Strategic Defense Initiative

1704: 1007:), the available data indicated that the interceptor had been successfully guided by its onboard infrared sensors in the collision, and not by an onboard radar guidance system as alleged. Per the GAO report, the net effect of the DOD enhancements increased the infrared signature of the target vessel by 110% over the realistic missile signature initially proposed for the HOE program, but nonetheless the GAO concluded the enhancements to the target vessel were reasonable given the objectives of the program and the geopolitical consequences of its failure. Further, the report concluded that the DOD's subsequent statements before Congress about the HOE program "fairly characterize" the success of HOE4, but confirmed that the DOD never disclosed to Congress the enhancements made to the target vessel. 2094:, assessed SDI for Congress in 1984, noting difficulties in creating an adequate missile defense shield, with or without lasers. Carter said X-rays had a limited scope because they become diffused by the atmosphere, much like the beam of a flashlight spreading outward in all directions. This means the X-ray sources needed to be close to the Soviet Union, especially during the boost phase, for the Soviet missiles to be both detectable to radar and targeted by the lasers. Opponents disagreed, saying advances in technology, such as using stronger beams, and by "bleaching" the column of air surrounding the laser beam, could increase the distance that the X-ray could travel to successfully hit its target. 1623: 951: 12172: 1068: 11875: 12912: 642:, where he was introduced to the extensive tracking and detection systems extending throughout the world and into space; however, he was struck by their comments that while they could track the attack down to the individual targets, they could not stop it. Reagan felt that in the event of an attack, this would place the president in a terrible position, having to choose between immediate counterattack or absorbing the attack while maintaining offensive dominance. Shultz suggested that this feeling of helplessness, coupled with Teller's defensive ideas combined to motivate SDI. 11839: 14115: 14045: 13394: 1140:), was performed in an underground shaft and resulted in marginally positive readings possibly caused by a faulty detector. Since a nuclear explosion was used as the power source, the detector was destroyed during the experiment, and the results therefore could not be confirmed. Technical criticism based upon unclassified calculations suggested that the X-ray laser would be of at best marginal use. Critics often cite the X-ray laser system as SDI's primary focus, with its apparent failure warranting opposition to the program. 1732: 13057: 11863: 12591: 13631: 14258: 14246: 14234: 13662: 13464: 12184: 12065: 11725: 11969: 12196: 12077: 11737: 508: 14341: 14329: 14281: 14088: 13813: 13801: 13180: 1958: 12682: 12670: 12658: 12646: 12634: 12615: 12603: 1194:. During a simulation, the laser successfully destroyed a Titan missile booster in 1985. However, the test setup had the booster shell pressurized and under considerable compression loads. These test conditions were used to simulate the loads a booster would be under during launch. The system was later tested for the US Navy on target drones simulating cruise missiles, with some success. After SDIO closed, MIRACL was tested on an old Air Force satellite for potential use as an 2137: 11993: 11981: 13337: 12889: 12557: 1856: 14293: 14134: 13045: 13021: 13009: 14009: 13985: 13251: 13080: 12853: 1249: 13777: 12041: 12005: 11887: 13912: 13789: 13192: 13156: 12796: 12731: 12101: 13876: 13650: 13204: 13168: 13133: 12784: 12521: 14076: 12743: 12053: 11945: 13997: 13973: 13888: 13753: 13686: 13674: 13619: 13263: 13239: 13216: 12545: 12490: 2175: 2035: 1765: 1570: 34: 14057: 13375: 13318: 13825: 13741: 13607: 13595: 13583: 13569: 13557: 12719: 11911: 1098: 1232:(NPB) accelerator. The experiment successfully demonstrated that a particle beam would operate and propagate as predicted outside the atmosphere and that no unexpected side-effects emerged when firing the beam in space. After the rocket was recovered, the particle beam was still operational. According to BMDO, the research on neutral particle beam accelerators, originally funded by SDIO, could eventually be used to reduce the 428: 13356: 12533: 12502: 1457: 12161: 11851: 13729: 12125: 12017: 11923: 11899: 11713: 13299: 13287: 13275: 265:, and computer systems needed to control a system consisting of hundreds of combat centers and satellites spanning the globe. The US held a significant advantage in advanced missile defense systems through decades of extensive research and testing. Several concepts, technologies and insights obtained were transferred to subsequent programs. Under SDIO's Innovative Sciences and Technology Office, investment was made in 13950: 12755: 12149: 14021: 13837: 13710: 13698: 12865: 12137: 12029: 11957: 11701: 13765: 14317: 14305: 13938: 13926: 13900: 13121: 13092: 12997: 12985: 12966: 1165: 138: 12707: 1307:

efforts, which were only able to achieve about one shot per month. Hypervelocity railguns are, at least conceptually, an attractive alternative to a space-based defense system because of their envisioned ability to quickly shoot at many targets. Also, since only the projectile leaves the gun, a railgun system can potentially fire many times before needing to be resupplied.

2001:. Some critics used the term derisively, implying it was an impractical science fiction. In addition, the American media's liberal use of the moniker (despite President Reagan's request) did much to damage the program's credibility. In comments to the media on March 7, 1986, SDIO Acting Deputy Director Dr. Gerold Yonas described "Star Wars" as an important tool for Soviet 708: 1350:. To be effective, the fired projectile must first survive the mechanical stress of firing and the thermal effects of a trip through the atmosphere at many times the speed of sound hitting its target. Any on-board guidance would require the onboard navigation system to be built to the same level of sturdiness as the main mass of the projectile. 769:, failed several key tests in 1986 and was targeted to the anti-satellite role. The particle beam concept was demonstrated to basically not work, as was the case with several other concepts. Only the Space-Based Laser seemed to have any hope of developing in the short term, but it was growing in size due to its fuel consumption. 969:(KKV). KKV was equipped with an infrared seeker, guidance electronics and a propulsion system. Once in space, the KKV could extend a folded structure similar to an umbrella skeleton of 13 ft (4 m) diameter to enhance its effective cross section. This device was intended to destroy a ICBM reentry vehicle on collision. 2252:. MAD postulated that neither the U.S. nor the USSR could attack the other without considering the strong probability that both sides would be annihilated. A defensive weapon system that could neutralize much of an adversary's nuclear counter-strike force would potentially embolden the possessor to strike first. 2166:

forbade the US from pre-positioning in Earth orbit any devices powered by nuclear weapons and any devices capable of "mass destruction". A space-stationed nuclear-pumped X-ray laser would have violated this treaty, since other SDI systems did not require the pre-positioning of nuclear explosives in space.

1938:. Soviet motivations behind attempting to launch components of the Skif laser in the form of Polyus were, according to interviews conducted years later, more for propaganda purposes in the prevailing climate of focus on US SDI, than as an effective defense technology, as the phrase "Space based laser" has 1727:

A major objective of that strategy was the political separation of Western Europe from the United States, which the Soviets sought to facilitate by aggravating allied concern over the SDI's potential implications for European security and economic interests. The Soviet predisposition to see deception

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technology was conducted to build an information base about railguns. The SDI railgun investigation, called the Compact High Energy Capacitor Module Advanced Technology Experiment, was able to fire two projectiles per day during the initiative. This represented a significant improvement over previous

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Initially, the program focused on large-scale systems designed to defeat a massive Soviet offensive strike. For this mission, SDIO concentrated almost entirely on "high tech" solutions like lasers. Graham's proposal was repeatedly rejected by members of the Heritage group as well as within SDIO; when

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During this period, the entire topic of BMD became increasingly controversial. Early deployment plans were met with little interest, but by the late 1960s, public meetings on the Sentinel system were met by thousands of angry protesters. After thirty years of effort, only one such system was built; a

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APS Study Group Participants; Bloembergen, N.; Patel, C. K. N.; Avizonis, P.; Clem, R. G.; Hertzberg, A.; Johnson, T. H.; Marshall, T.; Miller, R. B.; Morrow, W. E.; Salpeter, E. E.; Sessler, A. M.; Sullivan, J. D.; Wyant, J. C.; Yariv, A.; Zare, R. N.; Glass, A. J.; Hebel, L. C.; APS Council Review

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in 1986, Reagan addressed Gorbachev's concerns about imbalance by stating that SDI technology could be provided to the entire world – including the Soviet Union – to prevent the imbalance from occurring. Gorbachev answered dismissively. When Reagan proposed technology sharing again, Gorbachev stated

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seated next to a laser that she used to destroy a model of a communication satellite. The demonstration was perhaps the first televised use of a weapons-grade laser. No theatrical effects were used. The model was actually destroyed by the heat from the laser. The model and the laser were realized by

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A sophisticated attacker having the technology to use decoys, shielding, maneuvering warheads, defense suppression, or other countermeasures would have multiplied the difficulty and cost of intercepting the real warheads. SDI design and operational planning had to factor in these countermeasures and

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The Pebbles were designed so that autonomous operation was possible without external guidance from planned SDI sensor systems. This was attractive as a cost saving measure, as it would allow scaling back of those systems, and was estimated to save $ 7 to $ 13 billion versus the standard Phase I

408:, all aimed at developing a system to defend against attacks by Soviet ICBMs. The programs proliferated because of the changing threat; the Soviets claimed to be producing missiles "like sausages", and ever-more missiles would be needed to defend against their fleet. Low-cost countermeasures such as 2132:

resigned from SDIO's Panel on Computing in Support of Battle Management, arguing in eight short papers that the SDI software could never be made trustworthy and that such a system would inevitably be unreliable and menace humanity in its own right. Parnas said he joined the panel with the desire to

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Boost Surveillance and Tracking System (BSTS) was part of SDIO in the late 1980s, and was designed to detect missile launches, especially during the boost phase; however, once the SDI program shifted toward theater missile defense in the early 1990s, the system left SDIO control and was transferred

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claimed “'Star Wars' represents a fundamental assault on the concepts, alliances and arms-control agreements that have buttressed American security for several decades, and the president’s continued adherence to it constitutes one of the most reckless and irresponsible acts in the history of modern

