859:
910:
42:
843:
874:
99:
886:
898:
237:
74:
433:
663:
1551:
457:), having a straight trunk with little taper, a scruffy habit, and a narrow, pointed crown of short, compact, drooping branches with upturned tips. Through much of its range it averages 5–15 m (15–50 ft) tall with a trunk 15–50 cm (6–20 in) diameter at maturity, though occasional specimens can reach 30 m (98 ft) tall and 60 cm (24 in) diameter. The
727:) by virtue of its ability to grow in partially shaded conditions which inhibit pine seedlings. But black spruce seedlings are themselves intolerant to the low light and low moisture conditions under mature spruce stands. Balsam fir and northern white cedar, both more understory-tolerant species with deeper taproots, survive and eventually succeed the spruce in the absence of fire.
670:
Most stands are even-aged due to frequent fire intervals in black spruce forests. It commonly grows in pure stands on organic soils and in mixed stands on mineral soils. It is tolerant of nutrient-poor soils, and is commonly found on poorly drained acidic
715:(tamarack). Black spruce frequently out-competes shade-intolerant tamarack in the course of bog succession. However, as the peat soil is gradually elevated by the accumulation of organic matter, and the fertility of the site improves, balsam fir and
563:
in having a dense cover of small hairs on the bark of young branch tips, an often darker reddish-brown bark, shorter needles, smaller and rounder cones, and a preference for wetter lowland areas. Numerous differences in details of its needle and
679:
over most of its range; however, some ecologists question whether black spruce forests truly attain climax because fires usually occur at 50 to 150 year intervals, while "stable" conditions may not be attained for several hundred years.
738:
larva, causes defoliation, which kills trees if it occurs several years in a row, though black spruce is less susceptible than white spruce or balsam fir. Trees most at risk are those growing with balsam fir and white spruce.
706:(quaking aspen) are successional hardwoods that frequently invade burns in black spruce. Black spruce typically seeds in promptly after fire, and with the continued absence of fire, eventually dominates the hardwoods.
1257:
Kokelj, S.V.; Burn, C.R. (2003). "'Drunken forest' and near-surface ground ice in
Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Canada". In Marcia Phillips; Sarah Springman; Lukas Arenson (eds.).
909:
537: in) broad, spindle-shaped to nearly round, dark purple ripening red-brown, produced in dense clusters in the upper crown, opening at maturity but persisting for several years.
390:. It is the official tree of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador and is that province's most numerous tree. The range of the black spruce extends into northern parts of the
858:
1395:
2209:
624:
it shows progressively slower growth rates from the edges toward the centre. The roots are shallow and wide spreading, resulting in susceptibility to
2179:
1888:
1235:
2214:
2084:
1752:
774:
651:
and swamps, also on transitional sites between peatlands and uplands. In these areas it is rare on uplands, except in isolated areas of northern
723:) eventually replace black spruce and tamarack. On drier sites following fires, black spruce can take over stands of faster growing jack pine (
643:
In the southern portion of its range it is found primarily on wet organic soils, but farther north its abundance on uplands increases. In the
1827:
2174:
816:
by companies such as Nordic
Structures, which allows the high strength due to the tight growth rings to be assembled into larger timbers.
574:(balsam fir), it differs in having pendulous cones, persistent woody leaf-bases, and four-angled needles, arranged all round the shoots.
989:
1909:
1477:
Powers, R.F.; Adams, M.B.; Joslin, J.D.; Fisk, J.N. (2005). "Non-Boreal
Coniferous Forests of North America". In Andersson, F. (ed.).
