ibn Qutalmish
38:
17665:Lord Edward's Crusade
16793:Philaretos Brachamios
15457:Pervâneoğlu Mesud Bey
14951:Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey
14567:Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey
14344:Mehmed Bey the Second
14164:Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey
13924:Kemaleddin Ismail Bey
12877:Muhammed bin Begtimur
12628:Shams al-Din Isfahani
12603:Shams al-Din Altınapa
12558:Karim al-Din Aqsarayi
12454:Byzantine–Seljuk wars
11482:Cahen & Holt 2001
11268:The Dictionary of Art
11216:Sümer, Faruk (2012).
11182:"ARSLANŞAH b. TUĞRUL"
11180:Sümer, Faruk (1991).
11144:Sümer, Faruk (2004).
11108:Sümer, Faruk (2012).
11036:Sümer, Faruk (2009).
10962:Sümer, Faruk (2009).
10809:Sümer, Faruk (2009).
10721:Sümer, Faruk (2009).
10644:Sümer, Faruk (2009).
9872:Tevârih-i Âl-i Selçuk
9755:Mu‘in al-Din Suleyman
9741:between 1246 and 1249
9630:Byzantine–Seljuk Wars
9341:rules Turkmen around
9264:and the port city of
9094:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
8726:Yenisei Kyrgyz People
8265:
7614:Kingdom of Cappadocia
7170:Palaeolithic Anatolia
7107:
6900:Armenian architecture
6854:
6808:
6799:Tārikh-i Āl-i Saldjūq
6700:
2926:Muhammad I Mālīk Shah
1162:
965:
957:
873:
789:in 1085 to reconquer
734:Further information:
239:Old Anatolian Turkish
220:Common languages
15722:(1275–1288) and sons
14988:Melik Danişmend Gazi
14939:Sultanzâde Pîr Ahmed
14915:Sultanzâde Mehmet II
14909:Nasreddin Mehmed Bey
14863:Alâeddin Halil Mirza
14443:Eşrefoğlu Mehmed Bey
14200:Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey
14146:Zeyneddin Karaca Bey
14084:Zeyneddin Karaca Bey
14037:Çobanoğlu Mahmud Bey
14019:Hüsamettin Çoban Bey
13961:Hüsamettin Çoban Bey
13918:Taceddin Ibrahim Bey
13730:İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey
13657:Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey
13590:Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey
13432:Beylik destroyed by
13372:Mengücekli Ishak Bey
13049:Sökmenli Ibrahim Bey
13043:Müinüddin Sökmen Bey
12952:Muinüddin Sökmen Bey
12623:Mu'in al-Din Parwana
12576:Other notable people
12531:Writers and scholars
12116:Katharine Branning.
12077:Yavuz, Ayşıl Tükel.
11659:. ABC-CLIO. p.
11649:Rodriguez, Junius P.
11618:, Robert Bedrosian,
11007:Düstûrnâme-i Enverî,
10982:. pp. 365–371.
10829:. pp. 377–379.
10664:. pp. 380–384.
10647:ANADOLU SELÇUKLULARI
10559:. pp. 480–481.
10539:Faruk Sümer (2002).
10513:. pp. 103–105.
9712:Türkiye Selçukluları
9692:Sultanate of Iconium
9268:he had captured as "
7780:Eastern Roman Empire
6866:, built by a Greek (
6759:, modeled after the
6625:on February 18, 1294
6475:Battle of Yassıçimen
4231:Gevher Nesibe Sultan
4223:Dawlat Raziya Khatun
2877:Kulan Arslan (Dāvûd)
1780:Ibrahim & Artash
1093:. The forces of the
949:Battle of Yassıçemen
593:Eastern Roman Empire
17655:Krak des Chevaliers
16840:History of Anatolia
16783:Knights Hospitaller
16778:Empire of Trebizond
15959:Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey
15833:Fahreddin Ilyas Bey
15179:Inançoğlu Ishak Bey
14869:Bedreddin Ibrahim I
14857:Bedreddin Ibrahim I
14696:Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey
13883:Candaroğlu Adil Bey
13669:Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey
13642:(between 1336–1344)
13541:Nâsırüddin Muhammed
13523:Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım
13072:Hüsameddin Timurtaş
13026:temporarily in 1117
12553:Siraj al-Din Urmavi
11869:. London: Vintage.
11279:Rudi Paul Lindner,
11038:"IRAK SELÇUKLULARI"
10980:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
10827:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
10775:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
10685:Sevim, Ali (1993).
10662:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
10619:(Behmenyâr), p. 71.
10557:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
10511:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
10493:Sevim, Ali (2010).
10475:. pp. 324–325.
10473:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
10295:, pp. 137–138.
8974:Eastern Kara-Khanid
8967:Western Kara-Khanid
8953:Kara-Khanid Khanate
8124:History of Anatolia
8046:War of Independence
7874:Empire of Trebizond
7738:133 BC-27 BC–330 AD
7185:Mesolithic Anatolia
7080:Empire of Trebizond
6703:Red Tower of Alanya
6693:Culture and society
6433:Great Seljuk Empire
6288:Battle of Malazgirt
6284:Romanos IV Diogenes
5593:Mu‘in ad-Dīn Mehmed
4229:Malīka İsmetū'd-Dīn
3540:Last Sultan of The
2319:Alp Ilig and Dawlat
2072:Abu Ali Hasan Yabgu
1778:Toghrul I, Chaghri,
1289:Commander-in-chief
1031:Empire of Trebizond
981:rallied his vassal
884:, Sultanate of Rum.
773:) and briefly also
747:battle of Manzikert
641:Battle of Manzikert
583:Battle of Manzikert
579:entry into Anatolia
340:Battle of Manzikert
265:Hereditary monarchy
17523:3rd Constantinople
17518:2nd Constantinople
17423:2nd Belvoir Castle
17383:1st Belvoir Castle
17246:1st Constantinople
16657:Kadi Burhan al-Din
15983:Tekeoğlu Osman Bey
15965:Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey
15953:Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
15892:Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
15234:castle and nearby
15115:Germiyanlı Ali Bey
14921:Bengi Alâeddin Ali
14897:Seyfeddin Süleyman
14827:Kerîmeddin Karaman
14674:Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
14609:Hamid and his son
13889:Celaleddin Bayezid
13724:Aydınoğlu Umur Bey
13718:Aydınoğlu Musa Bey
13268:Nasreddin Muhammed
12961:Three branches in
12929:Eksük and his son
12865:Seyfeddin Begtimur
12847:Ibrahim bin Sökmen
12548:Fakhr al-Din Iraqi
12498:Battle of Elbistan
12492:Battle of Köse Dağ
11587:Atlas of World Art
11254:, p. 108–109.
10777:. pp. 73–74.
10464:. Vol. EK-2.
9070:Khwarazmian Empire
8941:Karluk Yabgu State
8679:Epics and heroes:
8268:
8166:Diplomatic history
8078:Multi-party period
8028:Republic of Turkey
7804:Great Seljuk State
7794:Rashidun Caliphate
7579:Classical Anatolia
7197:Neolithic Anatolia
7114:
7060:Suleiman II of Rûm
6987:Battle of Köse Dağ
6983:Hüsameddin Temurlu
6904:Sultanate of India
6872:
6815:
6710:
6467:Kayqubad the Great
6250:in 1042 and ended
4858:Bagrationi dynasty
4279:de facto ruler of
3866:Malīk Shāhīn Shāh
3632:de facto ruler of
2052:the Seljuk dynasty
1224:the Pride of Islam
1188:Battle of Elbistan
1169:
1107:Battle of Köse Dağ
976:
960:
886:
802:Battle of Ain Salm
787:Alexios I Komnenos
704:Battle of Köse Dağ
379:Karamanid conquest
366:Battle of Köse Dağ
236:(chancery, spoken)
172:vassal (1256–1308)
166:vassal (1243–1256)
124: 1100–1240
17731:Former sultanates
17698:
17697:
16985:: battles in the
16948:
16947:
16806:
16805:
16513:
16512:
16020:
16019:
16012:Turkey portal
15996:
15995:
15992:
15991:
15971:Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey
15931:between 1361–1373
15929:Kingdom of Cyprus
15853:
15852:
15735:
15734:
15627:
15626:
15472:
15471:
15355:
15354:
15313:between 1300–1314
15194:
15193:
15087:
15086:
14960:
14959:
14729:
14728:
14582:
14581:
14544:between 1300–1368
14486:Kerimüddin Alişir
14458:
14457:
14353:
14352:
14209:
14208:
14046:
14045:
13963:, commander from
13933:
13932:
13754:
13753:
13675:Aydınoğlu Isa Bey
13562:
13561:
13442:
13441:
13277:
13276:
13116:
13115:
13107:Sökmen the Second
13101:Nureddin Muhammed
12902:
12901:
12859:Sökmen the Second
12853:Ahmed bin Ibrahim
12721:
12720:
12647:Anatolian beyliks
12636:
12635:
12618:Manuel Maurozomes
12608:Sa'd al-Din Köpek
12571:
12570:
12543:Haji Bektash Veli
11943:Itzkowitz, Norman
11758:, pp. 68–69.
11756:Canby et al. 2016
11744:Canby et al. 2016
11717:Canby et al. 2016
11670:978-0-87436-885-7
11535:978-0-7546-6119-1
11507:978-1-4094-1098-0
11399:978-0-19-517726-8
11238:978-975-389-713-6
11202:978-975-389-430-2
11166:978-975-389-415-9
11130:978-975-389-713-6
11094:978-975-389-408-1
11058:978-975-389-566-8
10989:978-9-7538-9566-8
10948:978-975-389-432-6
10912:978-975-389-415-9
10872:978-975-389-652-8
10836:978-9-7538-9566-8
10784:978-9-7538-9403-6
10743:978-975-389-566-8
10707:978-975-389-435-7
10671:978-9-7538-9566-8
10602:978-975-389-889-8
10566:978-9-7538-9406-7
10520:978-9-7538-9590-3
10153:, pp. 68–69.
9708:Seljuks of Turkey
9689:
9677:
9616:
9615:
9238:
9237:
9203:
9202:
9199:
9174:
9162:
9150:
9145:Qarlughid Kingdom
9111:
9099:
9087:
9075:
9063:
9038:
9026:
9014:
9009:Pecheneg Khanates
9002:
8990:
8958:
8946:
8934:
8929:Oghuz Yabgu State
8922:
8910:
8898:
8893:Türgesh Khaganate
8886:
8874:
8862:
8850:
8827:
8819:
8798:
8790:
8756:
8731:
8706:
8705:
8633:
8632:
8445:
8444:
8256:
8246:
8245:
8212:Turkey portal
8129:History of Thrace
8086:
8085:
8036:Periods of Turkey
8018:
8017:
7932:
7931:
7844:Anatolian beyliks
7770:Medieval Anatolia
7752:
7751:
7654:Kingdom of Pontus
7644:Ptolemaic Kingdom
7594:Achaemenid Empire
7561:
7560:
7434:
7433:
7207:
7206:
6718:Greco-Roman world
6690:
6689:
6685:
6684:
6676:
6662:Anatolian Seljuks
6651:
6627:
6606:
6598:Anatolian Seljuks
6592:
6578:
6568:
6547:
6536:Anatolian Seljuks
6532:Battle of Kösedağ
6515:
6503:
6479:
6458:
6455:Anatolian Seljuks
6445:
6425:Ala ad-Din Tekish
6408:
6401:Manuel I Komnenos
6332:
6323:
6292:
6281:Byzantine Emperor
6259:
6181:
6180:
6175:
6160:
6145:
6128:
6097:
6071:
5894:
5879:
5853:
5827:
5657:
5642:
5601:
5588:
5581:1266–1282) &
5558:
5551:1282–1284) &
5534:
5527:
5515:
5316:
5285:
5269:
5259:
5247:
5229:
5207:
5202:1257–1262) &
5175:
5158:
5136:
5124:
4940:
4914:
4905:
4882:
4816:
4633:
4617:
4597:
4585:
4316:
4300:
4284:
4266:
4256:
3982:
3950:
3922:
3910:
3881:
3844:
3833:
3663:
3637:
3613:
3598:
3586:
3558:
3306:
3287:
3275:
3260:
3248:
3233:
2969:
2950:
2935:
2920:
2680:
2663:
2648:
2633:
2594:
2572:
2406:
2367:
2094:
1833:
1818:
1770:Mikail ibn Seljuk
1561:
1357:
1291:of the Oghuz army
1250:
924:'s forces of the
922:Holy Roman Empire
918:Manuel I Komnenos
877:Varka and Golshah
716:Anatolian beyliks
681:House of Mengüjek
585:(1071). The name
554:was a culturally
548:
547:
534:
533:
530:
529:
504:Anatolian beyliks
496:
495:
309:• 1303–1308
296:• 1077–1086
16:(Redirected from
17753:
17711:Sultanate of Rum
16990:
16975:
16968:
16961:
16952:
16951:
16833:
16826:
16819:
16810:
16809:
16773:Empire of Nicaea
16763:Byzantine Empire
16756:Christian states
16712:Sultanate of Rum
16540:
16533:
16526:
16517:
16516:
16460:Kilij Arslan III
16315:Muhammad-Shah II
16047:
16040:
16033:
16024:
16023:
16010:
16009:
16008:
15859:
15858:
15741:
15740:
15633:
15632:
15478:
15477:
15445:Süleyman Pervâne
15402:Süleyman Pervâne
15361:
15360:
15200:
15199:
15175:(~1314 - ?)
15093:
15092:
14966:
14965:
14933:Sultanzâde Ishak
14891:Burhaneddin Musa
14845:Bedreddin Mahmut
14735:
14734:
14588:
14587:
14464:
14463:
14383:, regent to the
14359:
14358:
14338:Alâeddin Ali Bey
14215:
14214:
14052:
14051:
13939:
13938:
13760:
13759:
13568:
13567:
13448:
13447:
13283:
13282:
13232:Gazi Gümüshtigin
13122:
13121:
13066:Necmeddin Ilgazi
12908:
12907:
12887:Important works:
12727:
12726:
12655:
12654:
12642:
12641:
12512:
12511:
12301:Kilij Arslan III
12206:
12205:
12149:
12142:
12135:
12126:
12125:
12121:
12112:
12107:. Archived from
12096:
12094:
12088:. Archived from
12083:
12066:
12057:
12048:
12027:
12018:
12009:
12000:
11991:
11982:
11973:
11964:
11938:
11929:
11910:
11889:
11880:
11861:
11840:
11831:
11822:
11803:
11777:
11759:
11753:
11747:
11741:
11732:
11726:
11720:
11714:
11699:
11693:
11687:
11681:
11675:
11674:
11658:
11645:
11639:
11629:
11623:
11613:
11607:
11597:
11591:
11590:
11582:
11576:
11573:Hillenbrand 2021
11570:
11564:
11561:Hillenbrand 2021
11558:
11552:
11545:
11539:
11538:
11517:
11511:
11510:
11491:
11485:
11479:
11468:
11462:
11456:
11450:
11444:
11438:
11432:
11426:
11420:
11414:
11408:
11407:
11383:
11377:
11373:Quote in French:
11369:Hillenbrand 2021
11366:
11360:
11354:
11348:
11345:Hillenbrand 2020
11342:
11336:
11330:
11315:
11314:
11312:Persian ...
11305:Lewis, Bernard,
11302:
11296:
11290:
11284:
11277:
11271:
11261:
11255:
11249:
11243:
11242:
11222:
11213:
11207:
11206:
11186:
11177:
11171:
11170:
11150:
11141:
11135:
11134:
11114:
11105:
11099:
11098:
11078:
11069:
11063:
11062:
11042:
11033:
11010:
11009:pp. 78–80, 1464.
11000:
10994:
10993:
10971:. Vol. 36.
10970:
10959:
10953:
10952:
10932:
10923:
10917:
10916:
10896:
10887:
10881:
10876:
10856:
10847:
10841:
10840:
10818:. Vol. 36.
10817:
10806:
10789:
10788:
10766:. Vol. 25.
10765:
10754:
10748:
10747:
10727:
10718:
10712:
10711:
10691:
10682:
10676:
10675:
10653:. Vol. 36.
10652:
10641:
10620:
10613:
10607:
10606:
10580:
10571:
10570:
10548:. Vol. 26.
10547:
10536:
10525:
10524:
10502:. Vol. 38.
