1044:: active and passive. These terms can be applied to whole sentences or verbs. Verbs also have tense, aspect and mode. There are three tenses: past, present, and future. There are two main aspects: perfect and progressive. Some grammarians refer to aspects as tenses, but this is not strictly correct, as the perfect and progressive aspects convey information other than time. There are many modes (also called moods). Some important ones are: declarative, affirmative, negative, emphatic, conditional, imperative, interrogative and subjunctive.
480:, two men engaged in a generational feud become trapped beneath a fallen tree in a storm: "Ulrich von Gradwitz found himself stretched on the ground, one arm numb beneath him and the other held almost as helplessly in a tight tangle of forked branches, while both legs were pinned beneath the fallen mass." Readers can not only visualize the scene but may infer from it that it is the feud that has trapped him. Note also the diction used within the imagery: words like "forked" and "fallen" imply a kind of hell that he is trapped in.
66:
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919:, the title character almost kills King Claudius at one point, but resists because Claudius is praying and therefore may go to heaven. As Hamlet wants Claudius to go to hell, he waits. A few moments later, after Hamlet leaves the stage, Claudius reveals to the audience that he doesn't mean his prayers ("words without thoughts never to heaven go"), so Hamlet should have killed him after all.
1004:, composed as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex. They may also include such techniques as inversion or such structures as appositive phrases, verbal phrases (gerund, participle, and infinitive), and subordinate clauses (noun, adjective, and adverb). These tools can be highly effective in achieving an author's purpose.
794:(which is one of the most easily recognized utilization of plot structure) is a scene in writing which occurs outside of the current timeline, before the events that are occurring in the story. It is used to explain plot elements, give background and context to a scene, or explain characteristics of characters or events.
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is the choice of specific words to communicate not only meaning, but emotion as well. Authors writing their texts consider not only a word's denotation but also its connotation. For example, a person may be described as stubborn or tenacious, both of which have the same basic meaning but are opposite
497:
For example, in Ray
Bradbury's short story, "There Will Come Soft Rains", he describes a futuristic "smart house" in a post-nuclear-war time. All life is dead except for one dog, which dies in the course of the story. However, Bradbury mentions mice, snakes, robins, swallows, giraffes, antelopes, and
1027:
uses two parallel independent clauses written in the passive voice. The first clause establishes suspense about who rules the ghetto, and then the first few words of the second clause set up the reader with the expectation of an answer, which is metaphorically revealed only in the final word of the
457:
is a story that has a second meaning, usually by endowing characters, objects or events with symbolic significance. The entire story functions symbolically; often a pattern relates each literal item to a corresponding abstract idea or principle. Although the surface story may have its interest, the
753:
The storyline is the chronological account of events that follow each other in the narrative. The plot includes the storyline, and is more; it includes how elements in the story interact to create complexity, intrigue, and surprise. The plot is often created by having separate threads of storyline
430:
A symbol may be an object, a person, a situation, an action, a word, or an idea that has literal meaning in the story as well as an alternative identity that represents something else. It is used as an expressive way to depict an idea. The symbol generally conveys an emotional response far beyond
982:
in terms of their emotional background (the first is an insult, while the second is a compliment). Similarly, a bargain-seeker may be described as either thrifty (compliment) or stingy (insult). An author's diction is extremely important in discovering the narrator's tone, or attitude.
797:
For instance, one chapter may be at present in a character's life, and then the next chapter might be the character's life years ago. The second chapter gives meaning to the first, as it explains other events the character experienced and thus puts present events in context. In
951:'s "The Tell-Tale Heart", the energy at the end of the story comes from the fact that we know the narrator killed the old man, while the guests are oblivious. If we were as oblivious as the guests, there would be virtually no point in the story.
472:
This is when the author invokes sensory details. Often, this is simply to draw a reader more deeply into a story by helping the reader visualize what is being described. However, imagery may also symbolize important ideas in a story.
944:, the drama of Act V comes from the fact that the audience knows Juliet is alive, but Romeo thinks she's dead. If the audience had thought, like Romeo, that she was dead, the scene would not have had anywhere near the same power.