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requires "Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international

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SDI failed to dissuade the USSR from investing in development of ballistic missiles. The Soviet response to SDI from March 1983 through November 1985 provided indications of their view of the program both as a threat and as an opportunity to weaken NATO. SDI was likely seen not only as a threat to

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in 1989. One of the many reports on SDS considered these events and suggested that a massive defense against a Soviet launch would become unnecessary. However, short and medium range missile technology would likely proliferate as the Soviet Union disintegrated and sold off its hardware. One of the

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Faced with this report and accompanying negative press, SDIO changed direction. Beginning in late 1986, Abrahamson proposed that SDI would be based on the system he had previously dismissed, a version of High Frontier now named the "Strategic Defense System, Phase I Architecture". The name implied

2124:

In response, when Teller testified before Congress he stated that "instead of objecting on scientific and technical grounds, which he thoroughly understands, he now objects on the grounds of politics, on grounds of military feasibility of military deployment, on other grounds of difficult issues

1353:

In addition to destroying ballistic missile threats, railguns were also planned for service in space platform (sensor and battle station) defense. This potential role reflected defense planner expectations that future railguns would be capable of rapid fire and on the order of tens to hundreds of

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consisting of metal rods. Many such rods would be placed around a warhead, each aimed at a different ICBM, thus destroying many ICBMs in a single attack. It would cost much less for the US to build another Excalibur than the Soviets would need to build enough new ICBMs to counter it. The idea was

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The report considered all of the systems then under development and concluded none of them were anywhere near ready for deployment. Specifically, they noted that all of the systems had to improve their energy output by at least 100 times, and in some cases by as much as a million. In other cases,

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of 1967 required "States Party to the Treaty undertake not to place in orbit around the Earth any objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction, install such weapons on celestial bodies, or station such weapons in outer space in any other manner." This clause

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On March 23, 1983, Reagan announced SDI in a nationally televised speech, stating "I call upon the scientific community in this country, those who gave us nuclear weapons, to turn their great talents to the cause of mankind and world peace, to give us the means of rendering these nuclear weapons

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In addition, SDI envisioned many space-based systems in fixed orbits, ground-based sensors, command, control and communications facilities, etc. In theory, an advanced opponent could have targeted those, in turn requiring self-defense capability or increased numbers to compensate for attrition.

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After test failures with the first three flight tests because of guidance and sensor problems, the DOD reported that the fourth and final test on June 10, 1984, was successful, intercepting the Minuteman RV with a closing speed of about 3.8 mi/s (6.1 km/s) at an altitude of more than

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in 1991. The system would cut the proposed costs of the SDI system from $ 53 billion to $ 41 billion over a decade. Instead of attempting to protect against thousands of incoming missiles, GPALS sought to provide protection from up to two hundred nuclear missiles. GPALS was tasked to

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Countermeasures have long been a key part of warfighting strategy; however, with SDI they attained a special prominence due to the system cost, scenario of a massive sophisticated attack, strategic consequences of a less-than-perfect defense, basing many proposed weapons systems in space, and

312:

Through declassified intelligence material, the wider implications and effects of the program revealed that due to the potential neutralization of its arsenal and resulting loss of a balancing power factor, SDI was a cause of grave concern for the Soviet Union and its successor state Russia.

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system. The experiment validated stabilization, tracking, and pointing concepts and proved that a laser could be relayed from the ground to a 24 in (60 cm) mirror on an orbiting satellite and back to another ground station with a high degree of accuracy and for extended durations.

3376:"Possible Soviet Responses to the US Strategic Defense Initiative Interagency Intelligence Assessment.1983. "There is good evidence that in the late 1960s the Soviets were giving serious thought to both explosive and nonexplosive nuclear power sources for lasers of an unknown type."" 284:

concluded that the technologies were decades away from readiness, and at least another decade of research was required to know whether such a system was even possible. After the publication of the APS report, SDI's budget was cut. By the late 1980s, the effort had re-focused on the

1346:), and even vaporization of the rail surface. Early prototypes were essentially single-use weapons, requiring complete rail replacement rails after each firing. Another challenge is projectile survivability. The projectiles experience acceleration force in excess of 100,000 1283:(NRL) to explore atmospheric distortion of lasers and real-time adaptive compensation. The LACE satellite included several other experiments to help develop and improve SDI sensors, including target discrimination using background radiation and tracking ballistic missiles using 653:, briefed Reagan on an updated BAMBI he called High Frontier, a missile shield composed of multi-layered ground- and space-based weapons that could track, intercept, and destroy ballistic missiles, theoretically enabled by emerging technologies. It was designed to replace the 858:

would have limited utility, largely because the missiles fired for only a short period and the warheads did not rise high enough for them to be easily tracked by a satellite above them. GPALS thus added a mobile ground-based missile and more low-orbit satellites known as

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We estimate that all existing candidates for directed energy weapons (DEWs) require two or more orders of magnitude, (powers of 10) improvements in power output and beam quality before they may be seriously considered for application in ballistic missile defense

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allowed this to be packaged in a small missile nose cone. Subsequent studies suggested that this approach would be cheaper, easier to launch and more resistant to counterattack, and in 1990 Brilliant Pebbles was selected as the baseline model for SDS Phase 1.

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The Space-Based Interceptor (SBI) concept involved groups of interceptors housed in orbital modules. Hover testing was completed in 1988 and demonstrated integration of the sensor and propulsion systems. It demonstrated the ability of the seeker to shift its

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Given concerns about previous programs' nuclear-tipped interceptors, in the 1980s the US Army began studies about the feasibility of kinetic hit-to-kill vehicles, i.e. interceptors that would destroy incoming ballistic missiles by colliding with them.

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For example, if it had been much cheaper to add attacking warheads than to add defenses, an attacker of similar economic power could have simply outproduced the defender. The "cost effective at the margin" requirement was first formulated by

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Railguns face a host of technical challenges to be ready for battlefield deployment. First, the rails guiding the projectile must carry sufficient power. Each firing of the railgun sends tremendous current flow (almost half a million

712: 2109:, claimed a laser defense shield was unfeasible. They said that a defensive system was costly and difficult to build yet simple to destroy and claimed that the Soviets could easily use thousands of decoys to overwhelm it during a 1664:

system targets a relatively limited and unsophisticated attack, SDI planned for a massive attack by a sophisticated opponent. This raised significant issues about economic and technical costs associated with defending against

1512:

Space Surveillance and Tracking System (SSTS) was a system originally designed for tracking mid-course ballistic missiles. It was designed to work in conjunction with BSTS but was later scaled down in favor of Brilliant Eyes.

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According to a 1983 US Interagency Intelligence Assessment, good evidence indicated that in the late 1960s the Soviets were devoting serious thought to both explosive and non-explosive nuclear power sources for lasers.

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Rosen, M. D.; Hagelstein, P. L.; Matthews, D. L.; Campbell, E. M.; Hazi, A. U.; Whitten, B. L.; MacGowan, B.; Turner, R. E.; Lee, R. W.; Charatis, G.; Busch, Gar. E.; Shepard, C. L.; Rockett, P. D. (January 14, 1985).

2117:, saying that a defense shield could be viewed as threatening because it would inhibit Soviet offensive capabilities while leaving America's offense intact. In March 1984, Bethe coauthored a 106-page report for the 1527:

Brilliant Eyes was renamed Space and Missile Tracking System (SMTS) and scaled back further under BMDO, and in the late 1990s it became the low earth orbit component of the Air Force's Space Based Infrared System

1441:, LLNL director from 1988 to 1994, described the system as "The crowning achievement of the Strategic Defense Initiative". The sensors and cameras developed for Brilliant Pebbles systems became components of the 1143:

Despite the apparent failure, the legacy of the X-ray laser program is the knowledge gained from the research. A parallel development program advanced laboratory X-ray lasers for biological imaging such as 3D

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first based on satellites, but when it was pointed out that these could be attacked in space, the concept moved to a "pop-up" concept, with the device launched from a submarine off the northern Soviet coast.

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The Homing Overlay Experiment (HOE) was the first such system tested by the Army, and the first successful hit-to-kill intercept of a mock ballistic missile warhead outside the Earth's atmosphere.

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provided High Frontier with research space, and Graham published a 1982 report entitled, "High Frontier: A New National Strategy" that examined in greater detail how the system would function.

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seekers. Final hover testing occurred in 1992 using miniaturized components similar to those that would have been used in an operational interceptor. These prototypes eventually evolved into

1206: 1852:, an in-orbit missile platform. The devices were reportedly designed to pre-emptively destroy US satellites that might be launched in the future that could otherwise aid US missile defense. 11677:

Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs

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core ideas behind Global Protection Against Limited Strikes (GPALS) was that the Soviet Union would not always be the aggressor and the United States would not always be the target.

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Since the late 1970s, another group had been pushing for the development of a high-powered orbital chemical laser attack ICBMs, the Space Based Laser (SBL). New developments under

619:. Two years later at a conference in Italy, he made the same claims about their ambitions, now emboldened by new space-based weapons. According to popular opinion, shared by author 814:

concept with an added layer of ground-based missiles sited in the US. These missiles were intended to attack warheads that the Smart Rocks missed. In order to track them below the

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covering several visible and ultraviolet bands as well as a laser detector and ranging device. The satellite observed several ballistic missile launches including some releasing

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program used a chemical laser that intercepted a missile taking off, so an offshoot of SDI could be said to have successfully implemented one of the key goals of the program.

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behind SDI was reinforced by their assessment of US intentions and capabilities and the utility of military deception in furthering the achievement of political goals.