10501:
10490:
10477:
10476:
10455:
10449:
10442:
10436:
10429:
10423:
10414:Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ
10406:
10400:
10386:
10380:
10374:
10368:
10359:A.C.S. Peacock,
10357:
10351:
10345:
10339:
10333:
10327:
10320:
10309:
10302:
10296:
10290:
10277:
10271:
10252:
10245:
10239:
10229:
10220:
10213:
10207:
10206:
10194:
10188:
10187:
10160:
10154:
10148:
10142:
10137:Sicker, Martin,
10135:
10129:
10123:
10117:
10111:
10105:
10098:
10092:
10087:Sicker, Martin,
10085:
10079:
10072:
10066:
10059:
10050:
10044:
10038:
10024:
9997:
9991:
9984:
9978:
9971:
9965:
9964:
9956:
9950:
9939:
9933:
9927:
9921:
9914:
9908:
9903:Grousset, Rene,
9901:
9885:
9867:
9861:
9839:
9833:
9830:
9824:
9817:
9811:
9785:
9779:
9772:
9766:
9748:
9742:
9731:
9715:
9684:
9682:
9680:Saljûqiyân-i Rûm
9672:
9670:
9657:
9642:, Ottoman Empire
9455:Kilij Arslan III
9379:First sultan in
9293:
9292:
9258:Kubadabad Palace
9230:
9223:
9216:
9197:
9172:
9160:
9148:
9109:
9097:
9085:
9073:
9061:
9047:Sultanate of Rum
9036:
9024:
9021:Ghaznavid Empire
9012:
9000:
8988:
8956:
8944:
8932:
8920:
8917:Uyghur Khaganate
8908:
8896:
8884:
8872:
8860:
8848:
8845:Khazar Khaganate
8825:
8817:
8796:
8788:
8754:
8729:
8721:
8720:
8716:Pre-14th century
8693:Major concepts:
8648:
8647:
8643:Turkic Mythology
8460:
8459:
8455:Turkic Languages
8438:Crimean Karaites
8375:Cherniye Klobuki
8281:
8280:
8255:pre–14th century
8254:
8248:
8247:
8238:
8231:
8224:
8210:
8209:
8208:
8176:Cultural history
8161:Military history
8156:Economic history
8102:Turkic migration
8066:One-party period
8042:
8041:
7956:
7955:
7854:County of Edessa
7824:Sultanate of Rum
7786:Empire of Nicaea
7776:
7775:
7590:
7589:
7584:Classical Thrace
7449:
7448:
7286:Achaeans (Homer)
7222:
7221:
7189:c. 11,000–
7176:
7166:
7165:
7144:
7134:
7116:
7115:
7012:
6827:Byzantine Greeks
6669:
6633:
6612:
6595:
6581:
6571:
6553:
6521:
6509:
6485:
6464:
6451:
6422:
6394:
6326:
6316:
6274:
6233:
6169:
6154:
6139:
6122:
6091:
6065:
5888:
5873:
5847:
5821:
5651:
5619:
5595:
5576:
5545:
5532:
5525:
5509:
5295:
5275:
5263:
5253:
5240:
5238:Anatolian Beylik
5220:
5188:
5159:
5153:
5133:Anatolian Beylik
5126:
5118:
4925:established the
4921:
4908:
4899:
4874:
4810:
4627:
4611:
4591:
4571:
4491:Kilij Arslan III
4310:
4294:
4277:
4260:
4246:
4211:1192–1196) &
4168:Suleyman II Shah
3976:
3944:
3916:
3904:
3867:
3838:
3827:
3657:
3624:
3607:
3592:
3580:
3552:
3300:
3281:
3269:
3254:
3242:
3227:
3196:Muhammad I Tapar
2963:
2944:
2929:
2914:
2674:
2657:
2642:
2627:
2588:
2560:
2395:
2361:
2088:
1827:
1812:
1559:
1351:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1245:
1242:
1140:(1248–1265) and
1035:Cilician Armenia
1011:Kilij Arslan III
991:Tamar of Georgia
966:Gold coinage of
830:People's Crusade
627:
626:
577:following their
552:Sultanate of Rûm
526:
525:
512:
511:
500:
499:
487:
486:
473:
472:
459:
458:
445:
444:
431:
430:
421:Byzantine Empire
417:
416:
410:
409:
394:
393:
208:Sebastia (Sivas)
146:
140:
134:
128:
123:
118:
101:
87:
69:
67:Saljūqiyān-i Rūm
63:
55:
54:
49:
41:
34:Sultanate of Rûm
30:
29:
21:
18:Sultanate of Rûm
17761:
17760:
17756:
17755:
17754:
17752:
17751:
17750:
17701:
17700:
17699:
17694:
17594:Seventh Crusade
16991:
16981:
16979:
16949:
16944:
16943:
16941:
16842:
16837:
16807:
16802:
16798:Zaccaria family
16751:
16550:
16544:
16514:
16509:
16485:Kilij Arslan IV
16445:Kilij Arslan II
16405:
16362:
16319:
16290:Muhammad-Shah I
16239:
16194:
16092:
16061:Early Seljukids
16056:
16054:House of Seljuk
16051:
16021:
16016:
16006:
16004:
15988:
15979:(~1360 - ~1375)
15941:
15911:
15867:
15849:
15815:
15777:
15749:
15731:
15726:Nusreddin Ahmed
15708:
15677:
15641:
15623:
15540:
15519:
15486:
15468:
15433:
15417:
15414:
15369:
15351:
15348:(~1340 - ~1360)
15342:(~1320 - ~1340)
15336:(~1282 - ~1320)
15330:(~1261 - ~1282)
15316:
15244:
15208:
15190:
15169:(~1300 - ~1314)
15155:
15139:
15101:
15083:
15048:
15012:
14974:
14956:
14879:Fahreddin Ahmed
14815:
14743:
14725:
14678:
14639:
14596:
14578:
14549:
14542:Beylik of Lâdik
14510:
14472:
14454:
14425:
14399:
14367:
14349:
14314:
14263:
14223:
14205:
14134:
14098:
14060:
14042:
14021:(1309 - ?)
14007:
13986:
13947:
13929:
13900:
13859:
13808:
13768:
13750:
13704:the Thunderbolt
13680:
13645:
13608:
13576:
13558:
13535:Izzeddin Saltuk
13505:
13484:
13456:
13438:
13413:
13388:
13354:
13323:
13291:
13273:
13226:Danishmend Gazi
13214:
13163:
13144:Danishmend Gazi
13130:
13112:
13088:Harput Dynasty:
13083:
13054:
13031:
12975:
12916:
12898:
12882:
12841:Sökmen el Kutbi
12829:
12763:
12749:Sökmen el Kutbi
12735:
12717:
12691:
12663:
12649:
12632:
12567:
12526:
12503:
12459:Siege of Nicaea
12442:
12426:
12341:Kilij Arslan IV
12295:Süleymanshah II
12283:Kilij Arslan II
12247:
12200:
12158:
12153:
12120:. Turkish Hans.
12099:
12092:
12081:
12073:
12045:
11961:
11926:
11907:
11877:
11819:
11800:
11782:Bosworth, C. E.
11768:
11763:
11762:
11754:
11750:
11742:
11735:
11727:
11723:
11715:
11702:
11694:
11690:
11682:
11678:
11671:
11646:
11642:
11630:
11626:
11614:
11610:
11598:
11594:
11583:
11579:
11571:
11567:
11559:
11555:
11546:
11542:
11536:
11518:
11514:
11508:
11492:
11488:
11480:
11471:
11463:
11459:
11451:
11447:
11439:
11435:
11427:
11423:
11415:
11411:
11400:
11384:
11380:
11367:
11363:
11355:
11351:
11343:
11339:
11331:
11318:
11303:
11299:
11291:
11287:
11278:
11274:
11262:
11258:
11250:
11246:
11239:
11220:
11214:
11210:
11203:
11184:
11178:
11174:
11167:
11148:
11142:
11138:
11131:
11112:
11106:
11102:
11095:
11076:
11070:
11066:
11059:
11040:
11034:
11013:
11001:
10997:
10990:
10968:
10960:
10956:
10949:
10930:
10924:
10920:
10913:
10894:
10888:
10884:
10873:
10854:
10848:
10844:
10837:
10815:
10807:
10792:
10785:
10763:
10755:
10751:
10744:
10725:
10719:
10715:
10708:
10689:
10683:
10679:
10672:
10650:
10642:
10623:
10614:
10610:
10603:
10581:
10574:
10567:
10545:
10537:
10528:
10521:
10499:
10491:
10480:
10456:
10452:
10446:Târîḫ-i Güzîde,
10443:
10439:
10433:Râhatü’s-sudûr,
10430:
10426:
10407:
10403:
10387:
10383:
10377:Kastritsis 2013
10375:
10371:
10358:
10354:
10346:
10342:
10334:
10330:
10321:
10312:
10303:
10299:
10291:
10280:
10272:
10255:
10246:
10242:
10234:, Osman Turan,
10230:
10223:
10214:
10210:
10195:
10191:
10184:
10161:
10157:
10149:
10145:
10136:
10132:
10124:
10120:
10112:
10108:
10099:
10095:
10086:
10082:
10073:
10069:
10060:
10053:
10045:
10041:
10022:Salâjika ar-Rûm
9998:
9994:
9985:
9981:
9972:
9968:
9957:
9953:
9940:
9936:
9928:
9924:
9916:Bernard Lewis,
9915:
9911:
9902:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9868:
9864:
9840:
9836:
9831:
9827:
9821:Kilij Arslan IV
9818:
9814:
9786:
9782:
9773:
9769:
9759:Kay Khusraw III
9749:
9745:
9732:
9728:
9724:
9719:
9718:
9658:
9654:
9649:
9621:
9517:Kilij Arslan IV
9350:
9322:Imperial Seljuk
9316:Contended with
9262:Alâeddin Mosque
9246:Persian variant
9242:transliterating
9234:
9205:
9204:
9134:Tughlaq dynasty
9106:Delhi Sultanate
8804:Tokhara Yabghus
8765:Tiele (Gaoche)
8730:202 BCE–13th CE
8718:
8708:
8707:
8651:Belief system:
8645:
8635:
8634:
8590:Karachay-Balkar
8457:
8447:
8446:
8278:
8242:
8206:
8204:
8192:
8191:
8190:
8181:Genetic history
8096:
8088:
8087:
8071:
8040:
8030:
8020:
8019:
7954:
7944:
7934:
7933:
7774:
7764:
7754:
7753:
7744:Sasanian Empire
7704:Armenian Empire
7694:Parthian Empire
7674:Attalid kingdom
7634:Seleucid Empire
7588:
7573:
7563:
7562:
7446:
7436:
7435:
7246:Akkadian Empire
7219:
7209:
7208:
7202:
7201:c. 8,000–
7190:
7178:
7164:
7154:
7132:
7125:
7102:
7094:Main articles:
7092:
7046:and one or two
7031:
6849:
6843:
6769:Kilij Arslan II
6745:Kay Kawad/Qobad
6695:
6686:
6560:Kilij Arslan IV
6496:Battle of Indus
6329:Crusade of 1101
6168:
6153:
6138:
6121:
6090:
6085:Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
6064:
5887:
5872:
5846:
5841:
5820:
5650:
5636:
5609:
5594:
5582:
5575:
5572:Kay Khusraw III
5570:
5552:
5546:
5540:Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
5531:
5524:
5508:
5286:
5262:
5260:
5242:
5241:(established in
5235:Pervâneoğulları
5222:
5204:
5197:
5187:
5184:Kilij Arslan IV
5182:
5169:
5161:
5155:
5148:
5131:
5129:Karamanoğulları
5125:
5117:
4934:
4929:
4906:
4890:
4888:
4842:
4837:
4823:
4809:
4807:
4626:
4610:
4549:
4544:
4528:Māh Pari Khātun
4513:
4508:
4494:
4309:
4293:
4276:
4259:
4257:
4245:
4243:
4212:
4206:
4201:
4193:
4188:
4186:
4175:
3975:
3971:
3951:
3943:
3930:
3915:
3911:
3903:
3890:
3856:
3853:Kilij Arslan II
3851:
3656:
3638:
3630:
3623:
3606:
3591:
3587:
3579:
3564:
3559:
3551:
3539:
3533:
3521:
3515:
3504:
3299:
3295:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3226:
3213:
3198:
3173:
3149:
2962:
2943:
2928:
2913:
2900:
2885:
2867:
2848:
2673:
2656:
2641:
2626:
2612:
2566:
2400:
2394:
2368:
2360:
2338:
2325:
2309:
2302:Suleyman I Shah
2087:
2051:
2048:
2039:
2036:
2035:First sultan of
2033:
2022:
1826:
1811:
1779:
1777:
1761:
1558:
1502:
1501:The founder of
1499:
1350:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1138:Kilij Arslan IV
1076:
1070:
1068:Mongol conquest
898:Kilij Arslan II
842:Crusade of 1101
826:
743:
738:
732:
720:Ottoman dynasty
700:Mongol invasion
523:
509:
484:
470:
456:
442:
428:
414:
381:
368:
355:
342:
310:
297:
272:
267:
237:
234:Byzantine Greek
232:
227:
215:
200:Iconium (Konya)
175:
149:
148:
144:
142:
138:
136:
132:
130:
126:
109:
108:
107:
102:
94:
93:
88:
70:
64:
57:
50:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
17759:
17749:
17748:
17743:
17738:
17733:
17728:
17723:
17718:
17713:
17696:
17695:
17693:
17692:
17687:
17682:
17677:
17672:
17667:
17662:
17657:
17652:
17650:Eighth Crusade
17647:
17642:
17637:
17632:
17627:
17614:
17613:
17608:
17603:
17590:
17589:
17584:
17579:
17574:
17560:
17559:
17554:
17549:
17544:
17539:
17526:
17525:
17520:
17515:
17506:Fourth Crusade
17502:
17501:
17496:
17485:
17484:
17479:
17474:
17469:
17464:
17451:
17450:
17445:
17440:
17435:
17430:
17425:
17420:
17415:
17410:
17405:
17400:
17395:
17390:
17385:
17380:
17375:
17370:
17365:
17360:
17355:
17350:
17345:
17340:
17335:
17330:
17325:
17320:
17315:
17310:
17305:
17300:
17295:
17290:
17285:
17274:
17273:
17268:
17263:
17261:Meander Valley
17258:
17253:
17248:
17239:Second Crusade
17235:
17234:
17229:
17224:
17219:
17214:
17209:
17204:
17199:
17194:
17189:
17184:
17182:Marj al-Saffar
17179:
17174:
17169:
17164:
17162:Jaffa and Tyre
17159:
17154:
17152:Ager Sanguinis
17149:
17144:
17139:
17134:
17129:
17124:
17119:
17114:
17109:
17104:
17099:
17094:
17089:
17084:
17079:
17074:
17069:
17058:
17057:
17052:
17047:
17042:
17037:
17032:
