Mustard gas - Knowledge

2423:. Although not yet declassified, toxicology specialists who dealt with the accidental puncturing of World War I gas stockpiles add that Air Force bases in Colorado have been made available to assist veterans of the 2003 American war with Iraq in which many Marines were exposed to gas as caches of up to 25,000 lb (11,000 kg). The United Nations definition of a weapon of mass destruction for mustard gas is 30,000 lb (14,000 kg), typically the Marines and other coalition allies discovered caches of 25,000 pounds (11,000 kg) located across a road from 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) caches as multiple memoirs attest. These were discovered by the assistance of host country allies, or through leaks affecting personnel in an area with a weapon and gas cache called an 2553:. Approximately 1,621 tons of mustard agents were stored in one-ton containers on the base under heavy guard. A chemical neutralization plant was built on the proving ground and neutralized the last of this stockpile in February 2005. This stockpile had priority because of the potential for quick reduction of risk to the community. The nearest schools were fitted with overpressurization machinery to protect the students and faculty in the event of a catastrophic explosion and fire at the site. These projects, as well as planning, equipment, and training assistance, were provided to the surrounding community as a part of the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP), a joint program of the Army and the 2678: 2557:(FEMA). Unexploded shells containing mustard gases and other chemical agents are still present in several test ranges in proximity to schools in the Edgewood area, but the smaller amounts of poison gas (4 to 14 pounds (1.8 to 6.4 kg)) present considerably lower risks. These remnants are being detected and excavated systematically for disposal. The U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency oversaw disposal of several other chemical weapons stockpiles located across the United States in compliance with international chemical weapons treaties. These include the complete incineration of the chemical weapons stockpiled in 1800: 1758: 1779: 1821: 372: 247: 2384: 1423: 2735: 1737: 1715: 616: 38: 1662: 611: 47: 2056: 803: 1943: 56: 1207: 1599: 1631: 1097: 1694: 2487:, leaving behind amber-colored residues that still contain most of the active mustard gas. On mechanically breaking these lumps (e.g., with the drag board of a fishing net or by the human hand) the enclosed mustard gas is still as active as it had been at the time the weapon was dumped. These lumps, when washed ashore, can be mistaken for amber, which can lead to severe health problems. 902: 2531:

expected to achieve 100 percent destruction within that time frame. India informed the United Nations in May 2009 that it had destroyed its stockpile of chemical weapons in compliance with the international Chemical Weapons Convention. With this India has become the third country after South Korea and Albania to do so. This was cross-checked by inspectors of the United Nations.

1330: 1887:. The purity of this compound was much higher and consequently the adverse health effects upon exposure were much more severe. These symptoms presented themselves in his assistant, and in order to rule out the possibility that his assistant was suffering from a mental illness (psychosomatic symptoms), Meyer had this compound tested on laboratory 2048:

airborne toxic agent. An example of this was depicted in a British and Canadian documentary about life in the trenches, particularly once the "sousterrain" (subways and berthing areas underground) were completed in Belgium and France. Towards the end of World War I, mustard agent was used in high concentrations as an

808: 807: 1365:). After initial decontamination of the victim's wounds is complete, medical treatment is similar to that required by any conventional burn. The degree of pain and discomfort suffered by the victim is also comparable. Mustard agent burns do not heal quickly, and (as with other types of burns) present a risk of 2730:

stated that it would contact 4,000 surviving test subjects but failed to do so, eventually only contacting 600. Skin cancer, severe eczema, leukemia, and chronic breathing problems plagued the test subjects, some of whom were as young as 19 at the time of the tests, until their deaths, but even those

2175:

The US military conducted experiments with chemical weapons like lewisite and mustard gas on Japanese American, Puerto Rican and African Americans in the US military in World War II to see how non-white races would react to being mustard gassed, with Rollin Edwards describing it as "It felt like you

2777:

Concentrations of thiodiglycol in urine have been used to confirm a diagnosis of chemical poisoning in hospitalized victims. The presence in urine of 1,1'-sulfonylbismethylthioethane (SBMTE), a conjugation product with glutathione, is considered a more specific marker, since this metabolite is not

2530:

In June 1997, India declared its stock of chemical weapons of 1,044 tonnes (1,151 short tons) of mustard gas. By the end of 2006, India had destroyed more than 75 percent of its chemical weapons/material stockpile and was granted extension for destroying the remaining stocks by April 2009 and was

2047:

Mustard gas can remain in the ground for weeks, and it continues to cause ill effects. If mustard agent contaminates one's clothing and equipment while cold, then other people with whom they share an enclosed space could become poisoned as contaminated items warm up enough material to become an

2349:

in December 1943, the doctors of the U.S. Army noted that white blood cell counts were reduced in their patients. Some years after World War II was over, the incident in Bari and the work of the Yale University group with nitrogen mustard converged, and this prompted a search for other similar

1313:

later in life. In a study of patients 25 years after wartime exposure to chemical weaponry, c-DNA microarray profiling indicated that 122 genes were significantly mutated in the lungs and airways of mustard gas victims. Those genes all correspond to functions commonly affected by mustard gas

2429:

New detection techniques are being developed in order to detect the presence of mustard gas and its metabolites. The technology is portable and detects small quantities of the hazardous waste and its oxidized products, which are notorious for harming unsuspecting civilians. The

1245:, which accelerates their absorption into the body. Because people exposed to mustard agents rarely suffer immediate symptoms, and contaminated areas may appear completely normal, victims can unknowingly receive high doses. Within 24 hours of exposure, they experience intense 2176:

were on fire, Guys started screaming and hollering and trying to break out. And then some of the guys fainted. And finally they opened the door and let us out, and the guys were just, they were in bad shape." and "It took all the skin off your hands. Your hands just rotted".

1302:. Burns that are severe (i.e. covering more than 50% of the victim's skin) are often fatal, with death occurring after only days or weeks. Mild or moderate exposure to mustard gases is unlikely to kill, though victims still require lengthy periods of medical treatment and 5138: 806: 2491:

containing mustard gas and other toxic ammunition from World War I (as well as conventional explosives) can still be found in France and Belgium. These were formerly disposed of by explosion undersea, but since the current environmental regulations prohibit this, the

1412:

They cannot be bandaged or touched. We cover them with a tent of propped-up sheets. Gas burns must be agonizing because usually the other cases do not complain, even with the worst wounds, but gas cases are invariably beyond endurance and they cannot help crying

1851:

but never made mention of any irritating properties of the reaction product. In 1854, another French chemist, Alfred Riche (1829–1908), repeated this procedure, also without describing any adverse physiological properties. In 1860, the British scientist

3444:

Ghasemi, Hassan; Javadi, Mohammad Ali; Ardestani, Sussan K.; Mahmoudi, Mahmoud; Pourfarzam, Shahryar; Mahdavi, Mohammad Reza Vaez; Yarmohammadi, Mohammad Ebrahim; Baradaran-Rafii, Alireza; Jadidi, Khosro; Shariatpanahi, Shamsa; Rastin, Maryam (2020).

3109:

2597:. The incineration of this stockpile began in 2006. In May 2011, the last of the mustard agents in the stockpile were incinerated at the Deseret Chemical Depot, and the last artillery shells containing mustard gas were incinerated in January 2012. 2038:

was not protected against absorbing it through his skin and being blistered. A common countermeasure was using a urine-soaked mask or facecloth to prevent or reduce injury, a readily available remedy attested by soldiers in documentaries (e.g.

2414:

In the United States, storage and incineration of mustard gas and other chemical weapons were carried out by the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency. Disposal projects at the two remaining American chemical weapons sites were carried out near

2479:, most of which contain mustard gas. One of the more frequently dumped weapons was "Sprühbüchse 37" (SprüBü37, Spray Can 37, 1937 being the year of its fielding with the German Army). These weapons contain mustard gas mixed with a 1278:, when the pupil constricts more than usual, may also occur, which is probably the result of the cholinomimetic activity of mustard. At very high concentrations, if inhaled, mustard agents cause bleeding and blistering within the 3276:

Heidary, Fatemeh; Ardestani, Sussan K.; Ghasemi, Hassan; Javadi, Mohammad Ali; Mahmoudi, Mahmoud; Yaraee, Roya; Shams, Jalaledin; Falahi, Faramarz; Sedighi Moghadam, Mohamad Reza; Shariatpanahi, Shamsa; Shakeri, Raheleh (2019).

2362:(also known as mechlorethamine, mustine) to be used. Chlormethine and other mustard gas molecules are still used to this day as an chemotherapy agent albeit they have largely been replaced with more safe chemotherapy drugs like 4338: 3165:

Ghazanfari, Tooba; Ghasemi, Hassan; Yaraee, Roya; Mahmoudi, Mahmoud; Javadi, Mohammad Ali; Soroush, Mohammad Reza; Faghihzadeh, Soghrat; Majd, Ali Mohammad Mohseni; Shakeri, Raheleh; Babaei, Mahmoud; Heidary, Fatemeh (2019).

2945:

Salouti, Ramin; Ghazavi, Roghayeh; Rajabi, Sattar; Zare, Mohammad; Talebnejad, Mohammadreza; Abtahi, Mohammad Bagher; Parvizi, Maryam; Madani, Sedigheh; Asadi-Amoli, Fahimeh; Mirsharif, Ensieh-Sadat; Gharebaghi, Reza (2020).

2043:

in 2018) and others (such as forward aid nurses) interviewed between 1947 and 1981 by the British Broadcasting Corporation for various World War One history programs; however, the effectiveness of this measure is unclear.

1257:

and are very debilitating. Mustard gases easily penetrate clothing fabrics such as wool or cotton, so it is not only exposed skin that gets burned. If the victim's eyes were exposed, then they become sore, starting with

4716:. Report of the OPCW on the Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction in 2015 (Report). p. 42 624: 5018:

And it wasn't just African-Americans. Japanese-Americans were used so scientists could explore how mustard gas and other chemicals might affect Japanese troops. Puerto Rican soldiers were also singled

1984:, France, after the armies had captured a stockpile of German mustard shells. It took the British more than a year to develop their own mustard agent weapon, with production of the chemicals centred on 7656: 5094: 2503:

banned the practice of disposing of chemical weapons into the ocean by the United States. 29,000 tons of nerve and mustard agents had already been dumped into the ocean off the United States by the

4583: 2345:, and this compound was tried out on its first human patient in December 1942. The results of this study were not published until 1946, when they were declassified. In a parallel track, after the 2298:

was manufacturing and using mustard gas in Syria and Iraq, which was allegedly confirmed by the group's head of chemical weapons development, Sleiman Daoud al-Afari, who has since been captured.

591: 4611: 2538:. When the convention entered force in 1997, the parties declared worldwide stockpiles of 17,440 tonnes of mustard gas. As of December 2015, 86% of these stockpiles had been destroyed. 4780: 4329: 7832: 7821: 1385:. The mechanisms behind mustard gas's effect on endothelial cells are still being studied, but recent studies have shown that high levels of exposure can induce high rates of both 3547:

Dabrowska, Milena I.; Becks, Lauren L.; Lelli, Joseph L. Jr.; Levee, Minette G.; Hinshaw, Daniel B. (1996). "Sulfur Mustard Induces Apoptosis and Necrosis in Endothelial Cells".

4988:... the Department of Veterans Affairs made two promises: to locate about 4,000 men who were used in the most extreme tests, and to compensate those who had permanent injuries. 2441:, Canada, were loaded onto 187 boxcars for the 900 miles (1,400 km) journey to be buried at sea on board a 400 foot (120 m) long barge 40 miles (64 km) south of 8228: 5452: 2081: 2483:, which gives it a tar-like viscosity. When the content of the SprüBü37 comes in contact with water, only the mustard gas in the outer layers of the lumps of viscous mustard 6109: 4183: 1522:(L), originally intended for use in winter conditions due to its lower freezing point compared to the pure substances. The lewisite component of HL was used as a form of 6190: 2900: 726: 5307: 4850: 1464:

under controlled conditions. Undistilled mustard gas contains 20–30% impurities, which means it does not store as well as HD. Also, as it decomposes, it increases in

809: 4496: 4686: 2778:

found in specimens from unexposed persons. In one case, intact mustard gas was detected in postmortem fluids and tissues of a man who died one week post-exposure.

5160:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. London: HMSO. 7748: 4201: 5947: 2434:

assay would eliminate the need for expensive, time-consuming lab tests and enable easy-to-read tests to protect civilians from sulfur-mustard dumping sites.

8254: 3221:

Heidary, Fatemeh; Gharebaghi, Reza; Ghasemi, Hassan; Mahdavi, Mohammad Reza Vaez; Ghaffarpour, Sara; Naghizadeh, Mohammad Mehdi; Ghazanfari, Tooba (2019).

4587: 4887: 1262:(also known as pink eye), after which the eyelids swell, resulting in temporary blindness. Extreme ocular exposure to mustard gas vapors may result in 915: 3372: 1988:(the only option available to the British was the Despretz–Niemann–Guthrie process). This was used first in September 1918 during the breaking of the 1393:. In vitro tests have shown that at low concentrations of mustard gas, where apoptosis is the predominant result of exposure, pretreatment with 50 mM 1922:

Mustard gas can have the effect of turning a patient's skin different colors, including shades of red, orange, pink, and in unusual cases, blue. The

5331: 2753:

were tested alongside white men in separate trials to determine whether their skin color would afford them a degree of immunity to the agents, and

5249: 5126: 7781: 5001: 4000: 7827: 2103: 1911:. Clarke was hospitalized for two months for burns after one of his flasks broke. According to Meyer, Fischer's report on this accident to the 4971: 4615: 1020:, are often not gases but a fine mist of liquid droplets. Sulfur mustards are viscous liquids at room temperature and have an odor resembling 7883: 4784: 5467: 2631:. The majority of the bombs were filled with mustard agents. The bombs were left over from the German army and were meant to be used in the 1401:

filaments from reorganization by mustard gas, demonstrating that actin filaments play a large role in the severe burns observed in victims.

