1001:. Results show that the extent of environmentally suitable areas for cloud forest in Mexico will sharply decline in the next 70 years. A number of climate models suggest low-altitude cloudiness will be reduced, which means the optimum climate for many cloud forest habitats will increase in altitude. Linked to the reduction of cloud moisture immersion and increasing temperature, the hydrological cycle will change, so the system will dry out. This would lead to the wilting and the death of epiphytes, which rely on high humidity. Frogs and lizards are expected to suffer from increased drought. Calculations suggest the loss of cloud forest in Mexico would lead to extinction of up to 37
51:
377:
263:
1683:
1747:
1299:
1356:
1231:
175:
33:
934:
882:
248:
541:
516:
1018:
used to provide night temperatures below 60F. Such displays are usually quite small, but there are some notable exceptions. In the United States, The
Atlanta Botanical Garden has a large tropical cloud forest greenhouse with a large collection of cloud forest epiphytes from around the world. It implements a refrigeration system to decrease the temperature at night. For many years, the
190:
The presence of cloud forests is dependent on local climate (which is affected by the distance to the sea), the exposition and the latitude (typically from 25°N to 25°S), and the elevation (which varies from 500 m to 4000 m above sea level). Typically, there is a relatively small band of elevation in
1017:
Cloud-forest conditions are hard and expensive to replicate in a glasshouse because it is necessary to maintain very high humidity. Day temperatures have to be between 70-75F while night temperatures have to be maintained between 55-60F. In most cases, sophisticated refrigeration equipment has to be
502:
Cloud forests occupied 0.4% of the global land surface in 2001 and harboured ~3,700 species of birds, mammal, amphibians and tree ferns (~15% of the global diversity of those groups), with half of those species entirely restricted to cloud forests. Worldwide, ~2.4% of cloud forests (in some regions,
961:
and uncontrolled land use have contributed to the loss of cloud forests. The 1990 Global Forest Survey found that 1.1% of tropical mountain and highland forests were lost each year, which was higher than in any other tropical forests. In
Colombia, one of the countries with the largest area of cloud
893:
Watershed function: Because of the cloud-stripping strategy, the effective rainfall can be doubled in dry seasons and increase the wet season rainfall by about 10%. Experiments of Costin and
Wimbush (1961) showed that the tree canopies of non-cloud forests intercept and evaporate 20 percent more of
363:
Areas with a high annual precipitation due to a frequent cloud cover in combination with heavy and sometimes persistent orographic rainfall; such forests have a perceptible canopy strata, a high number of epiphytes, and a thick peat layer which has a high storage capacity for water and controls the
277:
In comparison with lower-altitude tropical moist forests, cloud forests show a reduced tree stature combined with increased stem density and generally, a lower diversity of woody plants. Trees in these regions are generally shorter and more heavily stemmed than in lower-altitude forests in the same
511:
Although far from being universally accepted as true cloud forests, several forests in temperate regions have strong similarities with tropical cloud forests. The term is further confused by occasional reference to cloud forests in tropical countries as "temperate" due to the cooler climate
493:
had 228 sites in 14 countries â 66 in
Indonesia, 54 in Malaysia, 33 in Sri Lanka, 32 in the Philippines, and 28 in Papua New Guinea. 97 sites were recorded in 21 African countries, mostly scattered on isolated mountains. Of the 605 sites, 264 were in protected areas.
1009:, which may increase damage to tropical montane cloud forests. All in all, the results of climate change will be a loss in biodiversity, altitude shifts in species ranges and community reshuffling, and, in some areas, complete loss of cloud forests.
702:â Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve. 10,500 Hectares of Cloud Forest. There are 2500 plant species (most species of orchids in a single place on earth), 100 species of mammals, 400 species of birds, 120 species of reptiles, and thousands of insects.
384:
Only 1% of the global woodland consists of cloud forests. They previously comprised an estimated 11% of all tropical forests in the 1970s. A total of around 736 cloud forest sites have been identified in 59 countries by the
503:
more than 8%) were lost between 2001 and 2018, especially in readily accessible places. While protected areas have slowed this decline, a large proportion of loss in TCF cover is still occurring despite formal protection.
1646:
Köhler, Lars; Tobón, Conrado; Frumau, K. F. Arnoud; Bruijnzeel, L. A. (Sampurno) (1 December 2007). "Biomass and water storage dynamics of epiphytes in old-growth and secondary montane cloud forest stands in Costa Rica".
2133:
Hamilton, Lawrence S; Juvik, James O; Scatena, F. N (1995). "The Puerto Rico
Tropical Cloud Forest Symposium: Introduction and Workshop Synthesis". In Hamilton, Lawrence S.; Juvik, James O.; Scatena, F. N. (eds.).