17027:
17022:
17017:
17012:
17007:
16996:
16993:
16992:
16978:
16977:
16970:
16963:
16955:
16946:
16945:
16848:
16847:
16844:
16843:
16836:
16835:
16828:
16821:
16813:
16804:
16803:
16801:
16800:
16795:
16790:
16785:
16780:
16775:
16770:
16765:
16759:
16757:
16753:
16752:
16750:
16749:
16744:
16739:
16734:
16729:
16724:
16719:
16714:
16709:
16704:
16699:
16694:
16689:
16687:Ottoman Empire
16684:
16679:
16674:
16669:
16664:
16659:
16654:
16649:
16644:
16639:
16634:
16629:
16624:
16619:
16614:
16609:
16604:
16599:
16594:
16589:
16587:Candaroğulları
16584:
16579:
16574:
16569:
16564:
16558:
16556:
16552:
16551:
16543:
16542:
16535:
16528:
16520:
16511:
16510:
16508:
16507:
16502:
16497:
16495:Kaykhusraw III
16492:
16487:
16482:
16477:
16472:
16467:
16462:
16457:
16452:
16447:
16442:
16437:
16432:
16430:Kilij Arslan I
16427:
16422:
16416:
16414:
16411:Sultans of Rum
16407:
16406:
16404:
16403:
16398:
16393:
16388:
16383:
16377:
16375:
16364:
16363:
16361:
16360:
16355:
16350:
16345:
16340:
16334:
16332:
16321:
16320:
16318:
16317:
16312:
16307:
16305:Arslan-Shah II
16302:
16297:
16292:
16287:
16282:
16277:
16272:
16267:
16262:
16257:
16251:
16249:
16241:
16240:
16238:
16237:
16232:
16227:
16222:
16217:
16212:
16206:
16204:
16196:
16195:
16193:
16192:
16187:
16182:
16177:
16172:
16170:Malik-Shah III
16167:
16162:
16157:
16152:
16143:
16138:
16133:
16128:
16123:
16118:
16113:
16107:
16105:
16094:
16093:
16091:
16090:
16085:
16083:Arslan Isra'il
16080:
16075:
16070:
16064:
16062:
16058:
16057:
16050:
16049:
16042:
16035:
16027:
16018:
16017:
16015:
16014:
16001:
15998:
15997:
15994:
15993:
15990:
15989:
15987:
15986:
15980:
15974:
15968:
15962:
15956:
15949:
15947:
15943:
15942:
15940:
15939:
15937:Teke Peninsula
15934:
15919:
15917:
15913:
15912:
15910:
15909:
15904:
15899:
15897:
15894:
15889:
15887:
15884:
15878:
15876:
15872:
15869:
15868:
15855:
15854:
15851:
15850:
15848:
15847:
15841:
15835:
15830:
15823:
15821:
15817:
15816:
15814:
15813:
15808:
15803:
15798:
15791:
15785:
15783:
15779:
15778:
15776:
15775:
15770:
15768:
15765:
15760:
15758:
15754:
15751:
15750:
15737:
15736:
15733:
15732:
15730:
15729:
15723:
15716:
15714:
15710:
15709:
15707:
15706:
15701:
15696:
15691:
15685:
15683:
15679:
15678:
15676:
15675:
15673:Afyonkarahisar
15670:
15668:
15665:
15652:
15650:
15646:
15643:
15642:
15629:
15628:
15625:
15624:
15622:
15621:
15615:
15609:
15603:
15597:
15591:
15585:
15579:
15573:
15567:
15561:
15555:
15548:
15546:
15542:
15541:
15539:
15538:
15533:
15527:
15525:
15521:
15520:
15518:
15517:
15512:
15510:
15507:
15497:
15495:
15491:
15488:
15487:
15474:
15473:
15470:
15469:
15467:
15466:
15460:
15454:
15448:
15441:
15439:
15435:
15434:
15432:
15431:
15425:
15423:
15419:
15418:
15416:
15415:
15409:
15407:
15404:
15399:
15397:
15394:
15380:
15378:
15374:
15371:
15370:
15357:
15356:
15353:
15352:
15350:
15349:
15343:
15337:
15331:
15324:
15322:
15318:
15317:
15315:
15314:
15299:
15294:
15289:
15284:
15279:
15274:
15269:
15264:
15259:
15257:Muğla Province
15252:
15250:
15246:
15245:
15243:
15242:
15229:
15227:
15224:
15219:
15217:
15213:
15210:
15209:
15196:
15195:
15192:
15191:
15189:
15188:
15182:
15176:
15170:
15163:
15161:
15157:
15156:
15154:
15153:
15147:
15145:
15141:
15140:
15138:
15137:
15132:
15130:
15127:
15122:
15120:
15117:
15112:
15110:
15106:
15103:
15102:
15089:
15088:
15085:
15084:
15082:
15081:
15075:
15069:
15063:
15056:
15054:
15050:
15049:
15047:
15046:
15041:
15036:
15031:
15026:
15020:
15018:
15014:
15013:
15011:
15010:
15005:
15003:
15000:
14995:
14993:
14990:
14985:
14983:
14979:
14976:
14975:
14962:
14961:
14958:
14957:
14955:
14954:
14948:
14942:
14936:
14930:
14924:
14918:
14912:
14906:
14900:
14894:
14888:
14882:
14876:
14866:
14860:
14854:
14848:
14842:
14836:
14830:
14823:
14821:
14817:
14816:
14814:
14813:
14808:
14803:
14793:
14788:
14782:
14780:
14777:
14772:
14770:
14767:
14754:
14752:
14748:
14745:
14744:
14731:
14730:
14727:
14726:
14724:
14723:
14717:
14711:
14705:
14699:
14693:
14686:
14684:
14680:
14679:
14677:
14676:
14663:
14658:
14653:
14647:
14645:
14641:
14640:
14638:
14637:
14632:
14630:
14627:
14622:
14620:
14617:
14607:
14605:
14601:
14598:
14597:
14584:
14583:
14580:
14579:
14577:
14576:
14570:
14564:
14557:
14555:
14551:
14550:
14548:
14547:
14534:
14529:
14524:
14518:
14516:
14512:
14511:
14509:
14508:
14503:
14501:
14498:
14493:
14491:
14488:
14483:
14481:
14477:
14474:
14473:
14460:
14459:
14456:
14455:
14453:
14452:
14446:
14440:
14433:
14431:
14427:
14426:
14424:
14423:
14418:
14413:
14407:
14405:
14401:
14400:
14398:
14397:
14392:
14390:
14387:
14378:
14376:
14372:
14369:
14368:
14355:
14354:
14351:
14350:
14348:
14347:
14341:
14335:
14329:
14322:
14320:
14316:
14315:
14313:
14312:
14307:
14305:Şebinkarahisar
14302:
14297:
14292:
14287:
14282:
14277:
14271:
14269:
14265:
14264:
14262:
14261:
14252:
14250:
14247:
14234:
14232:
14228:
14225:
14224:
14211:
14210:
14207:
14206:
14204:
14203:
14197:
14191:
14185:
14179:
14173:
14167:
14161:
14155:
14149:
14142:
14140:
14136:
14135:
14133:
14132:
14127:
14122:
14117:
14112:
14106:
14104:
14100:
14099:
14097:
14096:
14091:
14089:
14086:
14081:
14079:
14076:
14074:Hasan Dulkadir
14071:
14069:
14065:
14062:
14061:
14048:
14047:
14044:
14043:
14041:
14040:
14034:
14028:
14022:
14015:
14013:
14009:
14008:
14006:
14005:
14000:
13994:
13992:
13988:
13987:
13985:
13984:
13979:
13977:
13974:
13958:
13956:
13952:
13949:
13948:
13935:
13934:
13931:
13930:
13928:
13927:
13921:
13915:
13912:Isfendiyar Bey
13908:
13906:
13902:
13901:
13899:
13898:
13892:
13886:
13880:
13874:
13873:(1309 - ~1340)
13867:
13865:
13861:
13860:
13858:
13857:
13847:
13842:
13837:
13832:
13827:
13822:
13816:
13814:
13810:
13809:
13807:
13806:
13801:
13799:
13796:
13779:
13777:
13773:
13770:
13769:
13765:Candaroğulları
13756:
13755:
13752:
13751:
13749:
13748:
13742:
13740:
13737:
13734:with intervals
13727:
13721:
13710:
13708:
13705:
13698:Ottoman Empire
13694:
13692:
13688:
13686:
13682:
13681:
13679:
13678:
13672:
13666:
13660:
13653:
13651:
13647:
13646:
13644:
13643:
13637:
13632:
13627:
13622:
13616:
13614:
13610:
13609:
13607:
13606:
13597:
13595:
13592:
13587:
13585:
13581:
13578:
13577:
13564:
13563:
13560:
13559:
13557:
13556:
13550:
13544:
13538:
13532:
13529:Ziyâüddin Gazi
13526:
13525:(1102 - ~1124)
13520:
13513:
13511:
13507:
13506:
13504:
13503:
13498:
13492:
13490:
13486:
13485:
13483:
13482:
13477:
13475:
13472:
13467:
13465:
13461:
13458:
13457:
13444:
13443:
13440:
13439:
13437:
13436:
13430:
13428:
13425:
13421:
13419:
13418:Divriği Branch
13415:
13414:
13412:
13411:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13396:
13394:
13390:
13389:
13387:
13386:
13380:
13378:
13375:
13369:
13362:
13360:
13356:
13355:
13353:
13352:
13350:Şebinkarahisar
13347:
13342:
13337:
13331:
13329:
13325:
13324:
13322:
13321:
13312:
13310:
13307:
13302:
13300:
13296:
13293:
13292:
13279:
13278:
13275:
13274:
13272:
13271:
13265:
13259:
13253:
13247:
13241:
13235:
13229:
13222:
13220:
13216:
13215:
13213:
13212:
13207:
13202:
13197:
13192:
13187:
13182:
13177:
13171:
13169:
13165:
13164:
13162:
13161:
13156:
13151:
13149:
13146:
13141:
13139:
13135:
13132:
13131:
13118:
13117:
13114:
13113:
13111:
13110:
13104:
13098:
13091:
13089:
13085:
13084:
13082:
13081:
13075:
13069:
13062:
13060:
13056:
13055:
13053:
13052:
13046:
13039:
13037:
13033:
13032:
13030:
13029:
13019:
13014:
13009:
13004:
12999:
12994:
12989:
12983:
12981:
12977:
12976:
12974:
12973:
12959:
12957:
12954:
12949:
12947:
12944:
12927:
12925:
12921:
12918:
12917:
12904:
12903:
12900:
12899:
12897:
12896:
12890:
12888:
12884:
12883:
12881:
12880:
12874:
12868:
12862:
12856:
12850:
12844:
12837:
12835:
12831:
12830:
12828:
12827:
12822:
12817:
12812:
12807:
12802:
12797:
12792:
12787:
12782:
12777:
12771:
12769:
12765:
12764:
12762:
12761:
12756:
12754:
12751:
12746:
12744:
12740:
12737:
12736:
12723:
12722:
12719:
12718:
12716:
12715:
12710:
12705:
12699:
12697:
12693:
12692:
12690:
12689:
12684:
12682:
12679:
12674:
12672:
12668:
12665:
12664:
12651:
12650:
12638:
12637:
12634:
12633:
12631:
12630:
12625:
12620:
12615:
12610:
12605:
12600:
12595:
12590:
12585:
12579:
12577:
12573:
12572:
12569:
12568:
12566:
12565:
12560:
12555:
12550:
12545:
12540:
12534:
12532:
12528:
12527:
12525:
12524:
12518:
12516:
12509:
12505:
12504:
12502:
12501:
12495:
12489:
12484:
12478:
12472:
12467:
12462:
12456:
12450:
12448:
12444:
12443:
12441:
12440:
12434:
12432:
12428:
12427:
12425:
12424:
12418:
12408:
12398:
12388:
12378:
12368:
12362:
12356:
12353:Kaykhusraw III
12350:
12344:
12338:
12332:
12326:
12320:
12314:
12304:
12298:
12292:
12286:
12280:
12274:
12268:
12265:Kilij Arslan I
12262:
12255:
12253:
12249:
12248:
12246:
12245:
12240:
12235:
12229:
12223:
12218:
12212:
12210:
12202:
12201:
12199:
12198:
12189:
12187:
12184:
12179:
12177:
12174:
12169:
12167:
12163:
12160:
12159:
12152:
12151:
12144:
12137:
12129:
12123:
12122:
12113:
12111:on 2007-04-05.
12097:
12095:on 2007-07-04.
12072:
12071:External links
12069:
12068:
12067:
12058:
12049:
12044:978-1474450348
12043:
12028:
12019:
12010:
12001:
11992:
11983:
11974:
11965:
11960:978-0226388069
11959:
11939:
11930:
11925:978-1474485944
11924:
11911:
11906:978-1474450348
11905:
11890:
11881:
11875:
11862:
11841:
11832:
11823:
11817:
11804:
11798:
11778:
11767:
11764:
11761:
11760:
11748:
11733:
11731:, p. 104.
11721:
11700:
11688:
11684:Beihammer 2017
11676:
11669:
11640:
11624:
11608:
11602:, H. Saladin,
11592:
11577:
11575:, p. 333.
11565:
11563:, p. 211.
11553:
11540:
11534:
11512:
11506:
11486:
11484:, p. 163.
11469:
11457:
11455:, p. 265.
11445:
11433:
11421:
11419:, p. 278.
11409:
11398:
11378:
11361:
11359:, p. 155.
11349:
11337:
11335:, p. 202.
11333:Khanbaghi 2016
11316:
11309:, p. 29,
11297:
11293:Itzkowitz 1980
11285:
11272:
11256:
11244:
11237:
11208:
11201:
11172:
11165:
11136:
11129:
11100:
11093:
11064:
11057:
11011:
10995:
10988:
10954:
10947:
10918:
10911:
10882:
10871:
10842:
10835:
10812:Kirman Selçuks
10790:
10783:
10749:
10742:
10713:
10706:
10677:
10670:
10621:
10608:
10601:
10572:
10565:
10526:
10519:
10496:SÜLEYMAN ŞAH I
10478:
10450:
10437:
10424:
10401:
10381:
10369:
10352:
10350:, p. 651.
10340:
10338:, p. 355.
10328:
10322:Claude Cahen,
10310:
10297:
10278:
10253:
10240:
10221:
10208:
10189:
10183:978-0859674706
10182:
10155:
10151:Frankopan 2013
10143:
10130:
10126:Frankopan 2013
10118:
10114:Frankopan 2013
10106:
10093:
10080:
10067:
10051:
10049:, p. 145.
10039:
10017:Seljuks of Rûm
9992:
9979:
9966:
9963:. p. 207.