4753: 1856:

synthesized and characterized the mustard agent compound and noted its irritating properties, especially in tasting. Also in 1860, chemist

421: 2750: 2650:

In 2002, an archaeologist at the Presidio Trust archaeology lab in San Francisco was exposed to mustard gas, which had been dug up at the

2186:

The United States Government tested effectiveness on US Naval recruits in a laboratory setting at The Great Lakes Naval Base, June 3, 1945

3961: 3644: 2137: 5291: 4142:

Benschop, Hendrik P.; van der Schans, Govert P.; Noort, Daan; Fidder, Alex; Mars-Groenendijk, Roos H.; de Jong, Leo P.A. (1 July 1997).

1980:

is "a name used by the French, because the compound was first used at Ypres." The Allies did not use mustard gas until November 1917 at

7636: 4542: 2070:

Since World War I, mustard gas has been used in several wars and other conflicts, usually against people who cannot retaliate in kind:

5462: 4039: 3279:"Alteration in serum levels of ICAM-1 and P-, E- and L-selectins in seriously eye-injured long-term following sulfur-mustard exposure" 1309:

Mustard gases' carcinogenic and mutagenic effects mean that victims, even if they fully recover, have an increased risk of developing

824: 7727: 7641: 7611: 5494: 5157:

Medical Services: Diseases of the War: Including the Medical Aspects of Aviation and Gas Warfare and Gas Poisoning in Tanks and Mines

831: 7676: 7671: 7666: 1000:, which can interfere with several biological processes. Also known as mustard agents, this family of compounds comprises infamous 722: 7903: 4872: 4220: 3814: 2322:. This led the American Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) to finance the biology and chemistry departments at 4253: 3223:"Angiogenesis modulatory factors in subjects with chronic ocular complications of Sulfur Mustard exposure: A case-control study" 2871:

Mustard agents: description, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of action, symptoms, antidotes and methods of treatment

7806: 7790: 3618: 2726:, claims for medical care and compensation were routinely denied, even after the WWII-era tests were declassified in 1993. The 4735: 4497:"Competitive immunochromatographic assay for the detection of thiodiglycol sulfoxide, a degradation product of sulfur mustard" 3902: 3877: 2449:, at a depth of 600 fathoms (1,100 m). The dump location is 42 degrees, 50 minutes north by 60 degrees, 12 minutes west. 2010:

in a mixture with other chemicals, giving it a yellow-brown color. Mustard agent has also been dispersed in such munitions as

521:

217 °C (423 °F; 490 K) begins to decompose at 217 °C (423 °F) and boils at 218 °C (424 °F)

8295: 5315: 5281: 5110: 4918: 4362:"Rôle of the blood and the bone marrow in certain forms of gas poisoning: I. peripheral blood changes and their significance" 4071: 3941: 3601: 1540: – any of several blends containing sulfur mustard and sometimes arsine agents, along with solvents and other additives. 4842: 2295: 2250: 5384: 5047:

Cook, Tim. "‘Against God-Inspired Conscience’: The Perception of Gas Warfare as a Weapon of Mass Destruction, 1915–1939."

4638: 2948:"Sulfur Mustard and Immunology; Trends of 20 Years Research in the Web of Science Core Collection: A Scientometric Review" 7816: 7774: 6706: 3676: 2554: 2508: 1468:, making the munition it is contained in likely to split, especially along a seam, releasing the agent to the atmosphere. 1061: 5378: 4690: 2511:, the army created at least 26 chemical weapons dumping sites in the ocean offshore from at least 11 states on both the 7933: 6322: 5345:"A Recent Exposure to Mustard Gas in the United States: Clinical Findings of a Cohort (n = 247) 6 Years After Exposure" 2242:, abandoned stockpiles of mustard gas shells were destroyed in the open air, and were used against Coalition forces in 910: 8300: 8208: 6337: 6327: 5393: 5084: 4101: 3976: 3930:(1986). "Civilisation and "Frightfulness": Air Control in the Middle East Between the Wars". In Chris Wrigley (ed.). 3628: 3447:"Alteration in inflammatory mediators in seriously eye-injured war veterans, long-term after sulfur mustard exposure" 3112:"Alteration in inflammatory mediators in seriously eye-injured war veterans, long-term after sulfur mustard exposure" 2870: 2166: 2129: 1032:, hence the name. When pure, they are colorless, but when used in impure forms, such as in warfare, they are usually 386: 2527:, etc.). In addition, due to poor recordkeeping, about one-half of the sites have only their rough locations known. 6165: 5608: 2758: 2669:. Multiple fishermen suffered from blistering and respiratory irritation severe enough to require hospitalization. 1963: 5244:

Wattana, Monica, and Tareg Bey. "Mustard gas or sulfur mustard: an old chemical agent as a new terrorist threat."

922: 7990: 7573: 5796: 2516: 2512: 1536: 5389: 5059: 4431:"Chlormethine 160 mcg/g gel in mycosis fungoides-type cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a profile of its use in the EU" 2723: 8305: 7767: 7054: 6863: 6617: 5213: 4814: 4478: 2727: 2437:

In 1946, 10,000 drums of mustard gas (2,800 tonnes) stored at the production facility of Stormont Chemicals in

2094: 572: 17: 4895: 4828: 7604: 7049: 6297: 5487: 3927: 1853: 817: 5472: 5072: 1318:, inflammation, and stress responses. The long-term ocular complications include burning, tearing, itching, 7893: 6649: 6195: 1840: 672: 491:

Colorless if pure. Normally ranges from pale yellow to dark brown. Slight garlic or horseradish type odor.

329: 242: 3397:

Najafi, Ali; Masoudi-Nejad, Ali; Imani Fooladi, Abbas Ali; Ghanei, Mostafa; Nourani, Mohamad Reza (2014).

2677: 2291:. The latter agreement also prohibits the development, production, stockpiling, and sale of such weapons. 8038: 7743: 6431: 6375: 6369: 6291: 6266: 6160: 5723: 5447: 2698: 2685:

From 1943 to 1944, mustard agent experiments were performed on Australian service volunteers in tropical

2535: 2288: 2156: 2133: 2086: 2034:. The early countermeasures against mustard agent were relatively ineffective, since a soldier wearing a 2000: 1643: 1065: 884: 350: 204: 7039: 5143:

Jones, Edgar. "Terror weapons: The British experience of gas and its treatment in the First World War."

4019:"NEWSLETTER - JUNE 1992 NEWSLETTER - Johannesburg - South African Military History Society - Title page" 3982: 1131:. Alternatively, if cell death is not immediate, the damaged DNA can lead to the development of cancer. 1048:

Sulfur mustard is a type of chemical warfare agent. As a chemical weapon, mustard gas was first used in

702: 615: 7873: 7858: 7560: 7270: 6738: 6317: 6064: 4754:"Milestones in U.S. Chemical Weapons Storage and Destruction, fact sheet, US Chemical Materials Agency" 3661: 2690: 2315: 1896: 1574: 948: 5442: 710: 8027: 7837: 7528: 6936: 6733: 3384: 3168:"Tear and serum interleukin-8 and serum CX3CL1, CCL2 and CCL5 in sulfur mustard eye-exposed patients" 2809: 2722:

on up to 60,000 servicemen during and after WWII. The experiments were classified secret and as with

2651: 2232: 1109: 254: 8310: 8285: 7597: 7245: 7230: 6838: 6748: 6582: 6395: 6220: 5480: 3841: 2573:. Earlier, this agency had also completed destruction of the chemical weapons stockpile located on 2170: 1857: 774: 367: 5186: 3005:"Toxicity of vesicant agents scheduled for destruction by the Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program" 2452:

A large British stockpile of old mustard agent that had been made and stored since World War I at

1486:

mustard of 95% or higher purity. The term "mustard gas" usually refers to this variety of mustard.

8290: 8177: 7908: 6793: 6788: 6363: 3446: 2787: 2632: 2546: 2219: 1912: 1271: 1100:

Mustard gas alkylating an amino group via conversion to a sulfonium ion (2-chloroethylthiiranium)

4757: 4118: 3593:

Before My Helpless Sight: Suffering, Dying and Military Medicine on the Western Front, 1914–1918

2616:

shells, some containing "Mustard H", that had been buried by the U.S. Army during World War II.

2354:. Due to its use in previous studies, the nitrogen mustard called "HN2" became the first cancer 1198:−). These compounds have a similar ability to alkylate DNA, but their physical properties vary. 8218: 8172: 8142: 8102: 8097: 8092: 7888: 7868: 6818: 6572: 6400: 5751: 5741: 5588: 4568: 4495:

Sathe, Manisha; Srivastava, Shruti; Merwyn, S.; Agarwal, G. S.; Kaushik, M. P. (24 July 2014).

3648: 3399:"Microarray gene expression analysis of the human airway in patients exposed to sulfur mustard" 2814: 2798: 2762: 2707: 2702: 2609: 2590: 2507:. According to a report created in 1998 by William Brankowitz, a deputy project manager in the 2500: 1884: 1509: 1381: 1171: 1017: 880: 5299: 5261: 5056:

Holding Their Breath: How the Allies Confronted the Threat of Chemical Warfare in World War II

3591: 224: 8249: 8167: 8157: 7898: 7863: 7190: 6717: 6518: 6426: 5337: 5308:"NATO Presses New Libyan Leaders to Eliminate Mustard Agent - Global Security Newswire - NTI" 5236:

Toxic Exposures: Mustard Gas and the Health Consequences of World War II in the United States

5006: 4976: 4061: 2686: 2666: 2605: 2453: 2431: 2334: 2279:

The use of toxic gases or other chemicals, including mustard gas, during warfare is known as

1951: 1437:

In its history, various types and mixtures of mustard gas have been employed. These include:

1375: 942: 638: 603: 5133:

Ghabili, Kamyar, et al. "Mustard gas toxicity: the acute and chronic pathological effects."

3787:(...) 'Ypres,' a name used by the French, because the compound was first used at Ypres (...) 3785:. University of California Libraries. New York McGraw-Hill Book Company, inc. p. 150. 3765:. University of California Libraries. New York McGraw-Hill Book Company, inc. p. 176. 758: 152: 8315: 8082: 7969: 7878: 7686: 7517: 7345: 7265: 6926: 6853: 6808: 6773: 6753: 6302: 5801: 5671: 5665: 5603: 5512: 5270:"History and Analysis of Mustard Agent and Lewisite Research Programs in the United States" 4508: 3733: 3724:

Duchovic, Ronald J.; Vilensky, Joel A. (2007). "Mustard Gas: Its Pre-World War I History".

3556: 2542: 2446: 2031: 1995:

Mustard gas was originally assigned the name LOST, after the scientists Wilhelm Lommel and

1904: 754: 610: 338: 68: 2638:

A large amount of chemical weapons, including mustard gas, was found in a neighborhood of

2475:. Between 1966 and 2002, fishermen have found about 700 chemical weapons in the region of 734: 8: 8280: 8152: 8000: 7853: 7759: 7550: 7210: 6978: 6906: 6901: 6833: 6758: 6441: 6390: 6261: 6251: 6021: 5832: 5659: 5633: 5623: 5593: 4933: 4873:"Vial found in Presidio may be mustard gas / Army experts expected to identify substance" 4713: 2635:

in World War I. It was the largest collection of chemical weapons ever found in Belgium.

2204: 2141: 2049: 2030:. Exposure to mustard agent was lethal in about 1% of cases. Its effectiveness was as an 1892: 1461: 1350: 1334: 1215: 859: 543: 128: 118: 5148: 4946: 4512: 4144:"Verification of Exposure to Sulfur Mustard in Two Casualties of the Iran-Iraq Conflict" 3737: 3560: 2397:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1040:

on exposed skin and in the lungs, often resulting in prolonged illness ending in death.

184: 8244: 8019: 7995: 7578: 7436: 7391: 7350: 7250: 6728: 6695: 6622: 6436: 6230: 5598: 5426: 5401: 5361: 5344: 5224:

Schummer, Joachim. "Ethics of chemical weapons research: Poison gas in World War One."

5067:

Duchovic, Ronald J., and Joel A. Vilensky. "Mustard gas: its pre-World War I history."

