880:
33:
265:
602:
876:, Canada. These microbialites are extremely young and presumably began forming soon after the mine closed in 1978. The combination of a low sedimentation rate, high calcification rate, and low microbial growth rate appears to result in the formation of these microbialites. Microbialites at an historic mine site demonstrates that an anthropogenically constructed environment can foster microbial carbonate formation. This has implications for creating artificial environments for building modern microbialites including stromatolites.
761:
587:
3397:
4414:
4072:
273:
56:
406:
3361:
4061:
3409:
3385:
444:
3349:
3373:
426:
326:(non-biological) precipitation. Finding reliable ways to distinguish between biologically formed and abiotic stromatolites is an active area of research in geology. Multiple morphologies of stromatolites may exist in a single local or geological strata, relating to the specific conditions occurring in different region and water depths.
561:. These laminations can accrete over time, resulting in the banded pattern common to stromatolites. The domal morphology of biological stromatolites is the result of the vertical growth necessary for the continued infiltration of sunlight to the organisms for photosynthesis. Layered spherical growth structures termed
373:
In both light and dark conditions, the cyanobacteria form clumps that then expand outwards, with individual members remaining connected to the colony via long tendrils. This may be a protective mechanism that affords evolutionary benefit to the colony in harsh environments where mechanical forces act
2548:
Leuko S, Neilan BA, Burns BP, Walter MR, Rothschild LJ. Molecular assessment of UVC radiation-induced DNA damage repair in the stromatolitic halophilic archaeon, Halococcus hamelinensis. J Photochem
Photobiol B. 2011 Feb 7;102(2):140-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.10.002. Epub 2010 Oct 23. PMID:
369:
yield, which is necessary for survival. In a novel experiment, the scientists projected a school logo onto a petri dish containing the organisms, which accreted beneath the lighted region, forming the logo in bacteria. The authors speculate that such motility allows the cyanobacteria to seek light
251:
of stromatolites, a feature that is hard to interpret, in terms of its temporal and environmental significance. Different styles of stromatolite lamination have been described, which can be studied through microscopic and mathematical methods. A stromatolite may grow to a meter or more. Fossilized
565:
are similar to stromatolites and are also known from the fossil record. Thrombolites are poorly laminated or non-laminated clotted structures formed by cyanobacteria, common in the fossil record and in modern sediments. There is evidence that thrombolites form in preference to stromatolites when
2900:
Brady, A.; Slater, G.F.; Omelon, C.R.; Southam, G.; Druschel, G.; Andersen, A.; Hawes, I.; Laval, B.; Lim, D.S.S. (2010). "Photosynthetic isotope biosignatures in laminated micro-stromatolitic and non-laminated nodules associated with modern, freshwater microbialites in
Pavilion Lake, B.C".
459:
on Earth. They peaked about 1.25 billion years ago (Ga) and subsequently declined in abundance and diversity, so that by the start of the
Cambrian they had fallen to 20% of their peak. The most widely supported explanation is that stromatolite builders fell victim to grazing creatures (the
392:
Some
Archean rock formations show macroscopic similarity to modern microbial structures, leading to the inference that these structures represent evidence of ancient life, namely stromatolites. However, others regard these patterns as being the result of natural material
577:
provides a well-exposed example of the thrombolite-stromatolite-metazoan reefs that developed during the
Proterozoic period, the stromatolites here being better developed in updip locations under conditions of higher current velocities and greater sediment influx.
789:(that is, stromatolites or thrombolites). The microbialite bed is over 10 km (6.2 mi) long with a vertical rise of several meters in some areas. These may be the largest sized living freshwater microbialites, or any organism, on Earth.
556:
often forms over mats of cyanobacterial cells. In modern microbial mats, debris from the surrounding habitat can become trapped within the polysaccharide layer, which can be cemented together by the calcium carbonate to grow thin laminations of
1416:
Zhu, Dongya; Liu, Quanyou; Wang, Jingbin; Ding, Qian; He, Zhiliang (July 2021). "Stable carbon and oxygen isotope data of Late
Ediacaran stromatolites from a hypersaline environment in the Tarim Basin (NW China) and their reservoir potential".
1452:
Planavsky, Noah; Grey, Kathleen (16 August 2007). "Stromatolite branching in the
Neoproterozoic of the Centralian Superbasin, Australia: an investigation into sedimentary and microbial control of stromatolite morphology".
3201:
Farías, María E.; Rascovan, Nicolás; Toneatti, Diego M.; Albarracín, Virginia H.; Flores, María R.; Poiré, Daniel
Gustavo; Collavino, Mónica Mariana; Aguilar, O. Mario; Vázquez, Martín; Polerecky, Lubos (2013).
374:
to tear apart the microbial mats. Thus these sometimes elaborate structures, constructed by microorganisms working somewhat in unison, are a means of providing shelter and protection from a harsh environment.
1881:
1863:
906:, Australia. The cyanobacteria live on the surface of the limestone and are sustained by the calcium-rich dripping water, which allows them to grow toward the two open ends of the cave which provide light.
401:
nanocrystals (both features of current stromatolites), and of other microstructures in older stromatolites that parallel those in younger stromatolites that show strong indications of biological origin.
2438:
548:
of more complex eukaryotic organisms. They are thought to be largely responsible for increasing the amount of oxygen in the primeval Earth's atmosphere through their continuing photosynthesis (see
397:
or some other abiogenic mechanism. Scientists have argued for a biological origin of stromatolites due to the presence of organic globule clusters within the thin layers of the stromatolites, of
2007:
537:
population and diversity may not have been the only factor in the reduction in stromatolite abundance. Factors such as the chemistry of the environment may have been responsible for changes.
307:. They exhibit a variety of forms and structures, or morphologies, including conical, stratiform, domal, columnar, and branching types. Stromatolites occur widely in the fossil record of the
1857:
1729:
Meilijson, Aaron; Bialik, Or M.; Benjamini, Chaim (December 2015). "Stromatolitic biotic systems in the mid-Triassic of Israel — A product of stress on an epicontinental margin".
2341:
Kawaguchi, Tomohiro; Decho, Alan W. (January 2000). "Biochemical
Characterization of Cyanobacterial Extracellular Polymers (EPS) from Modern Marine Stromatolites (Bahamas)".
1808:"Seeking sunlight: rapid phototactic motility of filamentous mat-forming cyanobacteria optimize photosynthesis and enhance carbon burial in Lake Huron's submerged sinkholes"
2477:
2570:
380:
are a proposed mechanism of formation of some kinds of layered rock structure that are formed above water, where rock meets air, by repeated colonization of the rock by
268:
Paleoproterozoic oncoids from the
Franceville Basin, Gabon, Central Africa. Oncoids are unfixed stromatolites ranging in size from a few millimeters to a few centimeters
357:
Time lapse photography of modern microbial mat formation in a laboratory setting gives some revealing clues to the behavior of cyanobacteria in stromatolites. Biddanda
5012:
2388:
1879:
1861:
2625:
5032:
986:"A Rare Glimpse of Paleoarchean Life: Geobiology of an Exceptionally Preserved Microbial Mat Facies from the 3.4 Ga Strelley Pool Formation, Western Australia"
3135:
Allwood, Abigail C.; Malcolm R. Walter; Balz S. Kamber; Craig P. Marshall; Ian W. Burch (2006). "Stromatolite reef from the Early Archaean era of Australia".
