1104:
not also shift it horizontally. This may create a collision with surrounding letters in the same italic font size. One can see an example of such collision on the right side when rendered in HTML (see the figure on the right). To avoid this, it is often desirable to insert a small positive horizontal margin (or a thin space) (on the left side of the first superscript character), or a negative margin (or a tiny backspace) before a subscript. It is more critical with glyphs from fonts in
Oblique styles that are more slanted than those from fonts in Italic style, and some fonts reverse the direction of slanting, so there is no general solution except when the renderer takes into account the font metrics properties that specifies the angle of slanting,
1047:
53:
3003:
125:
985:
567:
105:, subscript and superscript characters are not simply ordinary characters reduced in size; to keep them visually consistent with the rest of the font, typeface designers make them slightly heavier (i.e. medium or bold typography) than a reduced-size character would be. The vertical distance that sub- or superscripted text is moved from the original baseline varies by typeface and by use.
1708:
The same font may align letters and numbers in different ways. Other than numbers, the set of super- and subscript letters and other symbols is incomplete and somewhat random, and many fonts do not contain them. Because of these inconsistencies, these glyphs may not be suitable for some purposes (see
1133:
also have similar features for automatically converting regular type to subscript or superscript. These programs, however, may also offer native OpenType support for the special subscript and superscript glyphs included in many professional typeface packages (such as those shown in the image above).
631:
in a document, like this or this. Any combination of characters can be used for this purpose; in technical writing footnotes are sometimes composed of letters and numbers together, like this. The choice of low or high alignment depends on taste, but high-set footnotes tend to be more common, as they
1707:
defines subscript and superscript characters in several areas; in particular, it has a full set of superscript and subscript digits. Owing to the popularity of using these characters to make fractions, most modern fonts render most or all of these as cap height superscripts and baseline subscripts.
1103:
Another minor adjustment that is often omitted by renderers is the control of the direction of movement for superscripts and subscripts, when they do not lie on the baseline. Ideally this should allow for the font, e.g. italics are slanting; most renderers adjust the position only vertically and do
517:
was written as uͤ. Both vowels and consonants were used in this way, as in ſheͨzze and boͮsen. In modern typefaces, these letters are usually smaller than other superscripts, and their baseline is slightly above the base font's midline, making them extend no higher than a typical ordinal indicator.
56:
Example of subscript and superscript. In each example the first "2" is professionally designed, and is included as part of the glyph set; the second "2" is a manual approximation using a small version of the standard "2". The visual weight of the first "2" matches the other characters better. (The
132:
A single typeface may contain sub- and superscript glyphs at different positions for different uses. The four most common positions are listed here. Because each position is used in different contexts, not all alphanumerics may be available in all positions. For example, subscript letters on the
1724:
typefaces are supported for professionally designed subscript and superscript glyphs. Exactly which glyphs are included varies by typeface; some have only basic support for numerals, while others contain a full set of letters, numerals, and punctuation. They can be available via activating
1124:
have automatic subscripting and superscripting features, although these programs usually simply use ordinary characters reduced in size and moved up or down – rather than separately designed subscript or superscript glyphs. Professional typesetting programs such as
552:
itself may also be superscripted, as in 80 or 6.There is no ruling whether or not these characters need to be supercript, or made smaller than the numbers, or aligned to any of the various guide lines. That of course is decided by the preference of the typographer.
1685:
command: the first argument is the amount to raise, and the second is the text; a negative first argument will lower the text. In this case the text is not resized automatically, so a sizing command can be included, e.g.
1056:
Pro, set in Adobe
Illustrator. Note that the default superscripting algorithms of most word processors would set the "th" and "lle" too high, and the weight of all the subscript and superscript glyphs would be too light.
77:
is a character (such as a number or letter) that is set slightly below or above the normal line of type, respectively. It is usually smaller than the rest of the text. Subscripts appear at or below the
112:
and "inferior" letters, figures, etc., or just "superiors" and "inferiors". In
English, most nontechnical use of superiors is archaic. Superior and inferior figures on the baseline are used for
459:‱. Certain standard abbreviations are also composed as diagonal fractions, such as ℅ (care of), ℀ (account of), ℁ (addressed to the subject), or in Spanish ℆ (cada uno/una, "each one").