476:
The 1997 version of the World
Conservation Monitoring Centre's database of cloud forests found a total of 605 tropical montane cloud forest sites in 41 countries. 280 sites, or 46% of the total, were located in
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1754:
1752:
1750:
278:
regions, often with gnarled trunks and branches, forming dense, compact crowns. Their leaves become smaller, thicker and harder with increasing altitude. The high moisture promotes the development of a high
1416:
Mark
Aldrich, Clare Billington, Mary Edwards and Ruth Laidlaw (1997) "Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: An Urgent Priority for Conservation" WCMC Biodiversity Bulletin No. 2, World Conservation Monitoring
1306:
1304:
1302:
191:
which the atmospheric environment is suitable for cloud forest development. This is characterized by persistent fog at the vegetation level, resulting in the reduction of direct sunlight and thus of
1542:
325:
occurs when water droplets from the fog adhere to the needles or leaves of trees or other objects, coalesce into larger drops and then drop to the ground. It can be an important contribution to the
1862:
Bruijnzeel, L. A; Proctor, J (1995). "Hydrology and
Biogeochemistry of Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: What Do We Really Know?". In Hamilton, Lawrence S.; Juvik, James O.; Scatena, F. N. (eds.).
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
897:
Vegetation: Tropical montane cloud forests are not as species-rich as tropical lowland forests, but they provide the habitats for many species found nowhere else. For example, the
733:
737:
17:
2362:
489:. Twelve countries had tropical montane cloud forest sites, with the majority in Venezuela (64 sites), Mexico (64), Ecuador (35) and Colombia (28). Southeast Asia and
239:
of the
Atlantic Islands), and occasionally subtropical and even temperate forests in which similar meteorological conditions occur are considered to be cloud forests.
2438:
2443:
2188:
Ponce-Reyes, RocĂo; Reynoso-Rosales, VĂctor-Hugo; Watson, James E. M; Vanderwal, Jeremy; Fuller, Richard A; Pressey, Robert L; Possingham, Hugh P (2012).
1105:
126:
Cloud forests are among the most biodiversity-rich ecosystems in the world, with a large number of species directly or indirectly depending on them.
1185:
212:
While cloud forest today is the most widely used term, in some regions, these ecosystems or special types of cloud forests are called mossy forest,
2326:
94:
2024:
GarcĂa-Santos, G; Bruijnzeel, L.A; Dolman, A.J (2009). "Modelling canopy conductance under wet and dry conditions in a subtropical cloud forest".
1833:
916:, more than one-third of the 270 endemic birds, mammals, and frogs are found in cloud forests. One of the best-known cloud forest mammals is the
321:
An important feature of cloud forests is the tree crowns that intercept the wind-driven cloud moisture, part of which drips to the ground. This
2448:
1528:
2311:
2320:
1890:
1492:
1055:
811:
2098:
Einfluss von Klima und
Topographie auf Struktur, Zusammensetzung und Dynamik eines tropischen Wolkenwaldes in Monteverde, Costa Rica
2253:
2102:
Influence of climate and topography on the structure, composition and dynamics of a tropical cloud forest in Monteverde, Costa Rica
367:
In drier areas with mainly seasonal rainfall, cloud stripping can amount to a large proportion of the moisture available to plants.
2009:
An ecohydrological and soils study in a montane cloud forest in the National Park of Garajonay, La Gomera (Canary Islands, Spain)
2363:
Tropical Montane Cloud Forests â Science for Conservation and Management (L.A. Bruijnzeel, F.N. Scatena and L.S. Hamilton, 2011)
721:
2399:
2178:
2151:
1962:
1879:
1505:
386:
1387:
924:). Many of those endemic animals have important functions, such as seed dispersal and forest dynamics in these ecosystems.
209:
Annual rainfall can range from 500 to 10,000 mm/year and mean temperature between 8 and 20 °C (46.4 and 68 °F).
1783:
938:
851:
684:
1573:"CONTRIBUCIĂN AL CONOCIMIENTO DE LA MICOBIOTA DE LOS BOSQUES DE NIEBLA DEL PARQUE NATURAL DE LOS ALCORNOCALES (CĂDIZ)"
1900:
588:
1854:
Decision Time For Cloud Forests: Water-Related Issues And Problems Of The Humid Tropics And Other Warm Humid Regions
1601:
570:
2433:
2347:
1852:
869:
219:
The definition of cloud forest can be ambiguous, with many countries not using the term (preferring such terms as
1922:
Foster, Pru (2001). "The potential negative impacts of global climate change on tropical montane cloud forests".
1342:
886:
179:
2428:
1047:
566:
2352:
2338:
865:
562:
2330:
713:
666:
997:
Because of their delicate dependency on local climates, cloud forests will be strongly affected by global
1201:
962:
forests, only 10â20% of the initial cloud forest cover remains. Significant areas have been converted to
894:
the precipitation than cloud forests, which means a loss to the land component of the hydrological cycle.