2415:
3441:
1362:
1336:
2779:
Kempe, S.; Kaźmierczak, J.; Landmann, G.; Konuk, T.; Reimer, A. & Lipp, A. (1991). "Largest known microbialites discovered in Lake Van, Turkey".
1995:
2973:
1648:
Lepot, Kevin; Karim Benzerara; Gordon E. Brown; Pascal Philippot (2008). "Microbially influenced formation of 2.7 billion-year-old stromatolites".
277:
2174:
Bernhard, J. M.; Edgcomb, V. P.; Visscher, P. T.; McIntyre-Wressnig, A.; Summons, R. E.; Bouxsein, M. L.; Louis, L.; Jeglinski, M. (28 May 2013).
2991:
5022:
2416:"Digital characterization of thrombolite-stromatolite reef distribution in a carbonate ramp system (terminal Proterozoic, Nama Group, Namibia)"
3098:
Grotzinger, John P.; Andrew H. Knoll (1999). "Stromatolites in Precambrian Carbonates: Evolutionary Mileposts or Environmental Dipsticks?".
1856:
Lichen Stromatolites: Criterion for Subaerial Exposure and a Mechanism for the Formation of Laminar Calcretes (Caliche), Colin F. Klappa,
625:
and marine lagoons where high saline levels prevent animal grazing. One such location where excellent modern specimens can be observed is
4124:
1222:"Temporal and environmental significance of microbial lamination: Insights from Recent fluvial stromatolites in the River Piedra, Spain"
3070:
3434:
2694:
Gischler, E.; Gibson, M. & Oschmann, W. (2008). "Giant Holocene Freshwater Microbialites, Laguna Bacalar, Quintana Roo, Mexico".
2651:
Feldmann M, McKenzie JA (April 1998). "Stromatolite-thrombolite associations in a modern environment, Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas".
1380:
959:
2560:
4107:
322:
While features of some stromatolites are suggestive of biological activity, others possess features that are more consistent with
4428:
3204:"The discovery of Stromatolites developing at 3570 m above sea level in a high-altitude volcanic lake Socompa, Argentinean Andes"
4952:
4343:
2857:
Ferris FG, Thompson JB, Beveridge TJ (June 1997). "Modern Freshwater Microbialites from Kelly Lake, British Columbia, Canada".
1685:"Biotic and Abiotic Processes In the Formation and Diagenesis of Permian Dolomitic Stromatolites (Zechstein Group, NE England)"
2316:
2944:
1975:
1785:
1280:
1198:
530:
1073:
736:(ybp) and spongy-cauliflower like thrombolytic structures that dominate the lake from top to the bottom, mainly composed of
3427:
1149:
879:
698:
4171:
2629:
2495:
Chen, M. .; Schliep, M. .; Willows, R. D.; Cai, Z. -L.; Neilan, B. A.; Scheer, H. . (2010). "A Red-Shifted Chlorophyll".
1101:
4307:
1109:
626:
159:
1305:
Suarez-Gonzalez, Pablo; Quijada, I. Emma; Benito, M. Isabel; Mas, Ramón; Merinero, Raúl; Riding, Robert (March 2014).
4176:
3017:
Cox G, James JM, Leggett KEA, Osborne RAL (1989). "Cyanobacterially deposited speleothems: Subaerial stromatolites".
2141:
748:
and dated back to 2,800 ybp. The only open marine environment where modern stromatolites are known to prosper is the
295:
Stromatolites are layered, biochemical, accretionary structures formed in shallow water by the trapping, binding and
138:
3312:
3277:
2089:
Awramik, S.M. (19 November 1971). "Precambrian columnar stromatolite diversity: Reflection of metazoan appearance".
1806:
Biddanda, Bopaiah A.; McMillan, Adam C.; Long, Stephen A.; Snider, Michael J.; Weinke, Anthony D. (1 January 2015).
4204:
544:
cyanobacteria reproduce asexually through cell division, they were instrumental in priming the environment for the
1307:"Origin and significance of lamination in Lower Cretaceous stromatolites and proposal for a quantitative approach"
1878:
Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants, Edith L. Taylor, Thomas N. Taylor, Michael Krings, page
526:
2765:
4252:
1340:
862:
464:); this theory implies that sufficiently complex organisms were common around 1 Ga. Another hypothesis is that
337:, having recognisable microstructure; these are mostly unknown from the Precambrian but persist throughout the
229:
865:." The goal of the project is to better understand what conditions would likely harbor life on other planets.
4194:
1600:
Grotzinger, John P.; Rothman, Daniel H. (3 October 1996). "An abiotic model for stromatolite morphogenesis".
1177:
Seong-Joo, Lee; Browne, Kathleen M.; Golubic, Stjepko (2000), Riding, Robert E.; Awramik, Stanley M. (eds.),
461:
196:
17:
32:
5017:
4100:
846:
728:, Mexico has two distinct morphologic generations of stromatolites: columnar-dome like structures, rich in
437:
60:
2414:
Adams, E. W.; Grotzinger, J. P.; Watters, W. A.; Schröder, S.; McCormick, D. S.; Al-Siyabi, H. A. (2005).
573:
The Zebra River Canyon area of the Kubis platform in the deeply dissected Zaris Mountains of southwestern
361:(2015) found that cyanobacteria exposed to localized beams of light moved towards the light, or expressed
4942:
4453:
4199:
3450:
3377:
2970:
1126:
910:
984:
Duda, J-P.; Van Kranendonk, M.J.; Thiel, V.; Ionescu, D.; Strauss, H.; Schäfer, N.; Reitner, J. (2016).
709:, Brazil, where modern stromatolites can be observed as both bioherms (domal type) and beds; and in the
5068:
4932:
4433:
4398:
4166:
3339:
1121:
687:
418:
2995:
1145:
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decimated marine animals, falling back to earlier levels as marine animals recovered. Fluctuations in
4987:
4247:
2286:"Microbial carbonate abundance compared with fluctuations in metazoan diversity over geological time"
456:
264:
3180:
Awramik, S.; Sprinkle, J. (1999). "Proterozoic stromatolites: the first marine evolutionary biota".
2233:
Sheehan, P.M.; Harris, M.T. (2004). "Microbialite resurgence after the Late Ordovician extinction".
4649:
4521:
4508:
2176:"Insights into foraminiferal influences on microfabrics of microbialites at Highborne Cay, Bahamas"
3331:
2822:
Braithwaite, C. & Zedef V (November 1996). "Living hydromagnesite stromatolites from Turkey".
1967:
717:
4927:
4907:
4373:
4093:
3723:
3718:
1306:
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and the Mexican border. Large microbialite towers up to 40 m high were discovered in the largest
651:
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1765:
1402:
5063:
5058:
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4789:
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Kaźmierczak, J.; Kempe, S.; Kremer, B.; López-Garcia, P.; Moreira, D. & Tavera, R. (2011).