4458: 4330:"Isis 'manufacturing and using chemical weapons' in Iraq and Syria, US official claims" 3529: 3474: 3426: 3314: 3258: 3203: 3147: 3086: 3061: 3037: 3004: 2980: 2947: 2524: 2504: 2488: 2416: 2310:. In addition, autopsies performed on 75 soldiers who had died of mustard agent during 1971: 1955: 1532: – A blend of distilled mustard (HD) and sesquimustard (Q) (Gates and Moore 1946). 1358: 1295: 1279: 1267: 371: 246: 164: 5081:

Medical defense against mustard gas: toxic mechanisms and pharmacological implications

4377: 4305: 4277: 4230: 3818: 1799: 1757: 8147: 8132: 8005: 7938: 7396: 7255: 7175: 6823: 6783: 6743: 6597: 6416: 6411: 6357: 6352: 6332: 6286: 5546: 5431: 5366: 5277: 5239: 5209: 5161: 5155: 5106: 4914: 4524: 4462: 4450: 4411: 4407: 4165: 4097: 4067: 3972: 3937: 3624: 3597: 3572: 3533: 3521: 3513: 3478: 3466: 3418: 3398: 3355: 3318: 3306: 3298: 3262: 3250: 3242: 3207: 3195: 3187: 3151: 3139: 3131: 3091: 3042: 3024: 2985: 2967: 2921: 2734: 2493: 2438: 2351: 2226: 1996: 1900: 1876: 1844: 1778: 1422: 1299: 1291: 1053: 992: 945: 853: 5229: 4711: 3430: 3385:

Effects of mustard gas, WW1|Gas Warfare Medical Aspects|World War II Resource Centre

2496:

is building an automated factory to dispose of the accumulation of chemical shells.

1864:

chemistry, repeated the reaction, and recorded blister-forming properties. In 1886,

762: 8137: 8087: 8066: 7533: 7360: 7240: 6803: 6778: 6768: 6446: 6312: 6256: 6011: 5993: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5884: 5873: 5733: 5573: 5552: 5541: 5507: 5421: 5413: 5356: 4739: 4516: 4442: 4403: 4373: 4155: 3874: 3741: 3706: 3564: 3505: 3458: 3410: 3345: 3290: 3234: 3179: 3123: 3081: 3073: 3032: 3016: 2975: 2959: 2819: 2739: 2715: 2639: 2420: 2346: 2330: 2319: 2280: 2190: 2148: 2110: 1820: 1362: 1354: 1175: 1167: 1132: 1069: 1057: 1009: 997: 876: 738: 730: 527: 444: 5914: 5824: 5089:

Fitzgerald, Gerard J. "Chemical warfare and medical response during World War I."

3334:"Ocular injuries caused by mustard gas: diagnosis, treatment, and medical defense" 2883: 2697:

and American experimenters, resulting in some severe injuries. One test site, the

1683: 1651: 1620: 1588: 318: 7985: 7416: 7195: 6911: 6664: 6587: 6567: 6489: 5583: 5563: 5453:

UK Ministry of Defence Report on disposal of weapons at sea and incidents arising

4482: 3931: 3881: 3780: 3760: 3680: 3664:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Accessed March 19, 2009. 3462: 3414: 3294: 3238: 3183: 3127: 2520: 2424: 2323: 2284: 2162: 2023: 2019: 1989: 1985: 1947: 1931: 1869: 1287: 1283: 1077: 694: 559: 273: 5269: 5262:

Mustard gas (Sulphur Mustard) (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Supplement7, 1987)

4018: 3906: 3846:(in German) (Online ed.). Institut für Sächsische Geschichte und Volkskunde 3662:

The Emergency Response Safety and Health Database: Mustard-Lewisite Mixture (HL)

1868:

published a paper describing a synthesis that produced good yields. He combined

1714: 1290:. Depending on the level of contamination, mustard agent burns can vary between 963:, as well as other species. In the wider sense, compounds with the substituents 8223: 7811: 7620: 7335: 7275: 7200: 7139: 6873: 6813: 6562: 6003: 5774: 5699: 5613: 5196: 4642: 2804: 2662: 2574: 2194: 2180: 2090: 1505: 1465: 1394: 1353:), or by nucleophilic attack using decontamination solutions such as "DS2" (2% 1259: 893: 714: 682: 4446: 4040:"The Tox Lab: When U Chicago Was in the Chemical Weapons "Business" | Newcity" 3673: 3350: 3333: 2873:. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. Accessed June 8, 2010. 1736: 678: 8274: 8049: 7953: 7661: 7539: 7486: 7481: 7411: 7355: 7220: 7205: 7159: 6984: 6947: 6916: 6763: 6612: 6495: 6421: 6347: 5718: 5643: 5568: 5502: 5165: 5034:, 10th edition, Biomedical Publications, Seal Beach, CA, 2014, pp. 1892–1894. 4911:

Keen as mustard: Britain's horrific chemical warfare experiments in Australia

4454: 3517: 3302: 3246: 3191: 3135: 3028: 2971: 2963: 2766: 2714:

The United States tested sulfur mustards and other chemical agents including

2582: 2307: 2243: 2179:

After WWII, stockpiled mustard gas was dumped by the British in the sea near

2114: 1923: 1916: 1612: 1430: 1303: 1298:, though they can also be every bit as severe, disfiguring, and dangerous as 1263: 1254: 1249:

and skin irritation. If this irritation goes untreated, blisters filled with

1179: 1147: 1033: 1021: 1005: 698: 516: 506: 235: 37: 4430: 1661: 8162: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 7948: 7491: 7441: 7225: 7215: 7170: 7164: 7134: 7129: 6887: 6798: 6700: 6644: 6607: 6556: 6535: 6484: 6451: 6380: 6342: 6281: 6246: 6144: 5766: 5746: 5618: 5517: 5457: 5435: 5417: 5370: 4738:. US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). 2 May 2006. Archived from 4664: 4528: 4415: 4160: 4143: 3568: 3525: 3493: 3470: 3422: 3359: 3310: 3278: 3254: 3222: 3199: 3167: 3143: 3111: 3095: 2989: 2792: 2694: 2468: 2442: 2359: 2355: 2121: 2035: 1880: 1865: 1483: 1346: 1073: 1001: 5154:

MacPherson, W. G.; Herringham, W. P.; Elliott, T. R.; Balfour, A. (1923).

4169: 3576: 3046: 830: 686: 46: 8192: 7943: 7501: 7476: 7431: 7294: 7260: 7124: 7119: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7044: 6963: 6952: 6942: 6654: 6385: 6276: 6271: 6205: 5904: 5889: 5861: 5843: 5815: 5528: 4712:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (30 November 2016).

4184:"More Than 600 Reported Chemical Exposure in Iraq, Pentagon Acknowledges" 3710: 2681:

Mustard gas test subjects enter gas chamber, Edgewood Arsenal, March 1945

2601: 2367: 2311: 2272: 2268: 2055: 2011: 1927: 1405: 1319: 1211: 1081: 1052:, and has been used in several armed conflicts since then, including the 1049: 1029: 843: 742: 551: 3077: 3020: 2326:

to conduct research on the use of chemical warfare during World War II.

1942: 816: 746: 718: 55: 7451: 7446: 7426: 7421: 7406: 7401: 7314: 7309: 7285: 7109: 7094: 7089: 7034: 7029: 6711: 6592: 6551: 6545: 6529: 6512: 6506: 6473: 6465: 6406: 6200: 5972: 5878: 5867: 5689: 5683: 4843:"Cleanup Complete At WWI Chemical Weapons Dump In D.C.'s Spring Valley" 4520: 4394:

Gilman A (May 1963). "The initial clinical trial of nitrogen mustard".

4306:"US official: 'IS making and using chemical weapons in Iraq and Syria'" 3779:

Fries, Amos A. (Amos Alfred); West, Clarence J. (Clarence Jay) (1921).

3759:

Fries, Amos A. (Amos Alfred); West, Clarence J. (Clarence Jay) (1921).

2731:

who had previously filed claims with the VA went without compensation.

2624: 2484: 2472: 2461: 1523: 1323: 1242: 1234: 1151: 1120: 1117: 823: 538: 475: 255: 215: 5375:

Shows photographs taken in 1996 showing people with mustard gas burns.

5121:

Geraci, Matthew J. "Mustard gas: imminent danger or eminent threat?."

4549:. Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Historical Society. 18 September 2016 3745: 3509: 3396: 2294:

In September 2012, a US official stated that the rebel militant group

1226:, which interferes with cellular division and can lead to mutations. 1072:(though since then, mustard gas has been found to be useful in cancer 770: 8213: 8182: 8127: 7651: 7546: 7496: 7471: 7461: 7386: 7114: 7104: 7099: 7019: 6999: 6973: 6958: 6896: 6843: 6602: 6540: 6523: 6501: 6478: 6215: 6056: 5849: 5713: 5652: 5578: 5400:

Clayton, William; Howard, Alfred John; Thomson, David (25 May 1946).

4972:"The VA's Broken Promise To Thousands Of Vets Exposed To Mustard Gas" 2658: 2628: 2586: 2480: 2457: 2363: 2306:

As early as 1919 it was known that mustard agent was a suppressor of

2254: 2015: 1675: 1501: 1390: 1342: 1315: 1233:

effects on victims. Their alkylating capabilities make them strongly

1159: 1128: 1113: 1056:, resulting in more than 100,000 casualties. Today, sulfur-based and 5181:

Padley, Anthony Paul. "Gas: the greatest terror of the Great War."

4475: 4361: 3723: 3694: 2183:, South Africa, resulting in many cases of burns among trawler crews 1206: 892:

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their

8187: 8044: 8033: 7628: 7555: 7456: 7365: 7330: 7235: 7149: 7059: 7009: 6892: 6881: 6858: 6848: 6828: 6723: 6690: 6684: 6674: 6074: 6046: 6041: 6036: 5677: 5536: 4687:"India destroys its chemical weapons stockpile - Yahoo! India News" 4282: 4221:"Samples confirm Islamic State used mustard gas in Iraq - diplomat" 2743: 2719: 2620: 2613: 2562: 2550: 2476: 2342: 2338: 2261: 2239: 2152: 2125: 2075: 1848: 1519: 1457: 1426: 1386: 1370: 1230: 1163: 1105: 789: 293: 7589: 5153: 3933:

Warfare, diplomacy and politics: essays in honour of A.J.P. Taylor

1404:

A British nurse treating soldiers with mustard agent burns during

782: 151: 8259: 7833:

Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives

7304: 7299: 7014: 7004: 6994: 6989: 6679: 6307: 6225: 6210: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6069: 5977: 5967: 5927: 5922: 5899: 5894: 5628: 5390:

UMDNJ-Rutgers University CounterACT Research Center of Excellence

5338:

Detailed information on physical effects and suggested treatments

5332:

Textbook of Military Medicine – Intensive overview of mustard gas

4225: 4141: 3637: 2566: 2558: 2215: 2098: 2007: 1981: 1934:

was readily available from the German dye industry of that time.

1873: 1861: 1687: 1655: 1624: 1598: 1592: 1238: 1037: 690: 496: 305: 5274:

Veterans at Risk: The Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite

5193:

Veterans at risk: The health effects of mustard gas and lewisite

5103:

Gas! GAS! Quick, boys! How Chemistry Changed the First World War

5002:"Secret World War II Chemical Experiments Tested Troops By Race" 4001:"Secret World War II Chemical Experiments Tested Troops By Race" 1630: 7522: 7185: 7180: 6968: 6114: 6104: 6099: 6094: 5756: 5558: 5468:

Measures to protect against mustard gas, 1917-1918, Simon Jones

3220: 3164: 2578: 2570: 2027: 1908: 1888: 1397:(NAC) was able to decrease the rate of apoptosis. NAC protects 1366: 1310: 1275: 1085: 1025: 195: 3443: 3108: 2608:

just west of Sydney, Australia. In 2009, a mining survey near

2604:

that contained mustard gas were found in an excavation at the

2585:. The largest mustard agent stockpile, at approximately 6,200 1966:

by the German army against British and Canadian soldiers near

1329: 1096: 996:, respectively, where X = Cl or Br. Such compounds are potent 664: 8054: 7466: 7381: 7340: 6627: 6031: 6026: 6016: 5855: 5838: 5791: 4800: 3275: 2757:

servicemen, some of whom had joined after their release from

2754: 2705:. These experiments were the subject of the documentary film 2301: 2211: 1967: 1544: 1398: 1135:

would be another pathology involved in mustard gas toxicity.

766: 555: 547: 175: 141: 6110:

Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)

4947:"Keen as mustard | Bridget Goodwin | 1989 | ACMI collection" 4494: 3683:. Itech.dickinson.edu (2008-04-25). Retrieved on 2011-05-29. 1693: 1452:. This is named after the inventor of the "quick but dirty" 1138:

In the wider sense, compounds with the structural element BC

1116:

ions. These very reactive intermediates tend to permanently

355: 6637: 6632: 6191:

2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate

5226:

Ethics of Chemistry: From Poison Gas to Climate Engineering

3610: 3331: 2594: 1999:, who developed a method of large-scale production for the 1246: 1210:

Soldier with moderate mustard agent burns sustained during

656: 284: 7789: 4665:"Zee News – India destroys its chemical weapons stockpile" 4135: 3967:. In Mary Kaldor; Helmut Anheier; Marlies Glasius (eds.). 3620:

Weapons of mass casualties and terrorism response handbook

2541:

A significant portion of the United States' mustard agent

2534:

Producing or stockpiling mustard gas is prohibited by the

2052:

that forced troops to abandon heavily contaminated areas.

1839:

Mustard gases were possibly developed as early as 1822 by

1253:

can form wherever the agent contacted the skin. These are

706: 7024: 6577: 4636: 3840:

Fischer, Karin (June 2004). Schattkowsky, Martina (ed.).

3332:

Safarinejad, M. R.; Moosavi, S. A.; Montazeri, B (2001).