2375:
Studies in catchment hydrology in the Australian Alps. IV, Interception by trees of rain, cloud, and fog
1974:"Water dynamics in a laurel montane cloud forest in the Garajonay National Park (Canary Islands, Spain)"
1572:
2226:
Ponce-Reyes, Rocio; Nicholson, Emily; Baxter, Peter W. J; Fuller, Richard A; Possingham, Hugh (2013).
336:, showcasing many classic peatland attributes. Due to the high water content of the soil, the reduced
1019:
636:
162:
103:
1140:"Limited protection and ongoing loss of tropical cloud forest biodiversity and ecosystems worldwide"
1027:
2423:
2308:
741:
551:
2189:
632:
555:
989:
In 2004, an estimated one-third of all cloud forests on the planet were protected at that time.
717:
622:
267:
183:
2197:
345:
1550:
50:
2206:
2033:
1985:
1931:
1906:
156:
150:
2117:
1835:
Hydrology of Moist Tropical Forests and Effects of Conversion: A State of Knowledge Review
855:
8:
1953:
898:
644:
376:
252:
123:
of mountains, where moisture introduced by settling clouds is more effectively retained.
2210:
2037:
1989:
1935:
618:
195:. Within cloud forests, much of the moisture available to plants arrives in the form of
2290:
2121:
2084:
2076:
1672:
1522:
1167:
1023:
1005:
specific to that region. In addition, climate changes can result in a higher number of
640:
614:
490:
192:
1943:
1570:
1427:
359:
StadtmĂŒller (1987) distinguishes two general types of tropical montane cloud forests:
2418:
2395:
2378:
2261:
2174:
2170:
2147:
2125:
2088:
1958:
1896:
1875:
1839:
1764:
1664:
1501:
1220:
1171:
1159:
1139:
1082:
954:
758:
486:
262:
2273:
Vogelmann, H. W (1973). "Fog Precipitation in the Cloud Forests of Eastern Mexico".
2045:
2282:
2239:
2214:
2166:
2139:
2113:
2105:
2066:
2041:
2012:
1993:
1939:
1867:
1811:
1676:
1656:
1151:
675:
656:
466:
326:
137:
2342:
2315:
2228:"Extinction risk in cloud forest fragments under climate change and habitat loss"
1030:". The latter features a 35-metre (115 ft)-high artificial mountain clad in
949:
In 1970, the original extent of cloud forests on the Earth was around 50 million
917:
745:
394:
337:
174:
2143:
1871:
1466:
1395:
1155:
1138:
Karger, Dirk Nikolaus; Kessler, Michael; Lehnert, Marcus; Jetz, Walter (2021).
998:
942:
841:
825:
801:
780:
709:
693:
610:
606:
524:
430:
390:
115:
covering the ground and vegetation, in which case they are also referred to as
90:
40:
2357:
1660:
32:
2412:
2382:
2265:
1998:
1973:
1843:
1668:
1467:"Exposição Ecossistemas Naturais dos Açores â Laurissilva: Resumo de TĂłpicos"
1456:", Otago Camping and Mountaineering Club website. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
1428:"Jangal-e Abr (Cloud Forest) is one of the oldest and most beautiful forests"
906:
861:
797:
784:
478:
398:
341:
224:
120:
1718:
1163:
1051:
933:
482:
349:
283:
213:
203:
141:
130:
55:
2161:
Kappelle, M (2004). "Tropical Montane Forests". In Burley, Jeffery (ed.).
2109:
2218:
2187:
1797:
1770:
1002:
967:
772:
652:
458:
426:
303:
256:
220:
145:
134:
86:
2080:
1287:
2294:
1338:
963:
846:
830:
726:
Fiji Islands - Tropical Montane cloud forests of Taveuni , Gau Island
699:
648:
402:
307:
235:
2335:
2244:
2227:
2016:
1453:
881:
2071:
2054:
1043:
1006:
902:
776:
767:
628:
602:
470:
450:
438:
406:
291:
271:
247:
59:
36:
2367:
2286:
2190:"Vulnerability of cloud forest reserves in Mexico to climate change"
1026:
features a 0.8 hectares (2.0 acres) coolhouse that is simply named "
540:
1857:. Paris, France: UNESCO's IHP Humid Tropics Programme Series No.13.
