37:
772:
800:
sizes of the Seljuq and Mongol armies, respectively, are the more likely numbers. Baiju brushed aside an apprehensive notice from his
Georgian officer regarding the size of the Seljuq army, stating that they counted as nothing the numbers of their enemies: "the more they are, the more glorious it is to win, and the more plunder we shall secure".
799:
on June 26, 1243. Various figures are given in the primary sources for the size of the opposing armies, all with the
Seljuqs outnumbering the Mongols: 160,000 or 200,000 for the sultan's army (which are certainly exaggerations) and 30,000 or 10,000 for the Mongol force. 80,000 and 30,000 for the
807:
When the rest of the Seljuq army witnessed their defeat, many Seljuq commanders and their soldiers, including
Kaykhusraw II, started to abandon the battlefield. Eventually, the Seljuq army was left without leaders, and most of their soldiers deserted without seeing any combat.
803:
Kaykhusraw II rejected the proposal of his experienced commanders to wait for the Mongol attack. Instead, he sent 20,000 men, led by inexperienced commanders, against the Mongol army. The Mongol army, feigning retreat, turned back, encircled the Seljuq army, and defeated it.
831:
The defeat resulted in a period of turmoil in
Anatolia and led directly to the decline and disintegration of the Seljuq state. The Empire of Trebizond became a vassal state of the Mongol Empire. Furthermore, the
230:
160:
223:
760:
also joined him, but most
Georgians were compelled to fight alongside their Mongol overlords. The Georgian-Armenian contingent within the Mongol army included
216:
1506:
785:, Sultanate of Rum. These knights were equipped with long swords and bows, and for protection used large shields ("kite-shields"), lamellar amour and
1486:
1437:
1521:
1481:
1501:
995:
Oriental Armour of the Near and Middle East from the Eighth to the
Fifteenth Centuries as Shown in Works of Art (in Islamic Arms and Armour)
1476:
505:
376:
292:
1021:"The miniatures of the manuscript "Varka and Gulshah" as a source for the study of weapons of XII–XIII centuries in Azerbaijan"
510:
1496:
1402:
1371:
1345:
1322:
1249:
1202:
1175:
963:
530:
1052:
619:, it unified the native tribes and gained control of the entire region over the next 150 years. By the 1230s, aided by the
525:
515:
381:
323:
1526:
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1003:
620:
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499:
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1429:
623:, Rum had also attained significant maritime and commercial capabilities through their control of the key ports of
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1106:
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732:. Sultan Kaykhusraw II immediately called on his neighbours to contribute troops to resist the invasion. The
520:
1423:
469:
347:
28:
833:
828:
but was subsequently forced to make peace with Baiju and pay a substantial tribute to the Mongol Empire.
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431:
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1491:
1266:
1194:
796:
713:
572:
70:
1300:
741:
440:
416:
352:
342:
337:
728:, the Mongol commander, the Mongols attacked Rum in the winter of 1242–1243 and seized the city of
301:
1516:
765:
761:
535:
421:
151:
120:
110:
1310:
709:
612:
1511:
1314:
1274:
836:
became a vassal state of the
Mongols. Real power over Anatolia was exercised by the Mongols.
36:
8:
1382:
1381:
May, Timothy (2016). "Mongol
Conquest Strategy in the Middle East". In De Nicola, Bruno;
1286:
757:
733:
685:
604:
164:
129:
1419:
1161:
568:
124:
114:
980:
Pre-Ottoman Turkey: a general survey of the material and spiritual culture and history
1398:
1367:
1341:
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1245:
1198:
1171:
1126:
1102:
1075:
1020:
999:
993:
959:
777:
749:
701:
42:
740:" (Western European) mercenaries. Due to internal disagreements about the war, King
580:
1394:
1241:
673:
616:
600:
556:
388:
168:
905:
459:
208:
1355:
560:
771:
693:
635:
1470:
1452:
1439:
753:
647:
628:
596:
564:
156:
106:
86:
1304:
134:
1186:
725:
147:
1387:
The
Mongols' Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran
1277:. "The Byzantine Empire from the eleventh to the fifteenth century". In
1212:
Dunnell, Ruth W. "The Rise of
Chinggis Khan and the United Empire". In
737:
660:
1363:
1337:
859:
Children of Achilles: The Greeks in Asia Minor since the Days of Troy
639:
1360:
Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance
1165:
681:
655:
608:
576:
638:, the Sultanate of Rum offered friendship and a modest tribute to
615:
soon established an independent state in the region; known as the
821:
787:
748:
delayed joining Kaykhusraw's army, which left without him. A few
729:
677:
643:
624:
982:, trans. J. Jones-Williams, (New York: Taplinger, 1968) p. 137.
1390:
1237:
825:
816:
After their victory, the Mongols took control of the cities of
705:
651:
584:
1306:
The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion
817:
782:
187:
60,000–80,000 (20,000–25,000 participated, the rest deserted)
74:
890:, vol. 1, (Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1985) 172, 353.