2045:
1700:
2097:
2058:
1765:
1713:
1486:
2102:
1770:
1187:"Identification of selected internal wood characteristics in computed tomography images of black spruce: A comparison study"
1406:
842:
2199:
1664:
1169:
632:
asymmetric black spruce are often seen with diminished foliage on the windward side. Tilted trees colloquially called "
1258:
2204:
2194:
1536:
1346:
1063:
1034:
791:
2071:
1832:
1739:
1555:
1271:
709:
Black spruce is a pioneer that invades the sphagnum mat in filled-lake bogs, though often preceded slightly by
2115:
1927:
2184:
1814:
1692:
1106:
17:
2019:
1243:
1124:
756:
656:
2110:
1922:
1718:
994:
403:
2063:
1842:
1120:
873:
795:
568:
morphology also exist but require careful microscopic examination to detect. From true firs, such as
1679:
1452:
1806:
958:
98:
41:
1606:
1431:
1970:
1914:
885:
801:
The timber is of low value due to the small size of the trees, but it is an important source of
2089:
1757:
1687:
1568:
813:
590:
1950:
865:
760:
418:
387:
209:
54:
1868:
1783:
1638:
1303:
1198:
8:
1138:
702:
63:
1901:
1307:
1202:
980:
2146:
1978:
1319:
1216:
1004:
716:
644:
597:
399:
244:
93:
2032:
1878:
1863:
1625:
1532:
1482:
1342:
1267:
1220:
1165:
1119:. Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
1059:
1030:
696:
1114:
935:
897:
2151:
2037:
1983:
1630:
1375:
1311:
1206:
953:
688:
541:
2024:
2138:
2010:
1850:
1793:
1502:
1960:
1819:
2189:
1896:
1083:
998:
731:
711:
676:
582:
570:
485: in) long, stiff, four-sided, dark bluish green on the upper sides, paler
123:
1211:
1186:
593:
to assess the internal condition of the tree and avoid useless log breakdown.
585:
moisture content, it is easy to distinguish these two wood characteristics in
2168:
1778:
1669:
1591:
944:
768:
691:
633:
458:
391:
368:
226:
83:
78:
2128:
1940:
779:
684:
552:
546:
490:
1855:
1801:
1726:
1600:
828:
629:
1617:
1147:
County-level distribution map from the North
American Plant Atlas (NAPA)
2050:
1705:
1529:
The
Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region
1476:
1380:
1363:
1323:
824:
820:
637:
586:
447:
236:
136:
662:
432:
1731:
1651:
748:
672:
652:
625:
578:
444:
1562:
1315:
2123:
2004:
1935:
1585:
802:
486:
379:
176:
2076:
1744:
1656:
371:
166:
156:
146:
1643:
1550:
806:
621:
565:
395:
383:
375:
186:
50:
915:
Black Spruce on a rainy autumn day in Abbot, ME, United States
751:
have been selected for use in parks and gardens. The cultivar
849:
454:
411:
407:
110:
687:, perpetuates numerous successional communities. Throughout
927:
735:
648:
462:
450:
809:. Fast-food chopsticks are often made from black spruce.
766:
Picea mariana is known to hybridize with
Serbian spruce,
1341:. Cambridge Massachusetts: Academic Press. p. 542.
1185:
Wei, Q.; Chui, Y. H.; Leblon, B.; Zhang, S. Y. (2009).
1113:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
493:
are the smallest of all of the spruces, 1.5–4 cm (
1294:
Conway, V.M (1949). "The bogs of central
Minnesota".
1481:(1st ed.). Amsterdam .: Elsevier. p. 271.
1458:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 78
1234:
Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Stromberg, Nicklas (ed.).
1184:
812:However, it is increasingly being used for making
1470:
1027:Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera
2166:
1336:
1260:Proceedings of the 8th Int'l Conf. on Permafrost
1256:
2210:Provincial symbols of Newfoundland and Labrador
1149:. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
1003:Note that this website has been superseded by
620:Growth varies with site quality. In swamp and
1388:
959:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42328A2972877.en
683:The frequent fire return interval, a natural
1116:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
1049:
1047:
755:'Nana' is a dwarf form which has gained the
1495:
1178:
990:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
933:
544:occurs regularly with the closely related
235:
72:
40:
1379:
1361:
1210:
1053:
1044:
957:
2180:Least concern flora of the United States
1159:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
666:Black spruce taiga, Copper River, Alaska
661:
431:
1337:Kozlowski, T.T.; Ahlgren, C.E. (1974).
461:is thin, scaly, and greyish brown. The
14:
2215:Trees of continental subarctic climate
2167:
1526:
1293:
1250:
1104:
1024:
386:, found in all 10 provinces and all 3
1567:
1566:
1233:
1081:
1009:
785:
628:. In the northern part of its range,
27:North American species of spruce tree
1843:8083beb6-681a-46e2-9c51-b168dffeb997
1403:Saskatchewan Ministry of Environment
1164:. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley.
1153:
1077:
1075:
577:Due to the large difference between
2175:IUCN Red List least concern species
1424:
1082:Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018).
945:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
589:images, which are widely used as a
550:(red spruce), and very rarely with
24:
1098:
229:) Britton, Sterns & Poggenburg
25:
2226:
1072:
636:" are associated with thawing of
443:is a slow-growing, small upright
2116:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:261574-1
1928:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:195883-2
1549:
1531:. New York: Knopf. p. 284.