1039:
1031:
817:
789:
705:
520:
515:
454:
442:
422:
410:
333:
322:
315:
287:
196:
82:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1046:
and others. Due to a relatively mild climate and summer fog, the
983:
971:
958:
950:
793:
446:
418:
371:
279:
2327:"Cloud Forests Fading in the Mist, Their Treasures Little Known"
2225:
1724:
1582:(in European Spanish). Instituto de Estudios Campogibraltareños
1256:
1059:
1050:
has three outdoor cloud forest collections, including a 2-acre
1035:
979:
821:
754:
729:
671:
662:
462:
414:
311:
295:
229:
44:
1083:"Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: A Challenge for Conservation"
101:
cover, usually at the canopy level, formally described in the
97:
characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level
2023:
1293:
1106:"Cloud Atlas leaps into 21st century with 12 new cloud types"
837:
763:
689:
680:
434:
98:
1571:
Manuel Becerra Parra, Manuel and Estrella Robles DomĂnguez.
1645:
913:
807:
750:
353:
299:
112:
2392:
Cloud Forests in the Humid Tropics: A Bibliographic Review
2055:"The montane forests and soils of Jamaica: a reassessment"
986:
of unique species causes changes to the forest structure.
530:
1971:
1889:
Bubb, Philip; May, Ian; Miles, Lera; Sayer, Jeff (2004).
975:
200:
1137:
828:(often refers to the wetter, higher altitude expanse of
1368:
941:
that is surrounded by the arid southern reaches of the
380:
Distribution of tropical montane cloud forests in 2016.
1454:
Dunedin Skyline Walk (Flagstaff â Swampy â Mt Cargill)
166:. These weft-form mosses grow in boreal moss forests.
1866:. Ecological Studies. Vol. 110. pp. 38â78.
1737:
1735:
1733:
912:
Fauna: The endemism in animals is also very high. In
206:
on tree leaves and then drips onto the ground below.
2138:. Ecological Studies. Vol. 110. pp. 1â18.
2132:
1634:
1326:
1281:
974:. Significant crops in montane forest zones include
393:as of 2002. Important areas of cloud forest are in
1972:GarcĂa-Santos, G; Marzol, M. V; Aschan, G (2004).
1850:
1730:
1696:
937:Seaborne moisture is vital to the cloud forest of
909:plants which are restricted to this mountain only.
178:One of the hanging bridges of the Sky walk at the
1888:
1861:
1758:
1322:
2439:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
2410:
2368:Andes Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group
266:Hanging moss in a cool temperate rainforest at
227:, or more localised terms such as the Bolivian
1494:Ecologia das Florestas de Juniperus dos Açores
1206:Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute Blog
372:Distribution of tropical montane cloud forests
223:forest and upper montane rain forest, montane
111:. Cloud forests often exhibit an abundance of
2372:
2006:
1608:(in European Spanish). Europa Sur. 8 May 2021
1310:
850:) and very locally in Los Llanos del Juncal (
2348:Tropical hydrology and cloud forests project
1208:. Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute.
1190:, GlobalTwitcher.com, Nicklas Stromberg, ed.
1076:
1074:
18:Subtropical or tropical moist montane forest
2444:Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
2389:
2353:Hydrology of tropical cloud forests project
2252:
2052:
1374:
1362:
1294:GarcĂa-Santos, Bruijnzeel & Dolman 2009
992:
901:, a cloud-covered mountain in the south of
569:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
216:, montane thicket, and dwarf cloud forest.
1831:
1630:
1527:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1103:
1080:
885:At the edge of the Panamanian side of the
506:
2272:
2254:van Steenis, Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit Jan
2243:
2070:
1997:
1851:Bruijnzeel, L.A.; Hamilton, L.S. (2000).
1626:
1490:
1202:"Alberta's Wonderful World of Bryophytes"
1071:
1056:Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens
905:, accommodates many shrubs, orchids, and
812:Bosques Nublados de Udima Wildlife Refuge
696:, mountains of southern and eastern China
589:Learn how and when to remove this message
2309:Tropical Montane Cloud Forest Initiative
2160:
1708:
1491:Elias, Rui Bento; Dias, Eduardo (2008).
932:
880:
514:
375:
261:
246:
173:
49:
31:
1012:
531:Distribution of temperate cloud forests
140:, with a moderately dense canopy and a
119:. Mossy forests usually develop on the
14:
2411:
1950:
1921:
1741:
1199:
1054:Cloud Forest established in 1985. The
497:
2449:Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
2095:
1712:
1250:
512:associated with these misty forests.
2373:Costin, A.B.; Wimbush, D.J. (1961).
2053:Grubb, PJ; Tanner, EVJ (July 1976).
1212:
1193:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
928:
567:adding citations to reliable sources
534:
387:World Conservation Monitoring Centre
356:often forming the upper soil layer.
2026:Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
1978:Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
1218:
1104:Sutherland, Scott (23 March 2017).
722:South West Ethiopia Peoples' Region
24:
2104:] (Dissertation) (in German).