1250: 1223: 1127:

strands, which can prevent cellular division, leading to

1124: 7822:

U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense

4885: 3546: 2944: 1341:

Mustard gases' blistering effects can be neutralized by

648: 4202:"Veterans Hurt by Chemical Weapons in Iraq Get Apology" 2619:

In 2014, a collection of 200 bombs was found near the

5379:

An overview of the sulfur and nitrogen mustard agents

5267: 4612:"India to destroy chemical weapons stockpile by 2009" 4606: 4604: 2701:, was chosen to simulate Pacific islands held by the 2267:

According to Syrian state media, by ISIS against the

1950:

containing "HD" (distilled mustard gas agent) at the

8255:

Unethical human experimentation in the United States

5399: 4320: 4254:"Chemical weapons used by fighters in Syria—sources" 3962:"Global society and biological and chemical weapons" 2193:

destroyed an Allied stockpile of mustard gas on the

1970:, Belgium, on July 12, 1917. Later also against the 1229:

Mustard gases are extremely toxic and have powerful

652: 586:

Flammable, toxic, vesicant, carcinogenic, mutagenic

5264:. Inchem.org (1998-02-09). Retrieved on 2011-05-29. 4888:"Fishing crewman exposed to mustard gas from shell" 4543:"Hill 70 & Cornwall's Deadly Mustard Gas Plant" 3905:. Federation of American Scientitst. Archived from 3647:. Federation of American Scientists. Archived from 3616: 2260:By ISIS against another rebel group in the town of 1891:, most of which died. In 1913, the English chemist 1182:, which has two α-chloroethyl thioether groups (ClC 1170:. Other such compounds are bis(2-haloethyl)ethers ( 4870: 4601: 4328: 4278:"Syria war: IS 'used mustard gas' on Assad troops" 3843:Steinkopf, Georg Wilhelm, in: Sächsische Biografie 5392:A research center studying mustard gas, includes 5334:Includes many references to scientific literature 4679: 3494:"Mustard gas: imminent danger or eminent threat?" 2852:FM 3–8 Chemical Reference handbook, US Army, 1967 2772: 2329:As a part of this effort, the group investigated 2283:, and this kind of warfare was prohibited by the 1429:(top row) and mustard gas (bottom row) test with 1091: 8272: 4119:"Iran's Chemical Ali survivors still bear scars" 3815:"Photographic Archive of Avonmouth Bristol BS11" 3387:. Vlib.us (2004-08-23). Retrieved on 2011-05-29. 3062:"War! What is it good for? Mustard gas medicine" 2059:US Army World War II gas identification poster, 1843:(1798–1863). Despretz described the reaction of 644: 317: 5191:Rall, David P., and Constance M. Pechura, eds. 5032:Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man 4812: 4485:. cma.army.mil. Retrieved on November 11, 2011. 4476:The U.S. Army's Chemical Materials Agency (CMA) 3589: 2645: 2467:Most of the mustard gas found in Germany after 1500:by the US. A mixture of 60% HD mustard and 40% 1016:is technically incorrect; the substances, when 805: 127: 5463:The advent of mustard gas in 1917, Simon Jones 4639:"India declares its stock of chemical weapons" 4326: 2104:Spanish use of chemical weapons in the Rif War 1518: – A blend of distilled mustard (HD) and 1076:). Mustard agents can be deployed by means of 1043: 778: 660: 7884:Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System 7817:U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center 7775: 7605: 5488: 4934:Brook Island Trials of Mustard Gas during WW2 4913:. St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press. 3959: 3695:"XIII.—On some derivatives from the olefines" 3002: 2738:Arms of four test subjects after exposure to 511:14.45 °C (58.01 °F; 287.60 K) 4359: 4297: 3971:. Oxford University Press. pp. 87–117. 3403:Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction 2657:In 2010, a clamming boat pulled up some old 2231:Possibly in Sudan against insurgents in the 1068:, as substances with few uses other than in 4803:. Mustardgas.org. Retrieved on 29 May 2011. 4053: 2765:to these agents. These tests also included 2761:were tested to determine susceptibility of 2138:36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) 1899:) replaced the phosphorus trichloride with 7782: 7768: 7612: 7598: 5495: 5481: 5396:with many early references on mustard gas. 5100: 4936:. Home.st.net.au. Retrieved on 2011-05-29. 4778: 4303: 4059: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3692: 3667: 3623:. Boston: Jones and Bartlett. p. 47. 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2302:Development of the first chemotherapy drug 2082:Alleged British use in Mesopotamia in 1920 1930:relied on the Meyer-Clarke method because 1903:in Meyer's formulation while working with 1669:Bis(2-(2-chloroethylsulfanyl)ethyl) ether 1545:Commonly-stockpiled mustard agents (class) 750: 370: 245: 223: 7657:p-(2-Chloroethylthio)phenyldichloroarsine 5425: 5360: 5342: 4999: 4969: 4886:Wickett, Shana; Beth Daley (2010-06-08). 4389: 4387: 4159: 4087: 4085: 4083: 3998: 3926: 3778: 3767:(...) on the night of July 12, 1917 (...) 3758: 3674:By Any Other Name: Origins of Mustard Gas 3645:"Chemical Weapons Production and Storage" 3349: 3085: 3036: 2979: 1807:Bis((2-chloroethylsulfanyl)methyl) ether 337: 4796: 4794: 4781:"Base's phantom war reveals its secrets" 4393: 3596:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 184. 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2733: 2676: 2672: 2054: 1941: 1421: 1328: 1270:. In these severe and infrequent cases, 1205: 1201: 1095: 7904:Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility 5448:surgical treatment of mustard gas burns 5203: 4908: 4251: 4218: 4110: 4066:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 74–. 3955: 3953: 3857: 3839: 3798: 3686: 2855: 1786:1,5-Bis(2-chloroethylsulfanyl) pentane 1744:1,3-Bis(2-chloroethylsulfanyl) propane 1190:S−) connected by an ethylene bridge (−C 951:, which has the chemical structure S(CH 395:InChI=1S/C4H8Cl2S/c5-1-3-7-4-2-6/h1-4H2 366: 14: 8273: 7791:United States chemical weapons program 6376:Methylphosphonyl dichloride (dichloro) 6370:Methylphosphonyl difluoride (difluoro) 4586:. Daily Press Virginia. Archived from 4384: 4091: 4080: 3903:"Uses of CW since the First World War" 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3875:Blister Agent: Mustard gas (H, HD, HS) 3491: 3003:Watson, A. P.; Griffin, G. D. (1992). 1765:1,4-Bis(2-chloroethylsulfanyl) butane 1606:1,2-Bis(2-chloroethylsulfanyl) ethane 848:105 °C (221 °F; 378 K) 405:InChI=1/C4H8Cl2S/c5-1-3-7-4-2-6/h1-4H2 236: 7828:U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity 7763: 7593: 6618:Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS) 5476: 5385:Questions and Answers for Mustard Gas 4993: 4963: 4791: 4428: 4219:Deutsch, Anthony (15 February 2016). 3059: 2895: 2893: 2837: 1512:and similar vesicant characteristics. 1326:, pain, and foreign-body sensations. 1274:has been used as a treatment option. 398:Key: QKSKPIVNLNLAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 203: 183: 4829:"Farmer discovers 200 bombs (Dutch)" 4813:Cumming, Stuart (11 November 2009). 4581: 4327:Lizzie Dearden (11 September 2015). 4116: 3950: 3060:Smith, Susan L. (27 February 2017). 2377: 7619: 6707:Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine 3999:Dickerson, Caitlin (22 June 2015). 3900: 3887: 3817:. BristolPast.co.uk. Archived from 3549:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2642:The cleanup was completed in 2021. 2555:Federal Emergency Management Agency 2545:was stored at the Edgewood Area of 2509:U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency 2289:Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993 2200:, killing 83 and hospitalizing 628. 1722:Bis(2-chloroethylsulfanyl) methane 1701:2-Chloroethyl chloromethyl sulfide 1060:mustard agents are regulated under 408:Key: QKSKPIVNLNLAAV-UHFFFAOYAK 308: 292: 24: 7934:Edgewood Arsenal human experiments 6323:Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride 5381:(Caution: contains graphic images) 5292:"CDC - Facts About Sulfur Mustard" 5041: 3969:Global Civil Society Yearbook 2003 2890: 2759:Japanese American Internment Camps 2314:were done by researchers from the 1337:on an arm caused by vesicant burns 1104:Sulfur mustards readily eliminate 801: 25: 8327: 6338:Ethylphosphonoselenoic dichloride 6328:Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide 5255: 5246:Prehospital and disaster medicine 5238:(Rutgers University Press, 2017) 5091:American journal of public health 5000:Dickerson, Caitlin (2015-06-22). 4970:Dickerson, Caitlin (2015-06-23). 4871:Sullivan, Kathleen (2002-10-22). 4783:. Fairfax Digital. Archived from 4614:. Dominican Today. Archived from 4378:10.1001/jama.1919.26110010018009f 3009:Environmental Health Perspectives 2318:who reported decreased counts of 1919:on the road to chemical weapons. 1879:, and then treated the resulting 1266:, anterior chamber scarring, and 1158:. Such compounds can form cyclic 27:Compound used in chemical warfare 6166:Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate 5609:2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin 5458:Rhydymwyn Valley History Society 5402:"Treatment of Mustard Gas Burns" 4667:. Zeenews.india.com. 14 May 2009 4637:Amy Smithson; Frank Gaffney Jr. 4435:Drugs & Therapy Perspectives 4304:Paul Blake (11 September 2015). 4148:Journal of Analytical Toxicology 3451:International Immunopharmacology 3283:International Immunopharmacology 3227:International Immunopharmacology 3172:International Immunopharmacology 3116:International Immunopharmacology 2952:Iranian Journal of Public Health 2464:, Wales, was destroyed in 1958. 2382: 2006:Mustard gas was dispersed as an 1819: 1798: 1777: 1756: 1735: 1713: 1692: 1660: 1629: 1597: 1504:, a related vesicant with lower 1241:. Furthermore, they are highly 1088:, or by spraying from aircraft. 941:are names commonly used for the 900: 614: 609: 462: 456: 54: 45: 36: 7574:List of chemical warfare agents 5797:Dibutylchloromethyltin chloride 5024: 4939: 4927: 4902: 4879: 4864: 4853:from the original on 2022-02-07 4835: 4821: 4806: 4772: 4746: 4728: 4705: 4657: 4630: 4575: 4561: 4535: 4488: 4469: 4429:Scott, Lesley J. (2017-06-01). 4422: 4353: 4341:from the original on 2022-06-18 4270: 4252:Deutsch, Anthony (2015-11-06). 4245: 4212: 4194: 4176: 4032: 4011: 3992: 3920: 3833: 3807: 3792: 3772: 3752: 3717: 3655: 3583: 3540: 3485: 3437: 3390: 3378: 3366: 3325: 3269: 3214: 3158: 2661:shells of World War I from the 2612:, uncovered 144 105-millimeter 1958:scheme on each shell is visible 1417: 896:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa). 5312:NTI: Nuclear Threat Initiative 5268:Institute of Medicine (1993). 5183:Anaesthesia and intensive care 4736:"CSEPP Background Information" 4582:Bull, John (30 October 2005). 3801:The Port of Bristol, 1848-1884 3102: 3053: 2996: 2938: 2914: 2876: 2773:Detection in biological fluids 2728:Department of Veterans Affairs 2257:forces in Iraq in August 2015. 1834: 1456:for manufacture, reacting dry 1218:on the neck, armpit, and hands 1092:Mechanism of cellular toxicity 1008:with a long history of use as 573:Occupational safety and health 468: 450: 13: 1: 5135:Journal of applied toxicology 5069:Journal of chemical education 4815:"Weapons await UN inspection" 4801:Chemical Warfare in Australia 4117:Lyon, Alistair (2008-07-09). 4063:A History of Chemical Warfare 3498:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2825: 2060: 1306:before recovery is complete. 8296:World War I chemical weapons 7991:Operation Davy Jones' Locker 7894:Pine Bluff Chemical Activity 6650:Trimethylolpropane phosphite 6196:Neopentylene fluorophosphate 5394:searchable reference library 5276:. National Academies Press. 4779:Ashworth L (7 August 2008). 4408:10.1016/0002-9610(63)90232-0 3617:Stewart, Charles D. (2006). 3463:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105897 3415:10.3109/10799893.2014.896379 3295:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105820 3239:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105843 3184:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105844 3128:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105897 2922:"What is a Chemical Weapon?" 