2565:
721:
522:
152:
1500:
4982:
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4752:
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939:
545:
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stromatolites contain fossilized microbes, but fossilized microbes are sometimes abundant in
303:(specifically microbial mats), through the action of certain microbial lifeforms, especially
296:
237:
2029:
McMenamin, M. A. S. (1982). "Precambrian conical stromatolites from California and Sonora".
4734:
4534:
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1913:
1738:
1696:
1657:
1609:
1554:
1515:
999:
733:
646:
518:
The connection between grazer and stromatolite abundance is well documented in the younger
394:
248:
1045:
868:
Microbialites have been discovered in an open pit pond at an abandoned asbestos mine near
782:
8:
4977:
4912:
4679:
4668:
4545:
4528:
4209:
4054:
3401:
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1960:
706:
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2707:
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2508:
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2191:
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2065:
1917:
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1700:
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1613:
1558:
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1221:
1003:
601:
4226:
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3134:
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2719:
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2413:
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1936:
1901:
1834:
1807:
1625:
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1434:
1398:
1178:
1022:
985:
807:
213:
2843:
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in texture, having no recognisable microstructure or cellular remains. A minority are
4872:
4867:
4862:
4684:
4603:
4448:
4368:
4293:
4221:
4161:
3852:
3816:
3251:
3233:
3160:
3123:
3062:
2723:
2715:
2532:
2520:
2358:
2258:
2215:
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1971:
1941:
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1438:
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1241:
1194:
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634:
595:
487:
381:
2370:
2226:
1567:
1542:
760:
682:
possesses genes that encode enzymes employed in the repair of UV induced damages in
252:
stromatolites provide important records of some of the most ancient life. As of the
4814:
4794:
4718:
4592:
4539:
4478:
3946:
3821:
3790:
3587:
3365:
3241:
3223:
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3152:
3119:
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1462:
1426:
1394:
1318:
1268:
1233:
1186:
1164:"Two-ton, 500 Million-year-old Fossil Of Stromatolite Discovered In Virginia, U.S."
1017:
1007:
922:
850:
772:
622:
586:
210:
73:
3046:"The Stromatolites of the Cenote Lakes of the Lower South East of South Australia"
2922:
2594:"Hydrochemistry and microbialites of the alkaline caldera Lake Alchichica, Mexico"
2591:
2463:
2389:"What Happened to the Stromatolites, the Most Ancient Visible Lifeforms on Earth?"
4922:
4799:
4625:
4609:
4597:
4413:
4338:
4144:
4046:
4042:
4038:
3915:
3811:
3749:
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3613:
3582:
3228:
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2312:
2110:
1885:
1867:
1750:
1322:
1131:
1050:
1012:
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903:
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553:
552:). They use water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight to create their food. A layer of
433:
330:
4071:
1777:
1190:
1088:
272:
236:(formerly proteobacteria). These microorganisms produce adhesive compounds that
4992:
4723:
4638:
4514:
4065:
3884:
3754:
3649:
3618:
3413:
3389:
3353:
3203:
2739:"Modern stromatolite reefs fringing a brackish coastline, Chetumal Bay, Belize"
1430:
949:
898:
A very rare type of non-lake dwelling stromatolite lives in the Nettle Cave at
835:
737:
410:
366:
233:
221:
48:
3419:
3193:
3030:
2610:
2593:
2354:
2082:
1577:
244:". In turn, these mats build up layer by layer, growing gradually over time.
5047:
5002:
4972:
4857:
4852:
4579:
4556:
4493:
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4458:
3785:
3775:
3744:
3707:
3639:
3608:
3237:
3066:
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1900:
Allwood, Abigail; Grotzinger; Knoll; Burch; Anderson; Coleman; Kanik (2009).
1824:
1245:
1117:
944:
899:
884:
869:
842:
768:
702:
642:
304:
241:
225:
174:
37:
2967:
Modern carbonate microbialites from an asbestos open pit pond, Yukon, Canada
2899:
2516:
2200:
1926:
792:
A 1.5 km stretch of reef-forming stromatolites (primarily of the genus
447:
Fossilized stromatolites (Pika Formation, middle Cambrian) near Helen Lake,
285:
55:
4892:
4819:
4774:
4746:
4643:
4619:
4468:
4393:
4363:
4358:
4348:
4274:
4269:
4076:
4007:
3857:
3780:
3255:
3164:
3127:
2524:
2384:
2362:
2262:
2219:
2118:
1945:
1843:
1474:
1031:
799:
786:
778:
764:
567:
477:
469:
334:
217:
44:
405:
4962:
4947:
4897:
4762:
4586:
4383:
4378:
4333:
4116:
4002:
3871:
3847:
3692:
3487:
3316:
3281:
964:
858:
675:
667:
638:
610:
591:
498:
494:
483:
473:
429:
316:
308:
3156:
2736:
2434:
2254:
2173:
1708:
443:
4847:
4784:
4713:
4705:
4503:
4498:
4443:
4132:
3997:
3957:
3900:
3800:
3697:
3571:
3471:
2886:
2680:
1543:"Signatures of early microbial life from the Archean (4 to 2.5 Ga) eon"
827:
826:
from sub-lacustrine karst-water. Freshwater stromatolites are found in
691:
541:
519:
362:
27:
Layered sedimentary structure formed by the growth of bacteria or algae
4060:
3408:
3384:
2971:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gbi.2011.9.issue-2/issuetoc
1902:"Controls on development and diversity of Early Archean stromatolites"
1237:
349:, porostromate stromatolites are known only from freshwater settings.
4917:
4902:
4842:
4824:
4804:
4779:
4740:
4728:
4568:
4231:
4216:
4186:
4012:
3962:
3936:
3895:
3842:
3687:
3663:
3544:
3534:
3523:
2800:
2561:"Deep within an inhospitable desert, a window to first life on Earth"
1621:
1527:
892:
831:
819:
811:
794:
729:
663:
656:
630:
558:
491:
398:
338:
202:
185:
165:
2878:
2672:
1669:
853:. Pavilion Lake has the largest known freshwater stromatolites, and
4967:
4673:
4632:
4614:
4388:
4325:
4316:
3972:
3967:
3931:
3831:
3764:
3733:
3628:
3597:
3558:
3508:
3482:
3458:
3348:
1996:"Patterns in Palaeontology: The first 3 billion years of evolution"
1501:"The rise and fall of stromatolites in shallow marine environments"
990:
815:
671:
562:
534:
511:
465:
414:
342:
281:
253:
2693:
1220:
Arenas, Concha; Jones, Brian (October 2017). Hollis, Cathy (ed.).
1185:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 16–24,
841:
Two instances of freshwater stromatolites are found in Canada, at
455:
Stromatolites are a major constituent of the fossil record of the
5027:
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4834:
4573:
4085:
3986:
3926:
3676:
3513:
3497:
1385:
823:
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741:
659:
574:
323:
312:
300:
289:
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Power, I.M., Wilson, S.A., Dipple, G.M., and Southam, G. (2011)
2737:
Rasmussen, K.A.; Macintyre, I.G. & Prufert, L (March 1993).