629:
Alliteration is used by an author to create emphasis, to add beauty to the writing style, and occasionally to aid in shaping the mood. It is also used to create a rhythm and musical effect on the reader's mind as well.
912:, the reader may think that Kino and Juana would become happy and successful after discovering the "Pearl of the World", with all its value. However, their lives change dramatically for the worse after discovering it.
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is similar to synecdoche, but instead of a part representing the whole, a related object or part of a related object is used to represent the whole. Often it is used to represent the whole of an abstract idea.
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The repetition of identical or similar sounds, usually accented vowel sounds and succeeding consonant sounds at the end of words, and often at the ends of lines of prose or poetry.
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many other animals in the course of the story. This animal motif establishes a contrast between the past, when life was flourishing, and the story's present when all life is dead.
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This is when the author creates a surprise that is the exact opposite of what the reader would expect, often creating humor or an eerie feeling. For example, in
Steinbeck's novel
745:
in poems, as well as sentences, paragraphs, or chapters in prose. Furthermore, such visible structures as dialogue versus narration are also considered part of formal structure.
826:
uses the adventures of a sea captain as a frame story for the famous tale of the scientist and his creation. Occasionally, an author will have an unfinished frame, such as in
830:'s "The Turn of the Screw". The lack of a finishing frame in this story has the effect of leaving the reader disoriented, adding to the disturbing mood of the story.
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Plot structure refers to the configuration of a plot in terms of its exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution/denouement. For example,
271:, signaled by the use of the words "like" or "as". A simile is a comparison used to attract the reader's attention and describe something in descriptive terms.
406:
Similar to 'personification' but direct. The speaker addresses someone absent or dead, or addresses an inanimate or abstract object as if it were human.
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has an unusually lengthy falling action. The plot can also be structured by the use of devices such as flashbacks, framing, and epistolary elements.
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Dramatic Irony is when the reader knows something important about the story that one or more characters in the story do not know. For example, in
76:
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This is when the author drops clues about what is to come in a story, which builds tension and the reader's suspense throughout the book.
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This is the simplest form of irony, in which the speaker says the opposite of what he or she intends. There are several forms, including
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occurs when a part of something is used to refer to the whole. Many examples of synecdoche are idioms, common to the language.
196:
168:
422:, Rev. Dimmesdale metaphorically fades away (dims) as the novel progresses, while Chillingworth has a cold (chilled) heart.
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The boy kissed his mother and warmly embraced her, oblivious to the fact that this was the last time he would ever see her.
511:, mentions the moon almost every time the creature is about to appear), to support the theme (as when, in Sophocles' drama
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interact at critical times and in unpredictable ways, creating unexpected twists and turns in the overall storyline.
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is any way of saying something other than the ordinary way. Figurative language is language using figures of speech.
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806:, the first short chapter occurs in the narrative's real-time; most of the remainder of the book is a flashback.
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The word 'crown' may be used metonymically to refer to the king or queen, and at times to the law of the land.
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515:, the motif of prophecy strengthens the theme of the irresistibility of the gods), or for other purposes.
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is a comparison that does not use the words "like" or "as". Metaphors can span over multiple sentences.
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Similar to alliteration, in which vowel sounds are repeated. They are usually in the middle of a word.
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expresses the writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject, the reader, or herself or himself.
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When a word, phrase, image, or idea is repeated throughout a work or several works of literature.
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A heart standing for love. (One might say "It broke my heart" rather than "I was really upset")
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A sunrise portraying new hope. ("All their fears melted in the face of the newly risen sun.")
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The phrase "The king's guns were aimed at the enemy," using 'guns' to represent infantry.
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The fallibly irrevocable cat met its intrinsic match in the oppositional form of a dog.
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It is most important in poetry, but also used in prose for emphasis and aesthetic gain.
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This is when the name of a character has a symbolic meaning. For example, in
Dickens'
325:"That boy is like a machine." is a simile but "That boy is a machine!" is a metaphor.
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an insect scurrying among other insects." (from "Sweet Potato Pie," Eugenia
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Workers can be referred to as 'pairs of hands', and a vehicle as one's 'wheels'.