133:
baseline are quite rare, and many typefaces provide only a limited number of superscripted letters. Despite these differences, all reduced-size glyphs go by the same generic terms
540:
On handwritten documents and signs, a monetary amount may be written with the cents value superscripted, as in $ 8⁰⁰ or 8€⁵⁰. Often the superscripted numbers are underlined: $ 8
1908:
1663:
package). As in other systems, when using UTF-8 encoding, the masculine º and feminine ª ordinal indicators can be used as characters, with no need to use a command.
1936:
1634:
1600:
1733:
feature tag. These feature tags can be turned on if software environment support optional features. In addition, some other typefaces placed them in a
Unicode
345:
would stand for the velocities of a rocket and an observer. Commonly, variables with a zero in the subscript are referred to as the variable name followed by "
971:) usually use high-set superscripts, although some specially designed glyphs keep the top of the numerator aligned with the top of the full-height numerals.
2588:
157:), respectively. Most fonts that contain superscript/subscript will have predetermined size and orientation that is dependent on the design of the font.
510:
and other modifications to pronunciation would be indicated by superscript letters placed directly above the letter they modified. Thus the modern
1107:
However the same problem occurs more generally between spans of normal glyphs (non-superscript and non-subscript) when slanting styles are mixed.
1544:. The exact size and position of the resulting characters will vary by font and browser, but are usually reduced to around 75% original size.
2962:
1776:
61:
Pro; the size of the subscript is about 62% of the original characters, dropped below the baseline by about 16%. The second typeface is
1006:
588:
477:
digits, the top of which are aligned with the top of the full-height numerals of the base font; lowercase ascenders may extend above.
1851:
386:, or base, of a written number, especially where multiple bases are used alongside each other. For example, comparing values in
494:
In medieval manuscripts, many superscript as well as subscript signs were used to abbreviate text. From these developed modern
1904:
1873:
1052:
This image shows the four common locations for subscripts and superscripts, according to their typical uses. The typeface is
2032:
1781:
1699:
44:
1462:
Default subscript and superscript options can be overcome by manually changing the font size and raising/lowering text.
1979:
1970:
1819:
1032:
614:
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483:
are sometimes written as superscripts (1, 2, 3, 4, rather than 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th), although many
English-language
487:
recommend against this use. Romance languages use a similar convention, such as 1 or 2 in French, or 4ª and 4º in
2000:
1010:
592:
447:
The only common use of these subscripts is for the denominators of diagonal fractions, like ½ or the signs for
2957:
1941:
1639:
In LaTeX text mode the math method above is inappropriate, as letters will be in math italic, so the command
116:
and most other purposes, while lowered inferior figures are needed for chemical and mathematical subscripts.
2842:
2804:
2988:
2057:
1734:
2568:
1992:
305:
Similarly, subscripts are also used frequently in mathematics to define different versions of the same
65:
Pro; the superscript is about 60% of the original characters, raised by about 44% above the baseline.)
1521:
17:
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to indicate that one number or variable is raised to the power of another number or variable. Thus
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87:
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Available by typing a syntax consisting font name, feature tag and its value into Font Name area.
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581:
40:
34:
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306:
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Subscripts and superscripts can also be used together to give more specific information about
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values requires some skill the textual commands can be modified to use the \raisebox command.
79:
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82:, while superscripts are above. Subscripts and superscripts are perhaps most often used in
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8:
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2018:
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361:
128:
The four common locations of subscripts and superscripts. The typeface is Myriad Pro.
91:
62:
1840:"UCC EPU: Editing Word files for publication: Making the best of what Word provides"
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Default subscript and superscript rendered in HTML for fonts in normal styles
537:® are also sometimes superscripted, depending on the typeface or house style.