1101:, Marmara Üniversitesi, İlâhiyat Fakültesi Vakfı, 1992,
1072:
Selçuklu devletleri tarihi: siyaset, teşkilât ve kültür
736:
sent a detachment, and the Sultan engaged a group of "
676:
writes that the battle took place in a field between
888:
The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos
716:, which means "bald/beardless mountain" in Turkish.
688:
states that it took place close to a village called
16:
1243 battle during the Mongol invasions of Anatolia
1221:Pubblici, Lorenzo. "Georgia and the Causacus". In
1025:Austrian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
958:. Leiden & Boston: Brill. pp. 61–63, 76.
646:and one of the Mongols' greatest generals. Under
238:
1468:
1019:Sabuhi, Ahmadov Ahmad oglu (July–August 2015).
1273:
1167:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
1066:
1064:
1062:
929:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
915:
658:in person, give hostages, and accept a Mongol
775:Horseman with Anatolian Seljuk equipment, in
650:, however, the Mongols began to pressure the
224:
712:. Other sources call the site of the battle
587:. The Mongols achieved a decisive victory.
1093:
1091:
1059:
1231:
1191:The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire
953:
231:
217:
1507:Battles involving the Empire of Trebizond
1234:The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335)
1050:Henry Desmond Martin, "The Mongol army",
998:. London: Robert Elgood. p. Fig.38.
956:The Mongols and the Armenians (1220–1335)
1487:Battles involving the Kingdom of Georgia
1285:
1222:
1220:
1213:
1184:
1088:
1041:, ed. by P. Bearman, et al. (Brill 2007)
770:
1299:
1211:
991:
781:, mid-13th century miniature (detail),
1522:13th century in the Kingdom of Georgia
1482:Battles involving the Sultanate of Rum
1469:
1331:
1160:
1018:
911:
902:(Istanbul: Mapmedya, 2006), map p. 61.
1290:
1278:
1258:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
212:
1354:
1123:Dünden bugüne Türk Ermeni ilişkileri
1074:, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1995,
1053:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1012:
672:The 13th-century Armenian historian
1477:Battles involving the Mongol Empire
1380:
1289:. "Anatolia under the Mongols". In
13:
1144:Medieval Islamic Civilization: A–K
1142:Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach.
934:
886:Anthony Bryer and David Winfield,
795:The decisive battle was fought at
14:
1538:
1413:
1232:Dashdondog, Bayarsaikhan (2011).
954:Dashdondog, Bayarsaikhan (2011).
41:The Mongols chasing the Seljuqs.
692:, which may refer to modern-day
35:
1262:The Cambridge History of Turkey
1136:
1115:
1044:
1031:
874:, Güven Matbaasi, 1972, p. 191
985:
972:
921:
893:
880:
864:
861:, (I.B. Tauris, 2010), p. 143.
851:
90:
1:
1502:History of Gümüşhane Province
872:Selçuklu İmparatorluğu tarihi
839:
590:
1497:History of Erzincan Province
1430:History of Anatolian Seljuks
844:
811:
47:Fleur des histoires d'orient
29:Mongol invasions of Anatolia
7:
1170:. New York: Facts on File.
1121:İdris Bal, Mustafa Çufalı:
1070:Ali Sevim, Erdoğan Merçil:
834:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
667:
621:collapse of Byzantine power
10:
1543:
1267:Cambridge University Press
1265:. Vol. 1. Cambridge:
1195:Cambridge University Press
1153:
1037:Claude Cahen, "Köse Dagh"
900:Köy Köy Türkiye Yol Atlası
494:Hungary and Croatia (
1527:1243 in the Mongol Empire
1259:Fleet, Kate, ed. (2009).
992:Gorelik, Michael (1979).
754:Pharadavla of Akhaltsikhe
719:
567:on June 26, 1243, at the
479:Poland and Bohemia (
446:
439:
408:
360:
332:East Asia (other regions)
331:
300:
279:
260:
255:
250:
191:
178:
141:
100:
53:
34:
26:
21:
918:, pp. 11–13, 25–27.
724:Under the leadership of
599:decisively defeated the
198:
161:Pharadavla Akhaltsikheli
1332:Kolbas, Judith (2006).
583:in modern northeastern
555:was fought between the
121:Seljuq Sultanate of Rum
111:Principality of Khachen
1426:(part 35) 13th century
1275:Chrysostomides, Julian
1223:Biran & Kim (2023)
1214:Biran & Kim (2023)
1162:Atwood, Christopher P.
1039:Encyclopaedia of Islam
870:Enver Behnan Şapolyo:
792:
710:Rashid al-Din Hamadani
613:Suleiman ibn Qutalmish
142:Commanders and leaders
1315:Yale University Press
1056:, 1943/1–2, pp. 46–85
824:. The sultan fled to
774:
611:. The Seljuk general
575:, a location between
192:Casualties and losses
73:(about 60 km east of
634:During the reign of
607:and quickly overran
241:Mongol invasions and
1453:40.2500°N 39.5500°E
1449: /
1334:The Mongols in Iran
1225:, pp. 707–733.