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Motifs may also be used to establish mood (as the blood motif in
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The sun smiled down on the travelers. (the sun does not smile, humans smile)
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When there is a lengthy flashback comprising more than half of the text, a
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This includes words that sound like their meaning or imitations of sounds.
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Lexique des figures de style de l'Office québécois de la langue française
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for a more detailed discussion, and definitions of other forms of irony.
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that is nevertheless somehow true. Paradox can take the form of an
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is the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words.
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The way to remember the name is that dramatic irony adds to the
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A way to remember the name of this term is that it describes an
278:"From up here on the fourteenth floor, my brother Charley looks
243:, stylistic devices are a variety of techniques used to give an
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Giving human or animal characteristics to inanimate objects.
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is a reference to something from history or literature.
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She put her hand to the boy's head, which was steaming
569:, the last words of both lines rhyme with each other.
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Techniques giving secondary meaning or tone in writing
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author's major interest is in the ulterior meaning.
818:is the portion outside the flashback. For example,
725:of a text. In the first place, a text is either a
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1223:Perrine's Literature: Structure, Sound and Sense
651:"batter that mattered", "the blue bulging plug."
996:Sentences can be long or short, written in the
613:aking friends with death/ Even as I speak, for
507:), for foreshadowing (as when Mary Shelley, in
431:what the word, idea, or image itself dictates.
625:one." (Edna St. Vincent Millay's "Sonnet 30").
267:The easiest stylistic device to identify is a
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1271:
1225:(10th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
154:introducing citations to additional sources
561:For example, in the following lines from a
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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223:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
144:Relevant discussion may be found on the
90:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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1949:Types of fiction with multiple endings
1221:Arp, Thomas R.; Johnson, Greg (2009).
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673:"odds and ends", "short and sweet".
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2352:Third-person omniscient narrative
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34:This article has multiple issues.
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137:relies largely or entirely on a
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721:Formal structure refers to the
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573:Loveliest of trees, the cherry
42:or discuss these issues on the
1740:Conflict between good and evil
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915:Similarly, in Shakespeare's
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292:baseballs and teeth as long
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523:In literary terminology, a
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1747:Self-fulfilling prophecy
1205:Arp & Johnson (2009)
1192:Arp & Johnson (2009)
1180:Arp & Johnson (2009)
1168:Arp & Johnson (2009)
1151:Arp & Johnson (2009)
1139:Arp & Johnson (2009)
1127:Arp & Johnson (2009)
1115:Arp & Johnson (2009)
1103:Arp & Johnson (2009)
1088:Arp & Johnson (2009)
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708:"The bees were buzzing"
547:
483:
478:Saki's "The Interlopers"
73:This article or section
2374:Stream of consciousness
1837:Suspension of disbelief
1047:
1915:Denouement/Catastrophe
1896:Rising action/Epitasis
2959:Rhetorical techniques
2261:Utopian and dystopian
775:The Lord of the Rings
77:synthesis of material
2954:Narrative techniques
1815:Narrative techniques
1595:Story within a story
1407:Supporting character
150:improve this article
2918:Rhetorical question
2520:Political narrative
2362:Unreliable narrator
2219:Speculative fiction
1927:Nonlinear narrative
1875:Three-act structure
1735:Deal with the Devil
1141:, pp. 291, 734
1129:, pp. 284, 726
936:William Shakespeare
662:Literary consonance
251:Figurative language
2498:Narrative paradigm
2493:Narrative identity
2423:Dominant narrative
2369:Multiple narrators
1653:Fictional location
1496:Dramatic structure
1153:, pp. 749–751
1023:In this sentence,
769:Great Expectations
749:Storyline and plot
420:The Scarlet Letter
416:Great Expectations
165:"Stylistic device"
87:to the main topic.