1635:Hamilton, Juvik & Scatena 1995
1327:Hamilton, Juvik & Scatena 1995
1282:Hamilton, Juvik & Scatena 1995
1062:Cloud Forest" garden in House 11.
685:Bosque de Fray Jorge National Park
352:is very high, with more humus and
251:Bryophyte-covered mossy forest at
242:
25:
2460:
2358:Cloud Forest Video â Rara Avis CR
2302:
1543:"Parque Natural Los Alcornocales"
1200:Poller, Sonya (22 January 2015).
1124:
1784:"Cloud Forest Facts and Figures"
539:
2325:Roach, John (August 13, 2001).
2321:Monteverde Cloud Forest Ecology
2163:Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences
2059:Journal of the Arnold Arboretum
2046:10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.03.008
1804:
1790:
1776:
1702:
1639:
1620:
1602:"Un dĂa en el Bosque de Niebla"
1594:
1564:
1535:
1484:
1459:
1446:
1420:
1410:
1380:
1343:American Meteorological Society
1331:
1316:
1022:had a so-called coolhouse. The
887:Parque Internacional la Amistad
180:Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve
54:Stratus silvagenitus clouds in
2171:10.1016/B0-12-145160-7/00175-7
2136:Tropical Montane Cloud Forests
2118:11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B0EE-1
1864:Tropical Montane Cloud Forests
1697:Bruijnzeel & Hamilton 2000
1178:
1144:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1097:
1048:San Francisco Botanical Garden
13:
1:
1944:10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00056-3
1825:
1323:Bruijnzeel & Proctor 1995
876:
79:tropical montane cloud forest
2390:StadtmĂŒller, Thomas (1987).
1388:"Resources Data â UNEP-WCMC"
1087:Bois et Forets des Tropiques
1065:
804:in the northwest of Pakistan
734:Yuanyang Lake Nature Reserve
714:Bale Mountains National Park
667:Serra do Mar coastal forests
186:disappearing into the clouds
7:
2232:Diversity and Distributions
2144:10.1007/978-1-4612-2500-3_1
1872:10.1007/978-1-4612-2500-3_3
1187:Black Spruce: Picea mariana
1081:Hostettler, Silvia (2002).
389:, with 327 of them legally
129:Other moss forests include
10:
2465:
2258:The Mountain Flora of Java
2007:GarcĂa-Santos, G. (2007).
1832:Bruijnzeel, L. A. (1990).
1156:10.1038/s41559-021-01450-y
757:mountains, north of Iran,
738:Chatianshan Nature Reserve
690:People's Republic of China
519:Temperate cloud forest on
169:
1816:Buffalo Botanical Gardens
1661:10.1007/s11258-006-9256-7
1339:"Fog drip â AMS Glossary"
1020:Singapore Botanic Gardens
852:Alcornocales Natural Park
637:Springbrook National Park
318:plants can be very high.
163:Ptilium crista-castrensis
104:International Cloud Atlas
2331:National Geographic News
1999:10.5194/hess-8-1065-2004
1951:Clarke, Charles (1997).
1798:"SFBG Plant Collections"
1184:C. Michael Hogan, 2008.
993:Impact of climate change
814:(Cloud Forests of Udima)
332:Cloud forests are often
2434:Subtropical rainforests
2341:7 December 2021 at the
1771:Ponce-Reyes et al. 2012
1725:Ponce-Reyes et al. 2013
1549:(in European Spanish).
1375:Grubb & Tanner 1976
800:, and regions of Upper
633:Lamington National Park
507:Temperate cloud forests
946:
889:
718:Kafa Biosphere Reserve
623:Southern Andean Yungas
527:
381:
274:
268:Budawang National Park
259:
187:
184:Monteverde, Costa Rica
62:
47:
2429:Temperate rainforests
2198:Nature Climate Change
2110:10.53846/goediss-2265
2096:HĂ€ger, Achim (2006).
1924:Earth-Science Reviews
1500:. Angra do HeroĂsmo.
1221:"Gardening with Moss"
936:
884:
870:Southern Appalachians
518:
379:
340:and the low rates of
265:
250:
177:
53:
39:in a cloud forest on
35:
2336:Cloud Forests United
2314:5 April 2008 at the
2219:10.1038/nclimate1453
2165:. pp. 1782â92.
1633:, p. quote by
1013:In botanical gardens
563:improve this section
157:Pleurozium schreberi
151:Hylocomium splendens
2211:2012NatCC...2..448P
2038:2009AgFM..149.1565G
1990:2004HESS....8.1065G
1954:Nepenthes of Borneo
1936:2001ESRv...55...73F
1909:on 26 December 2017
1892:Cloud Forest Agenda
1547:juntadeandalucia.es
1471:centrocienciaah.com
1110:The Weather Network
899:Cerro de la Neblina
645:Mount Bellenden Ker
498:Conservation status
253:Mount Dulang-dulang
1551:Junta de AndalucĂa
1311:GarcĂa-Santos 2007
1219:Cullina, William.