781:(APS) had been asked by SDIO to provide a review of the various concepts. They put together an all-star panel including many of the inventors of the laser, including a 10774: 3192: 385:

pointed out that although longer-range missiles flew much faster, their longer flight times would ease the timing issue and their high altitudes would ease long-range

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Brilliant Pebbles was a non-nuclear system of satellite-based interceptors designed to use high-velocity, watermelon-sized, teardrop-shaped tungsten projectiles as

1003:

investigated the claims and concluded that though steps were taken to make it easier for the interceptor to find its target (including some of those alleged by the

463:

intercept rendered MIRV impotent; a successful attack would destroy all of the warheads. Unfortunately, the operational cost of such a system was so large that the

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called for additional funding to achieve a full-fledged "Strategic Defense Initiative for our time, the SDI II" though it is unclear what this had to do with SDA.

935:

in 1987. ERINT was a prototype missile similar to the FLAGE, but it used a new solid-propellant rocket motor that allowed it to fly faster and higher than FLAGE.

412:

required additional interceptors. An early estimate suggested $ 20 spent on defense would be required for every $ 1 the Soviets spent on offense. The addition of

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Counter strategies that exploit a weakness of an opposing system, such as adding more warheads that are less expensive than the interceptors fired against them.

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by neutralizing the military component of Soviet strategy. The Kremlin expressed concerns that space-based missile defenses would make nuclear war inevitable.

1524:

was a simpler derivative of SSTS that focused on theater ballistic missiles rather than ICBMs and was meant to operate in conjunction with Brilliant Pebbles.

1271:

The Relay mirror experiment (RME), launched in February 1990, demonstrated critical technologies for space-based relay mirrors that would be used with an SDI

14453: 13861: 12466: 12339: 11482: 8009: 5431: 4988:"Protocol to the Treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems" 4649: 5039: 14458: 10136: 7440: 1334:, a force is exerted on the projectile moving it down the rail. Railguns can generate muzzle-velocities in excess of 1.5 miles per second (2.4 km/s). 1033: 1019: 5555: 2589: 443:

programs. Projected to cost $ 40 billion ($ 376 billion in 2024) it would have offered minimal protection and damage prevention in an all-out attack.

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paper stated that "In response to SDI, Moscow threatened a variety of military countermeasures in lieu of developing a parallel missile defense system".

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three targets, simultaneously. In most descriptions, each Excalibur could fire at dozens of targets, which would be hundreds or thousands of miles away.

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met with the president and outlined the reasons why they might consider shifting some of the funding from the offensive side to new defensive systems.

10594: 3064: 14443: 14433: 13291: 11935: 10939: 10700: 10251: 9994: 9310: 5497: 4773: 4552: 4029: 1268:, was tested on June 21, 1985, when a Hawaii-based low-power laser successfully tracked the experiment and bounced the laser off of the HPTE mirror. 413: 4936: 4437: 2927: 1083:

satellite resulted in this 1984 artist's concept of a laser-equipped satellite firing on another, causing a momentum change in the target object by

14191: 12956: 12525: 11442: 11382: 9355: 9143: 8670: 7420: 6358: 6300: 6293: 5511: 5061: 3154: 818:, SDS added more LEO satellites that would feed tracking information to both the space-based "garages" as well as the ground-based missiles. Later 4207: 2240:

control." Many viewed deployment of ABM systems as an escalation, and therefore a violation of this clause, although this view was not universal.

1919:

malfunctioned upon separation from the booster, and it failed to reach orbit. More tentatively, it is also suggested that the Zarya module of the

683:

The group met with Reagan several times during 1981 and 1982, apparently with little effect, while the buildup of new offensive weaponry like the

14408: 11305: 10844: 9913: 6987: 6416: 6134: 4262: 1915:. It was later revealed that this craft housed a number of Skif lasers, intended to be clandestinely tested in orbit. However, the spacecraft's 14413: 13635: 13473: 13346: 13084: 12764: 12549: 10337: 10327: 9639: 9595: 9229: 6738: 6547: 5704: 2343: 1666: 269:

at national laboratories, universities, and in industry. These programs have continued to be key sources of funding for research scientists in

2856: 14359: 14262: 14154: 13573: 13478: 11630: 11405: 11360: 10944: 10194: 9978: 9600: 5894: 5887: 5808: 4045:"Statement of Lieutenant General Malcolm R. O'Neill, USA, Director, BMDO before the Committee on National Security, House of Representatives" 2953: 2277: 2192: 2052: 1782: 1587: 1253: 829:

concept. This was essentially the combination of the sensors on the garage satellites and the tracking stations. Advancements in sensors and

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could shoot down dozens of missiles with a single shot. The groups began to meet in order to prepare their plans for the incoming president.

51: 10629: 10433: 10396: 3988: 3588: 14428: 13013: 12975: 12805: 10530: 10513: 10285: 9651: 9219: 5527: 5520: 4613: 4410: 2320: 924:(FLAGE), which included developing hit-to-kill technology and demonstrating the guidance accuracy of a small, agile, radar-homing vehicle. 921: 581:

began in 1964–1965. Though classified at the time, a detailed study on a Soviet space-based laser system began no later than 1976 with the

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summarized what he heard Soviet commentators saying about SDI. They commonly expressed the notion that SDI was equivalent to starting an

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the physical security of the Soviet Union, but also as part of a larger effort by the United States to seize the strategic initiative in

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began in 1985, with at least two tests occurring in the early 1990s. This system was never deployed, but its technology was used in the

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In 1984, the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) was established to oversee the program, which was headed by Lt. General

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technologies, and eventually led to the Clementine mission though that mission occurred just after the program transitioned to the

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in California carrying a single mock re-entry vehicle targeted for Kwajalein lagoon more than 4,000 miles (6,400 km) away.

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The Extended Range Interceptor (ERINT) program was part of SDI's Theater Missile Defense Program and was an extension of the

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Launched on the same rocket as the RME, the Low-power Atmospheric Compensation Experiment (LACE) satellite was built by the

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was an important precursor to SDI. In the lecture, Teller talked about the idea of defending against nuclear missiles using

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that concluded "the X-ray laser offers no prospect of being a useful component in a system for ballistic missile defense."

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Instead of a heavy defense aimed at ICBMs, this report suggested realigning GPALS deployment. Against novel threats the

14468: 13456: 13279: 13196: 13096: 13030: 12893: 12110: 11930: 10814: 10359: 10157: 10078: 9918: 9762: 9277: 8630: 7725: 6703: 6588: 6542: 6537: 6483: 4070: 3715: 2757: 2727: 2603: 2359: 475: 377:

would be difficult because the flight time was so short that it would leave little time to forward information through

337: 5387: 4030:"Accelerator-driven Nuclear Energy | Accelerator Driven Systems | Transmutation - World Nuclear Association" 3420: 2264:"we cannot assume an obligation relative to such a transition", referring to the cost of implementing such a program. 995:

in August 1993 reported that the HOE4 test was rigged to increase the likelihood of success. At the urging of Senator

14398: 13866: 13398: 12936: 12650: 12443: 12309: 11997: 11741: 11370: 11275: 10964: 10954: 10924: 10804: 10570: 10276: 9727: 9700: 9527: 8362: 7925: 7195: 7136: 6351: 5764: 5334: 5302: 5181: 5162: 4971: 4384: 4354: 4324: 4151: 4128: 3664: 3301: 3026: 2214: 2074: 1840:

Though classified at the time, a detailed study on a Soviet space-based LASER system began no later than 1976 as the

1804: 1609: 883:

administration further shifted the focus to ground-based interceptor missiles and theater-scale systems, forming the

117: 9494: 6933: 3085: 14035: 14030: 13503: 13488: 13402: 12874: 12371: 12153: 11194: 11155: 10646: 10229: 9656: 9617: 9296: 8065: 8060: 7555: 7518: 7247: 6693: 6256: 6205: 6050: 5815: 5800: 5534: 2236: 1826: 10784: 7743: 7605: 7289: 1228:

In July 1989, the Beam Experiments Aboard a Rocket (BEAR) program launched a sounding rocket containing a neutral

13587: 13498: 11751: 11620: 10720: 9956: 9645: 8785: 8166: 8095: 7995: 7873: 7645: 7635: 7222: 6609: 6448: 6212: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5608: 5031: 3746:"Report to The American Physical Society of the study group on science and technology of directed energy weapons" 3549:"Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles * Appendix 4: Undesignated Vehicles * HOE; Andreas Parsch, 2003" 3003: 2897: 2790:"Report to The American Physical Society of the study group on science and technology of directed energy weapons" 2280:

after he was fired and complained about "wasteful spending on research and development" at SDI. Saucier lost his

2013: 1740: 1156:, the Electron-Beam Ion Trap facility for physics research, and techniques for early detection of breast cancer. 623:, no evidence validated that such research was carried out. Instead, Teller was promoting his latest weapon, the 620: 7560: 7447: 7435: 3634: 471:

single base of the original Safeguard system became operational in April 1975, but was closed in February 1976.

14186: 13111: 13025: 12686: 12351: 12314: 11662: 11437: 10934: 10887: 10829: 10809: 10744: 10468: 9984: 9942: 9538: 8216: 7985: 7565: 7467: 7200: 6644: 6639: 6284: 2337: 2196: 2149: 2141: 2106: 2056: 1786: 1591: 1045: 819: 785:. Their initial report was presented in 1986, but was released to the public (in redacted form) in early 1987. 55: 7885: 7615: 7126: 6898: 5001: 2788:

Committee; Pake, G. E.; May, M. M.; Panofsky, W. K.; Schawlow, A. L.; Townes, C. H.; York, H. (July 1, 1987).

2231:

and its subsequent protocol, which limited missile defenses to one location per country at 100 missiles each (

14463: 14285: 14080: 13954: 13856: 13532: 13308: 13267: 12105: 10212: 10131: 9163: 8178: 8131: 7895: 7818: 7550: 6379: 6365: 6249: 6219: 6071: 5981: 4185: 2453:"Decades after Reagan's 'Star Wars,' Trump calls for missile defenses that would blast warheads from the sky" 2228: 2118: 512: 483: 7610: 7319: 7242: 6913: 3719: 2493:

Proceedings of the International Conference on Laser Advanced Materials Processing--Science and Applications

798:

They concluded that none of the systems could be deployed as an anti-missile system until the next century.