9951:
9934:
9922:
9909:
9895:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9886:
9862:
9834:
9825:
9812:
9780:
9767:
9763:Rabi' al-awwal
9743:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9717:
9716:
9651:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9644:
9643:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9620:
9617:
9614:
9613:
9610:
9607:
9600:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9587:
9586:
9583:
9580:
9573:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9560:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9547:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9534:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9521:
9520:
9513:
9510:
9503:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9490:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9477:
9476:
9473:
9470:
9463:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9450:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9437:
9436:
9433:
9430:
9423:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9410:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9397:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9384:
9383:
9377:
9374:
9372:Kilij Arslan I
9367:
9366:
9363:
9333:
9326:
9325:
9314:
9311:
9304:
9303:
9300:
9297:
9236:
9235:
9233:
9232:
9225:
9218:
9210:
9207:
9206:
9201:
9200:
9189:
9188:
9187:
9186:
9176:
9175:
9164:
9163:
9152:
9151:
9140:
9139:
9138:
9137:
9130:
9127:Khalji dynasty
9123:
9120:Mamluk dynasty
9113:
9112:
9101:
9100:
9089:
9088:
9082:Kerait Khanate
9077:
9076:
9065:
9064:
9053:
9052:
9051:
9050:
9040:
9039:
9028:
9027:
9016:
9015:
9004:
9003:
8992:
8991:
8980:
8979:
8978:
8977:
8970:
8960:
8959:
8948:
8947:
8936:
8935:
8924:
8923:
8912:
8911:
8900:
8899:
8888:
8887:
8876:
8875:
8864:
8863:
8852:
8851:
8840:
8839:
8831:
8830:
8829:
8828:
8820:
8800:
8799:
8791:
8780:
8779:
8771:
8770:
8769:
8768:
8758:
8757:
8746:
8745:
8744:
8743:
8733:
8732:
8719:
8714:
8713:
8710:
8709:
8704:
8703:
8701:
8690:
8689:
8687:
8676:
8675:
8673:
8662:
8661:
8659:
8646:
8641:
8640:
8637:
8636:
8631:
8630:
8628:
8622:
8621:
8619:
8613:
8612:
8610:
8604:
8603:
8601:
8595:
8594:
8592:
8586:
8585:
8583:
8577:
8576:
8574:
8568:
8567:
8565:
8559:
8558:
8556:
8550:
8549:
8547:
8541:
8540:
8538:
8532:
8531:
8529:
8523:
8522:
8520:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8487:
8486:
8484:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8469:
8468:
8466:
8458:
8453:
8452:
8449:
8448:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8434:
8433:
8431:
8425:
8424:
8422:
8416:
8415:
8413:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8389:
8388:
8386:
8380:
8379:
8377:
8371:
8370:
8368:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8353:
8352:
8350:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8335:
8334:
8332:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8317:
8316:
8314:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8299:
8298:
8296:
8290:
8289:
8287:
8279:
8276:Turkic peoples
8274:
8273:
8270:
8269:
8258:
8257:
8244:
8243:
8241:
8240:
8233:
8226:
8218:
8215:
8214:
8201:
8200:
8194:
8193:
8189:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8152:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8110:
8109:
8098:
8097:
8094:
8093:
8090:
8089:
8084:
8083:
8082:(1945–present)
8080:
8074:
8073:
8068:
8062:
8061:
8058:
8052:
8051:
8048:
8039:
8038:
8032:
8031:
8026:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8016:
8015:
8012:
8006:
8005:
8002:
7996:
7995:
7992:
7986:
7985:
7982:
7980:Transformation
7976:
7975:
7972:
7966:
7965:
7962:
7953:
7952:
7946:
7945:
7940:
7939:
7936:
7935:
7930:
7929:
7926:
7920:
7919:
7916:
7910:
7909:
7906:
7900:
7899:
7896:
7890:
7889:
7886:
7880:
7879:
7876:
7870:
7869:
7866:
7860:
7859:
7856:
7850:
7849:
7846:
7840:
7839:
7836:
7830:
7829:
7826:
7820:
7819:
7816:
7810:
7809:
7806:
7800:
7799:
7796:
7790:
7789:
7782:
7773:
7772:
7766:
7765:
7760:
7759:
7756:
7755:
7750:
7749:
7746:
7740:
7739:
7736:
7730:
7729:
7726:
7720:
7719:
7716:
7714:Roman Republic
7710:
7709:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7696:
7690:
7689:
7686:
7680:
7679:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7666:
7660:
7659:
7656:
7650:
7649:
7646:
7640:
7639:
7636:
7630:
7629:
7626:
7620:
7619:
7616:
7610:
7609:
7606:
7600:
7599:
7596:
7587:
7586:
7581:
7575:
7574:
7569:
7568:
7565:
7564:
7559:
7558:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7545:
7539:
7538:
7537:859–595/585 BC
7535:
7529:
7528:
7525:
7519:
7518:
7515:
7509:
7508:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7495:
7489:
7488:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7475:
7469:
7468:
7465:
7459:
7458:
7455:
7447:
7442:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7432:
7431:
7430:859–595/585 BC
7428:
7422:
7421:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7408:
7402:
7401:
7398:
7392:
7391:
7388:
7382:
7381:
7378:
7372:
7371:
7368:
7362:
7361:
7358:
7352:
7351:
7348:
7342:
7341:
7338:
7332:
7331:
7328:
7322:
7321:
7318:
7312:
7311:
7308:
7302:
7301:
7298:
7292:
7291:
7288:
7282:
7281:
7278:
7272:
7271:
7268:
7262:
7261:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7248:
7242:
7241:
7238:
7232:
7231:
7228:
7220:
7215:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7205:
7204:
7199:
7193:
7192:
7187:
7181:
7180:
7177:500,000–
7172:
7163:
7162:
7156:
7155:
7150:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7137:
7136:
7127:
7126:
7119:
7100:Seljuk dynasty
7091:
7088:
7030:
7027:
7023:Ottoman Empire
6992:Oktay Aslanapa
6845:Main article:
6842:
6839:
6789:Rahat al-sudur
6694:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6683:
6682:
6678:
6677:
6667:
6664:
6658:
6655:
6652:
6631:
6628:
6610:
6607:
6593:
6579:
6569:
6551:
6548:
6528:Kay Khusraw II
6519:
6516:
6507:
6504:
6483:
6480:
6462:
6459:
6449:
6446:
6420:
6417:
6412:
6409:
6392:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6381:Second Crusade
6378:
6375:
6372:
6369:
6366:
6363:
6360:
6357:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6324:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6296:
6293:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6260:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6163:
6161:
6148:
6146:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6070:. 1299–1323/4)
6055:
6053:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5882:
5880:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5645:
5643:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5591:
5589:
5569:Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5537:
5535:
5518:
5516:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5272:
5270:
5250:
5248:
5232:
5230:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5178:
5176:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4885:
4883:
4868:
4866:
4850:
4848:
4839:Kay Khusraw II
4836:Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4819:
4817:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4620:
4618:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4588:
4586:
4568:
4566:
4557:
4555:
4540:
4538:
4521:
4519:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4303:
4301:
4287:
4285:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4220:
4218:
4200:Ghiyāth ad-Dīn
4197:
4195:
4185:The mothers of
4183:
4181:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3968:
3966:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3938:
3936:
3925:
3923:
3901:Malik-Shah III
3898:
3896:
3885:
3883:
3864:
3862:
3847:
3845:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3601:
3599:
3574:
3572:
3546:
3544:
3528:
3526:
3512:
3510:
3496:
3494:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3263:
3261:
3251:Arslan II Shah
3236:
3234:
3221:
3219:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3148:Toghrul Arslan
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2938:
2936:
2923:
2921:
2908:
2906:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2864:Kilij Arslan I
2860:
2858:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2651:
2649:
2636:
2634:
2620:
2618:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2333:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2043:
2041:
2040:(r. 1037–1063)
2028:
2026:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1824:Ismail Khandan
1821:
1819:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1774:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:Seljuk dynasty
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1154:Kaykhusraw III
1072:Main article:
1069:
1066:
890:Second Crusade
825:
822:
806:Kilij Arslan I
742:
739:
731:
728:
546:
545:
540:
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
520:
514:
513:
506:
497:
494:
493:
488:
480:
479:
474:
466:
465:
460:
452:
451:
446:
438:
437:
432:
424:
423:
418:
406:
405:
400:
390:
389:
386:
385:
382:
376:
373:
372:
369:
363:
360:
359:
356:
350:
347:
346:
343:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
326:
322:
321:
318:
317:
311:
308:
305:
304:
298:
295:
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
278:
277:
262:
258:
257:
254:Greek Orthodox
247:
243:
242:
221:
217:
216:
214:
213:
210:
205:
202:
197:
194:
183:
181:
177:
176:
174:
173:
167:
161:
157:
155:
151:
150:
143:
137:
131:
125:
119:
111:
110:
103:
96:
95:
89:
82:
81:
80:
77:
76:
72:
71:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17758:
17747:
17744:
17742:
17739:
17737:
17734:
17732:
17729:
17727:
17724:
17722:
17719:
17717:
17714:
17712:
17709:
17708:
17706:
17691:
17688:
17686:
17683:
17681:
17678:
17676:
17673:
17671:
17668:
17666:
17663:
17661:
17658:
17656:
17653:
17651:
17648:
17646:
17643:
17641:
17638:
17636:
17633:
17631:
17628:
17626:
17623:
17622:
17621:
17620:
17619:
17612:
17609:
17607:
17604:
17602:
17599:
17598:
17597:
17596:
17595:
17588:
17585:
17583:
17580:
17578:
17577:3rd Jerusalem
17575:
17573:
17570:
17569:
17568:
17567:
17566:and aftermath
17565:
17564:Sixth Crusade
17558:
17555:
17553:
17550:
17548:
17545:
17543:
17540:
17538:
17535:
17534:
17533:
17532:
17531:
17530:Fifth Crusade
17524:
17521:
17519:
17516:
17514:
17511:
17510:
17509:
17508:
17507:
17500:
17497:
17495:
17492:
17491:
17490:
17489:
17483:
17480:
17478:
17475:
17473:
17470:
17468:
17465:
17463:
17460:
17459:
17458:
17457:
17456:
17455:Third Crusade
17449:
17446:
17444:
17441:
17439:
17436:
17434:
17431:
17429:
17426:
17424:
17421:
17419:
17416:
17414:
17413:2nd Jerusalem
17411:
17409:
17406:
17404:
17401:
17399:
17396:
17394:
17391:
17389:
17386:
17384:
17381:
17379:
17376:
17374:
17371:
17369:
17366:
17364:
17361:
17359:
17356:
17354:
17351:
17349:
17346:
17344:
17341:
17339:
17336:
17334:
17331:
17329:
17326:
17324:
17321:
17319:
17316:
17314:
17311:
17309:
17306:
17304:
17301:
17299:
17296:
17294:
17291:
17289:
17286:
17284:
17281:
17280:
17279:
17278:
17272:
17269:
17267:
17264:
17262:
17259:
17257:
17254:
17252:
17251:2nd Dorylaeum
17249:
17247:
17244:
17243:
17242:
17241:
17240:
17233:
17230:
17228:
17225:
17223:
17220:
17218:
17215:
17213:
17210:
17208:
17205:
17203:
17200:
17198:
17195:
17193:
17190:
17188:
17185:
17183:
17180:
17178:
17175:
17173:
17170:
17168:
17165:
17163:
17160:
17158:
17155:
17153:
17150:
17148:
17145:
17143:
17140:
17138:
17135:
17133:
17130:
17128:
17125:
17123:
17120:
17118:
17115:
17113:
17110:
17108:
17105:
17103:
17100:
17098:
17095:
17093:
17090:
17088:
17085:
17083:
17080:
17078:
17075:
17073:
17070:
17068:
17065:
17064:
17063:
17062:
17056:
17053:
17051:
17050:1st Jerusalem
17048:
17046:
17043:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17033:
17031:
17028:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17020:1st Dorylaeum
17018:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17008:
17006:
17003:
17002:
17001:
17000:
16999:First Crusade
16994:
16988:
16984:
16976:
16971:
16969:
16964:
16962:
16957:
16956:
16953:
16845:
16841:
16834:
16829:
16827:
16822:
16820:
16815:
16814:
16811:
16799:
16796:
16794:
16791:
16789:
16786:
16784:
16781:
16779:
16776:
16774:
16771:
16769:
16766:
16764:
16761:
16760:
16758:
16754:
16748:
16745:
16743:
16740:
16738:
16735:
16733:
16730:
16728:
16725:
16723:
16720:
16718:
16715:
16713:
16710:
16708:
16705:
16703:
16700:
16698:
16695:
16693:
16690:
16688:
16685:
16683:
16680:
16678:
16675:
16673:
16670:
16668:
16665:
16663:
16660:
16658:
16655:
16653:
16650:
16648:
16645:
16643:
16640:
16638:
16635:
16633:
16630:
16628:
16625:
16623:
16620:
16618:
16615:
16613:
16610:
16608:
16607:Danishmendids
16605:
16603:
16602:Çubukoğulları
16600:
16598:
16595:
16593:
16590:
16588:
16585:
16583:
16580:
16578:
16575:
16573:
16570:
16568:
16565:
16563:
16560:
16559:
16557:
16555:Muslim states
16553:
16548:
16541:
16536:
16534:
16529:
16527:
16522:
16521:
16518:
16506:
16503:
16501:
16498:
16496:
16493:
16491:
16488:
16486:
16483:
16481:
16478:
16476:
16475:Kaykhusraw II
16473:
16471:
16468:
16466:
16463:
16461:
16458:
16456:
16453:
16451:
16448:
16446:
16443:
16441:
16438:
16436:
16433:
16431:
16428:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16417:
16415:
16412:
16408:
16402:
16399:
16397:
16394:
16392:
16389:
16387:
16384:
16382:
16379:
16378:
16376:
16373:
16369:
16365:
16359:
16356:
16354:
16351:
16349:
16346:
16344:
16341:
16339:
16336:
16335:
16333:
16330:
16326:
16322:
16316:
16313:
16311:
16310:Turan-Shah II
16308:
16306:
16303:
16301:
16298:
16296:
16293:
16291:
16288:
16286:
16285:Arslan-Shah I
16283:
16281:
16278:
16276:
16273:
16271:
16268:
16266:
16263:
16261:
16258:
16256:
16253:
16252:
16250:
16247:
16244:Governors of
16242:
16236:
16233:
16231:
16228:
16226:
16223:
16221:
16218:
16216:
16213:
16211:
16208:
16207:
16205:
16202:
16199:Governors of
16197:
16191:
16188:
16186:
16183:
16181:
16180:Suleiman-Shah
16178:
16176:
16173:
16171:
16168:
16166:
16163:
16161:
16158:
16156:
16153:
16151:
16147:
16144:
16142:
16139:
16137:
16136:Malik-Shah II
16134:
16132:
16129:
16127:
16124:
16122:
16119:
16117:
16114:
16112:
16109:
16108:
16106:
16103:
16102:Seljuk Empire
16099:
16095:
16089:
16086:
16084:
16081:
16079:
16076:
16074:
16071:
16069:
16066:
16065:
16063:
16059:
16055:
16048:
16043:
16041:
16036:
16034:
16029:
16028:
16025:
16013:
16003:
16002:
15999:
15984:
15981:
15978:
15975:
15972:
15969:
15966:
15963:
15960:
15957:
15954:
15951:
15950:
15948:
15944:
15938:
15935:
15932:
15930:
15924:
15921:
15920:
15918:
15914:
15908:
15905:
15903:
15900:
15898:
15895:
15893:
15890:
15888:
15885:
15882:
15879:
15877:
15874:
15873:
15870:
15865:
15860:
15856:
15845:
15842:
15839:
15836:
15834:
15831:
15828:
15825:
15824:
15822:
15818:
15812:
15809:
15807:
15804:
15802:
15799:
15796:
15792:
15790:
15787:
15786:
15784:
15780:
15774:
15771:
15769:
15766:
15764:
15761:
15759:
15756:
15755:
15752:
15747:
15742:
15738:
15727:
15724:
15721:
15718:
15717:
15715:
15711:
15705:
15702:
15700:
15697:
15695:
15692:
15690:
15687:
15686:
15684:
15680:
15674:
15671:
15669:
15666:
15664:
15660:
15656:
15653:
15651:
15648:
15647:
15644:
15639:
15634:
15630:
15619:
15616:
15613:
15610:
15607:
15604:
15601:
15598:
15595:
15592:
15589:
15586:
15583:
15580:
15577:
15574:
15571:
15568:
15565:
15562:
15559:
15556:
15553:
15550:
15549:
15547:
15543:
15537:
15534:
15532:
15529:
15528:
15526:
15522:
15516:
15513:
15511:
15508:
15505:
15501:
15498:
15496:
15493:
15492:
15489:
15484:
15479:
15475:
15464:
15461:
15458:
15455:
15452:
15449:
15446:
15443:
15442:
15440:
15436:
15430:
15427:
15426:
15424:
15420:
15413:
15410:
15408:
15405:
15403:
15400:
15398:
15395:
15392:
15388:
15384:
15381:
15379:
15376:
15375:
15372:
15367:
15362:
15358:
15347:
15344:
15341:
15338:
15335:
15332:
15329:
15326:
15325:
15323:
15319:
15312:
15308:
15304:
15300:
15298:
15295:
15293:
15290:
15288:
15285:
15283:
15280:
15278:
15275:
15273:
15270:
15268:
15265:
15263:
15260:
15258:
15254:
15253:
15251:
15247:
15241:
15238:, later also
15237:
15233:
15230:
15228:
15225:
15223:
15220:
15218:
15215:
15214:
15211:
15206:
15201:
15197:
15186:
15183:
15180:
15177:
15174:
15171:
15168:
15165:
15164:
15162:
15158:
15152:
15149:
15148:
15146:
15142:
15136:
15133:
15131:
15128:
15126:
15123:
15121:
15118:
15116:
15113:
15111:
15108:
15107:
15104:
15099:
15094:
15090:
15079:
15076:
15073:
15070:
15067:
15064:
15061:
15058:
15057:
15055:
15051:
15045:
15042:
15040:
15037:
15035:
15032:
15030:
15027:
15025:
15022:
15021:
15019:
15015:
15009:
15006:
15004:
15001:
14999:
14996:
14994:
14991:
14989:
14986:
14984:
14981:
14980:
14977:
14972:
14967:
14963:
14952:
14949:
14946:
14943:
14940:
14937:
14934:
14931:
14928:
14925:
14922:
14919:
14916:
14913:
14910:
14907:
14904:
14901:
14898:
14895:
14892:
14889:
14886:
14883:
14880:
14877:
14874:
14870:
14867:
14864:
14861:
14858:
14855:
14852:
14849:
14846:
14843:
14840:
14837:
14834:
14831:
14828:
14825:
14824:
14822:
14818:
14812:
14809:
14807:
14804:
14801:
14797:
14794:
14792:
14789:
14787:
14784:successively
14783:
14781:
14778:
14776:
14773:
14771:
14768:
14765:
14762:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14750:
14749:
14746:
14741:
14736:
14732:
14721:
14718:
14715:
14712:
14709:
14706:
14703:
14700:
14697:
14694:
14691:
14688:
14687:
14685:
14681:
14675:
14671:
14667:
14664:
14662:
14659:
14657:
14654:
14652:
14649:
14648:
14646:
14642:
14636:
14633:
14631:
14628:
14626:
14623:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14612:
14608:
14606:
14603:
14602:
14599:
14594:
14589:
14585:
14574:
14571:
14568:
14565:
14562:
14559:
14558:
14556:
14552:
14545:
14543:
14538:
14535:
14533:
14530:
14528:
14525:
14523:
14520:
14519:
14517:
14513:
14507:
14504:
14502:
14499:
14497:
14494:
14492:
14489:
14487:
14484:
14482:
14479:
14478:
14475:
14470:
14465:
14461:
14450:
14447:
14444:
14441:
14438:
14435:
14434:
14432:
14428:
14422:
14419:
14417:
14414:
14412:
14409:
14408:
14406:
14402:
14396:
14393:
14391:
14388:
14386:
14382:
14379:
14377:
14374:
14373:
14370:
14365:
14360:
14356:
14345:
14342:
14339:
14336:
14333:
14330:
14327:
14324:
14323:
14321:
14317:
14311:
14308:
14306:
14303:
14301:
14298:
14296:
14293:
14291:
14288:
14286:
14283:
14281:
14278:
14276:
14273:
14272:
14270:
14266:
14260:
14256:
14253:
14251:
14248:
14246:
14242:
14238:
14235:
14233:
14230:
14229:
14226:
14221:
14216:
14212:
14202:(1507- ~1525)
14201:
14198:
14195:
14192:
14189:
14186:
14183:
14180:
14177:
14174:
14171:
14168:
14165:
14162:
14159:
14156:
14153:
14150:
14147:
14144:
14143:
14141:
14137:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14107:
14105:
14101:
14095:
14092:
14090:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14077:
14075:
14072:
14070:
14067:
14066:
14063:
14059:(1348- ~1525)
14058:
14053:
14049:
14038:
14035:
14032:
14029:
14026:
14023:
14020:
14017:
14016:
14014:
14010:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13996:
13995:
13993:
13989:
13983:
13980:
13978:
13975:
13973:
13969:
13966:
13962:
13959:
13957:
13954:
13953:
13950:
13945:
13940:
13936:
13925:
13922:
13919:
13916:
13913:
13910:
13909:
13907:
13903:
13896:
13893:
13890:
13887:
13884:
13881:
13878:
13875:
13872:
13869:
13868:
13866:
13862:
13855:
13851:
13848:
13846:
13843:
13841:
13838:
13836:
13833:
13831:
13828:
13826:
13823:
13821:
13818:
13817:
13815:
13811:
13805:
13802:
13800:
13797:
13795:
13791:
13787:
13783:
13780:
13778:
13775:
13774:
13771:
13766:
13761:
13757:
13747:
13743:
13741:
13738:
13735:
13731:
13728:
13725:
13722:
13719:
13715:
13711:
13709:
13706:
13703:
13699:
13695:
13693:
13690:
13689:
13687:
13683:
13676:
13673:
13670:
13667:
13664:
13661:
13658:
13655:
13654:
13652:
13648:
13641:
13638:
13636:
13633:
13631:
13628:
13626:
13623:
13621:
13618:
13617:
13615:
13611:
13605:
13601:
13598:
13596:
13593:
13591:
13588:
13586:
13583:
13582:
13579:
13574:
13569:
13565:
13554:
13551:
13548:
13545:
13542:
13539:
13536:
13533:
13530:
13527:
13524:
13521:
13518:
13515:
13514:
13512:
13508:
13502:
13499:
13497:
13494:
13493:
13491:
13487:
13481:
13478:
13476:
13473:
13471:
13468:
13466:
13463:
13462:
13459:
13454:
13449:
13445:
13435:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13423:
13422:
13420:
13416:
13410:
13406:
13404:
13401:
13398:
13397:
13395:
13391:
13385:
13381:
13379:
13376:
13373:
13370:
13367:
13364:
13363:
13361:
13357:
13351:
13348:
13346:
13343:
13341:
13338:
13336:
13333:
13332:
13330:
13326:
13320:
13317:, later also
13316:
13313:
13311:
13308:
13306:
13303:
13301:
13298:
13297:
13294:
13289:
13284:
13280:
13269:
13266:
13263:
13260:
13257:
13254:
13251:
13248:
13245:
13242:
13239:
13236:
13233:
13230:
13227:
13224:
13223:
13221:
13217:
13211:
13208:
13206:
13203:
13201:
13198:
13196:
13193:
13191:
13188:
13186:
13183:
13181:
13178:
13176:
13173:
13172:
13170:
13166:
13160:
13157:
13155:
13152:
13150:
13147:
13145:
13142:
13140:
13137:
13136:
13133:
13128:
13123:
13119:
13108:
13105:
13102:
13099:
13096:
13093:
13092:
13090:
13086:
13079:
13078:Necmeddin Alp
13076:
13073:
13070:
13067:
13064:
13063:
13061:
13057:
13050:
13047:
13044:
13041:
13040:
13038:
13034:
13027:
13023:
13020:
13018:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13008:
13005:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12993:
12990:
12988:
12985:
12984:
12982:
12978:
12972:
12968:
12964:
12960:
12958:
12955:
12953:
12950:
12948:
12945:
12942:
12939:
12936:
12932:
12928:
12926:
12923:
12922:
12919:
12914:
12909:
12905:
12895:
12892:
12891:
12889:
12885:
12878:
12875:
12872:
12869:
12866:
12863:
12860:
12857:
12854:
12851:
12848:
12845:
12842:
12839:
12838:
12836:
12832:
12826:
12823:
12821:
12818:
12816:
12813:
12811:
12808:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12791:
12788:
12786:
12783:
12781:
12778:
12776:
12773:
12772:
12770:
12766:
12760:
12757:
12755:
12752:
12750:
12747:
12745:
12742:
12741:
12738:
12733:
12728:
12724:
12714:
12711:
12709:
12706:
12704:
12701:
12700:
12698:
12694:
12688:
12685:
12683:
12680:
12678:
12675:
12673:
12670:
12669:
12666:
12662:(1081 - 1092)
12661:
12656:
12652:
12648:
12643:
12639:
12629:
12626:
12624:
12621:
12619:
12616:
12614:
12611:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12584:
12583:Gevher Nesibe
12581:
12580:
12578:
12574:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12549:
12546:
12544:
12541:
12539:
12536:
12535:
12533:
12529:
12523:
12520:
12519:
12517:
12513:
12510:
12506:
12499:
12496:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12482:
12479:
12476:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12452:
12451:
12449:
12445:
12439:
12436:
12435:
12433:
12429:
12422:
12419:
12417:) (1303–1307)
12416:
12412:
12409:
12407:) (1301–1303)
12406:
12402:
12399:
12397:) (1294–1301)
12396:
12392:
12389:
12387:) (1293–1294)
12386:
12382:
12379:
12377:) (1284–1293)
12376:
12372:
12369:
12366:
12363:
12360:
12357:
12354:
12351:
12348:
12345:
12342:
12339:
12336:
12333:
12330:
12329:Kaykhusraw II
12327:
12324:
12321:
12318:
12315:
12313:) (1205–1211)
12312:
12308:
12305:
12302:
12299:
12296:
12293:
12290:
12287:
12284:
12281:
12278:
12275:
12272:
12269:
12266:
12263:
12260:
12257:
12256:
12254:
12250:
12244:
12241:
12239:
12236:
12233:
12230:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12213:
12211:
12207:
12203:
12197:
12193:
12190:
12188:
12185:
12183:
12180:
12178:
12175:
12173:
12170:
12168:
12165:
12164:
12161:
12157:
12150:
12145:
12143:
12138:
12136:
12131:
12130:
12127:
12119:
12114:
12110:
12106:
12102:
12098:
12091:
12087:
12080:
12075:
12074:
12064:
12059:
12055:
12050:
12046:
12040:
12036:
12035:
12029:
12025:
12020:
12016:
12011:
12007:
12002:
11998:
11993:
11989:
11984:
11980:
11975:
11971:
11966:
11962:
11956:
11952:
11948:
11944:
11940:
11936:
11931:
11927:
11921:
11917:
11912:
11908:
11902:
11898:
11897:
11891:
11887:
11882:
11878:
11876:9780099555032
11872:
11868:
11863:
11859:
11855:
11851:
11847:
11842:
11838:
11833:
11829:
11824:
11820:
11818:975-7438-75-8
11814:
11810:
11805:
11801:
11799:0-7486-2137-7
11795:
11791:
11787:
11783:
11779:
11775:
11770:
11769:
11757:
11752:
11746:, p. 68.
11745:
11740:
11738:
11730:
11729:Shukurov 2016
11725:
11719:, p. 69.
11718:
11713:
11711:
11709:
11707:
11705:
11698:, p. 28.
11697:
11692:
11686:, p. 20.
11685:
11680:
11672:
11666:
11662:
11657:
11656:
11650:
11644:
11637:
11633:
11628:
11621:
11617:
11612:
11605:
11601:
11596:
11588:
11581:
11574:
11569:
11562:
11557:
11550:
11544:
11537:
11531:
11527:
11523:
11516:
11509:
11503:
11499:
11498:
11490:
11483:
11478:
11476:
11474:
11466:
11461:
11454:
11449:
11443:, p. 21.
11442:
11437:
11431:, p. 20.
11430:
11425:
11418:
11413:
11406:
11401:
11395:
11391:
11390:
11382:
11374:
11370:
11365:
11358:
11357:Shukurov 2020
11353:
11347:, p. 15.
11346:
11341:
11334:
11329:
11327:
11325:
11323:
11321:
11313:
11308:
11301:
11295:, p. 48.
11294:
11289:
11282:
11276:
11269:
11265:
11260:
11253:
11252:Shukurov 2016
11248:
11240:
11234:
11230:
11226:
11219:
11212:
11204:
11198:
11194:
11190:
11183:
11176:
11168:
11162:
11158:
11154:
11147:
11140:
11132:
11126:
11122:
11118:
11111:
11104:
11096:
11090:
11086:
11082:
11075:
11068:
11060:
11054:
11050:
11046:
11039:
11032:
11030:
11028:
11026:
11024:
11022:
11020:
11018:
11016:
11008:
11004:
10999:
10991:
10985:
10981:
10978:
10974:
10967:
10966:
10958:
10950:
10944:
10940:
10936:
10929:
10922:
10914:
10908:
10904:
10900:
10893:
10886:
10879:
10874:
10868:
10864:
10860:
10853:
10846:
10838:
10832:
10828:
10825:
10821:
10814:
10813:
10805:
10803:
10801:
10799:
10797:
10795:
10786:
10780:
10776:
10773:
10769:
10762:
10761:
10753:
10745:
10739:
10735:
10731:
10724:
10723:"SELÇUKLULAR"
10717:
10709:
10703:
10699:
10695:
10688:
10681:
10673:
10667:
10663:
10660:
10656:
10649:
10648:
10640:
10638:
10636:
10634:
10632:
10630:
10628:
10626:
10618:
10612:
10604:
10598:
10594:
10590:
10586:
10579:
10577:
10568:
10562:
10558:
10555:
10551:
10544:
10543:
10535:
10533:
10531:
10522:
10516:
10512:
10509:
10505:
10498:
10497:
10489:
10487:
10485:
10483:
10474:
10471:
10467:
10463:
10462:
10454:
10447:
10441:
10434:
10428:
10421:
10417:
10415:
10410:
10405:
10398:
10394:
10392:
10385:
10379:, p. 26.
10378:
10373:
10366:
10362:
10356:
10349:
10344:
10337:
10332:
10325:
10319:
10317:
10315:
10307:
10301:
10294:
10293:Sinclair 2020
10289:
10287:
10285:
10283:
10276:, p. 41.
10275:
10274:Sinclair 2020
10270:
10268:
10266:
10264:
10262:
10260:
10258:
10250:
10244:
10237:
10233:
10228:
10226:
10218:
10212:
10205:(7–8): 14–16.
10204:
10200:
10193:
10185:
10179:
10175:
10174:
10167:
10166:
10159:
10152:
10147:
10140:
10134:
10128:, p. 52.
10127:
10122:
10116:, p. 51.
10115:
10110:
10103:
10097:
10090:
10084:
10077:
10071:
10064:
10058:
10056:
10048:
10047:Shukurov 2020
10043:
10036:
10032:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10014:
10010:
10006:
10002:
9996:
9989:
9983:
9976:
9970:
9962:
9955:
9948:
9944:
9938:
9932:, p. 82.
9931:
9926:
9919:
9913:
9906:
9900:
9896:
9883:
9879:
9878:Dhu al-Hijjah
9875:
9873:
9866:
9859:
9855:
9854:Dhu al-Hijjah
9851:
9849:
9844:
9841:According to
9838:
9829:
9823:reigned alone
9822:
9816:
9810:
9806:
9802:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9784:
9778:reigned alone
9777:
9771:
9764:
9760:
9756:
9753:
9750:Grand Vizier
9747:
9740:
9736:
9733:Grand Vizier
9730:
9726:
9713:
9709:
9705:
9701:
9697:
9693:
9687:
9681:
9675:
9666:
9662:
9656:
9652:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9622:
9612:Second reign
9611:
9608:
9606:
9602:
9601:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9589:
9588:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9575:
9574:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9562:
9561:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9549:
9548:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9536:
9535:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9523:
9522:
9518:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9505:
9504:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9492:
9491:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9479:
9478:
9475:Second reign
9474:
9471:
9469:
9465:
9464:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9452:
9451:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9439:
9438:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9425:
9424:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9412:
9411:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9399:
9398:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9386:
9385:
9382:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9369:
9368:
9364:
9362:
9361:Great Seljuks
9358:
9354:
9348:
9344:
9340:
9339:
9334:
9332:
9328:
9327:
9323:
9319:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9306:
9305:
9301:
9298:
9295:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9285:
9284:Gevher Nesibe
9281:
9280:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9263:
9259:
9255:
9251:
9250:Arabic script
9247:
9243:
9231:
9226:
9224:
9219:
9217:
9212:
9211:
9209:
9208:
9196:
9195:
9194:Ottoman State
9191:
9190:
9185:
9184:
9183:Bahri dynasty
9180:
9179:
9178:
9177:
9171:
9170:
9166:
9165:
9159:
9158:
9154:
9153:
9147:
9146:
9142:
9141:
9136:
9135:
9131:
9129:
9128:
9124:
9122:
9121:
9117:
9116:
9115:
9114:
9108:
9107:
9103:
9102:
9096:
9095:
9091:
9090:
9084:
9083:
9079:
9078:
9072:
9071:
9067:
9066:
9060:
9059:
9055:
9054:
9049:
9048:
9044:
9043:
9042:
9041:
9035:
9034:
9033:Seljuk Empire
9030:
9029:
9023:
9022:
9018:
9017:
9011:
9010:
9006:
9005:
8999:
8998:
8994:
8993:
8987:
8986:
8982:
8981:
8976:
8975:
8971:
8969:
8968:
8964:
8963:
8962:
8961:
8955:
8954:
8950:
8949:
8943:
8942:
8938:
8937:
8931:
8930:
8926:
8925:
8919:
8918:
8914:
8913:
8907:
8906:
8902:
8901:
8895:
8894:
8890:
8889:
8883:
8882:
8878:
8877:
8871:
8870:
8866:
8865:
8859:
8858:
8854:
8853:
8847:
8846:
8842:
8841:
8838:
8837:
8836:Sabiri People
8833:
8832:
8824:
8821:
8816:
8813:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8805:
8795:
8792:
8787:
8784:
8783:
8782:
8781:
8778:
8777:
8773:
8772:
8767:
8766:
8762:
8761:
8760:
8759:
8753:
8752:
8748:
8747:
8742:
8741:
8737:
8736:
8735:
8734:
8728:
8727:
8723:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8711:
8702:
8700:
8696:
8692:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8682:
8678:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8668:
8664:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8654:
8650:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8638:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8450:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8271:
8264:
8260:
8259:
8253:
8250:
8249:
8239:
8234:
8232:
8227:
8225:
8220:
8219:
8217:
8216:
8213:
8203:
8202:
8199:
8196:
8195:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8136:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8114:Turkification
8112:
8108:
8105:
8104:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8092:
8091:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8053:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8029:
8024:
8023:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8007:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7997:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7987:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7977:
7973:
7971:
7970:Classical Age
7968:
7967:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7957:
7951:
7948:
7947:
7943:
7938:
7937:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7901:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7891:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7881:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7871:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7861:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7851:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7831:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7811:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7771:
7768:
7767:
7763:
7758:
7757:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7741:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7731:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7721:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7708:190 BC–428 AD
7707:
7705:
7702:
7701:
7698:247 BC–224 AD
7697:
7695:
7692:
7691:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7681:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7651:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7621:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7611:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7591:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7572:
7571:Classical Age
7567:
7566:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7550:
7546:
7544:
7543:Median Empire
7541:
7540:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7530:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7510:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7500:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7490:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7480:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7439:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7423:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7353:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7343:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7333:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7323:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7313:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7293:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7283:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7253:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7212:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7194:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7153:
7148:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7138:
7135:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7117:
7111:
7110:Kaykhusraw II
7106:
7101:
7097:
7087:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7067:
7065:
7061:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7035:
7026:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7008:
7004:
6999:
6997:
6993:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6923:the other one
6920:
6916:
6912:
6907:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6888:caravanserais
6885:
6881:
6877:
6876:caravanserais
6869:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6848:
6838:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6812:
6807:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6795:
6791:
6790:
6784:
6782:
6781:Kaykhusraw II
6778:
6774:
6770:
6764:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6725:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6708:
6704:
6699:
6681:
6675:
6673:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6637:
6636:Ottoman State
6632:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6620:
6619:Mongol Empire
6616:
6611:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6599:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6564:Sultan of Rum
6561:
6557:
6552:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6544:Mongol Empire
6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6520:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6500:Khwarazmshahs
6497:
6493:
6489:
6484:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6463:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6415:Third Crusade
6413:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6373:
6370:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6352:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6320:First Crusade
6315:
6312:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6285:
6282:
6278:
6273:
6270:
6268:Establishment
6267:
6264:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6244:Malik ibn Ali
6241:
6237:
6232:
6229:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6217:
6214:
6211:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6199:
6196:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6167:
6158:
6152:
6143:
6137:
6126:
6120:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6069:
6063:
6059:
6047:
6044:
6036:
6034:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6016:
6008:
5966:
5958:
5956:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5903:
5892:
5886:
5877:
5871:
5864:
5855:
5851:
5845:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5817:Kay Qubād III
5815:ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
5792:
5789:
5786:
5774:
5771:
5763:
5762:
5755:
5747:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5655:
5649:
5648:Ahmad Tagüdar
5640:
5634:
5630:
5627:, the son of
5626:
5622:
5605:
5603:
5599:
5586:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5556:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5530:
5523:
5520:ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
5513:
5507:
5504:Shams ad-Dīn
5503:
5491:
5488:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5462:
5460:
5454:
5446:
5444:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5426:
5422:
5420:
5412:
5410:
5402:
5394:
5382:
5378:
5376:
5370:
5362:
5360:
5352:
5350:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5314:
5313:Mongol Empire
5310:
5306:
5303:, the son of
5302:
5298:
5292:
5290:
5283:
5279:
5267:
5257:
5245:
5239:
5236:
5228:
5226:
5219:
5218:
5215:ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
5209:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5193:
5186:
5185:
5173:
5167:
5165:
5157:
5152:
5151:
5134:
5130:
5122:
5116:
5113:Karîm ad-Dīn
5103:
5100:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5082:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5048:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5036:
5016:
5012:
5010:
4998:
4994:
4992:
4986:
4982:
4980:
4961:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4924:
4912:
4903:
4889:Kilij Arslan,
4880:
4879:
4873:
4870:Mu‘in ad-Dīn
4865:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4846:
4841:
4840:
4825:
4814:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4787:
4765:
4759:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4733:
4729:
4721:
4701:
4699:
4693:
4689:
4687:
4669:
4665:
4663:
4652:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4631:
4625:
4622:Jalāl ad-Dīn
4615:
4609:
4606:ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
4595:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4565:
4561:
4553:
4548:
4547:
4537:
4536:Alanya Castle
4533:
4529:
4525:
4517:
4512:
4511:
4498:
4493:
4492:
4479:
4476:
4470:
4466:
4464:
4456:
4454:
4448:
4442:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4420:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4394:
4392:
4378:
4374:
4372:
4362:
4354:
4352:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4314:
4308:
4305:Jalāl ad-Dīn
4298:
4292:
4289:ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
4283:
4282:
4275:
4274:Terken Khatun
4264:
4254:
4250:
4241:
4232:
4224:
4216:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4203:Kay Khusraw I
4191:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4155:
4152:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4112:
4110:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4082:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4070:
4050:
4018:
4016:
4008:
4006:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3965:
3964:Terken Khatun
3956:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3934:
3929:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3894:
3889:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3810:
3807:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3787:
3785:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3723:
3715:
3713:
3703:
3695:
3693:
3685:
3683:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3652:ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
3645:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3628:
3622:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3604:Suleiman-Shah
3596:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3571:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3543:
3537:
3532:
3525:
3519:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3493:
3481:
3478:
3470:
3468:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3396:
3376:
3374:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3321:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3266:Turan II Shah
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3231:
3225:
3217:
3212:
3211:Malik-Shah II
3205:
3202:
3197:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3138:
3135:
3129:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3059:
3051:
3049:
3033:
3025:
3023:
3013:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2967:
2961:
2948:
2942:
2933:
2927:
2918:
2912:
2911:Arslan Shah I
2904:
2899:
2889:
2884:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2856:
2852:
2847:Ayisha Khātun
2837:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2804:
2803:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2730:
2722:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2661:
2655:
2646:
2640:
2631:
2624:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2592:
2580:
2578:
2570:
2564:
2559:
2547:
2544:
2536:
2534:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2494:
2486:
2484:
2476:
2474:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2342:
2337:
2329:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2283:
2264:
2248:
2246:
2238:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2218:
2210:
2208:
2199:
2170:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2132:
2124:
2122:
2114:
2112:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2062:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2038:
2032:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2002:
1999:
1991:
1989:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1929:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1867:
1859:
1857:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1816:
1810:
1800:
1797:
1776:The mother of
1771:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1738:
1735:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1713:
1705:
1703:
1687:
1685:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1645:
1605:
1584:
1582:
1557:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1476:
1474:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1181:Mamluk Sultan
1178:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:Mongol Empire
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:Kaykhusraw II
1075:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:and made the
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
973:
969:
964:
956:
952:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
927:
926:Third Crusade
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
896:Mesud's son,
894:
891:
883:
879:
878:
872:
868:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:First Crusade
831:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
777:(present-day
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:Seljuk Empire
756:
752:
748:
741:Establishment
737:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:Danishmendids
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:Mediterranean
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:Seljuk Empire
629:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
557:
556:Turco-Persian
553:
544:
541:
539:Today part of
537:
521:
519:
516:
515:
507:
505:
502:
501:
498:
492:
489:
482:
481:
478:
475:
468:
467:
464:
461:
454:
453:
450:
447:
440:
439:
436:
435:Seljuk Empire
433:
426:
425:
422:
419:
412:
411:
408:
407:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
391:
387:
383:
380:
374:
370:
367:
361:
357:
354:
348:
344:
341:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
312:
306:
302:
299:
293:
289:
285:
283:
279:
275:
270:
266:
263:
259:
255:
251:
248:
244:
240:
235:
231:(numismatics)
230:
225:
222:
218:
211:
209:
206:
203:
201:
198:
195:
192:
188:
185:
184:
182:
178:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
156:
152:
117:
112:
106:
100:
92:
86:
78:
73:
68:
61:
47:
40:
31:
19:
17616:
17615:
17611:2nd Fariskur
17606:2nd Mansurah
17601:3rd Damietta
17592:
17591:
17562:
17561:
17557:1st Mansurah
17552:1st Fariskur
17547:2nd Damietta
17528:
17527:
17504:
17503:
17487:
17486:
17453:
17452:
17368:Jacob's Ford
17333:1st Damietta
17276:
17275:
17266:Mount Cadmus
17237:
17236:
17087:2nd Heraclea
17082:1st Heraclea
17060:
17059:
16997:
16788:Latin Empire
16717:Sahib Ataids
16711:
16697:Qara Qoyunlu
16549:(after 1071)
16505:Kayqubad III
16450:Kaykhusraw I
16410:
16295:Toghrul-Shah
16275:Turan-Shah I
16235:Ahmad Sanjar
16230:Arslan-Argun
16150:Ahmad Sanjar
16121:Malik-Shah I
15985:(~1375–1390)
15967:(? - ?)
15927:lost to the
15926:
15662:
15638:Sahib Ataids
15590:(? - ?)
15584:(? - ?)
15390:
15328:Menteshe Bey
15301:temporarily
15255:present-day
15222:Menteshe Bey
15207:(~1261–1424)
15185:Süleyman Bey
15173:Murad Arslan
15100:(~1300–1368)
15078:Süleyman Bey
14903:Alâeddin Ali
14872:
14742:(~1250–1487)
14716:(? - ?)
14710:(? - ?)
14704:(? - ?)
14692:(~1280–1324)
14614:
14595:(~1280–1374)
14540:
14384:
14176:Melik Arslan
14033:(? - ?)
14027:(? - ?)
13971:
13970:clan of the
13853:
13793:
13767:(~1300–1461)
13733:
13671:(? - ?)
13531:(~1124–1132)
13408:
13366:Mengücek Bey
13305:Mengücek Bey
13262:Melik Ismail
13250:Melik Zünnun
13244:Melik Mehmed
13109:(? - ?)
13103:(? - ?)
13025:
12855:(? - ?)
12849:(? - ?)
12588:Gurju Khatun
12414:
12404:
12401:Kayqubad III
12394:
12384:
12381:Kayqubad III
12374:
12365:Kayqubad III
12310:
12307:Kaykhusraw I
12289:Kaykhusraw I
12155:
12109:the original
12090:the original
12062:
12056:. Routledge.
12053:
12033:
12023:
12014:
12005:
11996:
11987:
11978:
11969:
11946:
11934:
11915:
11895:
11888:. Routledge.
11885:
11866:
11849:
11845:
11836:
11827:
11808:
11785:
11776:. Routledge.
11773:
11751:
11724:
11691:
11679:
11654:
11643:
11635:
11631:
11627:
11619:
11615:
11611:
11603:
11599:
11595:
11586:
11580:
11568:
11556:
11548:
11543:
11525:
11515:
11496:
11489:
11467:, p. 2.
11460:
11448:
11441:Inalcik 2008
11436:
11429:Inalcik 2008
11424:
11412:
11403:
11388:
11381:
11372:
11364:
11352:
11340:
11310:
11306:
11300:
11288:
11280:
11275:
11267:
11263:
11259:
11247:
11224:
11211:
11188:
11175:
11152:
11139:
11116:
11103:
11080:
11067:
11044:
11006:
10998:
10964:
10957:
10934:
10921:
10898:
10885:
10858:
10845:
10811:
10759:
10752:
10729:
10716:
10693:
10680:
10646:
10616:
10611:
10588:
10585:"MÛSÂ YABGU"
10541:
10495:
10460:
10453:
10445:
10440:
10432:
10427:
10412:
10404:
10399:1332, p. 10.
10389:
10384:
10372:
10364:
10355:
10343:
10331:
10323:
10305:
10300:
10248:
10243:
10235:
10231:
10216:
10211:
10202:
10192:
10172:
10163:
10158:
10146:
10138:
10133:
10121:
10109:
10101:
10096:
10088:
10083:
10075:
10070:
10062:
10042:
10034:
10030:
10026:
10016:
10008:
10000:
9995:
9987:
9982:
9974:
9969:
9960:
9954:
9946:
9942:
9937:
9925:
9917:
9912:
9904:
9899:
9870:
9865:
9852:p. 727. (10
9846:
9837:
9828:
9815:
9789:Kay Kāwus II
9787:ʿIzz ad-Dīn
9783:
9776:Kay Kāwus II
9770:
9746:
9739:Kay Kāwus II
9729:
9707:
9695:
9691:
9669:سلجوقیان روم
9660:
9655:
9625:Babai Revolt
9585:First reign
9435:First reign
9357:Malik-Shah I
9336:
9277:
9274:Kaykhusraw I
9239:
9192:
9181:
9167:
9157:Golden Horde
9155:
9143:
9132:
9125:
9118:
9104:
9092:
9080:
9068:
9056:
9046:
9045:
9031:
9019:
9007:
8995:
8983:
8972:
8965:
8951:
8939:
8927:
8915:
8903:
8891:
8879:
8869:Kangar Union
8867:
8855:
8843:
8834:
8801:
8774:
8763:
8749:
8738:
8724:
8186:LGBT history
8144:Christianity
7914:Kara Koyunlu
7884:Latin Empire
7823:
7762:Medieval Age
7734:Ancient Rome
7728:163 BC–72 AD
7463:Neo-Hittites
7376:Neo-Hittites
7360:1300–1250 BC
7340:1500–1290 BC
7330:1500–1300 BC
7320:1500–1320 BC
7310:1680–1220 BC
7300:1650–1450 BC
7290:1700–1300 BC
7280:1780–1680 BC
7270:1950–1750 BC
7260:2300–1400 BC
7250:2400–2150 BC
7240:2500–2000 BC
7068:
7056:
7036:
7032:
7014:
7013:), singular
7000:
6962:
6918:
6908:
6891:
6887:
6873:
6841:Architecture
6816:
6813:, 1250-1300.
6797:
6794:Kaykhusraw I
6787:
6785:
6765:
6733:architecture
6726:
6711:
6679:
6670:
6634:
6613:
6604:in 1258/1259
6596:
6582:
6573:Triple reign
6572:
6554:
6540:vassal state
6534:in 1243 and
6522:
6512:Babai Revolt
6510:
6486:
6465:
6452:
6429:Khwarazmshah
6423:
6395:
6327:
6317:
6275:
6234:
6186:
6171:
6156:
6141:
6127:. 1300–1322)
6124:
6119:Gazi Chelebi
6096:. 1303–1308)
6093:
6084:
6067:
5890:
5875:
5852:. 1297–1300)
5849:
5826:. 1298–1302)
5823:
5814:
5653:
5638:
5600:. 1277–1297)
5597:
5584:
5578:
5568:
5554:
5548:
5539:
5528:
5224:
5217:Kay Qubād II
5214:
5199:
5191:
5180:
5171:
5163:
5150:Kay Kāwus II
5146:
5123:. 1256–1263)
5120:
4939:. 1229–1241)
4936:
4877:
4855:
4853:Gurju Khatun
4844:
4835:
4806:Jalāl ad-Dīn
4632:. 1220–1231)
4629:
4616:. 1200–1220)
4613:
4551:
4543:ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn
4542:
4515:
4506:
4496:
4489:
4315:. 1172–1193)
4312:
4299:. 1172–1200)
4296:
4278:
4214:
4208:
4199:
4177:
4166:Rukn ad-Dīn
4165:
3981:. 1156–1172)
3978:
3946:
3935:. 1160–1177)
3932:
3921:. 1153–1159)
3918:
3909:. 1152–1153)
3906:
3895:. 1131–1132)
3892:
3861:. 1156–1192)
3858:
3849:
3662:. 1127–1156)
3659:
3631:
3626:
3621:Qizil Arslan
3612:. 1159–1160)
3609:
3597:. 1134–1152)
3594:
3585:. 1132–1134)
3582:
3561:First sultan
3557:. 1118–1131)
3554:
3542:Great Seljuk
3538:. 1118–1153)
3535:
3531:Ahmad Sanjar
3517:
3509:. 1116–1156)
3506:
3499:Rukn ad-Dīn
3498:
3305:. 1097–1127)
3302:
3286:. 1183–1187)
3283:
3274:. 1177–1183)
3271:
3259:. 1170–1177)
3256:
3247:. 1170–1175)
3244:
3232:. 1156–1170)
3229:
3224:Toghrul Shah
3218:. 1104–1105)
3215:
3203:. 1105–1118)
3200:
3175:
3164:
3151:
2965:
2949:. 1097–1101)
2946:
2934:. 1142–1156)
2931:
2919:. 1101–1142)
2916:
2905:. 1092–1104)
2902:
2890:. 1092–1094)
2887:
2869:
2862:
2850:
2679:. 1077–1097)
2676:
2662:. 1085–1097)
2659:
2654:Turan I Shah
2647:. 1074–1085)
2644:
2632:. 1073–1074)
2629:
2617:. 1072–1092)
2614:
2610:Malik-Shah I
2571:. 1086–1092)
2568:
2405:. 1042–1077)
2402:
2369:
2366:. 1048–1073)
2363:
2343:. 1063–1072)
2340:
2327:
2314:. 1077–1086)
2311:
2300:
2093:. 1041–1042)
2090:
2061:Ibrahim Inal
2049:
2034:
2023:
2017:
1832:. 1035–1041)
1829:
1817:. 1032–1035)
1814:
1798:
1762:
1758:Arslan Yabgu
1756:
1500:
1494:
1353:
1288:
1280:
1248:Central Asia
1223:
1216:
1170:
1126:Kaykhusraw's
1119:
1077:
1047:
1008:
999:David Soslan
995:David Soslan
977:
938:
930:Kaykhusraw I
895:
887:
875:
854:
850:Mehmed Tapar
827:
795:
783:vassal state
744:
702:at the 1243
693:
669:caravanserai
665:Central Asia
647:and then at
630:
617:ancient Rome
615:) names for
612:
604:
586:
575:Seljuk Turks
559:Sunni Muslim
551:
549:
403:Succeeded by
402:
397:
252:(official),
53:سلجوقیان روم
17680:3rd Tripoli
17660:2nd Tripoli
17645:2nd Antioch
17587:3rd Ascalon
17537:Mount Tabor
17467:Philomelion
17328:2nd Bilbeis
17318:1st Bilbeis
17293:2nd Ascalon
17227:Edessa 1146
17222:Edessa 1144
17217:2nd Shaizar
17142:Al-Sannabra
17137:1st Shaizar
17102:1st Tripoli
17055:1st Ascalon
17035:2nd Antioch
17025:1st Antioch
16989:(1096–1303)
16737:Tanrıbermiş
16732:Tacettinids
16727:Sarukhanids
16707:Shah-Armens
16692:Pervâneoğlu
16677:Mengüjekids
16637:Germiyanids
16617:Dulkadirids
16490:Kayqubad II
16455:Suleiman II
16413:(1092–1307)
16401:Sultan-Shah
16374:(1086–1117)
16331:(1076–1105)
16300:Bahram-Shah
16270:Sultan-Shah
16260:Kerman-Shah
16248:(1048–1188)
16225:Toghan-Shah
16220:Arslan-Shah
16203:(1040–1118)
16190:Toghrul III
16185:Arslan-Shah
16175:Muhammad II
16104:(1037–1194)
16088:Musa Yabghu
15866:(1301–1423)
15846:(1388–1390)
15829:(1302–1345)
15827:Saruhan Bey
15763:Saruhan Bey
15748:(1302–1410)
15746:Sarukhanids
15728:(1288–1341)
15640:(1275–1341)
15608:(1511–1516)
15602:(1490–1511)
15572:(1417–1427)
15566:(1416–1417)
15564:Ibrahim Bey
15552:Ibrahim Bey
15500:Ramazan Bey
15485:(1352–1516)
15465:(1300–1326)
15459:(1296–1300)
15453:(1277–1296)
15447:(1261–1277)
15368:(1261–1322)
15366:Pervâneoğlu
15187:(1345–1368)
15181:(? - ~1360)
15080:(1345–1360)
15074:(1328–1345)
15068:(1328–1345)
15062:(1307–1328)
14973:(1303–1360)
14953:(1483–1487)
14947:(1469–1483)
14941:(1464–1469)
14929:(1424–1464)
14923:(1418–1424)
14911:(1398–1399)
14905:(1357–1398)
14899:(1356–1357)
14893:(1351–1356)
14887:(1350–1351)
14881:(1349–1350)
14875:(1348–1349)
14865:(1333–1348)
14859:(1312–1333)
14853:(1308–1312)
14847:(1300–1308)
14841:(1283–1300)
14835:(1261–1283)
14829:(1256–1261)
14698:(1324–1330)
14575:(1361–1387)
14569:(1340–1361)
14563:(1300–1340)
14471:(1300–1429)
14469:Germiyanids
14451:(1320–1326)
14445:(1302–1320)
14439:(1288–1302)
14366:(1288–1326)
14346:(1380–1381)
14340:(1365–1380)
14334:(1352–1365)
14328:(1328–1352)
14222:(1328–1381)
14196:(1492–1507)
14172:(1443–1454)
14166:(1396–1443)
14160:(1386–1396)
14154:(1348–1386)
14148:(1348–1348)
14057:Dulkadirids
13946:(1227–1309)
13926:(1443–1461)
13920:(1440–1443)
13914:(1385–1440)
13897:(1384–1392)
13891:(1361–1385)
13885:(1340–1361)
13879:(1340–1345)
13854:temporarily
13790:Oghuz Turks
13732:(1405–1425
13726:(1403–1405)
13720:(1402–1403)
13665:(1334–1348)
13659:(1307–1334)
13640:Sakız/Chios
13575:(1307–1425)
13555:(1200–1202)
13549:(1191–1200)
13543:(1168–1191)
13537:(1132–1168)
13519:(1072–1102)
13455:(1072–1202)
13384:Danishmends
13374:(1118–1120)
13368:(1071–1118)
13290:(1071–1277)
13288:Mengujekids
13270:(1175-1178)
13264:(1164–1175)
13258:(1143–1164)
13252:(1142–1143)
13246:(1134–1142)
13240:(1104–1134)
13234:(1084–1104)
13228:(1071–1084)
13129:(1071–1178)
13127:Danishmends
13097:(1112–1124)
13080:(1154–1176)
13074:(1122–1154)
13068:(1106–1122)
13051:(1104–1131)
13045:(1102–1104)
12894:Ahlat Tombs
12879:(1185–1207)
12873:(1193–1197)
12867:(1185–1193)
12861:(1128–1185)
12843:(1100–1112)
12734:(1100–1207)
12732:Shah-Armens
12361:(1282–1284)
12355:(1265–1282)
12349:(1249–1257)
12347:Kayqubad II
12343:(1248–1265)
12337:(1246–1260)
12331:(1237–1246)
12325:(1220–1237)
12319:(1211–1220)
12303:(1204–1205)
12297:(1196–1204)
12291:(1192–1196)
12285:(1156–1192)
12279:(1116–1156)
12273:(1107–1116)
12267:(1092–1107)
12261:(1077–1086)
11852:(1): 1–57.