27:
A character set slightly below and above the normal line of type, respectively
3021:
2694:
2662:
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1667:
556:
382:
Also in mathematics and computing, a subscript can be used to represent the
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680:. In an unrelated use, superscripts also indicate contravariant tensors in
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Both low and high superscripts can be used to indicate the presence of a
484:
456:
414:
387:
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A subscript is also used to distinguish between different versions of a
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102:
1997:
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O, indicates that it contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
2412:
2407:
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Superscripts and subscripts of arbitrary height can be done with the
1557:
530:
526:
474:
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Subscripted numbers dropped below the baseline are also used for the
984:
566:
124:
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418:
357:
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197:
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58:
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Default values for glyph transformation (non-professional glyphs)
279:. A particle may be distinguished by multiple subscripts, such as
2709:
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2189:
2125:
1704:
1416:
947:
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892:
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739:
502:, or "accents" placed above or below the letter). Also, in early
463:
Superscripts that typically do not extend above the ascender line
448:
170:
160:
95:
83:
742:
are written using superscripts. In symbolic form, the number of
442:
356:
Subscripts are often used to refer to members of a mathematical
2612:
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1420:
943:
919:
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391:
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174:
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2010:
1565:
1410:
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383:
205:
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2602:
1872:
Marc
Wilhelm Küster; Isabel Wojtovicz (14 September 2000).
1528:, subscript text is produced by putting it inside the tags
708:
651:
raised to the fourth power, 2 is 2 raised to the power of
557:
Superscripts that typically extend above the ascender line
514:
1553:
688:
521:
Superscripts are used for the standard abbreviations for
848:
may follow the number to indicate metastable or fission
1097:
Example of possible collision of italic styles in HTML
491:
and
Italian, or 4.ª and 4.º in Portuguese and Spanish.
364:
or elements of a vector. For example, in the sequence
1993:
Vincent
Connare's type-design standards for Microsoft
1820:"Your Head Will Spin: "Naught," "Aught," and "Ought""
1666:
In line with its origin as a superscript circle, the
1612:
1578:
950:, and there are two atoms in this chemical compound.
946:
with 14 nucleons, of which six are protons and 8 are
108:
In typesetting, such types are traditionally called
473:These superscripts typically share a baseline with
1628:
1594:
922:. A chemical symbol can be completely surrounded:
3019:
1905:"Opentype features now enabled? Documentation?"
327:might indicate the initial and final value of
161:Subscripts that are dropped below the baseline
2963:Intellectual property protection of typefaces
2026:
1475:; differs for subsub- and supersuper-scripts.
953:The numerators of stacked fractions (such as
443:Subscripts that are aligned with the baseline
2505:
1844:Academic and Collaborative Technologies Unit
1536:. Similarly, superscripts are produced with
746:is denoted as a superscripted prefix to the
1777:Superscripts and Subscripts (Unicode block)
1013:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
595:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2033:
2019:
1483:
1481:
672:" whereby superscripts indicate iterative
2989:Punctuation and other typographic symbols
1974:, 3rd ed., Vancouver: Hartley and Marks,
1930:Pyatt, Elizabeth J. (27 September 2016).
1033:Learn how and when to remove this message
615:Learn how and when to remove this message
1458:
1456:
169:. For example, the chemical formula for
123:
51:
1564:, while superscripts are made with the
1478:
375:refers to the third member of sequence
45:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
3020:
1683:\raisebox{<dimen>}{<text>}
192:(meaning that it is a molecule with 6
141:, which are synonymous with the terms
2014:
1929:
1911:from the original on 30 December 2016
1907:. Ask LibreOffice. 18 November 2016.
1453:
1115:
974:
1011:adding citations to reliable sources
978:
593:adding citations to reliable sources
560:
204:atoms). The chemical formula of the
98:, but have many other uses as well.
1937:Information Sciences and Technology
1782:Unicode subscripts and superscripts
1700:Unicode subscripts and superscripts
1560:), subscripts are typeset with the
1110:
918:with 235 nucleons, 92 of which are
24:
1659:is not built-in, but requires the
695:are also denoted by superscripts.
25:
3039:
1986:
1971:The Elements of Typographic Style
1874:"Diacritics for medieval studies"
1670:(°) is composed by a superscript
1063:HTML subscripts and superscripts
639:, high superscripts are used for
3002:
3001:
1556:'s mathematics mode (as used in
1045:
983:
711:with a positive charge of four,
565:
1959:
1923:
1854:from the original on 2014-01-03
1494:
1143:Comparison of software support
219:. Thus electron, muon, and tau
2040:
1897:
1865:
1850:. Publish.ucc.ie. 2011-07-03.