486:. In development since the 1960s and in operation from 1971 until the 1990s, it featured the nuclear-tipped 482:

targeting the city or its surrounding areas. The A-35 was the only Soviet ABM system allowed under the 1972

12188: 11961: 11615: 11055: 10729: 10680: 10604: 10263: 10114: 8196: 8156: 8126: 8075: 7853: 7849: 7720: 7650: 7415: 7232: 6998: 6893: 6825: 6423: 6277: 5880: 1639: 13942: 4784: 2437: 91: 14181: 14164: 13930: 12674: 12200: 12033: 11985: 11973: 11667: 11645: 11432: 11415: 11300: 11160: 10651: 10422: 10353: 10073: 9439: 9168: 8640: 8635: 8352: 8030: 7758: 7503: 7462: 7406: 7309: 7190: 7148: 7053: 6578: 6532: 6092: 5944: 5937: 5440: 4943: 4448: 2161:

Another criticism of SDI argued that it would require the United States to modify existing treaties. The

1920: 1859: 1833:. Another common Soviet perception suggested that SDI served as a disguise for a US desire to initiate a 1315: 762:

asked about it in 1985, Abrahamson suggested that the concept was underdeveloped and was not considered.

650: 455:

to consider alternative concepts. Their Project Defender studied many approaches before concentrating on

5071: 3744:

Bloembergen, N.; Patel, C. K. N.; Avizonis, P.; Clem, R. G.; Hertzberg, A.; et al. (July 1, 1987).

3357: 2912: 2533: 1448:

Though regarded as one of the most capable SDI systems, Brilliant Pebbles was canceled in 1994 by BMDO.

300:

program, and criticized for threatening to destabilize the MAD-approach, and to re-ignite "an offensive

13714: 12788: 12381: 12250: 11903: 11843: 11610: 11528: 9908: 9814: 9634: 9605: 9422: 9375: 9005: 8226: 8211: 8201: 8055: 7655: 7143: 6946: 6713: 6439: 6085: 4218: 2508: 2249: 1834: 1199: 1128:. Nuclear explosions give off a burst of X-rays, which the Excalibur concept intended to focus using a 1010:

HOE technology was later expanded into the Exoatmospheric Reentry-vehicle Interception System program.

654: 333: 317:

when nuclear arsenals were shrinking, political support for SDI collapsed. SDI ended in 1993, when the

239: 5174:

Star Warriors: A penetrating look into the lives of the young scientists behind our space age weaponry

3534: 13483: 12723: 12662: 12324: 12081: 11891: 11322: 10859: 9612: 9390: 9380: 9234: 9110: 9055: 8875: 7863: 7570: 7131: 6743: 6660: 6270: 5995: 5910: 5822: 3503: 2386: 1622: 1191: 1000: 981: 932: 778: 639: 322: 281: 3149: 14418: 14138: 13817: 12624: 12277: 11867: 11717: 11650: 11317: 11290: 10917: 10819: 10675: 10579: 9469: 9340: 8860: 8427: 7690: 7580: 7334: 6878: 6113: 6041: 5725: 5695: 5688: 5216: 1969:

at a velocity of 23,000 feet per second (7,000 m/s; 16,000 mph) at a cast aluminum block.

1460:

Delta 183 launch vehicle lifts off, carrying the SDI sensor experiment "Delta Star", March 24, 1989

1041: 459:. BAMBI used satellites carrying interceptors that would attack the Soviet ICBMs upon launch. This 341: 254: 247: 227: 8600: 3440: 14119: 13781: 13733: 13184: 12391: 12376: 11812: 11705: 11685: 11546: 11510: 11270: 11166: 10897: 10656: 10246: 10184: 10023: 9788: 9622: 9319: 8090: 8035: 8020: 7960: 7768: 7748: 7508: 7185: 6790: 6120: 5873: 5757: 5748: 5277:

Weapons in Space: Technology, Politics, and the Rise and Fall of the Strategic Defense Initiative

4214: 3992: 2348: 2185: 2045: 1924: 1916: 1775: 1580: 1494: 1261: 1183: 1179: 1080: 973: 746:

In addition to original Heritage ideas, other concepts were considered. Notable among these were

662: 615:

publication where he claimed that the US would be facing an emboldened USSR due to their work on

416:

in the late 1960s further moved the balance in favor of offensive systems. This massively skewed

44: 12171: 11593: 10640: 6993: 4617: 4414: 3321:

Lynch, Timothy J., ed. (January 1, 2013). "Think Tanks and US Military and Diplomatic Affairs".

2133:

make nuclear weapons "impotent and obsolete" but soon concluded that the concept was "a fraud".

570:(LLNL), the 1967 lecture was attended by Reagan shortly after he became governor of California. 14438: 13829: 13757: 13546: 13172: 12759: 12319: 12220: 11295: 11280: 11265: 10854: 10619: 10614: 10545: 10119: 9999: 9950: 9673: 9520: 9429: 8880: 8384: 7778: 7452: 6928: 6688: 6683: 6476: 6372: 5930: 5771: 5345: 3436: 2830: 2556: 2353: 2325: 2304: 1974: 1877: 1428: 1382: 1272: 1213: 1067: 1057: 950: 892: 755: 318: 190: 9090: 4961: 4802: 4328: 3511: 3261: 3122: 589:-based orbital weapons platform prototype. Development was also started on the anti-satellite 527:

released by the explosion heating the steel tower guy-wires white hot. The development of the

13892: 13745: 13690: 13623: 13468: 12747: 12595: 12506: 12494: 12401: 12235: 12230: 11625: 11006: 10874: 10754: 10749: 10685: 10555: 10473: 10162: 9898: 9584: 9481: 9475: 9459: 9367: 9115: 8399: 8394: 8161: 8050: 8005: 7965: 7900: 7844: 7763: 7545: 7359: 7237: 7155: 7063: 7028: 6938: 6883: 6780: 6621: 6307: 6002: 5836: 4298: 4155: 2928:"L3Harris, SpaceX win Space Development Agency contracts to build missile-warning satellites" 2309: 1927:

and providing sizable battery power, was initially developed to power the Skif laser system.

1897: 1424: 1195: 751: 740: 736: 692: 555: 4482: 4321:"Ballistic Missile Defense Technology: Is the United States Ready for A Decision to Deploy?" 1435:

Architecture. Brilliant Pebbles later became the centerpiece under the Bush Administration.

627:

that was finding only limited funding, his speech in Italy was a new attempt to synthsize a

14365: 14333: 14061: 14001: 13916: 13769: 13719: 13379: 13303: 13125: 12879: 12141: 12129: 12045: 12021: 11793: 11400: 11310: 11285: 10987: 10371: 10312: 10218: 9989: 9802: 9783: 9775: 9362: 8655: 8422: 8277: 8231: 8146: 8141: 7940: 7839: 7788: 7783: 7675: 7630: 7585: 7523: 7354: 7329: 7279: 7207: 7121: 6971: 6573: 6552: 5741: 5711: 5592: 4878: 4478: 4101: 3850: 3757: 3332: 2801: 2683: 1935: 1845: 1712: 1545: 1506: 1311: 1072: 1029: 966: 747: 586: 448: 258: 5409: 4837: 4755: 4695: 3917: 3322: 8: 13841: 13515: 13360: 13322: 13106: 13061: 12989: 12257: 11855: 11783: 11773: 11746: 10789: 10609: 10386: 10364: 10295: 10152: 10028: 9888: 9821: 9768: 9668: 9404: 9100: 9015: 9010: 8910: 8773: 8570: 8454: 8369: 8257: 8110: 8105: 8085: 8070: 7980: 7975: 7880: 7813: 7803: 7715: 7710: 7700: 7600: 7540: 7513: 7339: 7324: 7294: 7272: 7058: 7048: 6775: 6698: 6668: 6652: 5469: 4707: 4181: 3548: 3073:

the utility of Safeguard to protect Minuteman will be essentially nullified in the future

2364: 1912: 1412: 1237: 582: 417: 378: 332:

In 2019, elements, specifically the observation portions, of the program re-emerged with

262: 7955: 7868: 5718: 4882: 4388: 3854: 3761: 2805: 2687: 2256: 14049: 13666: 13341: 13101: 12272: 12165: 12009: 11605: 11552: 11516: 11078: 10794: 10443: 9928: 9254: 9050: 9035: 8960: 8940: 8935: 8920: 8767: 8515: 8267: 8151: 7905: 7808: 7793: 7705: 7695: 7670: 7665: 7430: 7384: 7299: 7284: 7227: 7043: 6966: 6842: 6733: 6723: 5584: 5373: 5194: 4902: 4541: 4494: 3966: 2281: 2162: 1751:", warhead production had continued unabated in the USSR. Total deployed US and Soviet 1442: 612: 439:

of the late-1960s was designed to provide full-country defense as part of the Sentinel-

290: 8950: 8779: 4987: 4890: 2674:

Goodwin, Irwin (June 1988). "Washington Ins & Outs: Ionson and Mense Leave SDIO".

12057: 11949: 11763: 11061: 10257: 10063: 9923: 9851: 9449: 9267: 9120: 9065: 9040: 8995: 8925: 8900: 8865: 8855: 8824: 8711: 8595: 8565: 8302: 8292: 8206: 8100: 7945: 7660: 7457: 7314: 7267: 7165: 7116: 7090: 7068: 6908: 6888: 6832: 6820: 6634: 6469: 5829: 5330: 5323: 5298: 5253: 5246: 5225: 5201: 5177: 5158: 4967: 4894: 4808: 4587: 4533: 4124: 3874: 3866: 3810: 3775: 3336: 3297: 3267: 3128: 2836: 2415: 2260: 1983:

article published March 24, 1983. It quoted a speech delivered by Democratic Senator

1961:

SDI was not just lasers; in this Kinetic Energy Weapon test, a 0.25-ounce (7 g)

1939: 1904: 1830: 1708: 1553: 1398: 1386: 1137: 1125: 1110: 1102: 1092: 871:

protect the United States from attacks coming from all different parts of the world.