490:
in silica) include cyanobacteria and possibly some forms of the
425:
4689:
4660:
4022:
3905:
3539:
3372:
2041:
1499:
Peters, Shanan E.; Husson, Jon M.; Wilcots, Julia (June 2017).
1304:
1078:
918:
803:
725:
606:
346:
3016:
2133:
1766:"Spongiostromate vs. Porostromate Stromatolites and Oncolites"
1261:"Chapter 5.1 The Origin and Development of Cryptalgal Fabrics"
983:
909:
Stromatolites composed of calcite have been found in both the
276:
Fossilized stromatolites, about 425 million years old, in the
1966:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. 1999. pp.
1110:
1102:
873:
749:
502:
178:
40:
2155:. Vol. 8. The Paleontological Society. pp. 289–317
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4285:
2940:
2766:
10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0199:MSRFAB>2.3.CO;2
2031:
Bulletin of the Southern California Paleontological Society
1899:
854:
130:
109:
100:
85:
1805:
1683:
Perri, E.; Tucker, M. E.; Mawson, M. (25 September 2013).
3097:
2232:
1962:
Cradle of life: the discovery of earth's earliest fossils
888:
683:
94:
1728:
1381:"The term stromatolite: towards an essential definition"
472:
were responsible for the decline, favoring formation of
3179:
2989:
2856:
2626:"217-Stromatolites-Lee-Stocking-Exumas-Bahamas Bahamas"
2821:
1374:
1372:
1176:
716:
Inland stromatolites can be found in saline waters in
3337:
2494:
2478:"Oldest evidence of life on Earth found in Australia"
139:
121:
115:
103:
76:
127:
124:
112:
106:
97:
82:
79:
2028:
1498:
1369:
732:, forming near the shore line, dated back to 1,100
91:
88:
1959:
525:; stromatolite abundance also increased after the
1731:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1682:
1599:
5045:
3298:"Research Initiatives in Bahamian Stromatolites"
3054:Helictite, Journal of Australasian Cave Research
2650:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1361:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
240:sand and other rocky materials to form mineral "
3449:
2180:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1906:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1860:, Vol. 49 (1979) No. 2. (June), Pages 387–400,
2937:"NASA Help NASA Find Life on Mars With MAPPER"
2340:
2047:
1895:
1893:
1415:
4301:
4101:
3435:
3100:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
2088:
1794:
1451:
1343:. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018
977:
666:where it is exposed to extreme conditions of
2687:
2544:
2542:
2139:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1267:, vol. 20, Elsevier, pp. 193–249,
834:and the stromatolite structures are made of
720:, a unique ecosystem in the Mexican desert.
3334:, a teaching set from Ohio State University
2552:
1890:
1219:
830:in southern Turkey. The waters are rich in
785:has an extensive formation of living giant
4308:
4294:
4108:
4094:
3442:
3428:
2343:Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology
2283:
2277:
2147:. In Kowalewski, M.; Kelley, P.H. (eds.).
2142:"Origins and early evolution of predation"
1764:Monty, C. L. (1981). Monty, Claude (ed.).
1494:
1492:
247:This process generates the characteristic
3245:
3227:
2609:
2539:
2377:
2209:
2199:
2073:
1935:
1925:
1833:
1823:
1636:
1576:
1566:
1021:
1011:
960:Microbially induced sedimentary structure
621:Modern stromatolites are mostly found in
3043:
2488:
878:
818:in eastern Turkey. They are composed of
759:
600:
585:
486:stromatolite microfossils (preserved by
442:
424:
404:
271:
263:
54:
31:
1993:
1489:
883:'Crayback' stromatolite – Nettle Cave,
755:
605:Stromatolites at Highborne Cay, in the
476:over stromatolites through microscopic
14:
5046:
2947:from the original on 30 September 2011
2558:
1989:
1987:
1378:
1143:
570:are part of the biological community.
4289:
4089:
3423:
2573:from the original on 30 December 2023
2383:
1772:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer: 1–4.
1763:
1540:
1300:
1298:
1258:
3076:from the original on 5 February 2014
1872:
1850:
1150:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
699:Pampa del Tamarugal National Reserve
662:, occurs in living stromatolites in
581:
4172:Formamide-based prebiotic chemistry
4041:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
2048:McNamara, K.J. (20 December 1996).
1984:
1144:Winner, Cherie (15 November 2013).
927:Lower South-East of South Australia
616:
505:of stromatolite very common in the
192: 'layer, stratum' and
24:
4115:
4045:= megaannum (millions years ago);
3091:
2559:Strain, Daniel (6 December 2023).
2322:from the original on 26 April 2012
2153:The Paleontological Society Papers
1399:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1999.tb00550.x
1295:
627:Hamelin Pool Marine Nature Reserve
25:
5080:
4177:Alternative abiogenesis scenarios
4049:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
3270:
2444:from the original on 7 March 2016
2010:from the original on 26 June 2015
806:, just south of the mouth of the
649:from stromatolites in Shark Bay.
531:Permian–Triassic extinction event
4412:
4070:
4059:
3407:
3395:
3383:
3371:
3359:
3347:
2716:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2007.00946.x
1858:Journal of Sedimentary Petrology
1467:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2007.00116.x
1146:"What Doomed the Stromatolites?"
432:fossilized stromatolites in the
409:Fossilized stromatolites in the
387:
370:sources to support the colony.
72:
3037:
3010:
2983:
2959:
2929:
2893:
2850:
2815:
2772:
2730:
2644:
2618:
2585:
2470:
2456:
2407:
2334:
2022:
1952:
1757:
1722:
1689:Journal of Sedimentary Research
1676:
1593:
1568:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103296
1534:
1445:
1409:
1329:
527:Late Ordovician mass extinction
417:) exposed at Lester Park, near
4253:Last universal common ancestor
3120:10.1146/annurev.earth.27.1.313
2992:"Nettle Cave Self-guided tour"
2149:The fossil record of predation
2075:10.1126/science.274.5295.1993f
2050:"Dating the Origin of Animals"
1341:Indiana University Bloomington
1252:
1213:
1170:
1156:
1137:
1095:
1066:
1051:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1038:
863:Pavilion Lake Research Project
13:
1:
4344:High lipid content microalgae
3488:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
2990:Jenolan Caves Reserve Trust.
2923:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.03.016
2844:10.1016/S0037-0738(96)00073-5
2464:"Stromatolite | geology"
1541:Lepot, Kevin (October 2020).
1273:10.1016/s0070-4571(08)71137-3
1265:Developments in Sedimentology
971:
822:and grow by precipitation of
462:Cambrian substrate revolution
311:but are rare today. Very few
259:
220:) that are created mainly by
4315:
3229:10.1371/journal.pone.0053497
2313:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.12.015
2111:10.1126/science.174.4011.825
1994:Garwood, Russell J. (2012).