908:
896:
884:
872:
857:
841:
823:, it has also been used to make
805:and the primary source of it in
517: in) long and 1–2 cm (
97:
1520:
1445:
1355:
1330:
1287:
1227:
465:are needle-like, 6–15 mm (
406:. It is a frequent part of the
1131:
973:
742:
427:
13:
1:
1503:"BLACK SPRUCE'S UNIQUE FIBER"
1434:. Royal Horticultural Society
1236:"Black Spruce: Picea mariana"
920:
647:it is most abundant in peat
424:means "of the Virgin Mary".
7:
1266:. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema.
1160:Harrison, Lorraine (2012).
1125:Harvard University Herbaria
1029:. Koeltz Scientific Books.
864:Lit by the midnight sun in
757:Royal Horticultural Society
657:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
49:Stand of black spruce near
10:
2231:
1527:Little, Elbert L. (1980).
1432:"Picea mariana 'Nana' AGM"
1105:Taylor, Ronald J. (1993).
995:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
834:
615:
382:. It is widespread across
2200:Trees of Northern America
1994:
1575:
1453:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
1212:10.1007/s10086-008-1013-1
1121:Missouri Botanical Garden
796:Newfoundland and Labrador
348:1789 not J.F. Arnold 1785
250:
243:
234:
215:
208:
94:Scientific classification
92:
70:
61:
48:
39:
34:
2205:Plants described in 1768
2195:Taiga and boreal forests
1396:"Forest Pest Fact Sheet"
1362:Bloomberg, W.J. (1950).
591:nondestructive technique
1191:Journal of Wood Science
1162:RHS Latin for Gardeners
1092:The Gymnosperm Database
436:Needles and young cones
1123:, St. Louis, MO &
1054:Rushforth, K. (1987).
814:cross laminated timber
667:
437:
1560:at Wikimedia Commons
1507:Chantiers Chibougamou
1296:Ecological Monographs
866:Ivvavik National Park
761:Award of Garden Merit
675:. It is considered a
665:
435:
55:Northwest Territories
2185:Least concern plants
952:: e.T42328A2972877.
790:Black spruce is the
717:northern white cedar
1339:Fire and Ecosystems
1308:1949EcoM...19..173C
1203:2009JWSci..55..175W
1025:Farjon, A. (1990).
934:Farjon, A. (2013).
782:are known as well.
778:, and hybrids with
703:Populus tremuloides
64:Conservation status
1479:Coniferous Forests
1381:10.5558/tfc26157-2
1368:Forestry Chronicle
1240:GlobalTwitcher.com
1005:World Flora Online
891:Mature, open cones
786:Uses and symbolism
721:Thuja occidentalis
700:(paper birch) and
668:
645:Great Lakes region
438:
414:or boreal forest.
400:Great Lakes region
2162:
2161:
1864:Open Tree of Life
1569:Taxon identifiers
1554:Media related to
1488:978-0-444-81627-6
1364:"Fire and spruce"
697:Betula papyrifera
600:synonyms include
489:green below. The
356:
355:
349:
346:
338:
334:Pinus marylandica
330:
322:
318:Pinus denticulata
314:
306:
298:
290:
282:
281:(Castigl.) Du Roi
274:
266:
262:Abies denticulata
256:
87:
16:(Redirected from
2222:
2155:
2154:
2142:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2119:
2118:
2106:
2105:
2093:
2092:
2080:
2079:
2067:
2066:
2054:
2053:
2041:
2040:
2028:
2027:
2015:
2014:
2013:
1987:
1986:
1974:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1931:
1930:
1918:
1917:
1905:
1904:
1892:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1876:Panartic Flora:
1872:
1871:
1859:
1858:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1823:
1822:
1820:NBNSYS0500000178
1810:
1809:
1797:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1774:
1773:
1761:
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1748:
1747:
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1709:
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1468:
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1457:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1405:. Archived from
1400:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1265:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1242:. Archived from
1231:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1127:, Cambridge, MA.
1102:
1096:
1095:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1022:
1007:
1002:
977:
971:
970:
968:
966:
961:
931:
912:
900:
888:
876:
861:
845:
772:. The hybrid is
559:It differs from
556:(white spruce).