867: 855: 826: 766: 669: 532: 516: 479: 440: 405: 286: 224: 9244: 8915: 4498: 3618:

GAO/NSIAD-94-219; Secretary of Defense Les Aspin, Press Briefing, September 9, 1993"

3379: 3307: 2786: 2235:

and the US did not), would have been violated by SDI ground-based interceptors. The

2017:, "Space: The Race for High Ground" on November 4, 1983. The opening sequence shows 1423:

at LLNL. Detailed studies were undertaken by several advisory boards, including the

1209:. Proceedings include papers on the status of chemical and other high-power lasers. 12941: 12396: 12386: 11915: 11768: 11522: 11108: 11090: 11043: 10498: 10342: 9737: 9510: 9500: 9444: 9030: 8955: 8885: 8870: 8850: 8797: 8580: 8575: 8555: 8505: 8495: 8322: 8287: 8272: 8221: 7950: 7890: 7730: 7389: 7369: 7078: 7020: 7014: 6981: 6961: 6951: 6800: 6601: 6593: 6064: 4886: 4851: 4733: 4703: 4525: 4486: 3858: 3802: 3765: 3694: 3328: 3287: 3118: 2881: 2809: 2691: 2638: 1908: 1881: 1822: 1752: 1327: 977: 765:

By 1986, many of the promising ideas were failing. Teller's X-ray laser, run under

646: 409: 401: 270: 253:

The Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) was set up in 1984 within the

4729:"A Newly Declassified CIA Paper Details A Tense Subplot in the Cold War Arms Race" 4696:"The Star Wars Enigma: Behind the Scenes of the Cold War Race for Missile Defense" 4490: 4048: 2877:"A Newly Declassified CIA Paper Details a Tense Subplot in the Cold War Arms Race" 2656: 789:

like Excalibur, they dismissed the concept entirely. Their summary stated simply:

14092: 12267: 12069: 11800: 11788: 11599: 11102: 11030: 10864: 10406: 10376: 10235: 10200: 9857: 9570: 9249: 9105: 9095: 9080: 9060: 9045: 9020: 8965: 8730: 8698: 8590: 8550: 8312: 8307: 8247: 8188: 7920: 7798: 7625: 7590: 7498: 7493: 7217: 7111: 6785: 6718: 6708: 6673: 6629: 6616: 6568: 6344: 6171: 5674: 3794: 2491: 2467: 2018: 2008: 1979: 1889: 1731: 1291:, a technique now used in civilian telescopes to remove atmospheric distortions. 1288: 1148:

of living organisms. Other spin-offs include research on advanced materials like

939: 830: 597: 436: 220: 7212: 4358: 4247: 4015: 3947: 3838: 3806: 13880: 13542: 12412: 12301: 12183: 12064: 11724: 11693: 11035: 10902: 10503: 10416: 10411: 10347: 10172: 9719: 9417: 9075: 9000: 8990: 8985: 8845: 8585: 8374: 8297: 8025: 7930: 7680: 7620: 7252: 7170: 7073: 7033: 7003: 6903: 6858: 5314:

Symbolic Defense: The Cultural Significance of the Strategic Defense Initiative

4865:

Bethe, Hans A.; Garwin, Richard L.; Gottfried, Kurt; Kendall, Henry W. (1984).

4444: 3862: 3173: 2273: 2248:

SDI threatened to disrupt the strategic equilibrium ensured by the doctrine of

2110: 2102: 2002: 1736: 1631: 1521: 1416: 1331: 1319: 1173: 1084: 888: 860: 782: 563: 551: 490: 266: 235: 4635: 3221: 807:

that the concept would be replaced by more advanced systems in future phases.

507: 277:, advanced materials, and other critical science and engineering disciplines. 261:, and ground and space-based missile systems were studied, along with sensor, 14387: 12287: 12212: 12195: 12117: 12076: 11758: 11736: 10869: 10799: 9883: 9874: 9679: 9239: 9085: 8980: 8945: 8930: 8890: 8432: 8262: 8000: 7910: 7773: 7753: 7640: 7401: 7379: 7344: 6923: 6918: 6873: 6795: 6755: 6504: 5394: 4898: 4591: 4561:"Threat and Opportunity: The Soviet View of the Strategic Defense Initiative" 4537: 3870: 3779: 3770: 3745: 2954:"Nuclear Weapons, China, and a Strategic Defense Initiative for this Century" 2814: 2789: 2369: 2148:

says "Keinen Krieg der Sterne! Stoppt SDI! SDAJ" or (No star wars! Stop SDI!

2087: 1966: 1465: 1438: 1343: 1300: 1229: 1129: 815: 758:. SDIO invested in computer systems, component miniaturization, and sensors. 616: 608:

space station, a satellite that successfully test-fired its cannon in orbit.

547: 539: 456: 231: 5229: 4078: 4016:"BEAR (Beam Experiments Aboard a Rocket) Project. Volume 1: Project Summary" 3991:(in Vietnamese). NTI: Global Security Newswire. June 9, 2009. Archived from 3613: 3562: 2765: 2735: 2611: 2590:"A New U.S. Missile Defense Test May Have Increased the Risk of Nuclear War" 1957: 535:

x-ray laser were based on enhancing the destructive effects of these x-rays.

14221: 12334: 12329: 12262: 12225: 11472: 10565: 10223: 9345: 9335: 9025: 8975: 8905: 8895: 8749: 8737: 8724: 8530: 8357: 7858: 7106: 6956: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6511: 3893: 3878: 2487: 2232: 2129: 2125:

which are quite outside the range of his professional cognizance or mine."

1931: 1721: 1375: 1363: 1342:) through the rails, causing rapid erosion of the rail's surfaces (through 1217: 928: 880: 601: 578: 574: 487: 464: 370: 289:" concept using small orbiting missiles, such as a lower cost conventional 243: 9288: 3402:""Address to the Nation on Defense and National Security", March 23, 1983" 3011: 2136: 1652:

Defense suppression - that is, attacking elements of the defensive system.

14371: 14345: 13451: 11992: 11980: 11968: 11831: 11778: 11558: 11084: 10690: 10584: 10381: 10206: 10058: 9863: 9710: 9070: 8675: 8645: 8500: 8490: 8389: 8252: 8045: 7534: 7364: 7349: 7160: 7008: 6976: 6863: 6678: 6583: 6522: 6196: 5248:

Dangerous Ground: America's Failed Arms Control Policy, from FDR to Obama

4467:"Did Star Wars Help End the Cold War? Soviet Response to the SDI Program" 3642: 3193:"The secret laser-toting Soviet satellite that almost was – Ars Technica" 3170:"The Space Review: Plagiarism in several space history articles (page 2)" 3093: 2557:"Did Star Wars Help End the Cold War? Soviet Response to the SDI Program" 2330: 2005:

and asserted that the nickname gave an entirely wrong impression of SDI.

1992: 1984: 1874: 1855: 1698: 1469: 1420: 1284: 996: 847: 843: 811: 677: 628: 624: 524: 502: 460: 427: 349: 274: 5155:

Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars and the End of the Cold War

4906: 4866: 4545: 4513: 3263:

Way Out There In the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars and the End of the Cold War

954:

13 ft (4 m) diameter web deployed by Homing Overlay Experiment

911:

Extended Range Interceptor (ERINT) launch from White Sands Missile Range

511:

The bright spikes extending below the initial fireball of one of 1952's

12282: 10110:

European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites

9793: 9412: 9385: 8829: 8540: 8510: 8464: 8379: 8347: 8339: 8282: 7970: 7685: 7374: 7262: 6868: 5150: 2199: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2098: 2059: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1885: 1818: 1789: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1674: 1626:

An artist's concept of a ground / space-based hybrid laser weapon, 1984

1594: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1549: 1541: 1323: 1248: 688: 684: 658: 374: 7483: 3891: 3672: 2695: 2642: 2105:, who worked with Teller on both the atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb at 14025: 14013: 13977: 13678: 13243: 12869: 12857: 11838: 11502: 11365: 11226: 11140: 10463: 10051: 9434: 9125: 8970: 8819: 8792: 8605: 8560: 8469: 8437: 8417: 8409: 7738: 7528: 6127: 5864: 5857: 4676: 4529: 3614:"United States General Accounting Office, Ballistic Missile Defense: 1997: 1748: 1694: 1233: 1205:

During the mid-to-late 1980s panel discussions took place at various

1145: 717:

President Reagan delivering the March 23, 1983, speech initiating SDI

421: 393: 382: 344:(SDA) as part of the new National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA). 305: 301: 297: 20: 10093:

European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations

6058:

Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988

3616:

Records Indicate Deception Program Did Not Affect 1984 Test Results,

2174: 2034: 1764: 1569: 1403: 257:

to oversee development. Advanced weapon concepts, including lasers,

33: 12040: 12004: 11886: 11234: 10019:

European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities

9808: 9732: 9544: 8704: 8545: 8442: 8317: 8136: 8040: 7180: 7038: 6492: 5850: 5681: 3589:"Lies and Rigged 'Star Wars' Test Fooled the Kremlin, and Congress" 3324:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History

2633:"Special-Presentation Innovative Science and Technology Programs". 2114: 1744: 1473: 1379: 1265: 1097: 730: 657:

doctrine. In September 1981, Graham formed a small, Virginia-based

605: 314: 7824:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

5295:

The Last Frontier: An Analysis of the Strategic Defense Initiative

5086: 1456: 1287:

Plume Imaging (UVPI). LACE was also used to evaluate ground-based

1198:, with mixed results. The technology was also used to develop the 846:

was rapidly disintegrating, culminating in the destruction of the

13508: 13137: 12100: 11910: 11239: 10307: 9742: 9661: 8650: 8535: 8525: 8474: 8015: 6760: 5388:

Strategic Defense Initiative – Ronald Reagan Presidential Library

5286:

Teller's War: The Top-Secret Story Behind the Star Wars Deception

2861: 1866: 1347: 1303: 1260:

The High Precision Tracking Experiment (HPTE), launched with the

1168:

SeaLite Beam Director, commonly used as the output for the MIRACL

1153: 661:

called High Frontier to continue research on the missile shield.