2910:. American Chemical Society. 2646:Post-war accidental exposure 1638:2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfide 1174:), the (2-haloethyl)amines ( 7: 8039:Methylphosphonyl difluoride 7744:2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfide 6432:3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol 6292:N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol 6161:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate 4569:"Valley Factory, Rhydymwyn" 3492:Geraci, Matthew J. (2008). 2781: 2763:Japanese military personnel 2751:African American servicemen 2699:Brook Islands National Park 2536:Chemical Weapons Convention 2373: 2134:Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang 2074:United Kingdom against the 1066:Chemical Weapons Convention 1044:History as chemical weapons 885:Chloromethyl methyl sulfide 10: 8332: 7874:Edgewood Chemical Activity 7859:Anniston Chemical Activity 7271:Hexamethylene diisocyanate 6739:Phenylcarbylamine chloride 6065:Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride 5185:44.1_suppl (2016): 24-30. 4060:K. Coleman (23 May 2005). 2691:Royal Australian Engineers 2654:, a former military base. 2316:University of Pennsylvania 1897:Eschweiler-Clarke reaction 1829: 1575:Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide 1349:, using household bleach ( 949:bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide 82:Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide 8237: 8201: 8075: 8028:3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate 8018: 7978: 7962: 7926: 7917: 7846: 7838:Chemical mortar battalion 7797: 7736: 7685: 7627: 7569: 7529:Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate 7510: 7374: 7323: 7284: 7148: 6925: 6872: 6734:Perchloromethyl mercaptan 6663: 6464: 6239: 6153: 6145:4-686-293-01 (Agent 1-10) 6055: 6002: 5986: 5913: 5823: 5814: 5784: 5765: 5732: 5698: 5651: 5642: 5527: 5123:Annals of Pharmacotherapy 4909:Goodwin, Bridget (1998). 4547:Cornwall Community Museum 4481:October 15, 2004, at the 4447:10.1007/s40267-017-0409-7 3936:. Hamilton. p. 148. 2810:Poison gas in World War I 2652:Presidio of San Francisco 2391:This section needs to be 2225:Iraq against Iranians in 2140:in 1934, and also in the 1222:Mustard gases react with 1110:nucleophilic substitution 890: 865: 590: 570: 565: 437: 417: 382: 111: 79: 67: 62: 53: 44: 35: 8301:IARC Group 1 carcinogens 7812:U.S. Army Chemical Corps 7246:Chloroacetophenone oxime 7231:Bromomethyl ethyl ketone 6839:Trifluoroacetyl chloride 6749:Tetrachlorodinitroethane 6396:Phosphorus pentachloride 6221:Methanesulfonyl fluoride 5204:Richter, Donald (1994). 4096:. Springer. p. 71. 3590:Van Bergen, Leo (2009). 2964:10.18502/ijph.v49i7.3573 2287:, and also by the later 1860:, known as a pioneer in 673:Precautionary statements 8178:XM736 8-inch projectile 7909:Umatilla Chemical Depot 7525:(variants and mixtures) 6794:Trichloronitrosomethane 6789:Trifluoronitrosomethane 6364:Methyldichlorophosphine 5406:British Medical Journal 5101:Freemantle, M. (2012). 4092:Faguet, Guy B. (2005). 4021:. Samilitaryhistory.org 3351:10.1093/milmed/166.1.67 2788:Bis(chloromethyl) ether 2633:Battle of Passchendaele 2547:Aberdeen Proving Ground 2285:Geneva Protocol of 1925 2220:Halabja chemical attack 2041:They Shall Not Grow Old 1913:German Chemical Society 1841:César-Mansuète Despretz 1272:corneal transplantation 1214:showing characteristic 1108:ions by intramolecular 106:Dichlorodiethyl sulfide 8173:M687 155 mm projectile 8143:M360 105 mm projectile 8103:M121 155 mm projectile 8098:M110 155 mm projectile 8093:M104 155 mm projectile 7889:Newport Chemical Depot 7869:Deseret Chemical Depot 7807:2nd Chemical Battalion 7800:centers and institutes 7324:Cornea-clouding agents 6819:Phosphorus trichloride 6401:Phosphorus trichloride 6135:Miotine (AR-28/T-1843) 5589:Phosphorus trifluoride 5418:10.1136/bmj.1.4455.797 5147:21.3 (2014): 355-375. 5137:30.7 (2010): 627-643. 5125:42.2 (2008): 237-246. 5093:98.4 (2008): 611-625. 4817:. Toowoomba Chronicle. 4584:"The Deadliness Below" 3960:Daniel Feakes (2003). 3880:July 24, 2007, at the 3569:10.1006/taap.1996.0324 2815:Rawalpindi experiments 2747: 2703:Imperial Japanese Army 2682: 2610:Chinchilla, Queensland 2591:Deseret Chemical Depot 2101:of 1921–27 (see also: 2067: 1962:Mustard gas was first 1959: 1937: 1885:phosphorus trichloride 1444: – Also known as 1434: 1415: 1382:Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1338: 1333:Typical appearance of 1219: 1166:, etc.) that are good 1101: 881:Bis(chloroethyl) ether 812: 8306:Chloroethyl compounds 8250:Dugway sheep incident 8168:M60 105 mm projectile 8158:M44 generator cluster 7899:Pueblo Chemical Depot 7864:Blue Grass Army Depot 7847:Industrial facilities 7687:Antineoplastic agents 6718:Disulfur decafluoride 6519:Chlorophenylsilatrane 6427:2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 5105:. The History Press. 4360:Krumbhaar EB (1919). 2737: 2687:Queensland, Australia 2680: 2673:WWII-era tests on men 2667:Long Island, New York 2606:Marrangaroo Army Base 2454:M. S. Factory, Valley 2432:immunochromatographic 2271:during the battle in 2058: 1952:Pueblo Chemical Depot 1945: 1425: 1410: 1376:Staphylococcus aureus 1332: 1209: 1202:Physiological effects 1129:programmed cell death 1099: 1036:. Mustard gases form 811: 8202:Protective equipment 8083:BLU-80/B Bigeye bomb 7970:Operation Ranch Hand 7879:Hawthorne Army Depot 7749:Mustard chlorohydrin 7518:Methyl fluoroacetate 7346:Methyl cyanoacrylate 7266:Allyl isothiocyanate 6854:Uranium hexafluoride 6809:Dinitrogen tetroxide 6754:Chlorine trifluoride 5802:Selenium oxychloride 5672:Phenyldichloroarsine 5666:Methyldichloroarsine 5604:Nickel tetracarbonyl 5248:24.1 (2009): 19-29. 4760:on 15 September 2012 4233:on February 22, 2016 4161:10.1093/jat/21.4.249 3711:10.1039/QJ8601200109 3375:. brooksidepress.org 2600:In 2008, many empty 2589:, was stored at the 2471:was dumped into the 2189:The 2 December 1943 2032:incapacitating agent 2001:Imperial German Army 1496:by the British, and 1478:by the British, and 1314:exposure, including 794:(fire diamond) 69:Preferred IUPAC name 8153:M43 BZ cluster bomb 8001:Operation Steel Box 7854:Anniston Army Depot 7211:Bromobenzyl cyanide 6979:Dimethylheptylpyran 6907:Diphenylcyanoarsine 6902:Diphenylchlorarsine 6834:Methyl vinyl ketone 6759:Perchloryl fluoride 6623:Bicyclic phosphates 6442:Trimethyl phosphite 6391:Phosphoryl chloride 5660:Ethyldichloroarsine 5634:Chloral cyanohydrin 5624:Acetone cyanohydrin 5594:Methyl cyanoformate 5058:(Cornell UP, 2023) 5054:Dorsey, M. Girard. 5051:18.1 (2000): 47-69. 4787:on 5 December 2008. 4618:on 7 September 2013 4513:2014Ana...139.5118S 3901:Pearson, Graham S. 3799:David Large (ed.). 3738:2007JChEd..84..944D 3693:F. Guthrie (1860). 3651:on August 11, 2014. 3561:1996ToxAP.141..568D 3078:10.1503/cmaj.161032 3021:10.1289/ehp.9298259 2337:and other types of 2235:, in 1995 and 1997. 2142:Xinjiang War (1937) 1964:used in World War I 1893:Hans Thacher Clarke 1550: 1462:disulfur dichloride 1433:from 0.01% to 0.06% 1395:N-acetyl-L-cysteine 1351:sodium hypochlorite 1296:second degree burns 528:Solubility in water 483: g·mol 165:Beilstein Reference 96:Yellow cross liquid 32: 8245:CB military symbol 7996:Operation Geranium 7798:Units, formations, 7579:CB military symbol 7437:Enterotoxin type B 7392:Cyclopiazonic acid 7351:N-Methylmorpholine 7251:Ethyl bromoacetate 6729:Ethyl bromoacetate 6696:Perfluoroisobutene 6437:Triethyl phosphite 5708:Levinstein mustard 5599:Iron pentacarbonyl 5343:Iyriboz Y (2004). 5240:online book review 5228:(2021) pp. 55-83. 5071:84.6 (2007): 944. 4645:on 6 November 2012 4521:10.1039/C4AN00720D 4206:The New York Times 4188:The New York Times 3928:Townshend, Charles 3909:on August 22, 2010 3679:2014-02-01 at the 2748: 2683: 2525:Operation Geranium 2417:Richmond, Kentucky 2352:chemical compounds 2335:Hodgkin's lymphoma 2068: 2050:area-denial weapon 1972:French Second Army 1960: 1954:. The distinctive 1946:Pallets of 155 mm 1549: 1498:Mustard T- mixture 1492: – Codenamed 1474: – Codenamed 1454:Levinstein Process 1450:Levinstein mustard 1435: 1359:diethylenetriamine 1339: 1300:third degree burns 1280:respiratory system 1268:neovascularization 1264:corneal ulceration 1220: 1146:X, where X is any 1102: 923:Infobox references 866:Related compounds 813: 501:1.27 g/mL, liquid 102:Mustard T- mixture 30: 8268: 8267: 8148:M426 8-inch shell 8133:M23 chemical mine 8014: 8013: 8006:Operation Red Hat 7939:Operation Top Hat 7757: 7756: 7587: 7586: 7397:Histrionicotoxins 7375:Biological toxins 7256:Ethyl iodoacetate 6824:Methyl isocyanate 6784:Selenoyl fluoride 6774:Mercuric chloride 6744:Tetranitromethane 6598:Sulfuryl fluoride 6583:HN3 hydrochloride 6578:HN2 hydrochloride 6573:HN1 hydrochloride 6460: 6459: 6417:Phenacyl chloride 6412:Pinacolyl alcohol 6358:Isopropyl alcohol 6353:4-Hydroxycoumarin 6287:1,8-Dibromooctane 5810: 5809: 5734:Nitrogen mustards 5547:Cyanogen chloride 5443:Nightmare in Bari 5412:(4455): 797–799. 5283:978-0-309-04832-3 5206:Chemical Soldiers 5112:978-0-7524-6601-9 5079:Feister, Alan J. 5049:War & Society 4920:978-0-7022-2941-1 4094:The War on Cancer 4073:978-0-230-50183-6 3943:978-0-241-11789-7 3746:10.1021/ed084p944 3603:978-0-7546-5853-5 3510:10.1345/aph.1K445 3338:Military Medicine 2716:nitrogen mustards 2577:located south of 2494:French government 2439:Cornwall, Ontario 2412: 2411: 2333:as a therapy for 2320:white blood cells 2130:Republic of China 1997:Wilhelm Steinkopf 1901:hydrochloric acid 1877:potassium sulfide 1854:Frederick Guthrie 1845:sulfur dichloride 1827: 1826: 1480:Distilled Mustard 1448:("Hun Stuff") or 1176:nitrogen mustards 1168:alkylating agents 998:alkylating agents 993:nitrogen mustards 946:chemical compound 931:Chemical compound 929: 928: 872:Related compounds 854:Safety data sheet 639:Hazard statements 533:7.6 mg/L at 20°C 351:CompTox Dashboard 153:Interactive image 100:Distilled mustard 73:1-Chloro-2-ethane 16:(Redirected from 8323: 8138:M34 cluster bomb 8088:M1 chemical mine 7924: 7923: 7784: 7777: 7770: 7761: 7760: 7614: 7607: 7600: 7591: 7590: 7561:White phosphorus 7538:post-combustion 7534:Depleted uranium 7361:Osmium tetroxide 7241:Phenacyl bromide 6804:Nitrogen dioxide 6779:Selenium dioxide 6769:Cadmium chloride 6226:Dimefox (TL-792) 5821: 5820: 5649: 5648: 5574:Hydrogen sulfide 5553:Hydrogen cyanide 5542:Cyanogen bromide 5508:chemical warfare 5497: 5490: 5483: 5474: 5473: 5439: 5429: 5374: 5364: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5314:. Archived from 5303: 5298:. Archived from 5287: 5234:Smith, Susan I. 5219: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5116: 5035: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5015: 5014: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4984: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4898:on June 9, 2010. 4894:. Archived from 4892:The Boston Globe 4883: 4877: 4876: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4789: 4788: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4756:. Archived from 4750: 4744: 4743: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4689:. Archived from 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4641:. Archived from 4634: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4608: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4492: 4486: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4391: 4382: 4381: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4332: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4264: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4229:. Archived from 4216: 4210: 4209: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4163: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4129: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4089: 4078: 4077: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4026: 4015: 4009: 4008: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3981:. Archived from 3966: 3957: 3948: 3947: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3898: 3885: 3872: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3851: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3782:Chemical warfare 3776: 3770: 3769: 3762:Chemical warfare 3756: 3750: 3749: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3690: 3684: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3353: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3089: 3072:(8): E321–E322. 