1751:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.09.030
1323:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2013.11.003
1179:"On Stromatolite Lamination"
1013:10.1371/journal.pone.0147629
861:research there, called the "
352:
7:
4943:Fish diseases and parasites
4454:Photosynthetic picoplankton
3451:Geological history of Earth
1778:10.1007/978-3-642-67913-1_1
1191:10.1007/978-3-662-04036-2_3
932:
637:. In 2010, a fifth type of
36:Fossilized stromatolite in
10:
5085:
4933:Dimethylsulfoniopropionate
4434:Heterotrophic picoplankton
3724:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
3719:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
3483:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
3332:Stromatolite photo gallery
3313:"Laguna Bacalar Institute"
1431:10.1007/s10347-021-00633-0
1111:
1103:
688:nucleotide excision repair
209: 'rock') are layered
195:
179:
158:
4988:Marine primary production
4885:
4833:
4770:
4761:
4704:
4659:
4564:
4555:
4477:
4421:
4410:
4323:
4262:
4248:Earliest known life forms
4240:
4185:
4154:
4123:
4036:
4021:
4008:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
3985:
3945:
3914:
3883:
3870:
3858:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
3830:
3799:
3763:
3732:
3706:
3675:
3662:
3627:
3596:
3570:
3557:
3522:
3496:
3470:
3457:
3278:"Stromatolites – Pilbara"
3194:10.1080/08912969909386584
3044:Thurgate, Mia E. (1996).
3031:10.1080/01490458909377870
2611:10.1007/s10347-010-0255-8
2395:. Smithsonian Institution
2355:10.1080/10826060008544971
2284:Riding, R. (March 2006).
1812:Frontiers in Microbiology
1770:Phanerozoic Stromatolites
299:of sedimentary grains in
256:, living forms are rare.
230:sulfate-reducing bacteria
4908:Algal nutrient solutions
4650:Thalassiosira pseudonana
4522:Flavobacterium columnare
4509:Enteric redmouth disease
4003:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
3848:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
3693:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
3545:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
3535:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
2976:11 February 2012 at the
1825:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00930
1461:(1): 070816220552001––.
913:in the dormant volcano,
697:Other locations include
546:evolutionary development
59:Modern stromatolites in
4928:Diel vertical migration
4444:Microphyte (microalgae)
4429:Eukaryotic picoplankton
4374:Paradox of the plankton
3998:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
3963:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
3958:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
3901:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
3791:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
3698:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
3509:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
3019:Geomicrobiology Journal
2980:Geobiology. 9: 180–195.
2517:10.1126/science.1191127
2201:10.1073/pnas.1221721110
1927:10.1073/pnas.0903323106
1884:28 October 2014 at the
1866:28 October 2014 at the
1127:A Greek–English Lexicon
1085:Oxford University Press
955:Laguna Negra, Catamarca
652:Halococcus hamelinensis
550:Great Oxygenation Event
329:Most stromatolites are
224:microorganisms such as
4790:Gelatinous zooplankton
4167:Miller–Urey experiment
4139:Spontaneous generation
3968:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
3937:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
3896:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
3843:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
3688:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
3514:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
2566:University of Colorado
1259:Monty, C.L.V. (1976),
895:
775:
613:
598:
523:evolutionary radiation
452:
440:
422:
365:, and increased their
292:
269:
64:
52:
4983:Marine microorganisms
4753:Velvet (fish disease)
4488:Aeromonas salmonicida
4354:Marine microorganisms
3973:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
3932:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
3853:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
3540:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
2140:Bengtson, S. (2002).
1547:Earth-Science Reviews
1118:Liddell, Henry George
1081:UK English Dictionary
940:Banded iron formation
882:
781:in Mexico's southern
763:
752:Cays in the Bahamas.
718:Cuatro Ciénegas Basin
604:
589:
446:
438:Glacier National Park
428:
408:
275:
267:
58:
45:3.4 billion years old
35:
4735:Pfiesteria piscicida
4535:Marine bacteriophage
4439:Marine microplankton
4013:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
3906:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
3786:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
3776:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
3378:Evolutionary biology
2998:on 10 September 2011
2393:Smithsonian Magazine
2037:(9&10): 103–105.
2000:Palaeontology Online
921:lakes including the
756:Freshwater locations
734:years before present
686:by the processes of
645:, was discovered by
378:Lichen stromatolites
4978:Ocean acidification
4913:Artificial seawater
4680:Coscinodiscophyceae
4546:Streptococcus iniae
4529:Pelagibacter ubique
4210:Primordial sandwich
4155:Prebiotic synthesis
4125:History of research
4068: •
4057: •
4055:Geologic time scale
3817:Middle (458–470 Ma)
3781:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
3750:Middle (383–393 Ma)
3645:Middle (237–247 Ma)
3614:Middle (164–174 Ma)
3220:2013PLoSO...853497F
3157:10.1038/nature04764
3149:2006Natur.441..714A
3112:1999AREPS..27..313G
2915:2010ChGeo.274...56B
2871:1997Palai..12..213F
2836:1996SedG..106..309B
2824:Sedimentary Geology
2793:1991Natur.349..605K
2758:1993Geo....21..199R
2708:2008Sedim..55.1293G
2665:1998Palai..13..201F
2509:2010Sci...329.1318C
2503:(5997): 1318–1319.
2435:10.1306/06160505005
2305:2006SedG..185..229R
2293:Sedimentary Geology
2255:10.1038/nature02654
2247:2004Natur.430...75S
2192:2013PNAS..110.9830B
2103:1971Sci...174..825A
2066:1996Sci...274.1993M
2060:(5295): 1993–1997.
1918:2009PNAS..106.9548A
1743:2015PPP...440..696M
1709:10.2110/jsr.2013.65
1701:2013JSedR..83..896P
1662:2008NatGe...1..118L
1614:1996Natur.383..423G
1559:2020ESRv..20903296L
1520:2017Geo....45..487P
1379:Riding, R. (2007).
1311:Sedimentary Geology
1183:Microbial Sediments
1004:2016PLoSO..1147629D
917:and at least eight
707:Rio Grande do Norte
457:first forms of life
449:Banff National Park
280:(Paadla Formation,
63:, Western Australia
51:, Western Australia
4241:Earliest organisms
4227:Quasispecies model
4195:GADV-protein world
4066:Geology portal
3927:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
3822:Early (470–485 Ma)
3755:Early (393–419 Ma)
3650:Early (247–252 Ma)
3619:Early (174–201 Ma)
3588:Early (100–145 Ma)
3583:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
3319:on 12 January 2012
3284:on 24 January 2012
3182:Historical Biology
2482:The Economic Times
1578:20.500.12210/62415
896:
776:
614:
599:
453:
441:
423:
382:endolithic lichens
293:
270:
65:
53:
5069:Sedimentary rocks
5041:
5040:
4881:
4880:
4868:Siphonostomatoida
4863:Poecilostomatoida
4815:Crustacean larvae
4719:Choanoflagellates
4700:
4699:
4690:Bacillariophyceae
4685:Fragilariophyceae
4604:Emiliania huxleyi
4449:Nanophytoplankton
4369:Milky seas effect
4283:
4282:
4222:Peptide-RNA world
4205:Iron–sulfur world
4162:Pseudo-panspermia
4083:
4082:
3981:
3980:
3947:Paleoproterozoic
3866:
3865:
3812:Late (444–458 Ma)
3745:Late (359–383 Ma)
3658:
3657:
3640:Late (201–237 Ma)
3609:Late (145–164 Ma)
3553:
3552:
3474:(present–2.58 Ma)
3462:(present–66.0 Ma)
2787:(6310): 605–608.