10965:SELÇUKLULAR
10928:"BERKYARUK"
10687:"ÇAĞRI BEY"
10336:Tricht 2011
10005:Paul Wittek
9876:p. 62. (10
9805:Baiju Noyan
8808:Turk Shahis
8755:71 BC–?? AD
8473:Azerbaijani
8294:Oghuz Turks
8107:Oghuz Turks
8072:(1930–1945)
8070:(1923–1930)
8060:(1920–1923)
8050:(1919–1922)
8014:(1908–1922)
8004:(1789–1908)
7994:(1703–1789)
7984:(1566–1703)
7974:(1453–1566)
7964:(1299–1453)
7942:Ottoman Era
7928:(1378–1501)
7918:(1375–1468)
7908:(1256–1335)
7898:(1250–1487)
7888:(1204–1261)
7878:(1204–1461)
7868:(1101–1409)
7858:(1098–1150)
7848:(1081–1423)
7838:(1078–1375)
7828:(1077–1307)
7818:(1071–1178)
7814:Danishmends
7808:(1037–1194)
7527:1000–545 BC
7517:1000–700 BC
7507:1000–560 BC
7497:1100–560 BC
7487:1150–547 BC
7477:1200–700 BC
7467:1200–800 BC
7457:1200–800 BC
7420:1000–545 BC
7410:1000–700 BC
7400:1150–547 BC
7390:1200–700 BC
7380:1200–800 BC
7370:1200–800 BC
7350:1450–350 BC
7336:Hayasa-Azzi
7230:3000–700 BC
7131:History of
7029:Numismatics
6961:'s doctor (
6858:(Celestial
6856:Gök Medrese
6796:. Even the
6773:Suleiman II
6741:Kay Khosrow
6729:Persian art
6722:New Persian
6623:Kublai Khan
6602:Möngke Khan
6576:(1249–1254)
6558:designated
6524:Baiju Noyan
6236:Chaghri Beg
5793:established
5502:Karamanoğlu
5261:Sanjar Shāh
5205:(1262–1266)
5181:Rukn ad-Dīn
5156:(1246–1249)
5147:ʿIzz ad-Dīn
5141:Unknown son
5115:Karaman Bey
4927:Mongol rule
4887:ʿIzz ad-Dīn
4822:Sāhīp Shams
4808:Kay Farīdûn
4546:Kay Qubād I
4510:Kay Kāwus I
4507:ʿIzz ad-Dīn
4307:Sultān Shāh
4258:Arslan Shāh
4244:Malīk Shāh
4190:Kay Kāwus I
4187:ʿIzz ad-Dīn
3953:Last sultan
3941:Toghrul III
3928:Arslan-Shah
3913:Muhammad II
3850:ʿIzz ad-Dīn
3821:Danismendli
3634:Toghrul III
3520:1116–1127)
3294:Qutbū'd-Dīn
3278:Muhammad II
3239:Bahrām Shah
2671:Anūsh Tekīn
2639:Sultan Shah
2558:Abu'l-Qasim
2392:Seljuk rule
2067:Artash Inal
2050:Co-ruler of
2046:Chaghri Beg
2037:the Seljuks
2031:Toghrul Beg
2012:Rasūl Tagīn
1560:(1017–1032)
1356:. 995–1117)
1282:Tuqaq Temur
1150:Möngke Khan
1142:Kayqubad II
1058:Mengujekids
979:Suleiman II
968:Suleiman II
934:Suleiman II
865:Danishmends
810:Abu'l-Qasim
628:(Romaioi).
463:Mengujekids
449:Danishmends
398:Preceded by
276:(1257–1262)
271:(1249–1254)
250:Sunni Islam
212:(1211–1220)
204:(1097–1308)
196:(1077–1097)
17705:Categories
17438:Al-Shughur
17363:Marj Ayyun
17348:Montgisard
17343:Alexandria
17298:Lake Huleh
17212:2nd Aleppo
17187:al-Atharib
17172:1st Aleppo
17005:Xerigordos
16702:Ramadanids
16662:Karamanids
16612:Dilmachids
16567:Aq Qoyunlu
16480:Kaykaus II
16470:Kayqubad I
16435:Malik-Shah
16425:Suleiman I
16396:Alp Arslan
16215:Alp Arslan
16160:Tughril II
16141:Muhammad I
16116:Alp Arslan
15844:Hızır Shah
15606:Hahmud Bey
15588:Dündar Bey
15576:Mehmed Bey
15506:Oghuz clan
15483:Ramadanids
15307:Güzelhisar
15060:Karesi Bey
14998:Karesi Bey
14927:Ibrahim II
14740:Karamanids
14722:(? - 1391)
14537:Yenicekent
14532:Yenicekent
14326:Eretna Bey
14237:Eretna Bey
14182:Shah Budak
14039:(? - 1309)
13788:branch of
13547:Mama Hatun
13517:Saltuk Bey
13470:Saltuk Bey
12987:Diyarbakır
12598:Baba Ishak
12431:Chronology
12335:Kaykaus II
12323:Kayqubad I
12259:Suleyman I
12182:Suleyman I
11830:. Longman.
11696:Pamuk 2000
11465:Crane 1993
11110:"TUĞRUL I"
10892:"MELİKŞAH"
10760:KAVURD BEY
10461:MÛSÂ YABGU
10444:Müstevfî,
10391:Selcûḳnâme
9930:Mecit 2013
9891:References
9797:Sultan Han
9793:Sultanhanı
9710:(Turkish:
9640:Rûm Eyalet
9609:1303–1308
9596:1298–1302
9582:1282–1296
9569:1266–1284
9556:1249–1254
9543:1249–1266
9530:1246–1262
9512:1237–1246
9499:1220–1237
9486:1211–1220
9472:1205–1211
9459:1204–1205
9446:1196–1204
9432:1192–1196
9419:1156–1192
9406:1116–1156
9393:1107–1116
9389:Malik Shah
9376:1092–1107
9335:1075–1077
9318:Alp Arslan
9313:1060–1064
8881:Turk Shahi
8563:Karakalpak
7990:Old Regime
7924:Ak Koyunlu
7894:Karamanids
7678:282–129 BC
7628:306–168 BC
7624:Antigonids
7618:322–130 BC
7608:334–301 BC
7598:559–331 BC
7557:685–547 BC
7547:678–549 BC
7296:Kizzuwatna
7217:Bronze Age
7152:Prehistory
7108:Dirham of
6977:site near
6959:Kayqubad I
6919:Sultan Han
6915:Sultanhanı
6911:Sultan Han
6777:Kayqubad I
6757:Selçukname
6737:literature
6707:Kayqubad I
6492:Mangubartī
6453:Zenith of
6431:ended The
6277:Alp Arslan
6174:1304–1316)
6159:1295–1304)
5893:1291–1295)
5878:1284–1291)
5656:1282–1284)
5641:1265–1282)
5610:ūd-Dīn Ali
5587:1282–1284)
5557:1284–1296)
5506:Mehmed Bey
5299:appointed
5282:Koyulhisar
5227:1249–1254)
5194:1249–1254)
5174:1254–1262)
5166:1249–1254)
4932:Khwarezmia
4847:1237–1246)
4813:Koyulhisar
4624:Mangubardī
4554:1220–1237)
4518:1211–1220)
4499:1204–1205)
4217:1205–1211)
4180:1196–1204)
3970:Tāj ad-Dīn
3644:Eldiguzids
3577:Toghrul II
3514:Malīk Arab
3492:Gündüz Alp
3178:1110–1116)
3166:Malīk Shah
2898:Barkiyaruq
2872:1092–1107)
2336:Alp Arslan
2085:Shah Malik
1785:Yûsuf Inal
1556:Altun Tash
1496:Seljuk Beg
1346:rulers in
1236:Karamanids
1134:Kızılırmak
1130:Kaykaus II
1087:Baba Ishak
1083:Diyarbakır
1019:Kayqubad I
857:Malik Shah
814:Malik Shah
755:Alp Arslan
619:, via the
581:after the
261:Government
17726:Diarchies
17625:2nd Arsuf
17542:Machghara
17494:2nd Jaffa
17482:1st Jaffa
17477:1st Arsuf
17403:2nd Kerak
17393:1st Kerak
17323:al-Babein
17308:al-Buqaia
17202:Qinnasrin
17192:Rafaniyya
17117:3rd Ramla
17097:2nd Ramla
17092:1st Ramla
16722:Saltukids
16632:Eshrefids
16597:Chobanids
16465:Kaykaus I
16420:Qutalmish
16381:Aq Sunqur
16368:Governors
16353:Tutush II
16325:Governors
16280:Iran-Shah
16146:Mahmud II
16131:Berkyaruq
16111:Tughril I
15907:Korkuteli
15881:Hamidoğlu
15875:Ancestors
15795:Kemalpaşa
15618:Kubad Bey
15612:Selim Bey
15582:Eyluk Bey
15570:Hamza Bey
15558:Ahmed Bey
15167:Inanç Bey
15125:Inanç Bey
15072:Yahşı Han
15066:Demir Han
15008:Balıkesir
14885:Şemseddin
14873:2nd reign
14851:Yahşı Han
14757:Nure Sûfi
14666:Korkuteli
14611:Ilyas Bey
14604:Ancestors
14364:Eshrefids
14245:Timurtash
14025:Alp Yürek
13998:Kastamonu
13982:Kastamonu
13944:Chobanids
13804:Kastamonu
13714:Tamerlane
13707:1402–1414
13702:Bayezid I
13453:Saltukids
13377:1120–1142
13256:Yağıbasan
13238:Emir Gazi
13205:Kastamonu
13095:Belek Bey
12992:Hasankeyf
12963:Hasankeyf
12924:Ancestors
12915:(1102 - )
12790:Adilcevaz
12780:Malazgirt
12593:Sâhib Ata
12421:Mesud III
12415:4th reign
12405:3rd reign
12395:3rd reign
12385:2nd reign
12375:2nd reign
12317:Kaykaus I
12311:2nd reign
12271:Melikshah
12172:Qutalmish
10615:Beyhakī,
9880:677 – 17
9856:675 – 17
9722:Footnotes
9674:romanized
9309:Qutalmish
9288:Kaykaus I
9198:1299–1922
9173:1250–1517
9161:1242–1502
9149:1224–1266
9110:1206–1526
9098:1136–1225
9074:1077–1231
9062:1067–1239
9037:1037–1194
8857:Xueyantuo
8699:Grey wolf
8681:Ergenekon
8657:Shamanism
8429:Krymchaks
8339:Kutrigurs
7904:Ilkhanate
7798:(637–656)
7724:Commagene
7718:133–27 BC
7688:281–64 BC
7668:297–74 BC
7658:302–64 BC
7648:305–30 BC
7638:305–64 BC
7179:10,000 BC
7064:Kaykaus I
6971:Kalehisar
6939:Kadınhanı
6898:, and by
6831:Armenians
6761:Shahnamah
6749:Kay Kāvus
6672:Ilkhanate
6615:Ilkhanate
6586:captured
6538:became a
6526:defeated
6490:defeated
6488:Chormaqan
6469:defeated
6399:defeated
6279:defeated
6252:Ghaznevid
6238:defeated
6087:Mas'ūd II
5840:Mū'hazzab
5788:Beylik of
5623:endorsed
5608:Mū'hazzab
5542:Mas'ūd II
4862:Georgians
4582:Eskişehir
3973:İl-Arslan
3878:Kastamonu
3825:Yağıbasan
3549:Mahmud II
3155:1107–1124
2019:Qutalmish
1348:Chorasmia
1050:Black Sea
1015:Kaykaus I
936:in 1196.
818:Berkyaruq
775:Nicomedia
767:Byzantine
708:Ilkhanate
685:Saltukids
657:Black Sea
563:Byzantine
518:Ilkhanate
477:Saltukids
246:Religion
75:1077–1308
17685:4th Acre
17630:Caesarea
17462:3rd Acre
17428:Laodicea
17418:3rd Tyre
17373:2nd Acre
17271:Damascus
17107:1st Acre
17077:Mersivan
17072:Melitene
17030:Samosata
16983:Crusades
16682:Menteshe
16667:Karasids
16647:Hamidids
16642:Hacıemir
16627:Erzincan
16622:Eretnids
16582:Aydinids
16577:Artuqids
16500:Mesud II
16386:Tutush I
16343:Tutush I
16329:Damascus
16201:Khorasan
16126:Mahmud I
15961:(?-1327)
15955:(1301-?)