3057: 3051: 3050: 3040: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2983: 2958:(7): 1202–1210. 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2932: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2905: 2897: 2888: 2887: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2853: 2850: 2820:Selenium mustard 2740:nitrogen mustard 2640:Washington, D.C. 2489:Artillery shells 2421:Pueblo, Colorado 2407: 2404: 2398: 2386: 2385: 2378: 2347:air raid on Bari 2331:nitrogen mustard 2281:chemical warfare 2191:air raid on Bari 2065: 2062: 2024:artillery shells 1948:artillery shells 1823: 1802: 1781: 1760: 1739: 1717: 1696: 1664: 1633: 1601: 1551: 1548: 1363:2-methoxyethanol 1284:mucous membranes 1133:Oxidative stress 1078:artillery shells 1070:chemical warfare 1010:chemical weapons 985: 913: 907: 904: 903: 877:Nitrogen mustard 833: 826: 819: 804: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 618: 613: 482: 470: 464: 458: 452: 445:Chemical formula 375: 374: 359: 357: 341: 321: 310: 296: 274:Gmelin Reference 257: 249: 238: 227: 207: 187: 155: 131: 58: 49: 40: 33: 29: 21: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8321: 8320: 8311:Sulfur mustards 8286:Organochlorides 8271: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8233: 8197: 8071: 8010: 7986:Operation CHASE 7974: 7958: 7919: 7913: 7842: 7799: 7793: 7788: 7758: 7753: 7732: 7681: 7623: 7621:Sulfur mustards 7618: 7588: 7583: 7565: 7506: 7417:Botulinum toxin 7370: 7319: 7280: 7196:Benzyl chloride 7151: 7144: 6928: 6921: 6912:Cacodyl cyanide 6874:Vomiting agents 6868: 6666: 6659: 6568:Dimethylmercury 6490:Botulinum toxin 6456: 6235: 6149: 6051: 6004:Novichok agents 5998: 5982: 5909: 5806: 5780: 5761: 5728: 5700:Sulfur mustards 5694: 5638: 5584:Carbon monoxide 5564:Cacodyl cyanide 5523: 5522: 5506:Agents used in 5501: 5321: 5319: 5306: 5290: 5284: 5258: 5216: 5170: 5168: 5113: 5044: 5042:Further reading 5039: 5038: 5029: 5025: 5012: 5010: 4998: 4994: 4982: 4980: 4968: 4964: 4955: 4953: 4951:www.acmi.net.au 4945: 4944: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4921: 4907: 4903: 4884: 4880: 4869: 4865: 4856: 4854: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4831:. 5 March 2014. 4827: 4826: 4822: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4792: 4777: 4773: 4763: 4761: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4742:on 27 May 2006. 4734: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4717: 4710: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4648: 4646: 4635: 4631: 4621: 4619: 4610: 4609: 4602: 4593: 4591: 4580: 4576: 4571:. 24 July 2010. 4567: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4507:(20): 5118–26. 4493: 4489: 4483:Wayback Machine 4474: 4470: 4427: 4423: 4392: 4385: 4358: 4354: 4344: 4342: 4335:The Independent 4325: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4302: 4298: 4289: 4287: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4262: 4260: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4234: 4217: 4213: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4140: 4136: 4127: 4125: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4090: 4081: 4074: 4058: 4054: 4045: 4043: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4024: 4022: 4017: 4016: 4012: 3997: 3993: 3985: 3979: 3964: 3958: 3951: 3944: 3925: 3921: 3912: 3910: 3899: 3888: 3882:Wayback Machine 3873: 3858: 3849: 3847: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3821:on July 3, 2011 3813: 3812: 3808: 3797: 3793: 3777: 3773: 3757: 3753: 3722: 3718: 3699:Q. J. Chem. Soc 3691: 3687: 3681:Wayback Machine 3672: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3588: 3584: 3545: 3541: 3490: 3486: 3442: 3438: 3395: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3330: 3326: 3274: 3270: 3219: 3215: 3163: 3159: 3107: 3103: 3058: 3054: 3001: 2997: 2943: 2939: 2930: 2928: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2891: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2856: 2851: 2838: 2828: 2799:Keen as Mustard 2784: 2775: 2708:Keen as Mustard 2675: 2648: 2521:Operation CHASE 2445:, southeast of 2408: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2387: 2383: 2376: 2324:Yale University 2304: 2253:forces against 2214:in the town of 2163:Japanese Empire 2063: 1990:Hindenburg Line 1986:Avonmouth Docks 1940: 1932:2-chloroethanol 1895:(known for the 1870:2-chloroethanol 1837: 1832: 1547: 1420: 1288:pulmonary edema 1204: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1172:oxygen mustards 1154:, are known as 1145: 1141: 1112:to form cyclic 1094: 1046: 988:sulfur mustards 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 962: 958: 954: 932: 925: 920: 919: 918: ?) 909: 905: 901: 897: 873: 838: 837: 836: 835: 828: 821: 814: 810: 802: 675: 641: 627: 606: 583: 530: 480: 467: 461: 455: 447: 433: 430: 425: 424: 413: 410: 409: 406: 400: 399: 396: 390: 389: 378: 360: 353: 344: 324: 311: 299: 276: 267: 230: 210: 190: 167: 158: 145: 134: 121: 107: 105: 103: 101: 99: 97: 95: 93: 91: 89: 87: 85: 83: 75: 74: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8329: 8319: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8291:Blister agents 8288: 8283: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8241: 8239: 8238:Related topics 8235: 8234: 8232: 8231: 8226: 8224:People sniffer 8221: 8216: 8211: 8205: 8203: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8079: 8077: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8036: 8031: 8024: 8022: 8016: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7972: 7966: 7964: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7930: 7928: 7921: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7850: 7848: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7803: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7787: 7786: 7779: 7772: 7764: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7751: 7746: 7740: 7738: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7730: 7725: 7722: 7719: 7716: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7701: 7698: 7695: 7691: 7689: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7633: 7631: 7625: 7624: 7617: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7594: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7581: 7576: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7544: 7543: 7542: 7540:uranium oxides 7531: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7512: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7291: 7289: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7278: 7276:Crotonaldehyde 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7201:Benzyl bromide 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7154: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7140:Chlorpromazine 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6933: 6931: 6927:Incapacitating 6923: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6890: 6885: 6878: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6814:Sulfur dioxide 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6704: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6682: 6677: 6671: 6669: 6667:choking agents 6661: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6563:Tetraethyllead 6560: 6554: 6549: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6267:A.P.C. complex 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6061: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5978:V-sub x (GD-7) 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5919: 5917: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5876: 5871: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5836: 5829: 5827: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5775:Phosgene oxime 5771: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5738: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5704: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5655: 5646: 5644:Blister agents 5640: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5614:Glycolonitrile 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5539: 5533: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5513:incapacitation 5510: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5492: 5485: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5397: 5387: 5382: 5376: 5340: 5335: 5328: 5327: 5304: 5302:on 2006-08-09. 5288: 5282: 5265: 5257: 5256:External links 5254: 5253: 5252: 5242: 5232: 5221: 5220: 5214: 5208:. Leo Cooper. 5200: 5199: 5189: 5178: 5177: 5151: 5145:War in History 5141: 5130: 5129: 5118: 5117: 5111: 5097: 5087: 5076: 5075: 5064: 5063: 5052: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5023: 4992: 4962: 4938: 4926: 4919: 4901: 4878: 4863: 4834: 4820: 4805: 4790: 4771: 4745: 4727: 4704: 4693:on 21 May 2009 4678: 4656: 4629: 4600: 4574: 4560: 4534: 4487: 4468: 4441:(6): 249–253. 4421: 4383: 4352: 4319: 4296: 4269: 4244: 4211: 4208:. 25 Mar 2015. 4193: 4175: 4154:(4): 249–251. 4134: 4109: 4102: 4079: 4072: 4052: 4031: 4010: 3991: 3988:on 2007-07-11. 3977: 3949: 3942: 3919: 3886: 3856: 3832: 3806: 3791: 3771: 3751: 3716: 3705:(1): 109–126. 3685: 3666: 3654: 3636: 3629: 3609: 3602: 3582: 3539: 3504:(2): 237–246. 3484: 3436: 3389: 3377: 3365: 3324: 3268: 3213: 3157: 3101: 3052: 2995: 2937: 2913: 2889: 2875: 2854: 2835: 2834: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2805:Phosgene oxime 2802: 2795: 2790: 2783: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2674: 2671: 2663:Atlantic Ocean 2647: 2644: 2575:Johnston Atoll 2410: 2409: 2390: 2388: 2381: 2375: 2372: 2303: 2300: 2277: 2276: 2265: 2258: 2247: 2244:roadside bombs 2236: 2229: 2223: 2208: 2203:Egypt against 2201: 2187: 2184: 2181:Port Elizabeth 2177: 2173: 2159: 2147:Italy against 2145: 2118: 2108: 2093:resistance in 2084: 2079: 1939: 1936: 1858:Albert Niemann 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1690: 1681: 1678: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1658: 1649: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1627: 1618: 1615: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1595: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1533: 1527: 1513: 1506:freezing point 1487: 1469: 1466:vapor pressure 1431:concentrations 1419: 1416: 1260:conjunctivitis 1255:chemical burns 1203: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1143: 1139: 1093: 1090: 1058:nitrogen-based 1045: 1042: 1022:mustard plants 1006:blister agents 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 960: 956: 952: 939:sulfur mustard 930: 927: 926: 921: 899: 898: 894:standard state 891: 888: 887: 874: 871: 868: 867: 863: 862: 857: 850: 849: 846: 840: 839: 829: 822: 815: 800: 799: 798: 797: 795: 786: 785: 727:P305+P351+P338 676: 671: 668: 667: 642: 637: 634: 633: 628: 623: 620: 619: 607: 602: 599: 598: 588: 587: 584: 581: 578: 577: 568: 567: 563: 562: 541: 535: 534: 531: 526: 523: 522: 519: 513: 512: 509: 503: 502: 499: 493: 492: 489: 485: 484: 478: 472: 471: 465: 459: 453: 448: 443: 440: 439: 435: 434: 432: 431: 428: 420: 419: 418: 415: 414: 412: 411: 407: 404: 403: 401: 397: 394: 393: 385: 384: 383: 380: 379: 377: 376: 363: 361: 349: 346: 345: 343: 342: 334: 332: 326: 325: 323: 322: 314: 312: 304: 301: 300: 298: 297: 289: 287: 281: 280: 277: 272: 269: 268: 266: 265: 261: 259: 251: 250: 240: 232: 231: 229: 228: 220: 218: 212: 211: 209: 208: 200: 198: 192: 191: 189: 188: 180: 178: 172: 171: 168: 163: 160: 159: 157: 156: 148: 146: 139: 136: 135: 133: 132: 124: 122: 117: 114: 113: 109: 108: 92:Sulfur mustard 81: 77: 76: 72: 71: 65: 64: 60: 59: 51: 50: 42: 41: 26: 18:Sulfur mustard 