2429:(10): 1293–1318.
2186:(24): 9830–9834.
2097:(4011): 825–827.
1977:978-0-691-08864-8
1912:(24): 9548–9555.
1787:978-3-642-67913-1
1650:Nature Geoscience
1608:(6599): 423–425.
1282:978-0-444-41376-5
1238:10.1111/sed.12365
1200:978-3-642-08275-7
1054:. Merriam-Webster
783:Yucatán Peninsula
779:Laguna de Bacalar
692:photoreactivation
635:Western Australia
623:hypersaline lakes
596:Western Australia
590:Stromatolites at
582:Modern occurrence
488:permineralization
177:
16:(Redirected from
5076:
4795:Hunting copepods
4768:
4767:
4593:Chaetocerotaceae
4562:
4561:
4479:Bacterioplankton
4416:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4287:
4286:
4141:(4th century BC)
4135:(5th century BC)
4110:
4103:
4096:
4087:
4086:
4077:World portal
4075:
4074:
4064:
4063:
4026:
3990:
3950:
3919:
3916:Mesoproterozoic
3888:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3835:
3804:
3768:
3737:
3711:
3680:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3632:
3601:
3575:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3527:
3501:
3475:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3412:
3411:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3388:
3387:
3376:
3375:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3352:
3351:
3343:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3315:. Archived from
3308:
3306:
3304:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3280:. Archived from
3266:
3264:
3262:
3249:
3231:
3197:
3176:
3131:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3075:
3050:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2994:. Archived from
2987:
2981:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2903:Chemical Geology
2897:
2891:
2890:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2801:10.1038/349605a0
2776:
2770:
2769:
2743:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2702:(5): 1293–1309.
2691:
2685:
2684:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2632:on 26 March 2010
2628:. Archived from
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2556:
2550:
2546:
2537:
2536:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2420:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2290:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2213:
2203:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2146:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1965:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1897:
1888:
1876:
1870:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1827:
1803:
1792:
1791:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1645:
1634:
1633:
1622:10.1038/383423a0
1597:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1570:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1528:10.1130/G38931.1
1505:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1401:. Archived from
1376:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1232:(6): 1597–1629.
1217:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1141:
1135:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1091:on 17 June 2020.
1087:. Archived from
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1015:
981:
923:Little Blue Lake
851:British Columbia
773:British Columbia
617:Saline locations
419:Saratoga Springs
282:Ludlow, Silurian
206:
199:
189:
182:
181:
173:
169:
162:
143:
137:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
21:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5037:
4968:Marine mucilage
4923:Biological pump
4877:
4829:
4800:Ichthyoplankton
4757:
4724:Dinoflagellates
4696:
4655:
4626:Nannochloropsis
4610:Eustigmatophyte
4598:Coccolithophore
4551:
4473:
4417:
4408:
4339:CLAW hypothesis
4319:
4314:
4284:
4279:
4258:
4236:
4200:Clay hypothesis
4181:
4150:
4145:Primordial soup
4119:
4114:
4084:
4079:
4069:
4058:
4050:
4032:
4024:
4017:
3988:
3977:
3948:
3941:
3917:
3910:
3886:
3885:Neoproterozoic
3875:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
3874:
3873:
3872:Proterozoic Eon
3862:
3833:
3826:
3802:
3795:
3766:
3759:
3735:
3728:
3709:
3702:
3678:
3666:
3665:
3654:
3630:
3623:
3599:
3592:
3573:
3561:
3560:
3549:
3525:
3518:
3499:
3492:
3473:
3461:
3460:
3453:
3448:
3418:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3382:
3370:
3360:
3358:
3346:
3338:
3322:
3320:
3311:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3287:
3285:
3276:
3273:
3260:
3258:
3143:(7094): 714–8.
3094:
3092:Further reading
3089:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2988:
2984:
2978:Wayback Machine
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2898:
2894:
2879:10.2307/3515423
2855:
2851:
2820:
2816:
2777:
2773:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2692:
2688:
2673:10.2307/3515490
2649:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2540:
2493:
2489:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2387:(30 May 2013).
2382:
2378:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2299:(3–4): 229–38.
2288:
2282:
2278:
2241:(6995): 75–78.
2231:
2227:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2087:
2083:
2046:
2042:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1898:
1891:
1886:Wayback Machine
1877:
1873:
1868:Wayback Machine
1855:
1851:
1804:
1795:
1788:
1762:
1758:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1695:(10): 896–914.
1681:
1677:
1670:10.1038/ngeo107
1646:
1637:
1598:
1594:
1539:
1535:
1503:
1497:
1490:
1450:
1446:
1414:
1410:
1377:
1370:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1337:"Stromatolites"
1335:
1334:
1330:
1303:
1296:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1257:
1253:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1175:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1142:
1138:
1132:Perseus Project
1100:
1096:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1044:
1043:
1039:
998:(1): e0147629.
982:
978:
974:
969:
935:
758:
722:Alchichica Lake
711:Puna de Atacama
619:
584:
554:polysaccharides
507:geologic record
434:Siyeh Formation
390:
355:
331:spongiostromate
319:stromatolites.
262:
144:-ə-lytes, strə-
141:
120:
75:
71:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5082:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4993:Pseudoplankton
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4889:
4887:
4886:Related topics
4883:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4839:
4837:
4835:Copepod orders
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4743:
4738:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4710:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4646:
4641:
4639:Prasinophyceae
4636:
4629:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4515:Flavobacterium
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4483:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4321:
4320:
4313:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4290:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4202:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4147:(19th century)
4142:
4136:
4129:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4117:Origin of life
4113:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4090:
4081:
4080:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3994:
3992:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3878:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3708:Carboniferous
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3670:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3565:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3526:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3500:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3465:
3455:
3454:
3447:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3424:
3417:
3416:
3404:
3392:
3380:
3368:
3356:
3336:
3335:
3329:
3309:
3294:
3272:
3271:External links
3269:
3268:
3267:
3198:
3188:(4): 241–253.
3177:
3132:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3036:
3025:(4): 245–252.
3009:
2982:
2958:
2928:
2909:(1–2): 56–67.
2892:
2865:(3): 213–219.
2849:
2814:
2771:
2752:(3): 199–202.
2729:
2686:
2659:(2): 201–212.
2643:
2617:
2584:
2551:
2538:
2487:
2469:
2455:
2406:
2376:
2349:(4): 321–330.
2333:
2276:
2225:
2166:
2132:
2081:
2040:
2021:
1983:
1976:
1951:
1889:
1871:
1849:
1793:
1786:
1756:
1721:
1675:
1635:
1592:
1533:
1514:(6): 487–490.
1488:
1444:
1408:
1405:on 2 May 2015.