536:
535:
531:
526:
525:
521:
516:
515:
511:
508:
502:
501:
497:
484:
483:
479:
474:
473:
469:
419:specific epithet
402:, and the upper
347:
344:
336:
328:
320:
312:
304:
296:
294:Picea brevifolia
288:
280:
272:
264:
254:
239:
221:
102:
101:
81:
76:
75:
44:
32:
31:
21:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2150:
2145:
2137:
2135:
2127:
2122:
2114:
2109:
2101:
2096:
2088:
2083:
2075:
2070:
2062:
2057:
2049:
2044:
2036:
2031:
2023:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1990:
1982:
1977:
1969:
1967:
1959:
1957:
1949:
1947:
1939:
1934:
1926:
1921:
1913:
1908:
1900:
1895:
1887:
1885:
1877:
1875:
1867:
1862:
1854:
1851:Observation.org
1849:
1841:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1792:
1791:MichiganFlora:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1769:
1764:
1756:
1751:
1743:
1738:
1730:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1678:
1676:
1668:
1663:
1655:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1629:
1624:
1616:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1571:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1335:
1331:
1316:10.2307/1948637
1292:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1232:
1228:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1158:
1154:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1103:
1099:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1023:
1010:
979:
978:
974:
964:
962:
932:
928:
923:
916:
913:
904:
901:
892:
889:
880:
877:
868:
862:
853:
846:
837:
792:provincial tree
788:
745:
725:Pinus banksiana
618:
533:
529:
528:
523:
519:
518:
513:
509:
506:
504:
499:
495:
494:
481:
477:
476:
471:
467:
466:
430:
352:
302:Picea ericoides
258:
257:
230:
223:
217:
204:
201:P. mariana
96:
88:
77:
73:
66:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2228:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2152:wfo-0000511254
2143:
2133:
2120:
2107:
2094:
2081:
2068:
2055:
2042:
2029:
2016:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1984:wfo-0000482467
1975:
1965:
1955:
1945:
1932:
1919:
1906:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1860:
1847:
1837:
1824:
1811:
1798:
1788:
1775:
1762:
1749:
1736:
1723:
1710:
1697:
1684:
1674:
1661:
1648:
1635:
1622:
1612:
1597:
1581:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1519:
1494:
1487:
1469:
1444:
1423:
1387:
1354:
1347:
1329:
1302:(2): 173–206.
1286:
1272:
1249:
1246:on 2011-10-05.
1226:
1177:
1171:978-1845337315
1170:
1152:
1130:
1097:
1071:
1064:
1043:
1035:
1008:
999:The Plant List
972:
925:
924:
922:
919:
918:
917:
914:
907:
905:
902:
895:
893:
890:
883:
881:
879:Immature cones
878:
871:
869:
863:
856:
854:
847:
840:
836:
833:
787:
784:
744:
741:
732:spruce budworm
712:Larix laricina
677:climax species
617:
614:
571:Abies balsamea
429:
426:
369:North American
354:
353:
351:
350:
339:
331:
329:(Mill.) Du Roi
323:
315:
307:
299:
291:
283:
275:
267:
253:
252:
251:
248:
247:
241:
240:
232:
231:
224:
213:
212:
206:
205:
198:
196:
192:
191:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
127:
126:
121:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
90:
89:
71:
68:
67:
62:
59:
58:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2227:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
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1607:Picea mariana
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1577:Picea mariana
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1557:Picea mariana
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1538:0-394-50760-6
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1101:
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1086:Picea mariana
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1067:
1065:0-7470-2801-X
1061:
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1036:3-87429-298-3
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983:Picea mariana
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771:
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769:Picea omorika
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634:drunken trees
631:
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603:
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584:
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542:hybridization
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361:
360:Picea mariana
343:
340:
335:
332:
327:
326:Pinus mariana
324:
321:(Michx) Muhl.
319:
316:
313:(Du Roi) Link
311:
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270:Abies mariana
268:
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219:Picea mariana
214:
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210:Binomial name
207:
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122:
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91:
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79:Least Concern
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
35:Black spruce
33:
30:
19:
1995:
1576:
1556:
1548:
1528:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:
1497:
1478:
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1447:
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1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1407:the original
1402:
1390:
1371:
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1259:
1252:
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1239:
1229:
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1161:
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988:
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963:. Retrieved
949:
943:
937:
929:
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780:Sitka spruce
773:
767:
765:
752:
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724:
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695:
685:fire ecology
682:
669:
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576:
569:
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378:tree in the
365:black spruce
364:
359:
358:
357:
341:
333:
325:
317:
309:
301:
293:
285:
277:
269:
261:
218:
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200:
199:
187:
137:Gymnospermae
130:
117:
29:
18:Black spruce
1902:kew-2563398
1802:NatureServe
1727:iNaturalist
1601:Wikispecies
1416:11 November
965:13 November
819:Along with
743:Cultivation
428:Description
388:territories
380:pine family
342:Pinus nigra
310:Picea nigra
286:Peuce rubra
278:Abies nigra
2169:Categories
1968:WisFlora:
1897:Plant List
1512:31 October
1438:2020-04-17
1374:(2): 157.