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8328: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8236: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8200: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8074: 8068: 8065: 8062: 8059: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8029: 8026: 8025: 8023: 8021: 8017: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7977: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7954:Operation LAC 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7931: 7929: 7925: 7922: 7916: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7796: 7792: 7785: 7780: 7778: 7773: 7771: 7766: 7765: 7762: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7729: 7726: 7723: 7720: 7717: 7714: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7662:Sesquimustard 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7615: 7610: 7608: 7603: 7601: 7596: 7595: 7592: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7568: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7551:its compounds 7548: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7509: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7487:Tetanospasmin 7485: 7483: 7482:T-2 mycotoxin 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7412:Batrachotoxin 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7356:Allyl alcohol 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7283: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7221:Chloroacetone 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7206:Benzyl iodide 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7160:Xylyl bromide 7158: 7157: 7155: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6948:Butyrophenone 6946: 6944: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6917:o-Dianisidine 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6764:Cadmium oxide 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6719: 6716: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6613:Batrachotoxin 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6496:Tetanospasmin 6494: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5813: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5767:Nettle agents 5764: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5569:Cacodyl oxide 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5504: 5498: 5493: 5491: 5486: 5484: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5318:on 2016-01-02 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5033: 5027: 5020: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4996: 4989: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4966: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4935: 4930: 4922: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4882: 4875:. sfgate.com. 4874: 4867: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4830: 4824: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4797: 4795: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4715: 4708: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4666: 4660: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4605: 4590:on 2012-07-23 4589: 4585: 4578: 4570: 4564: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4491: 4484: 4480: 4477: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4388: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4323: 4307: 4300: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4273: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4215: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4190:. 6 Nov 2014. 4189: 4185: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4105: 4103:1-4020-3618-3 4099: 4095: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4075: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4056: 4041: 4035: 4020: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3984: 3980: 3978:0-19-926655-7 3974: 3970: 3963: 3956: 3954: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3934: 3929: 3923: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3884:, CBWinfo.com 3883: 3879: 3876: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3845: 3844: 3836: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3775: 3768: 3764: 3763: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3726:J. Chem. Educ 3720: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3670: 3663: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3632: 3630:0-7637-2425-4 3626: 3622: 3621: 3613: 3605: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3555:(2): 568–83. 3554: 3550: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3386: 3381: 3374: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2941: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2909: 2902: 2901:"Mustard Gas" 2896: 2894: 2885: 2879: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2779: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2679: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2583:Pacific Ocean 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501:U.S. Congress 2499:In 1972, the 2497: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2406: 2403:February 2022 2394: 2389: 2380: 2379: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2308:hematopoiesis 2299: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2210:Iraq against 2209: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2132:, during the 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2057: 2053: 2051: 2045: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2020:mortar rounds 2017: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1924:German Empire 1920: 1918: 1917:German Empire 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1822: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1613:Sesquimustard 1611: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1560:Trivial name 1559: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1304:convalescence 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1199: 1181: 1180:sesquimustard 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1148:leaving group 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1098: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1054:Iran–Iraq War 1051: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 994: 989: 986:are known as 950: 947: 944: 940: 936: 924: 917: 912: 895: 889: 886: 882: 878: 875: 870: 869: 864: 861: 860:External MSDS 858: 855: 852: 851: 847: 845: 842: 841: 834: 827: 820: 796: 793: 792: 788: 787: 677: 674: 670: 669: 643: 640: 636: 635: 632: 629: 626: 622: 621: 617: 612: 608: 605: 601: 600: 596: 594: 589: 585: 580: 579: 575: 574: 569: 564: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 542: 540: 537: 536: 532: 529: 525: 524: 520: 518: 517:Boiling point 515: 514: 510: 508: 507:Melting point 505: 504: 500: 498: 495: 494: 490: 487: 486: 479: 477: 474: 473: 449: 446: 442: 441: 436: 427: 426: 423: 416: 402: 392: 391: 388: 381: 373: 369: 368:DTXSID0037100 365: 364: 362: 352: 348: 347: 340: 336: 335: 333: 331: 328: 327: 320: 316: 315: 313: 307: 303: 302: 295: 291: 290: 288: 286: 283: 282: 278: 275: 271: 270: 263: 262: 260: 258: 253: 252: 248: 244: 241: 239: 237:ECHA InfoCard 234: 233: 226: 222: 221: 219: 217: 214: 213: 206: 202: 201: 199: 197: 194: 193: 186: 182: 181: 179: 177: 174: 173: 169: 166: 162: 161: 154: 150: 149: 147: 143: 138: 137: 130: 126: 125: 123: 120: 116: 115: 110: 88:Schwefel-LOST 78: 70: 66: 61: 57: 52: 48: 43: 39: 34: 19: 8123:M139 bomblet 8118:M138 bomblet 8113:M134 bomblet 8108:M125 bomblet 8060: 7949:Project SHAD 7920:and projects 7646: 7492:Tetrodotoxin 7442:Grayanotoxin 7226:Bromoacetone 7216:Thiophosgene 7171:Mace (spray) 7165:Pepper spray 7150:Lachrymatory 7135:Fluphenazine 7130:Procarbazine 7040:Sleeping gas 6888:Chloropicrin 6799:Nitric oxide 6701:Chloropicrin 6645:Cloflubicyne 6608:Oxotremorine 6557:Antillatoxin 6536:Tetrodotoxin 6485:Bungarotoxin 6381:Nitromethane 6343:Formaldoxime 6282:Cyclohexanol 6247:Acetonitrile 5994:GV (EA-5365) 5816:Nerve agents 5707: 5619:Lactonitrile 5529:Blood agents 5518:riot control 5409: 5405: 5352: 5348: 5320:. Retrieved 5316:the original 5311: 5300:the original 5295: 5273: 5245: 5235: 5225: 5205: 5192: 5182: 5169:. Retrieved 5156: 5144: 5134: 5122: 5102: 5090: 5080: 5068: 5055: 5048: 5031: 5026: 5017: 5011:. Retrieved 5005: 4995: 4987: 4981:. Retrieved 4975: 4965: 4954:. Retrieved 4950: 4941: 4929: 4910: 4904: 4896:the original 4891: 4881: 4866: 4855:. Retrieved 4846: 4837: 4823: 4808: 4785:the original 4774: 4762:. Retrieved 4758:the original 4748: 4740:the original 4730: 4718:. Retrieved 4707: 4695:. Retrieved 4691:the original 4681: 4669:. Retrieved 4659: 4647:. Retrieved 4643:the original 4632: 4620:. Retrieved 4616:the original 4592:. Retrieved 4588:the original 4577: 4563: 4551:. Retrieved 4546: 4537: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4471: 4438: 4434: 4424: 4402:(5): 574–8. 4399: 4395: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4345:16 September 4343:. Retrieved 4334: 4322: 4312:16 September 4310:. Retrieved 4299: 4288:. Retrieved 4286:. 2016-04-05 4281: 4272: 4261:. Retrieved 4257: 4247: 4235:. Retrieved 4231:the original 4224: 4214: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4178: 4151: 4147: 4137: 4126:. Retrieved 4122: 4112: 4093: 4062: 4055: 4044:. Retrieved 4042:. 2013-09-23 4034: 4023:. Retrieved 4013: 4004: 3994: 3983:the original 3968: 3932: 3922: 3911:. Retrieved 3907:the original 3848:. Retrieved 3842: 3835: 3823:. Retrieved 3819:the original 3809: 3800: 3794: 3786: 3781: 3774: 3766: 3761: 3754: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3669: 3657: 3649:the original 3639: 3619: 3612: 3592: 3585: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3501: 3497: 3487: 3454: 3450: 3439: 3409:(4): 283–9. 3406: 3402: 3392: 3380: 3368: 3344:(1): 67–70. 3341: 3337: 3327: 3286: 3282: 3271: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3175: 3171: 3160: 3119: 3115: 3104: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3012: 3008: 2998: 2955: 2951: 2940: 2929:. Retrieved 2925: 2916: 2907: 2878: 2830: 2829: 2797: 2793:Chlorine gas 2776: 2767:Puerto Rican 2749: 2724:Agent Orange 2713: 2706: 2695:British Army 2684: 2656: 2649: 2637: 2623:villages of 2618: 2602:aerial bombs 2599: 2593:in northern 2540: 2533: 2529: 2498: 2469:World War II 2466: 2451: 2443:Sable Island 2436: 2428: 2413: 2400: 2392: 2360:chlormethine 2356:chemotherapy 2328: 2305: 2293: 2278: 2207:in 1963–1967 2196: 2136:against the 2122:Soviet Union 2102: 2089:against the 2069: 2046: 2040: 2012:aerial bombs 2005: 1994: 1976: 1975: 1961: 1956:color-coding 1921: 1905:Emil Fischer 1881:thiodiglycol 1866:Viktor Meyer 1838: 1793:142868-94-8 1772:142868-93-7 1644:Half mustard 1537:Yellow Cross 1535: 1529: 1515: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1418:Formulations 1411: 1403: 1380: 1374: 1347:chlorination 1340: 1308: 1286:and causing 1235:carcinogenic 1228: 1221: 1162:(sulfonium, 1160:"onium" ions 1155: 1137: 1103: 1082:aerial bombs 1074:chemotherapy 1064:of the 1993 1047: 1034:yellow-brown 1013: 991: 987: 943:organosulfur 938: 934: 933: 790: 630: 592: 582:Main hazards 571: 552:hydrocarbons 205:ChEMBL455341 112:Identifiers 104:1,1'-thiobis 80:Other names 31:Mustard gas 8316:Dermatoxins 8229:M1135 NBCRV 8193:Weteye bomb 8061:Mustard gas 7963:Operational 7944:Project 112 7647:Mustard gas 7502:Veratridine 7477:Shiga toxin 7432:Domoic acid 7295:Thioacetone 7261:Iodoacetone 7125:Pentazocine 7120:Sevoflurane 7085:CAR-302,668 7080:CAR-302,282 7075:CAR-302,196 7070:CAR-301,060 7065:CAR-226,086 7045:Carfentanil 6943:Apomorphine 6864:Green Cross 6655:Domoic acid 6466:Neurotoxins 6386:OPA mixture 6277:Chlorosoman 6272:Chlorosarin 6206:Phospholine 5905:Crotylsarin 5890:Fluorotabun 5862:Chlorosoman 5844:Chlorosarin 5030:R. Baselt, 4553:23 December 4501:The Analyst 4396:Am. J. Surg 4237:15 February 3015:: 259–280. 