366: 19:"Star Wars program" redirects here. For the media franchise, see 874: 12124: 12052: 12016: 11944: 11898: 11862: 11850: 11712: 10478: 9903: 8718: 8520: 8459: 7394: 4852:""Frontline" Space: The Race for High Ground (TV Episode 1983)" 3835: 2145: 1339: 1252:

Technicians at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) work on the

1187: 1149: 1087:. Before having to cool and re-aim at further possible targets. 562:, with the latter an enhanced thermal/X-ray device used on the 432: 397: 2292: 369:

considered the issue of ballistic missile defense (BMD) after

14238: 14124: 12148: 12136: 12028: 11956: 11874: 11700: 11355: 11096: 10195:

Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research

9893: 9630:

European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications

9203: 9159:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

8665: 8448: 6527: 6386: 3960: 2857:"Opinion: Ronald Reagan Just Saved Israel From Iran's Attack" 2509:"What Did We Get For Our $ 30-Billion Investment In SDI/BMD?" 2409: 2375: 1962: 1870: 1643: 1529: 1477: 1419:

sensor system. The project was conceived in November 1986 by

1164: 1121: 1118: 810:

Strategic Defense System (SDS) was the low-earth orbit (LEO)

645:

In the fall of 1979, at Reagan's request, Lieutenant General

635: 452: 386: 6410:

Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act

6026:

Emergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program

3743: 1032:

as part of the ground-based interceptor portion of SDI, the

837: 223:

system intended to protect the United States from attack by

13702: 13444: 12970: 12607: 12160: 11922: 11463:

International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board

10097: 8743: 8625: 6517: 6461: 5439: 5224:(Technical report). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 4864: 3839:"Exploding-Foil Technique for Achieving a Soft X-Ray Laser" 3532: 1638:

Immediate tactical action to reduce vulnerability, such as

1481: 1202:(THEL) that was tested against in-flight artillery shells. 1034:

Exoatmospheric Reentry-vehicle Interceptor Subsystem (ERIS)

137: 5032:"The Strategic Defense Initiative — The Other "Star Wars"" 4922:

Phoenix Rising: The Rise and Fall of the American Republic

2832:

The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations: S-Z

1548:, a long-wave infrared imager, an ensemble of imagers and 1544:

to test sensor-related technologies. Delta Star carried a

467:

rejected the concepts. Development was cancelled in 1963.

11125: 10009:

Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications

9198: 9178: 9173: 5066: 2507:

Abrahamson, James A.; Cooper, Henry F. (September 1993).

2113:. They dismissed the idea of a technical solution to the 1946: 1500: 1487: 1136:

However, on March 26, 1983, the first test (known as the

991:

Although the fourth test was described as a success, the

559: 528: 345: 6158:

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act

3892:

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (November 1994).

1378:

from a rocket's hot plume to its cool body, a first for

1051: 907: 11577:

International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement

11468:

International Telecommunications Satellite Organization

10088:

European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization

5218:

The ABM debate: strategic defense and national security

3799:

Military Technology, Armaments Dynamics and Disarmament

3472:

The Militarization and Weaponization of Space (1st ed.)

1987:

the previous day, describing the proposal as "reckless

1326:

pellet (the projectile) is attracted down the rails by

246:". Elements of the program reemerged in 2019 under the 10047:

AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe

6243:

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985

4650:"Soviets could have laser able to blind US satellites" 4071:"Low-power Atmospheric Compensation Experiment (LACE)" 3941: 1755:

increased steadily from 1983 until the Cold War ended.

980:. For each test a Minuteman missile was launched from 972:

Four test launches were conducted in 1983 and 1984 at

12340:

Students for the Exploration and Development of Space

11483:

Regional African Satellite Communication Organization

5002:"Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) - Nuclear Museum" 4804:

The Crusader: Ronald Reagan and the Fall of Communism

3502: 3422:

The Science and Technology of Directed Energy Weapons

3327:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. p. 360. 2984: 2469:

Proceedings of the International Conference on Lasers

1825:

through a defensive arms race to further cripple the

1415:. It was designed to operate in conjunction with the 10137:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

6128:

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986

4351:"Boost Surveillance and Tracking System (BSTS)]" 1020:

Exoatmospheric Reentry-vehicle Interceptor Subsystem

6151:

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

5121:"Army Accuses SDI Critic of Falsifying Credentials" 4749:"Moscow's Response to US Plans for Missile Defense" 4571: 3158:. Federation of American Scientists. pp. 2–47. 3124:

Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State

2960: 2913:"What will the Space Development Agency really do?" 2486:Japan, High Temperature Society of (May 21, 1987). 2022:Marc Palumbo, a High Tech Romantic artist from the 1294: 58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 12347:Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies 11458:International Space Exploration Coordination Group 10127:European Telecommunications Satellite Organization 10105:European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment 6322:Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Waivers 6035:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 5392: 5322: 5245: 5193: 5149: 4963:Nuclear weapons and contemporary international law 3435: 3187: 3185: 3183: 2972: 2140:SDI drew criticism from abroad as well. This 1986 1896:(DoD) suggested it was the site of a prototypical 945: 230:. The program was announced in 1983, by President 11588:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters' 11448:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters' 4578:Lambeth, Benjamin; Lewis, Kevin (March 1, 1988). 3801:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 67–91, 1907:module was lifted on the inaugural flight of the 1688: 14404:Abandoned military projects of the United States 14385: 12442: 11443:Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee 9144:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 6359:Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 6301:Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983 5377:114, nos. 2 (Spring 1985) & 3 (Summer 1985). 5112: 4674: 3247:"Here Is the Soviet Union's Secret Space Cannon" 2506: 2405: 2403: 2011:reported on the technology in episode No.111 of 1741:dissolution of the country between 1989 and 1991 1540:The Delta 183 program used a satellite known as 942:(Patriot Advanced Capability-3, PAC-3) missile. 731:Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) 11571:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement 10098:European Telecommunications Standards Institute 9972:European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010) 7581:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 6988:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 6417:Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988 6135:Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 5094:"Scientist Said to Assert Fraud in 'Star Wars'" 5036:Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training 4937:"Software Aspects of Strategic Defense Systems" 4783:. SMDC/ASTRAT Historical Office. Archived from 4099: 3756:(3). American Physical Society (APS): S1–S201. 3293:Confessions of a Cold Warrior: An Autobiography 3180: 1934:designed to destroy satellites with a megawatt 1862:drawing of the Soviet Terra-3 laser in the USSR 1243: 234:. Reagan called for a system that would render 10855:Re-establishment of the National Space Council 9640:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility 9596:European Cooperation for Space Standardization 4959: 4438:"Paul Nitze, Cold War Arms Expert, Dies at 97" 3918:"SDI: Technology, Survivability, and Software" 3533:Lockheed Martin Corporation (March 28, 2022). 3062: 2344:International Conference of Laser Applications 1667:anti-ballistic missile defense countermeasures 478:was deployed around Moscow to intercept enemy 14360:Timeline of first orbital launches by country 12428: 11406:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems 11378:Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space 10213:Creation of the British National Space Centre 9601:European Space Research and Technology Centre 9511: 9501: 9304: 6477: 5809:Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983 5425: 5325:Strategic Defense: "Star Wars" in Perspective 5316:. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. 3441:"History of the Missile Defense Organization" 2910: 2400: 2243: 1254:Low-Power Atmospheric Compensation Experiment 915: 875:Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO) 546:, suggested that a 1967 lecture by physicist 14454:Directed-energy weapons of the United States 9652:European Space Security and Education Centre 9220:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 6771:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 6294:Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act 5292: 4577: 4511: 3046:"Today in Space and Missile Defense History" 3043: 2531: 2321:Comparison of anti-ballistic missile systems 1952: 922:Flexible Lightweight Agile Guided Experiment 14459:Military space program of the United States 11493:Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization 11453:International Mobile Satellite Organization 11333:Politics of the International Space Station 9968:EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space 9318: 8081:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 4960:Singh, Nagendra; McWhinney, Edward (1989). 4942:. Communications of the ACM. Archived from 4642: 4563:. Naval Postgraduate School. Archived from 4413:. The Aerospace Corporation. Archived from 4042: 3923:. U.S. Government Printing Office. May 1988 3147: 1535: 1238:accelerator-driven transmutation technology 887:(BMDO) and closing BMDO was renamed by the 801: 519:". They are caused by the intense flash of 392:This led to a series of projects including 12435: 12421: 11488:Arab Satellite Communications Organization 11478:Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group 10825:Development of the Commercial Crew Program 10242:Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 9565:European Launcher Development Organisation 9311: 9297: 9184:United States involvement in regime change 6739:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 6484: 6470: 6121:Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 6100:National Appliance Energy Conservation Act 5844:Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 5432: 5418: 4924:. United States: AuthorHouse. p. 264. 4687: 4611: 4558: 4118: 3989:"Airborne Laser Undergoes Successful Test" 3355: 3259: 2898:"Congress Calls for Interceptors in Space" 2481: 2479: 1368: 136: 11565:Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space 11411:Committee on Earth Observation Satellites 11351:International Civil Aviation Organization 10893:International Traffic in Arms Regulations 10790:Launch of the Space Launch System program 10785:Cancellation of the Constellation program 6396:Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act 6331:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 6315:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 6227:Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation 5895:Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement 5888:Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement 5311: 4928: 3769: 3469: 3260:FitzGerald, Frances (February 21, 2001). 3044:Watkins Lang, Sharon (February 3, 2015). 2813: 2215:Learn how and when to remove this message 2075:Learn how and when to remove this message 1805:Learn how and when to remove this message 1610:Learn how and when to remove this message 838:Global Protection Against Limited Strikes 131:Strategic Defense Initiative Organization 118:Learn how and when to remove this message 16:U.S. military defense program (1984–1993) 14444:1984 establishments in the United States 10945:Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society 6338:Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983 6107:National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984 5403:) is being considered for deletion. See 5343: 5054: 4668: 4512:Lambeth, Benjamin; Lewis, Kevin (1988). 4381:"Space and Missile Tracking System]" 4263:"The Rise and Fall of Brilliant Pebbles" 4246:. Missile Defense Agency. Archived from 3487: 2135: 1956: 1892:concepts. In 1984, officials within the 1854: 1730: 1702: 1621: 1455: 1402: 1247: 1223: 1163: 1096: 1066: 1024:High Endoatmospheric Defense Interceptor 949: 906: 902: 706: 702: 506: 426: 11594:Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol 10716:2002 National missile defense directive 10069:Council of European Aerospace Societies 9951:Western European Union Satellite Centre 7310:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 6236:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 6186:Water Resources Development Act of 1988 6179:Water Resources Development Act of 1986 5989:Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 5574: 5118: 4867:"Space-based Ballistic-Missile Defense" 3709:"United States Nuclear Tests 1945–1992" 2673: 2476: 1930:The Polyus was a prototype of the Skif 1505:"SSTS" redirects here. For "SSTs", see 1357: 1281:United States Naval Research Laboratory 691:continued. However, in early 1983, the 204:Federal government of the United States 14409:Foreign relations of the United States 14386: 12367:International Astronautical Federation 11148: 10676:Launch of the Mars Exploration Program 10084:European Committee for Standardization 9696:Future Launchers Preparatory Programme 9154:Russian espionage in the United States 7426:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 5961:Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act 5952:Office of National Drug Control Policy 5243: 5188:(Reprint edition 1993; Diane Pub. Co.) 5119:Lardner, George Jr. (April 14, 1992). 4934: 4800: 4464: 4435: 4411:"Delta Star: an SDIO Space Experiment" 4295:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 4142: 4140: 3963:"Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser" 3792: 3586: 3535:"Striking a Bullet with a Bullet: HOE" 3415: 3413: 3411: 3286: 3203: 3117: 3113: 3111: 3027:"'STAR WARS' Traced to Eisenhower Era" 2990: 2951: 2450: 2382:United States national missile defense 2315:Ballistic Missile Defense Organization 1662:United States national missile defense 1501:Space Surveillance and Tracking System 1488:Boost Surveillance and Tracking System 1071:The 1984 SDI concept of a space based 885:Ballistic Missile Defense Organization 674:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 568:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 420:prompted observers to propose that an 327:Ballistic Missile Defense Organization 188:Ballistic Missile Defense Organization 165:Ballistic Missile Defense Organization 14414:Military history of the United States 12416: 12362:International Academy of Astronautics 11583:International Docking System Standard 11428:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme 11421:International Planetary Data Alliance 11328:International Space Station programme 11050:Fractional Orbital Bombardment System 10960:Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society 10252:UK Global Navigation Satellite System 10014:European Union Aviation Safety Agency 9691:Space Situational Awareness Programme 9292: 9149:Soviet espionage in the United States 7305:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 7084:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 6749:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 6465: 6403:Surface Transportation Assistance Act 6142:The Emergency Food Assistance Program 6019:Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 5904:Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act 5413: 5356:from the original on January 14, 2024 5320: 5293:Guertner, Gary; Snow, Donald (1986). 5283: 5214: 5171: 5042:from the original on February 1, 2024 4827: 4638:on July 11, 2015 – via YouTube. 4559:Uchrinscko, Karl W. (December 1986). 4043:O'Neill, Malcolm R. (April 4, 1995). 3488:Morrison, David (1992). "Starburst". 3483: 3481: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3320: 3078: 3037: 3024: 2966: 2925: 2828: 2485: 2156: 1310:A hypervelocity railgun works like a 1052:Directed-energy weapon (DEW) programs 373:. Studies suggested that attacking a 238:obsolete, and to end the doctrine of 14434:Soviet Union–United States relations 12357:Coalition for Deep Space Exploration 10372:Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest 9579:European Space Research Organisation 9225:Soviet Union–United States relations 7576:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 6264:Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983 5975:Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 5191: 4919: 4807:. Harper Collins. pp. 181–183. 4771: 4708:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim250060187 4677:""Звёздные войны, которых не было" ( 4436:Berger, Marilyn (October 20, 2004). 4102:"Electromagnetic Railgun Blasts Off" 4100:Brendan Borrell (February 6, 2008). 4013: 3508:"ERINT – Extended Range Interceptor" 3425:(Technical report). APS. April 1986. 3356:William J., Broad (April 13, 1989). 3333:10.1093/acref/9780199759255.001.0001 3195:. September 26, 2013. Archived from 3063:John W. Finney (November 25, 1975). 2978: 2896:Reif, Kingston (September 1, 2018). 2895: 2710:"Low Profile for SDI Work on Campus" 2534:"The limits of U.S. missile defense" 2496:. High Temperature Society of Japan. 2465: 2451:Popkin, Gabriel (January 22, 2019). 2438:"Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)" 2197:adding citations to reliable sources 2168: 2057:adding citations to reliable sources 2028: 1977:attribute the term "Star Wars" to a 1787:adding citations to reliable sources 1758: 1592:adding citations to reliable sources 1563: 1392: 1188:Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser 927:FLAGE scored a direct hit against a 56:adding citations to reliable sources 27: 14429:Reagan administration controversies 11216:United Rocket and Space Corporation 10870:Launch of the Lunar Gateway project 10750:Launch of the Constellation program 10474:Launch of the Space Shuttle Program 9189:Soviet involvement in regime change 6010:United States Sentencing Commission 4858: 4772:Lang, Sharon Watkins (March 2007). 4137: 4121:Space Warfare And Strategic Defense 3961:Federation of American Scientists. 3894:"Legacy of the X-Ray Laser Program" 3408: 3266:. Simon and Schuster. p. 128. 3108: 3065:"Safeguard ABM System to Shut Down" 3025:Broad, William (October 28, 1986). 2410:Federation of American Scientists. 