81:verifiably mention
75:possibly contains
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2712:Hysteron proteron
2594:Figures of speech
2560:
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2503:Narrative therapy
1937:television series
1882:Freytag's Pyramid
1725:Moral development
1628:Alternate history
1338:False protagonist
1065:Rhetorical device
904:Situational irony
490:Motif (narrative)
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2026:Narrative poetry
1922:Linear narrative
1832:Stylistic device
1827:Show, don't tell
1790:Figure of speech
1580:Shaggy dog story
1323:Characterization
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924:ironic situation
780:J. R. R. Tolkien
717:Formal structure
543:Sound techniques
476:For example, in
257:figure of speech
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1534:KishĹŤtenketsu
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1527:In medias res
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1232:9781413033083
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1002:passive voice
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947:Likewise, in
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840:Foreshadowing
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529:contradiction
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167: –
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161:Find sources:
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139:single source
135:This article
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2911:Antanaclasis
2815:Epanorthosis
2732:Polysyndeton
2625:Antimetabole
2610:Alliteration
2542:Storytelling
2357:Subjectivity
2347:Third-person
2337:First-person
1971:
1831:
1780:Comic relief
1532:
1525:
1516:Flashforward
1483:
1457:Origin story
1439:
1402:Straight man
1357:
1222:
1214:Bibliography
1199:
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1022:
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998:active voice
995:
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914:
909:
907:
887:
884:Verbal irony
865:
848:
843:
824:Frankenstein
823:
820:Mary Shelley
813:
803:
796:
789:
773:
767:
761:
752:
722:
720:
705:
704:
701:
698:Onomatopoeia
692:Onomatopoeia
685:
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592:Alliteration
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587:Alliteration
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509:Frankenstein
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306:a hot train.
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50:
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37:
36:Please help
33:
2800:Catachresis
2785:Antonomasia
2780:Antiphrasis
2722:Parallelism
2672:Epanalepsis
2635:Aposiopesis
2615:Anadiplosis
2547:Tellability
2513:Metafiction
2508:Narratology
2280:Theological
2172:Pop culture
2053:Short story
2031:Epic poetry
1752:Time travel
1565:Red herring
1550:Plot device
1521:Frame story
1474:Cliffhanger
1417:Tritagonist
1392:Protagonist
1248:(in French)
1070:Hypotyposis
1018:Elie Wiesel
828:Henry James
816:frame story
810:Frame story
513:Oedipus Rex
410:Charactonym
2948:Categories
2928:Synecdoche
2832:Dysphemism
2805:Ecphonesis
2795:Apostrophe
2737:Spoonerism
2727:Polyptoton
2707:Hyperbaton
2682:Epistrophe
2667:Consonance
2630:Antithesis
2433:Continuity
2302:Nonfiction
2266:Underwater
2162:Picaresque
2137:Historical
2122:Epistolary
1994:Fairy tale
1905:Peripeteia
1887:Exposition
1643:Dreamworld
1585:Stereotype
1555:Plot twist
1303:Antagonist
1076:References
1028:sentence.
656:Consonance
396:Apostrophe
334:Synecdoche
329:Synecdoche