1024:Gardens by the Bay
947:
922:Tremarctos ornatus
890:
753:â Eastern part of
641:Mount Bartle Frere
528:
382:
275:
260:
193:evapotranspiration
188:
63:
48:
27:Type of rainforest
2401:978-92-808-0670-0
2245:10.1111/ddi.12064
2180:978-0-12-145160-8
2153:978-1-4612-7564-0
1964:978-983-812-015-9
1881:978-1-4612-7564-0
1507:978-989-630-978-7
1434:. 30 January 2019
955:Population growth
929:Current situation
866:Pacific Northwest
856:Province of CĂĄdiz
759:Golestan Province
599:
598:
591:
487:Neotropical realm
81:, is a generally
16:(Redirected from
2456:
2405:
2386:
2298:
2269:
2249:
2247:
2222:
2194:
2184:
2157:
2129:
2092:
2074:
2072:10.5962/p.185865
2049:
2020:
2003:
2001:
1968:
1947:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1905:. Archived from
1885:
1858:
1847:
1820:
1819:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1759:Bubb et al. 2004
1756:
1745:
1739:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1681:
1680:
1643:
1637:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1577:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1499:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1463:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1398:on 11 April 2011
1394:. Archived from
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1363:van Steenis 1972
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1335:
1329:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1254:
1248:
1229:
1228:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1197:
1191:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1135:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1112:. Pelmorex Media
1101:
1095:
1094:
1078:
966:, or for use in
768:Yakushima Island
676:British Columbia
657:Lord Howe Island
594:
587:
583:
580:
574:
543:
535:
467:Papua New Guinea
327:hydrologic cycle
314:. The number of
69:, also called a
21:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2424:Montane forests
2409:
2408:
2402:
2343:Wayback Machine
2316:Wayback Machine
2305:
2287:10.2307/1296569
2238:(5â6): 518â29.
2192:
2181:
2154:
2032:(10): 1565â72.
1965:
1930:(1â2): 73â106.
1912:
1910:
1903:
1882:
1828:
1823:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1748:
1740:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1684:
1644:
1640:
1631:Bruijnzeel 1990
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1580:institutoecg.es
1575:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1257:
1249:
1232:
1217:
1213:
1198:
1194:
1183:
1179:
1136:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1102:
1098:
1079:
1072:
1068:
1015:
995:
931:
918:spectacled bear
879:
794:Shoghran Forest
742:Fuxing District
595:
584:
578:
575:
560:
544:
533:
509:
500:
391:protected areas
374:
338:solar radiation
290:, particularly
245:
243:Characteristics
172:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2462:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2387:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2333:
2323:
2318:
2304:
2303:External links
2301:
2300:
2299:
2270:
2250:
2223:
2185:
2179:
2158:
2152:
2130:
2093:
2050:
2021:
2011:(PhD Thesis).
2004:
1984:(6): 1065â75.
1969:
1963:
1948:
1919:
1901:
1886:
1880:
1859:
1848:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1803:
1789:
1775:
1763:
1746:
1729:
1717:
1701:
1682:
1655:(2): 171â184.
1638:
1627:Vogelmann 1973
1619:
1593:
1563:
1534:
1506:
1483:
1458:
1445:
1419:
1409:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1330:
1315:
1298:
1286:
1255:
1230:
1211:
1192:
1177:
1150:(6): 854â862.
1123:
1096:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1014:
1011:
999:climate change
994:
991:
943:Atacama Desert
930:
927:
926:
925:
910:
895:
878:
875:
874:
873:
859:
842:Canary Islands
835:
815:
805:
787:
781:Mount Taranaki
770:
761:
748:
727:
724:
710:Harenna Forest
703:
697:
694:Yunnan Plateau
687:
678:
669:
660:
626:
597:
596:
547:
545:
538:
532:
529:
525:Canary Islands
508:
505:
499:
496:
431:Central Africa
373:
370:
369:
368:
365:
346:mineralization
244:
241:
171:
168:
41:Mount Kinabalu
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2461:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2281:(2): 96â100.
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2205:(6): 448â52.
2204:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2065:(3): 313â68.