2908:ChemMatters 2368:carboplatin 2312:World War I 2273:Deir ez-Zor 2269:Syrian Army 2218:during the 2205:North Yemen 2197:John Harvey 2097:during the 2064: 1941 1928:World War I 1835:Development 1814:63918-90-1 1751:63905-10-2 1730:63869-13-6 1680:63918-89-8 1563:CAS number 1482:by the US. 1408:commented: 1406:World War I 1320:photophobia 1282:, damaging 1212:World War I 1150:and B is a 1121:nucleotides 1050:World War I 1030:horseradish 1014:mustard gas 1012:. The name 935:Mustard gas 844:Flash point 625:Signal word 576:(OHS/OSH): 488:Appearance 438:Properties 243:100.209.973 185:CHEBI:25434 8281:Thioethers 8275:Categories 8163:M55 rocket 7918:Operations 7824:(USAMRICD) 7452:Maitotoxin 7447:Guanitoxin 7427:Ciguatoxin 7422:Brevetoxin 7407:Anatoxin-a 7402:Aflatoxins 7315:Putrescine 7310:Cadaverine 7286:Malodorant 7110:Isoflurane 7095:Desflurane 7090:Benperidol 7035:Psilocybin 7030:PAVA spray 6712:Diphosgene 6665:Pulmonary/ 6593:Picrotoxin 6552:Strychnine 6546:Brevetoxin 6530:Maitotoxin 6513:Guanitoxin 6507:Ciguatoxin 6474:Anatoxin-a 6407:Pinacolone 6240:Precursors 6201:Selenophos 6057:Carbamates 5973:Chinese VX 5879:Cyclosarin 5868:Ethylsarin 5839:Sarin (GB) 5690:Lewisite 3 5684:Lewisite 2 5653:Arsenicals 5322:2015-11-06 5215:0850523885 5171:19 October 5013:2019-05-03 4983:2019-05-03 4956:2024-07-23 4857:2022-02-07 4764:15 January 4594:2013-01-28 4290:2017-06-30 4263:2017-06-30 4128:2008-11-17 4046:2021-07-02 4025:2013-08-23 3913:2010-06-28 3850:2010-12-28 3732:(6): 944. 3457:: 105897. 3289:: 105820. 3233:: 105843. 3178:: 105844. 3122:: 105897. 2931:2023-09-15 2826:References 2769:subjects. 2625:Passendale 2587:short tons 2517:West Coast 2513:East Coast 2485:hydrolyzes 2473:Baltic Sea 2462:Flintshire 2144:in 1936–37 2016:land mines 1708:2625-76-5 1617:3563-36-8 1569:Structure 1524:antifreeze 1510:volatility 1369:caused by 1324:presbyopia 1243:lipophilic 1231:blistering 1152:Lewis base 1062:Schedule 1 1002:cytotoxins 973:X or −N(CH 604:Pictograms 539:Solubility 476:Molar mass 339:T8KEC9FH9P 216:ChemSpider 140:3D model ( 119:CAS Number 8183:MC-1 bomb 8128:M2 mortar 8076:Munitions 7652:O-Mustard 7629:Vesicants 7547:Plutonium 7497:Volkensin 7472:Saxitoxin 7462:Palytoxin 7387:Aconitine 7115:Halothane 7105:Bufotenin 7100:Enflurane 7020:Kolokol-1 7000:Pethidine 6974:Etoxadrol 6959:Etorphine 6955:(CS-4640) 6939:(CS-4030) 6897:glycerine 6844:Salcomine 6603:Tremorine 6541:Aconitine 6524:Palytoxin 6502:Ryanodine 6479:Saxitoxin 6216:Ro 3-0422 5987:GV agents 5850:Thiosarin 5579:Phosphine 5349:MedGenMed 5166:769752656 4714:"Annex 3" 4463:256367068 4455:1179-1977 4372:: 39–41. 3534:207263000 3518:1542-6270 3479:207899509 3373:Vesicants 3319:201831881 3303:1878-1705 3263:204799405 3247:1878-1705 3208:204967476 3192:1878-1705 3152:207899509 3136:1878-1705 3029:0091-6765 2972:2251-6085 2884:"Pubchem" 2665:south of 2659:artillery 2629:Moorslede 2543:stockpile 2505:U.S. Army 2481:thickener 2458:Rhydymwyn 2364:cisplatin 2233:civil war 2227:1983–1988 2171:1937–1945 2157:1935-1936 2149:Abyssinia 2003:in 1916. 1915:sent the 1684:CID 45452 1676:O-mustard 1652:CID 12733 1648:693-07-2 1621:CID 19092 1589:CID 10461 1585:505-60-2 1554:Chemical 1502:O-mustard 1484:Distilled 1391:apoptosis 1371:pathogens 1343:oxidation 1316:apoptosis 1239:mutagenic 1114:sulfonium 1018:dispersed 775:P403+P233 759:P337+P313 755:P332+P313 723:P304+P340 719:P302+P352 715:P302+P350 711:P301+P310 595:labelling 429:ClCCSCCCl 264:684-527-7 256:EC Number 8188:M47 bomb 8045:Phosgene 8034:Chlorine 7979:Disposal 7927:Research 7637:Bromlost 7556:Polonium 7457:Modeccin 7366:Acrolein 7331:Lewisite 7236:Acrolein 7060:CS-27349 7010:Ibogaine 6893:Litharge 6882:Adamsite 6859:Diborane 6849:Fluomine 6829:Ethenone 6724:Acrolein 6691:Fluorine 6685:Phosgene 6675:Chlorine 6075:EA-3887A 6047:C01-A042 6042:C01-A039 6037:C01-A035 5915:V-agents 5825:G-agents 5710:(EA-229) 5678:Lewisite 5537:Cyanogen 5436:20786722 5371:15775831 5355:(4): 4. 5195:(1993). 5083:(1991). 4851:Archived 4671:30 April 4649:30 April 4622:30 April 4529:25121638 4479:Archived 4416:13947966 4339:Archived 4283:BBC News 3878:Archived 3677:Archived 3526:18212254 3471:31685435 3431:41665583 3423:24823320 3360:11197102 3311:31480003 3255:31629219 3200:31669888 3144:31685435 3096:28246228 2990:33083286 2782:See also 2744:lewisite 2720:lewisite 2614:howitzer 2563:Arkansas 2551:Maryland 2515:and the 2477:Bornholm 2374:Disposal 2343:leukemia 2339:lymphoma 2275:in 2016. 2264:in 2015. 2240:Iraq War 2165:against 2153:Ethiopia 2126:Xinjiang 2076:Red Army 2036:gas mask 1849:ethylene 1582:Mustard 1566:PubChem 1520:lewisite 1508:, lower 1458:ethylene 1427:Lewisite 1387:necrosis 1373:such as 1164:ammonium 1156:mustards 1118:alkylate 1106:chloride 1038:blisters 791:NFPA 704 566:Hazards 544:Alcohols 225:21106142 170:1733595 129:505-60-2 8260:MKULTRA 8214:M93 Fox 7728:TL-1002 7642:EA-5983 7305:Skatole 7300:Allicin 7015:EA-3834 7005:EA-3580 6995:EA-3443 6990:EA-3167 6985:EA-2148 6969:CS-4297 6964:EA-2092 6953:EA-4941 6680:Bromine 6318:EA-1224 6298:EA-1250 6211:R-16661 6186:EA-2613 6181:EA-2098 6176:EA-2054 6171:EA-2012 6140:3152 CT 6130:TL-1317 6125:TL-1299 6120:TL-1238 6090:EA-4056 6085:EA-3990 6080:EA-3966 6070:EA-3887 5968:EA-1763 5928:EA-3148 5923:EA-2192 5900:EA-4352 5895:EA-1356 5629:Stibine 5427:2058956 5362:1480580 5296:cdc.gov 4720:8 March 4509:Bibcode 4258:Reuters 4226:Reuters 4170:9248939 4123:Reuters 3734:Bibcode 3577:8975783 3557:Bibcode 3087:5325736 3047:1486858 3038:1519623 2981:7548481 2621:Flemish 2581:in the 2567:Indiana 2559:Alabama 2447:Halifax 2393:updated 2255:Kurdish 2238:In the 2222:in 1988 2216:Halabja 2117:in 1930 2099:Rif War 2095:Morocco 2078:in 1919 2028:rockets 2008:aerosol 1982:Cambrai 1977:Yperite 1926:during 1889:rabbits 1874:aqueous 1862:cocaine 1830:History 1688:PubChem 1656:PubChem 1625:PubChem 1593:PubChem 1247:itching 1178:), and 1086:rockets 916:what is 914: ( 497:Density 306:PubChem 279:324535 98:Yperite 94:Senfgas 8020:Agents 7677:TL-767 7672:TL-293 7667:TL-258 7523:Napalm 7288:agents 7152:agents 7055:JB-336 7050:JB-318 7025:LSD-25 6981:(DMHP) 6929:agents 6588:A-8564 6548:(PbTX) 6498:(TeNT) 6115:TL-599 6105:T-1194 6100:T-1152 6095:T-1123 5864:(ClGD) 5846:(ClGB) 5757:TL-301 5559:Arsine 5434: 5424: 5369: 5359: 5280: 5250:online 5230:online 5212: 5197:online 5187:online 5164: 5149:online 5139:online 5127:online 5109: 5095:online 5085:online 5073:online 5060:online 4917: 4697:20 May 4527: 4461: 4453: 4414: 4168: 4100: 4070: 3975: 3940: 3825:12 May 3627: 3600: 3575: 3532: 3524: 3516: 3477: 3469: 3429: 3421: 3358: 3317: 3309: 3301: 3261: 3253: 3245: 3206: 3198: 3190: 3150: 3142: 3134: 3094: 3084: 3045: 3035: 3027: 2988: 2978: 2970: 2746:agents 2579:Hawaii 2571:Oregon 2569:, and 2419:, and 2358:drug, 2091:Rifian 2026:, and 1909:Berlin 1579:H, HD 1494:Runcol 1367:sepsis 1361:, 28% 1357:, 70% 1335:bullae 1311:cancer 1276:Miosis 1216:bullae 1026:garlic 911:verify 908: 856:(SDS) 631:Danger 556:lipids 548:ethers 481:159.07 422:SMILES 294:C19164 196:ChEMBL 63:Names 8055:Sarin 7737:Other 7724:S-182 7721:S-180 7718:S-179 7715:S-173 7712:S-172 7709:S-170 7706:S-169 7703:S-163 7700:S-150 7697:S-112 7511:Other 7467:Ricin 7382:Abrin 7341:KB-16 6628:IPTBO 6559:(ATX) 6532:(MTX) 6526:(PTX) 6515:(GTX) 6509:(CTX) 6492:(BTX) 6348:Nital 6154:Other 6032:A-262 6027:A-242 6022:A-234 6017:A-232 6012:A-208 5856:Soman 5852:(SGB) 5833:Tabun 5792:KB-16 5785:Other 4847:DCist 4459:S2CID 4308:. BBC 3986:(PDF) 3965:(PDF) 3530:S2CID 3475:S2CID 3427:S2CID 3315:S2CID 3259:S2CID 3204:S2CID 3148:S2CID 2904:(PDF) 2831:Notes 2755:Nisei 2689:, by 2456:near 2262:Mare' 2212:Kurds 2167:China 2155:) in 2151:(now 2115:Libya 2111:Italy 2087:Spain 2066:–1945 1968:Ypres 1883:with 1872:with 1686:from 1654:from 1623:from 1591:from 1557:Code 1460:with 1399:actin 1292:first 1028:, or 387:InChI 319:10461 176:ChEBI 142:JSmol 86:Iprit 8219:MOPP 8209:CAIS 8063:(HD) 8057:(GB) 8041:(DF) 8030:(BZ) 7694:S-46 7549:and 7167:(OC) 6884:(DM) 6714:(DP) 6703:(PS) 6687:(CG) 6638:TBPS 6633:TBPO 6481:(TZ) 6403:(TH) 6372:(DF) 6366:(SW) 6360:(TB) 6333:DMHP 6313:DEHP 6303:DIHP 6294:(KB) 6231:MSPI 5881:(GF) 5870:(GE) 5858:(GD) 5835:(GA) 5777:(CX) 5724:CEES 5692:(L3) 5686:(L2) 5674:(PD) 5668:(MD) 5662:(ED) 5555:(AC) 5549:(CK) 5432:PMID 5367:PMID 5278:ISBN 5210:ISBN 5173:2014 5162:OCLC 5107:ISBN 5019:out. 4915:ISBN 4766:2012 4722:2017 4699:2009 4673:2013 4651:2013 4624:2013 4555:2016 4525:PMID 4451:ISSN 4412:PMID 4366:JAMA 4347:2015 4314:2015 4239:2016 4166:PMID 4098:ISBN 4068:ISBN 3973:ISBN 3938:ISBN 3827:2014 3625:ISBN 3598:ISBN 3573:PMID 3522:PMID 3514:ISSN 3467:PMID 3419:PMID 3356:PMID 3307:PMID 3299:ISSN 3251:PMID 3243:ISSN 3196:PMID 3188:ISSN 3140:PMID 3132:ISSN 3092:PMID 3066:CMAJ 3043:PMID 3025:ISSN 2986:PMID 2968:ISSN 2926:OPCW 2742:and 2718:and 2627:and 2595:Utah 2519:(in 2425:ASP. 2366:and 2341:and 2296:ISIS 2251:ISIS 2161:The 2120:The 1847:and 1476:Pyro 1413:out. 1389:and 1379:and 1355:NaOH 1294:and 1237:and 1004:and 965:−SCH 783:P501 779:P405 771:P363 767:P362 763:P361 751:P330 747:P322 743:P321 739:P320 735:P312 731:P310 707:P284 703:P280 699:P271 695:P270 691:P264 687:P262 683:P261 679:P260 665:H335 661:H330 657:H319 653:H315 649:H310 645:H300 330:UNII 285:KEGG 90:Lost 7191:CNS 6720:(Z) 6262:AlP 6257:ATO 5752:HN3 5747:HN2 5742:HN1 5680:(L) 5422:PMC 5414:doi 5357:PMC 5007:NPR 4977:NPR 4517:doi 4505:139 4443:doi 4404:doi 4400:105 4374:doi 4156:doi 4005:NPR 3742:doi 3707:doi 3565:doi 3553:141 3506:doi 3459:doi 3411:doi 3346:doi 3342:166 3291:doi 3235:doi 3180:doi 3124:doi 3082:PMC 3074:doi 3070:189 3033:PMC 3017:doi 2976:PMC 2960:doi 2549:in 2460:in 2249:By 2195:SS 2169:in 2124:in 2113:in 1938:Use 1907:in 1725:HK 1345:or 1251:pus 1224:DNA 1125:DNA 1123:in 990:or 959:Cl) 937:or 593:GHS 560:THF 356:EPA 309:CID 84:HD 8277:: 8067:VX 8050:QL 7336:CX 7186:CR 7181:CS 7176:CN 6937:BZ 6452:TG 6447:TC 6422:QL 6308:ZS 6252:AT 5963:VX 5958:VS 5953:VR 5948:VP 5943:VM 5938:VG 5933:VE 5885:GP 5874:GH 5430:. 5420:. 5408:. 5404:. 5365:. 5351:. 5347:. 5310:. 5294:. 5272:. 5099:* 5016:. 5004:. 4986:. 4974:. 4949:. 4890:. 4849:. 4845:. 4793:^ 4603:^ 4545:. 4523:. 4515:. 4503:. 4499:. 4457:. 4449:. 4439:33 4437:. 4433:. 4410:. 4398:. 4386:^ 4370:72 4368:. 4364:. 4337:. 4333:. 4280:. 4256:. 4223:. 4204:. 4186:. 4164:. 4152:21 4150:. 4146:. 4121:. 4082:^ 4003:. 3952:^ 3889:^ 3859:^ 3740:. 3730:84 3728:. 3703:12 3701:. 3697:. 3571:. 3563:. 3551:. 3528:. 3520:. 3512:. 3502:42 3500:. 3496:. 3473:. 3465:. 3455:80 3453:. 3449:. 3425:. 3417:. 3407:34 3405:. 3401:. 3354:. 3340:. 3336:. 3313:. 3305:. 3297:. 3287:76 3285:. 3281:. 3257:. 3249:. 3241:. 3231:76 3229:. 3225:. 3202:. 3194:. 3186:. 3176:77 3174:. 3170:. 3146:. 3138:. 3130:. 3120:80 3118:. 3114:. 3090:. 3080:. 3068:. 3064:. 3041:. 3031:. 3023:. 3013:98 3011:. 3007:. 2984:. 2974:. 2966:. 2956:49 2954:. 2950:. 2924:. 2906:. 2892:^ 2857:^ 2839:^ 2711:. 2693:, 2565:, 2561:, 2523:, 2370:. 2128:, 2061:c. 2022:, 2018:, 2014:, 1992:. 1974:. 1672:T 1609:Q 1530:HQ 1516:HL 1490:HT 1472:HD 1446:HS 1322:, 1084:, 1080:, 1024:, 981:X) 977:CH 969:CH 955:CH 883:, 879:, 781:, 777:, 773:, 769:, 765:, 761:, 757:, 753:, 749:, 745:, 741:, 737:, 733:, 729:, 725:, 721:, 717:, 713:, 709:, 705:, 701:, 697:, 693:, 689:, 685:, 681:, 663:, 659:, 655:, 651:, 647:, 597:: 558:, 554:, 550:, 546:, 463:Cl 7783:e 7776:t 7769:v 7613:e 7606:t 7599:v 6895:- 5719:Q 5714:T 5496:e 5489:t 5482:v 5438:. 5416:: 5410:1 5373:. 5353:6 5325:. 5286:. 5218:. 5175:. 5115:. 5062:. 4959:. 4923:. 4860:. 4768:. 4724:. 4701:. 4675:. 4653:. 4626:. 4597:. 4557:. 4531:. 4519:: 4511:: 4465:. 4445:: 4418:. 4406:: 4380:. 4376:: 4349:. 4316:. 4293:. 4266:. 4241:. 4172:. 4158:: 4131:. 4106:. 4076:. 4049:. 4028:. 4007:. 3946:. 3916:. 3853:. 3829:. 3803:. 3748:. 3744:: 3736:: 3713:. 3709:: 3633:. 3606:. 3579:. 3567:: 3559:: 3536:. 3508:: 3481:. 3461:: 3433:. 3413:: 3362:. 3348:: 3321:. 3293:: 3265:. 3237:: 3210:. 3182:: 3154:. 3126:: 3098:. 3076:: 3049:. 3019:: 2992:. 2962:: 2934:. 2886:. 2405:) 2401:( 2395:. 2246:. 2107:) 1526:. 1442:H 1196:4 1194:H 1192:2 1188:4 1186:H 1184:2 1144:4 1142:H 1140:2 983:2 979:2 975:2 971:2 967:2 961:2 957:2 953:2 906:N 832:1 825:1 818:4 469:S 466:2 460:8 457:H 454:4 451:C 358:) 354:( 144:) 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index