237:literature
206:March 2016
176:newspapers
100:April 2012
39:improve it
2933:Tautology
2859:Apophasis
2837:Euphemism
2820:Hyperbole
2810:Ekphrasis
2702:Hypallage
2692:Hendiadys
2687:Epizeuxis
2677:Epiphrase
2645:Asyndeton
2640:Assonance
2324:Narration
2273:Superhero
2197:Chivalric
2182:Religious
2167:Political
2102:Adventure
2087:Biography
2009:Tall tale
1857:Structure
1842:Symbolism
1810:Narration
1710:Leitmotif
1638:Crossover
1633:Backstory
1590:Story arc
1540:MacGuffin
1511:Flashback
1452:Backstory
1328:Confidant
1308:Archenemy
1295:Character
1287:Narrative
910:The Pearl
890:euphemism
792:flashback
786:Flashback
712:Structure
640:Assonance
634:Assonance
367:Example:
361:Example:
341:Example:
300:Example:
286:Example:
276:Example:
245:auxiliary
146:talk page
92:talk page
45:talk page
2896:Pleonasm
2886:Oxymoron
2881:Metonymy
2876:Metaphor
2849:Innuendo
2825:Adynaton
2790:Aphorism
2775:Allusion
2770:Allegory
2742:Symploce
2717:Isocolon
2650:Chiasmus
2620:Anaphora
2530:Glossary
2525:Rhetoric
2332:Diegesis
2312:Creative
2285:Thriller
2234:Southern
2152:Paranoid
2147:Nautical
2058:Vignette
2016:Gamebook
1984:Folklore
1891:Protasis
1770:Allegory
1715:Metaphor
1673:parallel
1668:universe
1648:Dystopia
1605:Suspense
1491:Dialogue
1479:Conflict
1387:Narrator
1359:Hamartia
1059:See also
969:Register
867:Allusion
862:Allusion
856:Allusion
849:Example:
764:Dickens'
706:Example:
686:Example:
671:Example:
649:Example:
599:Example:
533:oxymoron
455:allegory
449:Allegory
442:Example:
436:Example:
389:Example:
353:Metonymy
348:Metonymy
323:Example:
317:metaphor
311:Metaphor
2871:Litotes
2864:Sarcasm
2842:Meiosis
2602:Schemes
2460:Prequel
2416:Related
2402:Present
2295:Western
2251:Science
2224:Fantasy
2192:Romance
2142:Mystery
2127:Ergodic
2092:Fiction
2048:Parable
2043:Novella
1973:Fabliau
1944:Premise
1795:Imagery
1785:Diction
1663:country
1620:Setting
1600:Subplot
1422:Villain
1375:Byronic
1038:grammar
1008:Example
979:Diction
974:Diction
898:sarcasm
739:stanzas
617:ack of
525:paradox
519:Paradox
504:Macbeth
468:Imagery
462:Imagery
296:knives.
241:writing
190:scholar
2923:Simile
2762:Tropes
2752:Zeugma
2747:Tmesis
2655:Climax
2464:Sequel
2448:Retcon
2443:Reboot
2407:Future
2241:Horror
2229:Gothic
2214:Satire
2132:Erotic
1999:Legend
1901:Climax
1775:Bathos
1682:Utopia
1570:Reveal
1469:Cliché
1447:Action
1441:Ab ovo
1380:Tragic
1229:
1042:voices
1025:Wiesel
992:Syntax
986:Syntax
917:Hamlet
766:novel
743:cantos
678:Rhythm
609:an is
605:any a
426:Symbol
269:simile
263:Simile
192:
185:
178:
171:
163:
85:relate
2854:Irony
2471:Genre
2438:Canon
2389:Tense
2307:Novel
2290:Urban
2202:Prose
2187:Rogue
2112:Crime
2107:Comic
2068:Genre
2038:Novel
1989:Fable
1967:Drama
1932:films
1762:Style
1730:Motif
1720:Moral
1705:Irony
1697:Theme
1610:Trope
1032:Voice
1016:, by
1013:Night
963:Irony
956:drama
879:Irony
873:Irony
741:, or
731:drama
727:novel
723:forms
621:ove a
581:bough
554:Rhyme
548:Rhyme
537:irony
484:Motif
197:JSTOR
183:books
2660:Anti
2476:List
2397:Past
2256:Hard
2209:Saga
2117:Docu
2073:List
2004:Myth
1959:Form
1847:Tone
1820:Hook
1805:Mood
1800:Mode
1658:city
1545:Pace
1432:Plot
1370:Anti
1365:Hero
1348:Foil
1227:ISBN
1053:Tone
1048:Tone
961:See
735:poem
733:, a
729:, a
601:"...
563:poem
304:like
280:like
239:and
169:news
2906:Pun
1865:Act
1036:In
1000:or
938:'s
822:'s
802:'s
778:by
575:now
565:by
453:An
235:In
152:by
83:or
2950::
2462:/
1158:^
1095:^
1020:)
926:.
896:,
892:,
790:A
539:.
315:A
294:as
290:as
255:A
48:.
2586:e
2579:t
2572:v
2075:)
2071:(
1903:/
1889:/
1279:e
1272:t
1265:v
1235:.
1203:A
623:l
619:l
615:l
611:m
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