1368:
1328:
1294:
1281:
1251:
1212:
1199:
1169:
1155:
1136:
1094:
1074:"stromatolite"
1065:
1046:"stromatolite"
1037:
975:
973:
970:
968:
967:
962:
957:
952:
950:Gunflint Range
947:
942:
936:
934:
931:
857:has conducted
836:hydromagnesite
757:
754:
738:hydromagnesite
713:of the Andes.
680:H. hamelinesis
618:
615:
583:
580:
411:Hoyt Limestone
389:
386:
367:photosynthetic
354:
351:
278:Soeginina Beds
261:
258:
242:microbial mats
234:Pseudomonadota
222:photosynthetic
49:Pilbara Craton
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5081:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5064:Cyanobacteria
5062:
5060:
5059:Trace fossils
5057:
5055:
5054:Stromatolites
5052:
5051:
5049:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5003:Tychoplankton
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4973:Microbial mat
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4858:Monstrilloida
4856:
4854:
4853:Harpacticoida
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4810:Marine larvae
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4661:Diatom orders
4658:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4580:Bacteriastrum
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:Phytoplankton
4554:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4494:Cyanobacteria
4492:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4464:Picoeukaryote
4462:
4460:
4459:Picobiliphyte
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4311:
4306:
4304:
4299:
4297:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4099:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3984:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
3882:
3879:
3877:
3869:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3664:Paleozoic Era
3661:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:(66.0–145 Ma)
3569:
3566:
3564:
3562:(66.0–252 Ma)
3556:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3440:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3333:
3330:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3299:
3295:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3047:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2696:Sedimentology
2690:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2465:
2459:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2423:AAPG Bulletin
2417:
2410:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2385:Nuwer, Rachel
2380:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1894:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1853:
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1821:
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1809:
1802:
1800:
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1760:
1752:
1748:
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1725:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1656:(2): 118–21.
1655:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
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1448:
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1432:
1428:
1424:
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1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:(4): 321–30.
1392:
1388:
1387:
1382:
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1373:
1364:
1358:
1342:
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1332:
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1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:Sedimentology
1223:
1216:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1122:Scott, Robert
1119:
1115:
1107:
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1090:
1086:
1082:
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1052:
1047:
1041:
1033:
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1024:
1019:
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1009:
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1001:
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993:
992:
987:
980:
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961:
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945:Cotham Marble
943:
941:
938:
937:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
915:Mount Gambier
912:
907:
905:
901:
900:Jenolan Caves
894:
890:
886:
885:Jenolan Caves
881:
877:
875:
871:
870:Clinton Creek
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
843:Pavilion Lake
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:
790:
788:
787:microbialites
784:
780:
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770:
769:Pavilion Lake
766:
762:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
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714:
712:
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704:
703:Lagoa Salgada
700:
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693:
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673:
669:
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658:
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643:chlorophyll f
640:
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612:
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569:
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458:
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396:
388:Fossil record
385:
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371:
368:
364:
360:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:cyanobacteria
302:
298:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
266:
257:
255:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:cyanobacteria
223:
219:
215:
212:
208:
205:
198:
194:
191:
188:
176:
171:
168:
161:
157:
154:
153:Ancient Greek
150:
149:stromatoliths
146:
145:
135:
69:
68:Stromatolites
62:
57:
50:
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42:
39:
38:Strelley Pool
34:
30:
19:
18:Stromatolites
4998:Stromatolite
4997:
4893:Aeroplankton
4820:Salmon louse
4775:Chaetognatha
4747:Symbiodinium
4745:
4733:
4648:
4644:Raphidophyte
4631:
4624:
4620:Stramenopile
4602:
4585:
4578:
4544:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4486:
4469:Picoplankton
4394:Spring bloom
4364:Mycoplankton
4359:Meroplankton
4349:Holoplankton
4275:Paleobiology
4270:Astrobiology
4051:
3987:Archean Eon
3949:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
3834:(485–539 Ma)
3803:(444–485 Ma)
3767:(419–444 Ma)
3736:(359–419 Ma)
3710:(299–359 Ma)
3679:(252–299 Ma)
3667:(252–539 Ma)
3631:(201–252 Ma)
3600:(145–201 Ma)
3559:Mesozoic Era
3459:Cenozoic Era
3402:Paleontology
3321:. Retrieved
3317:the original
3301:. Retrieved
3286:. Retrieved
3282:the original
3259:. Retrieved
3211:
3207:
3185:
3181:
3140:
3136:
3103:
3099:
3078:. Retrieved
3058:
3052:
3039:
3022:
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3012:
3000:. Retrieved
2996:the original
2985:
2966:
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2931:
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2902:
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2862:
2858:
2852:
2830:(3–4): 309.
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2784:
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2749:
2745:
2732:
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2689:
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2652:
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2630:the original
2620:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2575:. Retrieved
2564:
2554:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2458:
2446:. Retrieved
2426:
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2397:. Retrieved
2392:
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2336:
2324:. Retrieved
2296:
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2238:
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2169:
2157:. Retrieved
2152:
2148:
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2094:
2090:
2084:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2012:. Retrieved
2006:(11): 1–14.
2003:
1999:
1961:
1954:
1909:
1905:
1874:
1852:
1815:
1811:
1769:
1759:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1692:
1688:
1678:
1653:
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1605:
1601:
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1550:
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1422:
1418:
1411:
1403:the original
1390:
1384:
1345:. Retrieved
1331:
1314:
1310:
1286:, retrieved
1264:
1254:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1204:, retrieved
1182:
1172:
1166:8 July 2008.
1158:
1139:
1125:
1097:
1089:the original
1077:
1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1049:
1040:
995:
989:
979:
908:
897:
867:
840:
800:Chetumal Bay
798:) occurs in
793:
791:
777:
765:Microbialite
715:
696:
679:
650:
620:
572:
568:foraminifera
539:
517:
510:
495:chlorophytes
482:
478:bioturbation
474:thrombolites
470:foraminifera
454:
391:
376:
372:
358:
356:
345:. Since the
335:porostromate
328:
321:
294:
246:
218:microbialite
203:
200:
193:
186:
183:
166:
163:
156:
148:
67:
66:
29:
4963:Manta trawl
4948:Heterotroph
4898:Algaculture
4763:Zooplankton
4706:Flagellates
4587:Chaetoceros
4540:SAR11 clade
4399:Thin layers
4384:Planktology
4379:Planktivore
4334:Algal bloom
4023:Hadean Eon
3801:Ordovician
3572:Cretaceous
3472:Quaternary
3323:10 December
3303:10 December
3288:10 December
2951:10 December
2604:: 543–570.
2577:30 December
2159:29 December
1737:: 696–711.
965:Ojos de Mar
859:xenobiology
676:desiccation
670:radiation,
639:chlorophyll
611:The Bahamas
592:Lake Thetis
542:prokaryotic
499:green algae
484:Proterozoic
430:Precambrian
317:Proterozoic
309:Precambrian
297:cementation
211:sedimentary
5048:Categories
4958:Macroalgae
4918:Autotrophs
4848:Cyclopoida
4785:Ctenophora
4714:Brevetoxin
4504:Cyanotoxin
4499:Cyanobiont
4187:Protocells
4133:Panspermia
4025:(4–4.6 Ga)
3989:(2.5–4 Ga)
3918:(1–1.6 Ga)
3524:Paleogene
3106:: 313–58.