916:Chrysostomides 2009
758:Dardin Shervashidze
734:Empire of Trebizond
684:. At the same time
605:Battle of Manzikert
511:Bulgaria and Serbia
165:Dardin Shervashidze
1424:History of Armenia
1420:Kirakos of Gandzak
1397:. pp. 13–37.
1293:, pp. 51–101.
1216:, pp. 19–106.
793:
686:Kirakos of Gandzak
553:Battle of Köse Dağ
22:Battle of Köse Dağ
1492:Conflicts in 1243
1404:978-9-0043-1472-6
1383:Melville, Charles
1373:978-0-4152-9750-9
1347:978-0-4155-9932-0
1324:978-0-3001-2533-7
1287:Melville, Charles
1251:978-9-0041-8635-4
1204:978-1-3163-3742-4
1177:978-0-8160-4671-3
965:978-90-04-18635-4
778:Varka and Golshah
702:Erzincan Province
548:
547:
543:
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506:Holy Roman Empire
207:
206:
96:
95:
43:Hayton of Corycus
1534:
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1458:40.2500; 39.5500
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1294:
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1281:, pp. 6–50.
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1146:, index, p. 442
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1189:, eds. (2023).
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1512:1243 in Asia
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1291:Fleet (2009)
1279:Fleet (2009)
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853:
830:
815:
806:
802:
794:
786:
776:
723:
697:
689:
671:
659:
633:
597:Seljuk Turks
594:
552:
550:
516:Latin Empire
382:Nizari state
361:Western Asia
281:Central Asia
170:
130:Trapezuntine
101:Belligerents
46:
27:Part of the
1456: /
1187:Kim, Hodong
1097:Nuri Ünlü:
912:Atwood 2004
690:Chʻmankatuk
636:Ögedei Khan
319:Eastern Xia
309:Western Xia
288:Qara Khitai
148:Baiju Noyan
137:mercenaries
132:auxiliaries
127:auxiliaries
117:mercenaries
1471:Categories
1444:39°33′00″E
1441:40°15′00″N
1362:. London:
1336:. London:
1131:9755914889
1109:, p. 492.
1107:9755480072
840:References
696:(formerly
661:darughachi
591:Background
465:Durdzuketi
450:Kievan Rus
1364:Routledge
1338:Routledge
1311:New Haven
1082:, p. 472
845:Citations
812:Aftermath
700:) in the
654:to go to
640:Chormaqan
581:Gümüşhane
521:Lithuania
470:Circassia
411:invasions
399:Palestine
367:Caucassus
243:conquests
91:aftermath
1385:(eds.).
1358:(2003).
1303:(2017).
1164:(2004).
1133:, p. 61.
931:, p. 555
750:Georgian
742:Hethum I
738:Frankish
714:Köse Dağ
682:Erzincan
668:Location
656:Mongolia
609:Anatolia
577:Erzincan
563:and the
372:Anatolia
348:Sakhalin
293:Khwarezm
179:Strength
125:Georgian
115:Georgian
66:Location
1154:Sources
822:Kayseri
797:Kösedağ
788:hauberk
766:Khachen
730:Erzurum
678:Erzurum
644:kheshig
625:Antalya
603:at the
573:Kösedağ
536:Gazaria
460:Cumania
432:Vietnam
427:Siberia
389:Baghdad
199:approx.
171:†
71:Kösedağ
1401:
1391:Leiden
1370:
1344:
1321:
1248:
1238:Leiden
1201:
1174:
1129:
1105:
1078:
1002:
962:
826:Ankara
720:Battle
706:Turkey
694:Üzümlü
652:sultan
629:Sinope
585:Turkey
569:defile
531:Serbia
500:Second
485:Second
475:Alania
441:Europe
394:Levant
377:Persia
272:Second
167:
87:Mongol
83:Result
1395:Brill
1242:Brill
818:Sivas
791:mail.
783:Konya
726:Baiju
698:Cimin
496:First
489:Third
481:First
417:India
409:Other
353:Tibet
343:Korea
338:Japan
302:China
267:First
261:Burma
203:3,000
135:Latin
75:Sivas
1399:ISBN
1368:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1319:ISBN
1246:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1103:ISBN
1076:ISBN
1000:ISBN
960:ISBN
820:and
756:and
680:and
642:, a
627:and
579:and
551:The
422:Java
324:Song
256:Asia
197:750
58:Date
744:of
704:of
571:of
314:Jin
1473::
1422::
1393::
1389:.
1366:.
1340:.
1317:.
1313::
1309:.
1244:.
1240::
1236:.
1197:.
1090:^
1061:^
1023:.
936:^
768:.
708:.
664:.
631:.
498:,
487:,
483:,
45:,
1407:.
1376:.
1350:.
1327:.
1269:.
1254:.
1207:.
1180:.
1008:.
968:.
502:)
491:)
232:e
225:t
218:v
77:)
49:.
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