1273:9058095827
1197:(3): 175.
921:References
825:spruce gum
821:red spruce
753:P. mariana
638:permafrost
630:ice pruned
602:A. mariana
587:ultrasound
453:(rarely a
448:coniferous
441:P. mariana
417:The Latin
143:Division:
2011:Q17358751
1693:233500911
1221:135727845
749:cultivars
747:Numerous
673:peatlands
653:Minnesota
626:windthrow
598:taxonomic
579:heartwood
561:P. glauca
553:P. glauca
547:P. rubens
445:evergreen
410:known as
404:Northeast
195:Species:
157:Pinopsida
147:Pinophyta
107:Kingdom:
57:, Canada
2136:VASCAN:
2129:24900527
2124:Tropicos
2090:11223509
2077:261574-1
2005:Wikidata
1958:VASCAN:
1941:24900169
1936:Tropicos
1807:2.160234
1758:10197201
1745:195883-2
1615:BioLib:
1586:Wikidata
1462:25 April
1058:. Helm.
1056:Conifers
803:pulpwood
655:and the
610:P. nigra
540:Natural
487:glaucous
255:Synonymy
245:Synonyms
177:Pinaceae
173:Family:
84:IUCN 3.1
2051:2685972
1951:4963880
1706:5284802
1644:1033617
1592:Q218425
1324:1948637
1304:Bibcode
1279:2 April
1199:Bibcode
852:habitat
835:Gallery
616:Ecology
583:sapwood
532:⁄
522:⁄
512:⁄
498:⁄
480:⁄
470:⁄
422:mariana
372:species
367:, is a
337:Antoine
183:Genus:
167:Pinales
163:Order:
153:Class:
111:Plantae
82: (
2103:183303
2025:230963
1948:uBio:
1910:PLANTS
1879:130203
1869:363879
1856:133457
1840:NZOR:
1771:183302
1680:picmar
1677:FEIS:
1670:150685
1535:
1485:
1345:
1322:
1270:
1219:
1168:
1062:
1033:
848:Boggy
807:Canada
689:boreal
622:muskeg
596:Older
566:pollen
463:leaves
398:, the
396:Alaska
384:Canada
376:spruce
363:, the
265:Michx.
51:Inuvik
2190:Picea
2139:22119
2085:IRMNG
2038:63Z6G
1886:PPE:
1784:42328
1753:IRMNG
1732:84296
1719:28305
1665:EUNIS
1657:PIEMA
1631:4HQ3K
1456:(PDF)
1410:(PDF)
1399:(PDF)
1320:JSTOR
1264:(PDF)
1217:S2CID
903:Seeds
850:taiga
608:, or
491:cones
455:shrub
412:taiga
408:biome
394:: in
345:Aiton
289:Rich.
273:Mill.
227:Mill.
188:Picea
131:Clade
118:Clade
2111:POWO
2098:ITIS
2072:IPNI
2059:GRIN
2046:GBIF
2020:APNI
1971:4495
1961:7174
1923:POWO
1915:PIMA
1833:3335
1828:NCBI
1794:1921
1779:IUCN
1766:ITIS
1740:IPNI
1714:GRIN
1701:GBIF
1652:EPPO
1618:2384
1533:ISBN
1514:2015
1483:ISBN
1464:2018
1418:2017
1343:ISBN
1281:2013
1268:ISBN
1166:ISBN
1060:ISBN
1031:ISBN
967:2021
950:2013
829:beer
827:and
736:moth
734:, a
730:The
649:bogs
581:and
459:bark
451:tree
305:Bean
297:Peck
2147:WFO
2064:681
2033:CoL
1979:WFO
1815:NBN
1688:FNA
1639:EoL
1626:CoL
1376:doi
1312:doi
1207:doi
954:doi
794:of
759:'s
374:of
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