15946:Dynasty:
15896:Capitals
15699:Sandıklı
15694:Beyşehir
15620:(1517-?)
15596:(?-1490)
15594:Omer Bey
15578:(1427-?)
15560:(?-1416)
15554:(1344-?)
15545:Dynasty:
15509:Capitals
15438:Dynasty:
15377:Ancestor
15321:Dynasty:
15292:Bozdoğan
15282:Acıpayam
15226:Capitals
15205:Menteshe
15160:Dynasty:
15109:Ancestor
15053:Dynasty:
15024:Aydıncık
14982:Ancestor
14971:Karasids
14833:Mehmet I
14820:Dynasty:
14779:Capitals
14751:Ancestor
14683:Dynasty:
14661:Gölhisar
14656:Uluborlu
14593:Hamidids
14554:Dynasty:
14480:Ancestor
14430:Dynasty:
14421:Bolvadin
14411:Beyşehir
14395:Beyşehir
14319:Dynasty:
14300:Erzincan
14257:, later
14241:Ilkhanid
14220:Eretnids
14188:Şahsuvar
14184:(?-1492)
14158:Sûli Bey
14139:Dynasty:
14094:Elbistan
14068:Ancestor
14012:Dynasty:
14003:Taşköprü
13864:Dynasty:
13746:Murad II
13677:(- 1390)
13663:Umur Beg
13650:Dynasty:
13630:Alaşehir
13602:, later
13594:Capitals
13573:Aydinids
13510:Dynasty:
13359:Dynasty:
13335:Erzincan
13315:Erzincan
13309:Capitals
13219:Dynasty:
13148:Capitals
12956:Capitals
12913:Artuqids
12871:Aksungur
12834:Dynasty:
12800:Eleşkirt
12563:Ibn Bibi
12411:Mesud II
12391:Mesud II
12371:Mesud II
12359:Mesud II
12166:Ancestor
12026:. Brill.
12008:. Brill.
11981:. Brill.
11945:(1980).
11784:(2004).
11651:(1997).
11405:culture.
11376:région."
10973:Istanbul
10820:Istanbul
10768:Istanbul
10655:Istanbul
10550:Istanbul
10542:KUTALMIŞ
10504:Istanbul
10466:Istanbul
9882:Muharram
9858:Muharram
9843:İbn Bîbî
9809:Anatolia
9619:See also
9338:de facto
9324:throne.
9025:963–1186
9013:860–1091
9001:856–1335
8989:848–1036
8957:840–1212
8933:750–1055
8909:743–1035
8849:618–1048
8776:Göktürks
8751:Dingling
8653:Tengrism
8626:Krymchak
8366:Kipchaks
8303:Saragurs
8198:Timeline
8134:Religion
8095:By topic
7864:Artuqids
7664:Bithynia
7513:Tuwanuwa
7444:Iron Age
7406:Tuwanuwa
7306:Hittites
7236:Hattians
7203:5,500 BC
7191:9,000 BC
7122:a series
7120:Part of
7019:devşirme
7011:غِلْمَان
6951:Armenian
6935:Hekimhan
6880:madrasas
6823:Ottomans
6753:Ibn Bibi
6441:Khorasan
6256:Khwarazm
6254:rule in
6062:Ottomans
5885:Gaykhatu
5563:Farāmurz
5246:in 1277)
4902:Elbistan
4872:Suleyman
4608:Muhammad
4564:Ayyubids
4532:Kir Fard
4281:Muhammad
3882:; Daulat
3501:Mas'ūd I
3297:Muhammad
2941:Îrânshah
2883:Mahmud I
2398:Khwarazm
2324:Suleiman
1344:Ma'munid
1228:Mesud II
1204:Seleucia
1173:emirates
1115:Erzincan
1062:Artuqids
1043:Kayqubad
1039:al-Kamil
989:valley.
970:of Rum,
824:Crusades
763:Anatolia
712:Mesud II
696:Crusades
689:Artuqids
661:Lake Van
609:Parthian
571:Anatolia
491:Artuqids
314:Mesud II
269:Triarchy
241:(spoken)
170:Ilkhanid
17472:Iconium
17443:Bourzey
17398:Cresson
17388:Al-Fule
17378:Red Sea
17303:Butaiha
17256:Ephesus
17197:Antioch
17040:Ma'arra
17010:Civetot
16747:Tzachas
16652:Inalids
16440:Mesud I
16210:Chaghri
16100:of the
16098:Sultans
15923:Antalya
15902:Antalya
15886:Founder
15883:dynasty
15840:(-1388)
15820:Dynasty
15811:Menemen
15801:Akhisar
15789:Demirci
15767:Capital
15757:Founder
15713:Dynasty
15704:Denizli
15689:Akşehir
15667:Capital
15661:of the
15649:Founder
15504:Yüreğir
15494:Founder
15406:Capital
15396:Founder
15389:of the
15346:Ibrahim
15309:, also
15216:Founder
15151:Denizli
15135:Denizli
15129:Capital
15119:Founder
15039:Bigadiç
15034:Edremit
15029:Bergama
15002:Capital
14992:Founder
14800:Karaman
14796:Larende
14791:Ermenek
14769:Founder
14670:Antalya
14651:Eğirdir
14635:Isparta
14629:Capital
14619:Founder
14506:Kütahya
14500:Capital
14490:Founder
14416:Akşehir
14389:Capital
14375:Founder
14280:Kayseri
14259:Kayseri
14249:Capital
14231:Founder
14125:Kayseri
14115:Malatya
14088:Capital
14078:Founder
13976:Capital
13955:Founder
13835:Kalecik
13830:Çankırı
13798:Capital
13776:Founder
13604:Ayasluğ
13584:Founder
13496:Erzurum
13480:Erzurum
13474:Capital
13464:Founder
13340:Divriği
13319:Divriği
13299:Founder
13190:Kayseri
13185:Malatya
13138:Founder
12946:Founder
12941:Türkmen
12933:, from
12795:Başkale
12753:Capital
12743:Founder
12703:Ephesus
12681:Capital
12677:Tzachas
12671:Founder
12660:Tzachas
12508:Culture
12277:Mesud I
12252:Dynasty
12243:Antalya
12232:Malatya
12221:Kayseri
12194:, then
12186:Capital
12176:Founder
12105:ArchNet
12086:ArchNet
11766:Sources
10165:hauberk
9801:Aksaray
9752:Parwāna
9700:Turkish
9688:
9676::
9665:Persian
9402:Masud I
9359:of the
9296:Sultan
9279:külliye
9254:Turkish
9248:of the
8945:756–940
8921:744–840
8897:699–766
8885:665-850
8873:659–750
8861:628–646
8826:682–744
8818:581–650
8797:581–657
8789:552–581
8554:Qasgqai
8545:Chuvash
8536:Bashkir
8509:Turkmen
8464:Turkish
8420:Dolgans
8384:Uyghurs
8348:Karluks
8321:Bulgars
8312:Utigurs
8285:Onogurs
8149:Judaism
7684:Galatia
7503:Aeolis
7473:Phrygia
7453:Diauehi
7386:Phrygia
7366:Diauehi
7326:Mitanni
7276:Kussara
7266:Assyria
7256:Luwians
7090:Dynasty
7072:dirhams
7040:dirhams
7003:ghilmān
6975:Hittite
6943:Denizli
6931:Durağan
6884:mosques
6860:Madrasa
6649:in 1299
6647:Bilecik
6639:emerged
6590:in 1256
6566:in 1248
6530:in the
6494:in the
6477:in 1230
6473:in the
6443:in 1194
6403:in the
6290:in 1071
6286:in the
6166:Öljaitü
5862:Taraqay
5842:ūd-Dīn
5635:in 1270
5633:Il-Khan
5621:Kubilai
5522:Sīyāvuş
5512:Sīyāvuş
5315:in 1253
5311:of the
5309:Il khan
4911:Malatya
4878:Parwāna
4594:Kayseri
4578:Çankırı
4253:Aksaray
4242:ū'd-Dīn
3874:Çankırı
3841:Kayseri
3823:Grooms
3642:of the
3629:. 1191)
3570:Seljuks
2968:. 1097)
2960:Ekinchi
2855:Malatya
2591:Kayseri
2374:Seljuks
2330:. 1063)
1799:(İnanç)
1232:Kayseri
1220:khutbah
1212:Behisni
1200:Selinos
1184:Baibars
1177:beyliks
1165:Mongols
1146:Aksaray
1105:in the
1099:Erzurum
1091:Mongols
1023:Attalia
1003:Basiani
987:Basiani
910:Malatya
861:Mesud I
791:Antioch
730:History
673:Genoese
649:Iconium
625:Ῥωμαῖοι
601:Aramaic
597:Turkish
573:by the
377:•
364:•
351:•
338:•
325:History
303:(first)
274:Diarchy
224:Persian
180:Capital
60:Persian
46:Turkish
17675:Margat
17582:Forbie
17433:Sahyun
17408:Hattin
17358:Banias
17288:Aintab
17207:Ba'rin
17167:Yibneh
17147:Sarmin
17127:Beirut
17112:Harran
17015:Nicaea
16987:Levant
16572:Alaiye
16391:Ridwan
16372:Aleppo
16358:Irtash
16265:Husein
16255:Qawurd
16246:Kerman
16078:Mikail
16073:Seljuk
15806:Gördes
15773:Manisa
15659:vizier
15536:Tarsus
15387:vizier
15311:Rhodes
15277:Çameli
15267:Finike
14935:(1464)
14839:Güneri
14786:Ereğli
14761:Afshar
14310:Niksar
14295:Amasya
14120:Harput
13850:Samsun
13825:Eflani
13700:under
13685:Events
13501:Tercan
13210:Ankara
13200:Amasya
13180:Niksar
13159:Niksar
13022:Aleppo
13012:Harput
13007:Midyat
13002:Mardin
12997:Silvan
12971:Harput
12967:Mardin
12815:Bitlis
12810:Tatvan
12775:Silvan
12708:Lesbos
12687:İzmir
12500:(1277)
12494:(1243)
12483:(1176)
12477:(1148)
12461:(1097)
12423:(1307)
12367:(1284)
12238:Alanya
12234:(1178)
12228:(1175)
12041:
11957:
11922:
11903:
11873:
11815:
11796:
11667:
11532:
11504:
11396:
11235:
11199:
11163:
11127:
11091:
11055:
11003:Enverî
10986:
10945:
10909:
10869:
10833:
10781:
10740:
10704:
10668:
10617:Târîḫ,
10599:
10563:
10517:
10420:Ankara
10397:Tahran
10180:
10019:(Ar.:
9603:(17.)
9302:Notes
9299:Reign
9270:Alaiye
9266:Alanya
8617:Karaim
8608:Gagauz
8527:Kyrgyz
8500:Uyghur
8491:Kazakh
8411:Yakuts
8402:Kumyks
8393:Tatars
7533:Urartu
7493:Doris
7426:Urartu
7356:Assuwa
7316:Arzawa
7133:Turkey
7124:on the
7076:dinars
7044:dinars
7015:ghulam
7007:Arabic
6996:firman
6955:Syriac
6947:Arabic
6927:Kangal
6779:, and
6747:, and
6735:, and
6680:
6588:Alamut
6584:Hulagu
6248:Makran
6151:Ghazan
5870:Arghun
5629:Hulagu
5301:Hulagu
5297:Möngke
5278:Niksar
5266:Ereğli
5256:Amasya
5196:&
5168:&
4923:Ögedei
4574:Ankara
4291:Takish
3870:Ankara
3836:ZūnNūn
3834:&
3640:Atabeg
3524:Ankara
2623:Kīrmān
2371:Kirman
2357:Kavurt
2293:Mānsūr
1208:Marash
1122:Seljuk
1054:Crimea
902:sultan
798:Aleppo
645:Nicaea
635:under
607:) and
543:Turkey
328:
316:(last)
286:
282:Sultan
229:Arabic
187:Nicaea
164:Mongol
154:Status
145:
139:
133:
127:
56:
42:
17640:Safed
17635:Haifa
17499:Toron
17448:Safed
17313:Harim
17232:Bosra
17132:Sidon
17122:Artah
17067:Arsuf
16672:Ladik
16592:Canik
16348:Duqaq
16338:Atsiz
16165:Masud
16155:Dawud
16068:Tuqaq
15973:(?-?)
15793:Nif (
15614:(?-?)
15531:Adana
15515:Adana
15502:from
15429:Sinop
15412:Sinop
15340:Orhan
15334:Mesut
15303:Aydın
15287:Tavas
15262:Muğla
15240:Balat
15236:Milas
15232:Beçin
15098:Ladik
15044:Ezine
14945:Kasım
14806:Konya
14764:Oghuz
14759:from
14527:Simav
14290:Tokat
14285:Niğde
14275:Sivas
14255:Sivas
14190:(?-?)
14178:(?-?)
14130:Antep
14110:Maraş
13968:Oghuz
13840:Tosya
13820:Sinop
13635:Aydın
13625:İzmir
13600:Birgi
13434:Abaka
13345:Kemah
13195:Tokat
13175:Sivas
13154:Sivas
12938:Oghuz
12935:Döğer
12931:Artuk
12785:Erciş
12759:Ahlat
12713:Chios
12226:Sivas
12216:Konya
12196:Konya
12192:İznik
12093:(PDF)
12082:(PDF)
11638:, 96.
11221:(PDF)
11185:(PDF)
11149:(PDF)
11113:(PDF)
11077:(PDF)
11041:(PDF)
10969:(PDF)
10931:(PDF)
10895:(PDF)
10855:(PDF)
10816:(PDF)
10764:(PDF)
10726:(PDF)
10690:(PDF)
10651:(PDF)
10546:(PDF)
10500:(PDF)
10168:mail
10013:p. 81
9807:from
9706:) or
9647:Notes
9466:(7.)
9381:Konya
9347:İzmit
9343:İznik
8997:Qocho
8695:Sheka
8685:Asena
8671:Ülgen
8667:Kayra
8599:Tuvan
8581:Kumyk
8572:Sakha
8518:Tatar
8482:Uzbek
8357:Kimek
8330:Sabir
8139:Islam
7553:Lydia
7523:Ionia
7483:Caria
7416:Ionia
7396:Caria
7346:Lycia
7048:fulūs
6979:Alaca
6963:hekim
6864:Sivas
6862:) of
6835:Kurds
6811:Konya
6643:Söğüt
6556:Güyük
6144:1295)
6136:Baydu
6058:Osman
5844:Masūd
5791:Osman
5631:, as
5625:Abaqa
5307:, as
5305:Tolui
5244:Sinop
4524:Hunad
4263:Niğde
4249:Sivas
3888:Dawud
3830:Sivas
3654:Ātsız
3589:Masud
3567:Iraqi
2563:İznik
1809:Harun
1801:Yabgu
1790:Yûnus
1192:Egypt
1111:Sivas
1103:Baiju
1097:took
1027:Sinop
983:emirs
972:Konya
906:Sivas
882:Konya
846:Mosul
838:Konya
779:İzmit
771:İznik
621:Greek
569:) of
191:İznik
17690:Ruad
17670:Homs
17572:Gaza
17513:Zara
17353:Hama
17338:Ayla
17283:Inab
17177:Azaz
17045:Arqa
16742:Teke
16562:Ahis
16148:and
15864:Teke
15305:and
15297:Çine
14766:clan
14668:and
13965:Kayı
13845:Araç
13786:Kayı
13739:1425
13691:1390
13620:Tire
13427:1277
13402:1228
13017:Palu
12969:and
12943:clan
12825:Hani
12538:Rumi
12515:Arts
12039:ISBN
11955:ISBN
11920:ISBN
11901:ISBN
11871:ISBN
11813:ISBN
11794:ISBN
11665:ISBN
11530:ISBN
11502:ISBN
11394:ISBN
11233:ISBN
11197:ISBN
11161:ISBN
11125:ISBN
11089:ISBN
11053:ISBN
10984:ISBN
10943:ISBN
10907:ISBN
10867:ISBN
10831:ISBN
10779:ISBN
10738:ISBN
10702:ISBN
10666:ISBN
10597:ISBN
10561:ISBN
10515:ISBN
10178:ISBN
10035:i.e.
9884:678)
9860:676)
9765:676)
9686:lit.
9590:18.
9576:17.
9563:16.
9550:15.
9537:14.
9524:13.
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