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1908:
1904:
1902:92-807-2399-5
1898:
1894:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1817:
1813:
1812:"Our Gardens"
1807:
1799:
1793:
1785:
1779:
1772:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1714:
1710:
1709:Kappelle 2004
1705:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:Plant Ecology
1642:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1530:
1524:
1509:
1503:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1433:
1432:IRAN Paradise
1429:
1423:
1413:
1397:
1393:
1392:unep-wcmc.org
1389:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
990:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
956:
952:
944:
940:
935:
923:
919:
915:
911:
908:
907:insectivorous
904:
900:
896:
892:
891:
888:
883:
871:
867:
863:
862:United States
860:
857:
853:
849:
848:
843:
839:
836:
833:
832:
827:
823:
819:
816:
813:
809:
806:
803:
799:
798:Kaghan Valley
795:
791:
788:
786:
785:Mount Cargill
782:
778:
774:
771:
769:
765:
762:
760:
756:
752:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
728:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
691:
688:
686:
682:
679:
677:
673:
670:
668:
664:
661:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
627:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
601:
600:
593:
590:
582:
572:
568:
564:
558:
557:
553:
548:This section
546:
542:
537:
536:
526:
522:
517:
513:
504:
495:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:Latin America
474:
472:
469:, and in the
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:South America
396:
392:
388:
378:
366:
362:
361:
360:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:decomposition
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
273:
269:
264:
258:
254:
249:
240:
238:
237:
232:
231:
226:
225:laurel forest
222:
217:
215:
210:
207:
205:
202:
198:
194:
185:
181:
176:
167:
165:
164:
159:
158:
153:
152:
147:
146:feathermosses
143:
139:
138:climax forest
136:
132:
127:
124:
122:
118:
117:mossy forests
114:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
92:
89:, evergreen,
88:
84:
80:
76:
75:primas forest
72:
68:
61:
57:
52:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
2391:
2374:
2278:
2274:
2257:
2235:
2231:
2202:
2196:
2162:
2135:
2101:
2097:
2062:
2058:
2029:
2025:
2008:
1981:
1977:
1952:
1927:
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1907:the original
1891:
1863:
1853:
1834:
1815:
1806:
1792:
1778:
1766:
1720:
1704:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1622:
1610:. Retrieved
1606:europasur.es
1605:
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1579:
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1546:
1537:
1513:16 September
1511:. Retrieved
1493:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1470:
1461:
1448:
1436:. Retrieved
1431:
1422:
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1396:the original
1391:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1346:. Retrieved
1333:
1318:
1289:
1225:Horticulture
1224:
1214:
1205:
1195:
1186:
1180:
1147:
1143:
1114:. Retrieved
1109:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1058:contains a "
1052:Mesoamerican
1028:Cloud Forest
1016:
996:
988:
948:
921:
845:
829:
585:
576:
561:Please help
549:
510:
501:
483:biogeography
475:
383:
358:
350:soil acidity
331:
320:
284:biodiversity
276:
234:
228:
218:
214:elfin forest
211:
208:
189:
161:
155:
149:
148:, including
142:forest floor
131:black spruce
128:
125:
116:
109:silvagenitus
108:
102:
95:moist forest
78:
74:
71:water forest
70:
67:cloud forest
66:
64:
56:Uva Province
29:
1913:26 December
1761:, p. .
1742:Foster 2001
1699:, p. .
1586:14 December
1556:14 December
1402:12 December
1365:, p. .
1348:15 December
1325:quote from
1313:, p. .
1253:, p. .
1093:(4): 19â31.
1003:vertebrates
968:agriculture
964:plantations
868:and in the
775:â parts of
773:New Zealand
766:â parts of
653:Mount Gower
491:Australasia
481:, known in
459:Philippines
304:filmy ferns
302:(including
257:Philippines
221:Afromontane
135:feathermoss
87:subtropical
2413:Categories
2275:BioScience
2017:1871/12697
1826:References
1715:, p.
1713:HĂ€ger 2006
1476:7 December
1251:HĂ€ger 2006
1044:bromeliads
1040:clubmosses
1007:hurricanes
982:, and the
939:Fray Jorge
877:Importance
847:laurisilva
831:laurisilva
700:Costa Rica
674:â Coastal
649:Queensland
403:Costa Rica
308:bromeliads
292:bryophytes
236:laurisilva
233:, and the
107:(2017) as
37:Tree ferns
2383:822214607
2266:741884105
2260:. Brill.
2126:247019823
2089:134572910
1844:222853422
1711:quote by
1669:1573-5052
1612:5 January
1523:cite book
1438:24 August
1172:256726846
1066:Footnotes
1038:, ferns,
1032:epiphytes
903:Venezuela
854:) in the
777:Fiordland
629:Australia
615:Catamarca
603:Argentina
579:July 2013
550:does not
471:Caribbean
451:Indonesia
439:Sri Lanka
407:Venezuela
334:peatlands
272:Australia
204:condenses
60:Sri Lanka
2419:Habitats
2339:Archived
2312:Archived
2256:(1972).