2636:8 December
2448:9 December
2326:9 December
1553:: 103296.
1455:Geobiology
1288:9 February
1206:9 February
1058:21 January
972:References
847:Kelly Lake
828:Lake Salda
767:towers at
701:in Chile;
657:halophilic
520:Ordovician
497:(that is,
421:, New York
395:deposition
363:phototaxis
339:Palaeozoic
286:Kübassaare
260:Morphology
249:lamination
214:formations
151:(from
4903:Algal mat
4843:Calanoida
4825:Sea louse
4805:Jellyfish
4780:Ciguatera
4741:Saxitoxin
4729:Flagellum
4678:Classes:
4669:Centrales
4569:Auxospore
4232:RNA world
4217:PAH world
4052:See also:
3832:Cambrian
3765:Silurian
3734:Devonian
3629:Triassic
3598:Jurassic
3366:Chemistry
3238:1932-6203
3214:(1): 15.
3067:0017-9973
3061:(1): 17.
2724:129828647
2533:206527174
1714:8 January
1587:225413847
1439:235638690
1425:(3): 25.
1317:: 11–27.
1246:0037-0746
911:Blue Lake
893:Australia
832:magnesium
820:aragonite
814:on Earth
812:soda lake
808:Rio Hondo
795:Scytonema
730:aragonite
664:Shark Bay
641:, namely
631:Shark Bay
563:oncolites
559:limestone
492:eukaryote
399:aragonite
353:Formation
187:strṓmatos
180:στρώματος
61:Shark Bay
4674:Pennales
4633:Navicula
4615:Frustule
4389:Red tide
4326:plankton
4317:Plankton
4263:Research
3677:Permian
3498:Neogene
3261:14 April
3256:23308236
3208:PLOS ONE
3165:16760969
3128:11543060
3080:14 March
3071:Archived
2974:Archived
2945:Archived
2571:Archived
2549:21074452
2525:20724585
2439:Archived
2399:18 April
2371:37979265
2363:11065277
2317:Archived
2263:15229600
2220:23716649
2119:17759393
2008:Archived
1946:19515817
1882:Archived
1864:Archived
1844:26441867
1475:18380884
1357:cite web
1032:26807732
991:PLOS One
933:See also
816:Lake Van
672:salinity
660:archaeon
647:Min Chen
535:metazoan
512:Collenia
468:such as
466:protozoa
451:, Canada
415:Cambrian
343:Mesozoic
301:biofilms
254:Holocene
43:, about
5028:MOCNESS
4938:f-ratio
4873:More...
4574:Axodine
4422:By size
4404:More...
3414:Science
3390:Geology
3354:Biology
3340:Portals
3247:3538587
3216:Bibcode
3173:4417746
3145:Bibcode
3108:Bibcode
2911:Bibcode
2887:3515423
2867:Bibcode
2859:PALAIOS
2832:Bibcode
2809:4240438
2789:Bibcode
2754:Bibcode
2746:Geology
2704:Bibcode
2681:3515490
2661:Bibcode
2653:PALAIOS
2505:Bibcode
2497:Science
2301:Bibcode
2271:4423149
2243:Bibcode
2211:3683713
2188:Bibcode
2127:2302113
2099:Bibcode
2091:Science
2062:Bibcode
2054:Science
2014:25 June
1937:2700989
1914:Bibcode
1835:4561352
1818:: 930.
1739:Bibcode
1697:Bibcode
1658:Bibcode
1630:4325802
1610:Bibcode
1555:Bibcode
1516:Bibcode
1508:Geology
1483:5495943
1386:Lethaia
1130:at the
1023:4726515
1000:Bibcode
925:in the
824:calcite
746:calcite
742:huntite
575:Namibia
501:). One
324:abiotic
313:Archean
290:Estonia
284:) near
47:, from
5023:AusCPR
5013:C-MORE
4324:About
4255:(LUCA)
4031:
3254:
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3163:
3137:Nature
3126:
3065:
3002:22 May
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2807:
2781:Nature
2722:
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2598:Facies
2531:
2523:
2369:
2361:
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2235:Nature
2218:
2208:
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1944:
1934:
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1602:Nature
1585:
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1419:Facies
1347:14 May
1279:
1244:
1197:
1104:στρῶμα
1079:Lexico
1030:
1020:
919:cenote
804:Belize
726:Puebla
607:Exumas
540:While
359:et al.
347:Eocene
238:cement
232:, and
204:líthos
167:strôma
160:στρῶμα
140:stroh-
3169:S2CID
3074:(PDF)
3049:(PDF)
2883:JSTOR
2805:S2CID
2742:(PDF)
2720:S2CID
2677:JSTOR
2529:S2CID
2442:(PDF)
2419:(PDF)
2367:S2CID
2320:(PDF)
2289:(PDF)
2267:S2CID
2145:(PDF)
2123:S2CID
1970:–89.
1626:S2CID
1583:S2CID
1504:(PDF)
1479:S2CID
1435:S2CID
1112:λίθος
874:Yukon
750:Exuma
503:genus
197:λίθος
155:
147:) or
41:chert
5033:SCAR
5008:Zoid
4953:HNLC
3325:2011
3305:2011
3290:2011
3263:2014
3252:PMID
3234:ISSN
3161:PMID
3124:PMID
3082:2014
3063:ISSN
3004:2011
2953:2011
2941:NASA
2638:2011
2579:2023
2521:PMID
2450:2011
2401:2020
2359:PMID
2328:2011
2259:PMID
2216:PMID
2161:2014
2115:PMID
2016:2015
1972:ISBN
1942:PMID
1840:PMID
1782:ISBN
1716:2022
1471:PMID
1363:link
1349:2018
1290:2024
1277:ISBN
1242:ISSN
1208:2024
1195:ISBN
1060:2016
1028:PMID
855:NASA
845:and
690:and
674:and
655:, a
529:and
341:and
5018:CPR
3242:PMC
3224:doi
3190:doi
3153:doi
3141:441
3116:doi
3027:doi
2919:doi
2907:274
2875:doi
2840:doi
2828:106
2797:doi
2785:349
2762:doi
2712:doi
2669:doi
2606:doi
2513:doi
2501:329
2431:doi
2351:doi
2309:doi
2297:185
2251:doi
2239:430
2206:PMC
2196:doi
2184:110
2107:doi
2095:174
2070:doi
2058:274
1932:PMC
1922:doi
1910:106
1830:PMC
1820:doi
1774:doi
1747:doi
1735:440
1705:doi
1666:doi
1618:doi
1606:383
1573:hdl
1563:doi
1551:209
1524:doi
1463:doi
1427:doi
1395:doi
1319:doi
1315:300
1269:doi
1234:doi
1187:doi
1018:PMC
1008:doi
904:NSW
889:NSW
849:in
802:in
724:in
684:DNA
633:in
509:is
175:GEN
142:MAT
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