1832:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1465:
1444:
632:stand out more from the text.
309:: for example, in an equation
13:
1:
2958:History of Western typography
1942:Pennsylvania State University
1800:Bringhurst 2005, pp. 311–312.
1787:
1720:Several advanced features of
1688:go\raisebox{1ex}{\large home}
1487:Nominal values; dependent on
2805:traditional point-size names
1998:Vertical alignment questions
668:. This led over time to an "
353:would be read, "v-nought").
7:
2058:Canons of page construction
1740:
1715:
10:
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1697:
1693:
1173:User-modifiable settings?
466:
2997:
2981:
2913:
2866:
2820:
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2583:
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2518:
2486:
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2215:Subscript and superscript
2170:
2161:
2111:
2048:
1439:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1138:See also OpenType, below.
1062:
2973:Vox-ATypI classification
2103:Intentionally blank page
1809:Bringhurst 2005, p. 309.
1122:word processing programs
942:is a divalent cation of
699:is a negatively charged
661:includes a term for the
90:, and specifications of
1932:"Math Unicode Entities"
1515:
1491:parameters (16 and 17).
368:= (45, −2, 800),
165:Subscripts are used in
119:
2506:
1630:
1629:{\displaystyle X^{ab}}
1596:
1595:{\displaystyle X_{ab}}
1547:
1170:Superscript position
1120:Many text editing and
129:
66:
57:top typeface is Adobe
33:This article contains
1747:Mathematical notation
1655:scripts are rare, so
1645:A\textsubscript{base}
1641:n\textsuperscript{th}
1631:
1597:
1153:professional glyphs?
127:
55:
2843:Typographic features
1610:
1576:
1167:Subscript position
1151:OpenType support for
1007:improve this section
674:function composition
589:improve this section
535:registered trademark
2968:Technical lettering
2867:Typography in other
2608:Hanging punctuation
1159:Keyboard shortcuts
1144:
914:denotes an atom of
693:subatomic particles
655:, and the equation
529:(™). The signs for
300:triple bottom omega
2931:Handwriting script
2858:Desktop publishing
2828:Character encoding
2821:Digital typography
2335:Horizontal aspects
2288:Visual distinction
2146:Widows and orphans
2003:2015-03-18 at the
1966:Bringhurst, Robert
1626:
1592:
1361:Ordinal indicators
1142:
1116:Desktop publishing
975:Alignment examples
504:Middle High German
481:Ordinal indicators
217:subatomic particle
130:
92:chemical compounds
67:
35:special characters
3015:
3014:
2762:Typographic units
2680:For position only
2579:
2578:
2431:
2430:
1513:
1512:
1328:Adobe Illustrator
1101:
1100:
1043:
1042:
1035:
670:abuse of notation
625:
624:
617:
496:diacritical marks
398:one might write C
167:chemical formulas
41:rendering support
16:(Redirected from
3035:
3005:
3004:
2982:Related template
2914:Related articles
2715:Phototypesetting
2569:reverse-contrast
2554:Display typeface
2511:
2488:Blackletter type
2444:
2443:
2381:Vertical aspects
2362:Sentence spacing
2172:Typeface anatomy
2168:
2167:
2035:
2028:
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2012:
2011:
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1948:
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1879:. Archived from
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1735:Private Use Area
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1643:will give n and
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101:In professional
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2869:writing systems
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2700:Microtypography
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2439:classifications
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2296:Blackboard bold
2282:
2234:
2157:
2107:
2098:Recto and verso
2044:
2039:
2005:Wayback Machine
1989:
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1355:Adobe Photoshop
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895:. For example,
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876:
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840:). The letters
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748:chemical symbol
728:
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687:The charges of
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550:currency symbol
471:
469:superior letter
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151:superior letter
143:inferior letter
122:
86:, mathematical
50:
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39:Without proper
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23:
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5:
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2903:National Fonts
2895:
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2848:Web typography
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2240:Capitalization
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2015:
2009:
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2007:from Typophile
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1987:External links
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1698:Main article:
1695:
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1657:\textsubscript
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707:is an atom of
682:Ricci calculus
663:speed of light
641:exponentiation
623:
622:
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571:
564:
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464:
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444:
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1980:0-88179-205-5
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1669:
1668:degree symbol
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1023:December 2023
1016:
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992:This section
990:
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847:
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638:
633:
630:
619:
616:
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605:December 2023
598:
594:
590:
584:
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574:This section
572:
568:
563:
562:
554:
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547:
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538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
516:
513:
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492:
490:
486:
482:
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476:
470:
460:
458:
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450:
440:
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420:
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371:
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38:
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19:
2953:Type foundry
2790:Metric units
2720:Punchcutting
2705:Movable type
2675:Font catalog
2635:Vertical bar
2372:Word spacing
2342:Figure space
2225:Text figures
2214:
2068:Even working
1969:
1960:Bibliography
1945:. Retrieved
1935:
1925:
1913:. Retrieved
1899:
1888:. Retrieved
1881:the original
1867:
1856:. Retrieved
1847:
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1823:. Retrieved
1814:
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1796:
1719:
1709:
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1680:
1665:
1660:
1652:
1638:
1551:
1542:</sup>
1534:</sub>
1519:
1496:
1467:
1446:
1176:Superscript
1137:
1119:
1106:
1102:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1051:
1044:
1029:
1020:
1005:Please help
993:
952:
890:
845:
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737:
686:
676:, including
652:
648:
644:
634:
626:
611:
602:
587:Please help
575:
545:
541:
539:
523:service mark
520:
493:
485:style guides
479:
472:
446:
415:denominators
412:
381:
376:
369:
365:
355:
339:
332:
328:
320:
311:
304:
223:are denoted
214:
200:atoms and 6
164:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:
107:
100:
74:
70:
68:
32:
2948:Type design
2943:Style guide
2936:Calligraphy
2926:Handwriting
2740:Type design
2690:Lorem ipsum
2685:Letterpress
2645:Typesetting
2585:Punctuation
2549:Record type
2520:Gaelic type
2508:Schwabacher
2398:Body height
2263:Letter case
2131:Line length
1767:Typesetting
1647:will give A
1538:<sup>
1530:<sub>
1526:Wiki syntax
1415:Yes (using
1234:LibreOffice
1127:QuarkXPress
678:derivatives
637:mathematics
457:basis point
417:of stacked
388:hexadecimal
208:molecule, H
139:superscript
88:expressions
75:superscript
3028:Typography
2921:Penmanship
2893:East Asian
2735:Type color
2668:monospaced
2625:Interpunct
2618:minus sign
2542:Specialist
2478:Sans-serif
2471:slab serif
2448:Roman type
2403:Cap height
2367:Thin space
2326:Whitespace
2278:Title case
2273:Snake case
2268:Small caps
2253:Camel case
2185:Diacritics
2093:Pull quote
2088:Pagination
2083:Paper size
2042:Typography
1890:2008-03-31
1858:2014-01-03
1825:2020-11-21
1788:References
1712:, above).
1604:$ X^{ab}$
1570:$ X_{ab}$
1562:underscore
1179:Subscript
467:See also:
302:particle.
196:atoms, 12
110:"superior"
103:typography
2418:Overshoot
2413:Mean line
2408:Descender
2321:Underline
2163:Character
2141:Runaround
2121:Alignment
2113:Paragraph
1947:6 January
1651:(textual
1606:produces
1572:produces
1558:MediaWiki
1502:fontdimen
1500:Changing
1489:fontdimen
1473:math mode
1148:Software
994:does not
576:does not
531:copyright
527:trademark
475:numerator
451: %,
419:fractions
349:" (e.g. v
221:neutrinos
135:subscript
114:fractions
71:subscript
18:Subscript
3022:Category
3007:Category
2886:PT Fonts
2881:Cyrillic
2745:Typeface
2663:computer
2564:fat face
2437:Typeface
2423:x-height
2393:Baseline
2388:Ascender
2248:All caps
2210:Rotation
2205:Ligature
2200:Ink trap
2001:Archived
1968:(2005),
1909:Archived
1852:Archived
1757:Furigana
1741:See also
1722:OpenType
1716:OpenType
1676:^{\circ}
1661:fixltx2e
948:neutrons
893:nuclides
852:, as in
744:nucleons
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