2081:43794514
1164:33927369
1116:24 March
1034:such as
951:hectares
818:Portugal
790:Pakistan
706:Ethiopia
521:La Palma
455:Malaysia
443:Thailand
423:Colombia
411:Honduras
401:(mainly
323:fog drip
288:epiphyte
199:, where
197:fog drip
83:tropical
2295:1296569
2207:Bibcode
2034:Bibcode
1986:Bibcode
1932:Bibcode
1818:. 2020.
1677:1032485
1417:Centre.
1036:orchids
984:logging
972:pasture
959:poverty
826:Madeira
796:in the
746:Taoyuan
619:TucumĂĄn
571:removed
556:sources
485:as the
447:Vietnam
419:Ecuador
395:Central
364:runoff;
316:endemic
312:orchids
296:lichens
280:biomass
170:Climate
121:saddles
91:montane
2398:
2381:
2293:
2264:
2177:
2150:
2124:
2087:
2079:
1961:
1899:
1878:
1842:
1675:
1667:
1504:
1170:
1162:
1060:Panama
980:coffee
822:Azores
783:, and
755:Alborz
740:, and
730:Taiwan
672:Canada
663:Brazil
651:) and
463:Hawaii
457:, the
421:, and
415:Mexico
348:, the
230:yungas
160:, and
113:mosses
45:Borneo
2291:JSTOR
2193:(PDF)
2122:S2CID
2100:[
2085:S2CID
2077:JSTOR
1673:S2CID
1576:(PDF)
1498:(PDF)
1168:S2CID
838:Spain
764:Japan
681:Chile
611:Jujuy
607:Salta
435:India
300:ferns
99:cloud
77:, or
2396:ISBN
2379:OCLC
2262:OCLC
2175:ISBN
2148:ISBN
1959:ISBN
1915:2017
1897:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1840:OCLC
1665:ISSN
1629:and
1614:2022
1588:2021
1558:2021
1529:link
1515:2023
1502:ISBN
1478:2021
1440:2020
1404:2006
1350:2014
1160:PMID
1118:2017
978:and
970:and
914:Peru
824:and
808:Peru
802:Swat
751:Iran
716:and
643:and
617:and
554:any
552:cite
429:and
427:East
397:and
354:peat
344:and
310:and
282:and
2283:doi
2240:doi
2215:doi
2167:doi
2140:doi
2114:hdl
2106:doi
2067:doi
2042:doi
2030:149
2013:hdl
1994:doi
1940:doi
1868:doi
1657:doi
1653:193
1152:doi
1091:274
976:tea
744:in
720:in
565:by
425:),
306:),
286:of
201:fog
182:in
144:of
85:or
73:,
2415::
2394:.
2377:.
2329:.
2289:.
2279:23
2277:.
2236:19
2234:.
2230:.
2213:.
2201:.
2195:.
2173:.
2146:.
2120:.
2112:.
2083:.
2075:.
2063:57
2061:.
2057:.
2040:.
2028:.
1992:.
1980:.
1976:.
1957:.
1938:.
1928:55
1926:.
1895:.
1874:.
1838:.
1814:.
1749:^
1732:^
1685:^
1671:.
1663:.
1651:.
1604:.
1578:.
1545:.
1525:}}
1521:{{
1469:.
1430:.
1390:.
1341:.
1301:^
1258:^
1233:^
1223:.
1204:.
1166:.
1158:.
1146:.
1142:.
1126:^
1108:.
1089:.
1085:.
1073:^
1042:,
957:,
953:.
864:â
840:â
820:â
810:â
792:â
779:,
736:,
732:â
712:,
708:â
692:â
683:â
665:â
639:,
635:,
631:â
613:,
609:,
605:â
523:,
473:.
465:,
461:,
453:,
449:,
445:,
441:,
437:,
433:,
417:,
413:,
409:,
405:,
329:.
298:,
294:,
270:,
255:,
154:,
93:,
65:A
58:,
43:,
2404:.
2385:.
2297:.
2285::
2268:.
2248:.
2242::
2221:.
2217::
2209::
2203:2
2183:.
2169::
2156:.
2142::
2128:.
2116::
2108::
2091:.
2069::
2048:.
2044::
2036::
2019:.
2015::
2002:.
1996::
1988::
1982:8
1967:.
1946:.
1942::
1934::
1917:.
1884:.
1870::
1846:.
1800:.
1786:.
1773:.
1744:.
1727:.
1679:.
1659::
1616:.
1590:.
1560:.
1531:)
1517:.
1480:.
1452:"
1442:.
1406:.
1377:.
1352:.
1296:.
1284:.
1227:.
1174:.
1154::
1148:5
1120:.
945:.
920:(
872:.
858:.
844:(
834:)
659:)
655:(
647:(
625:)
621:(
592:)
586:(
581:)
577:(
573:.
559:.
133:/
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
,_mountains_of_Sri_Lanka.jpg)