1894:United States Department of Defense 1747:and with it the relaxation of the " 1038:Terminal High Altitude Area Defense 13: 12310:Air & Space Forces Association 10950:Antennas & Propagation Society 10158:Indian Human Spaceflight Programme 10079:European Civil Aviation Conference 9230:Soviet Union–United States summits 6704:1947 Polish parliamentary election 6589:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 5346:"The Strategic Defense Initiative" 5268: 4754:. January 19, 2017. Archived from 4260: 3795:"Third-generation Nuclear Weapons" 3716:United States Department of Energy 3478: 3458: 2610:. November 5, 1985. Archived from 2554: 2360:Missile defense systems by country 2024:Center for Advanced Visual Studies 1888:. It was originally built to test 1559: 1451: 1044:currently deployed as part of the 476:A-35 anti-ballistic missile system 338:National Defense Authorization Act 14: 14480: 14449:Organizations established in 1984 11383:General Assembly Fourth Committee 11371:Space Generation Advisory Council 10805:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative 9979:EU Agency for the Space Programme 9728:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative 9701:Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle 9528:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program 9470:Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine 7991:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 7926:United States invasion of Grenada 7196:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 7137:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 6352:Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 5407:to help reach a consensus. › 5381: 5288:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 5012:from the original on May 22, 2024 4966:. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 236. 4891:10.1038/scientificamerican1084-39 4801:Kengor, Paul (October 13, 2009). 4614:"Michael Krepon - Worth the wait" 4385:Federation of American Scientists 4355:Federation of American Scientists 4325:Federation of American Scientists 4152:Federation of American Scientists 3172:. October 8, 2017. Archived from 2952:Pompeo, Mike (January 18, 2022). 2926:Erwin, Sandra (October 5, 2020). 2372: – partly funded by the SDIO 1516: 1464:SDIO sensor research encompassed 1407:Brilliant Pebbles concept artwork 1159: 822:trace derived from this concept. 611:In 1979, Teller contributed to a 604:) was mounted on the 1974 Soviet 496: 296:SDI was derisively nicknamed the 14339: 14327: 14315: 14303: 14291: 14279: 14256: 14244: 14232: 14132: 14113: 14086: 14074: 14055: 14043: 14019: 14007: 13995: 13983: 13971: 13948: 13936: 13924: 13910: 13898: 13886: 13874: 13835: 13823: 13811: 13799: 13787: 13775: 13763: 13751: 13739: 13727: 13708: 13696: 13684: 13672: 13660: 13648: 13629: 13617: 13605: 13593: 13581: 13567: 13555: 13462: 13392: 13373: 13354: 13335: 13316: 13297: 13285: 13273: 13261: 13249: 13237: 13214: 13202: 13190: 13178: 13166: 13154: 13131: 13119: 13090: 13078: 13055: 13043: 13019: 13007: 12995: 12983: 12964: 12910: 12887: 12863: 12851: 12794: 12782: 12753: 12741: 12729: 12717: 12705: 12680: 12668: 12656: 12644: 12632: 12613: 12601: 12589: 12555: 12543: 12531: 12519: 12500: 12488: 12372:International Astronomical Union 12194: 12182: 12170: 12159: 12147: 12135: 12123: 12099: 12075: 12063: 12051: 12039: 12027: 12015: 12003: 11991: 11979: 11967: 11955: 11943: 11921: 11909: 11897: 11885: 11873: 11861: 11849: 11837: 11735: 11723: 11711: 11699: 11195:Medvedev modernisation programme 10898:Full-spectrum dominance doctrine 10566:1985 anti-satellite missile test 10230:Space Innovation and Growth Team 9975:European GNSS Agency (2010–2021) 9657:European Space Operations Centre 9618:ESA Centre for Earth Observation 8066:United States invasion of Panama 7916:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 7556:1971 Turkish military memorandum 7519:Communist insurgency in Thailand 7489:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 7421:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 7248:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 7176:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 6694:Restatement of Policy on Germany 6257:Expedited Funds Availability Act 6206:Agriculture and Food Act of 1981 6051:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act 5816:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act 5801:We begin bombing in five minutes 5312:Linenthal, Edward Tabor (1989). 5196:Thinking About America's Defense 5024: 4994: 4980: 4953: 4913: 3492:. Vol. 206. pp. 21–23. 2267: 2237:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 2173: 2033: 1763: 1568: 1330:flowing through a rail. Through 1295:Hypervelocity Railgun (CHECMATE) 1236:of nuclear waste products using 1013: 340:. The program is managed by the 242:(MAD), which he described as a " 32: 11621:Astronomical naming conventions 10546:Strategy of Technology doctrine 10318:Establishment of Cape Canaveral 10236:Creation of the UK Space Agency 9686:European Space Policy Institute 9646:European Space Astronomy Centre 8786:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 8167:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 8096:Fall of the inner German border 7996:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 7646:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 7636:Spanish transition to democracy 7596:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 7223:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 6729:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 6610:Occupation of the Baltic states 6213:Agricultural Credit Act of 1987 5215:Jayne, Edward Randolph (1969). 4844: 4828:Yonas, Gerold (March 7, 1986). 4821: 4794: 4765: 4741: 4721: 4693: 4624: 4605: 4505: 4458: 4429: 4403: 4373: 4343: 4313: 4283: 4254: 4236: 4200: 4170: 4112: 4093: 4063: 4036: 4022: 4007: 3981: 3954: 3935: 3910: 3885: 3829: 3786: 3737: 3701: 3687: 3657: 3627: 3606: 3587:Weiner, Tim (August 18, 1993). 3580: 3555: 3541: 3526: 3496: 3429: 3394: 3368: 3349: 3314: 3280: 3253: 3239: 3162: 3141: 3056: 3018: 2996: 2945: 2919: 2911:Nathan Strout (July 24, 2019). 2904: 2889: 2869: 2849: 2835:. Greenwood Pub. p. 1600. 2822: 2780: 2750: 2734:. November 1985. Archived from 2720: 2702: 2667: 2649: 2626: 2596: 2532:Steven Pifer (March 30, 2015). 2184:needs additional citations for 2044:needs additional citations for 1873:testing centre, located on the 1774:needs additional citations for 1579:needs additional citations for 1556:as a detection countermeasure. 946:Homing Overlay Experiment (HOE) 721: 676:(LLNL) suggested that a single 381:networks to missile batteries. 360: 321:redirected the efforts towards 43:needs additional citations for 12352:British Interplanetary Society 12315:Alliance for Space Development 11438:Global Standards Collaboration 11361:Office for Outer Space Affairs 10888:China exclusion policy of NASA 10556:Space Station Freedom proposal 10469:Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law 9539:Planetary Exploration of China 9363:Planetary protection principle 7566:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 7201:Mozambican War of Independence 6640:Indonesian National Revolution 6285:Dairy Export Incentive Program 5142: 5062:"Reagan-Gorbachev Transcripts" 4935:Parnas, D.L. (December 1985). 4830:"SDI:Prospects and Challenges" 4774:"Where do we get 'Star Wars?'" 4291:"Summary of Brilliant Pebbles" 3358:"'Cold Fusion' Patents Sought" 2764:. October 1985. Archived from 2582: 2548: 2525: 2500: 2459: 2444: 2430: 2338:Ground-Based Midcourse Defense 2142:Socialist German Workers Youth 1848:along with the anti-satellite 1689:Response from the Soviet Union 1062: 1046:Ground-Based Midcourse Defense 938:ERINT was later chosen as the 515:test shots, are known as the " 67:"Strategic Defense Initiative" 1: 11535:US-USSR Cooperation Agreement 10865:Launch of the Artemis program 10795:Redesign of the Orion program 10711:Aerospace Industry Commission 10407:Launch of the Mariner program 10132:European Southern Observatory 9832:Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015) 9164:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 8179:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 8132:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 7854:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 7819:Seven Days to the River Rhine 7551:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 6838:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 6766:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 6380:Low-Income Housing Tax Credit 6366:Katie Beckett Medicaid waiver 6308:Internal Revenue Code of 1986 6250:Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 6220:Agriculture Mediation Program 6072:Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 5982:Coastal Barrier Resources Act 4491:10.1080/08929882.2017.1273665 4471:Science & Global Security 2728:"Ionson Counters SDI Dispute" 2564:Science & Global Security 2393: 2229:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 2119:Union of Concerned Scientists 1991:schemes", a reference to the 1634:encompass multiple meanings: 772: 739:USAF, a past Director of the 484:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 304:". In a 1986 speech, Senator 14394:Strategic Defense Initiative 12444:Public-sector space agencies 11616:Extraterrestrial real estate 11156:Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission 11056:Soviet crewed lunar programs 10965:Vehicular Technology Society 10955:Broadcast Technology Society 10730:Vision for Space Exploration 10647:Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission 10605:Space Exploration Initiative 10551:Strategic Defense Initiative 10504:Launch of the Viking program 10417:Launch of the Apollo program 10412:Launch of the Gemini project 10264:Defence in a Competitive Age 10201:Start of the Ariel programme 10115:European Patent Organisation 8157:Fall of communism in Albania 8127:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 8076:Polish Round Table Agreement 7416:1968 Polish political crisis 7233:Eritrean War of Independence 6999:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 6894:East German uprising of 1953 6826:Chinese Communist Revolution 6491: 6424:Video Privacy Protection Act 6278:Conservation Reserve Program 5881:Trade and Tariff Act of 1984 5786:Strategic Defense Initiative 4612:Kristensen, Hans M. (2012). 4586:. Vol. 66, no. 4. 4014:Nunz, G. J. (January 1990). 3944:"The Missile Defense Agency" 3942:U.S. Department of Defense. 3474:. New York: Lexington Books. 2758:"Ionson Defends SDI Program" 2412:"Missile Defense Milestones" 1965:projectile was fired from a 1669:used by the attacking side. 1244:Laser and mirror experiments 842:While SDIO pursued SDS, the 634:In 1979, Reagan visited the 213:Strategic Defense Initiative 7: 14424:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 11433:Group on Earth Observations 11416:Committee on Space Research 10860:Creation of the Space Force 10780:Kennedy Space Center speech 10423:We choose to go to the Moon 10354:Introduction to Outer Space 10074:European Broadcasting Union 8031:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 7759:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 7504:Corrective Movement (Syria) 7468:New People's Army rebellion 7463:Sino-Soviet border conflict 7191:Angolan War of Independence 7054:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 6934:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 6579:Jamaican political conflict 6093:Minerals Management Service 5945:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 5938:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 5441:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 5400:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 4148:"Ballistic Missile Defense" 3807:10.1007/978-1-349-10221-1_3 3470:Mowthorpe, Matthew (2004). 3127:. Scribner's. p. 261. 2297: 2287: 1921:International Space Station 1880:(ABM) testing range in the 1743:which marks the end of the 1316:electrical potential energy 988:100 mi (160 km). 593:in-orbit missile platform. 325:and renamed the agency the 10: 14485: 12382:Space Exploration Alliance 11611:Common heritage of mankind 11529:Space Liability Convention 11301:North Korean space program 11227:2015 Creation of Roscosmos 10691:Launch of the X-37 program 10541:Citizens' Advisory Council 9635:European Data Relay System 9606:Concurrent Design Facility 9351:Space Debris Working Group 8227:Sino-Indian border dispute 8056:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 7986:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 7744:1976 Argentine coup d'état 7656:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 7606:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 7290:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 7258:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 6947:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 6714:Asian Relations Conference 6086:Medical Waste Tracking Act 6079:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 5563:Presidential proclamations 5297:. D.C. Heath and Company. 5284:Broad, William J. (1992). 5172:Broad, William J. (1985). 5006:Atomic Heritage Foundation 4244:"Missile Defense Timeline" 3863:10.1103/physrevlett.54.106 3445:U.S. Department of Defense 2250:mutual assured destruction 2244:Mutual assured destruction 1692: 1504: 1396: 1361: 1200:Tactical High Energy Laser 1171: 1117:An early SDI focus was an 1101:This early artwork of the 1090: 1055: 1017: 916:Extended Range Interceptor 868:President George H.W. Bush 500: 355: 323:theatre ballistic missiles 240:mutual assured destruction 18: 14469:1983 in American politics 14354: 14271: 14147: 14105: 13963: 13541: 13423: 13416: 13229: 13146: 13070: 12902: 12843: 12827: 12820: 12695: 12581: 12574: 12480: 12457: 12450: 12325:Space Frontier Foundation 12300: 12211: 11820: 11811: 11752:Launch market competition 11684: 11501: 11391: 11343: 11323:Ugandan space initiatives 11258: 11208: 11187: 11139: 11118: 11071: 11023: 10999: 10986: 10979: 10883: 10843: 10763: 10699: 10628: 10593: 10529: 10512: 10487: 10452: 10432: 10395: 10377:Launch of Project Mercury 10326: 10284: 10275: 10183: 10145: 10037: 9941: 9873: 9831: 9755: 9674:Ariane launcher programme 9613:European Astronaut Centre 9571:Europa launcher programme 9555: 9512: 9502: 9458: 9403: 9391:The Spaceguard Foundation 9326: 9263: 9212: 9134: 9111:William Appleman Williams 9056:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 8838: 8810: 8759: 8691: 8684: 8618: 8483: 8408: 8338: 8331: 8240: 8187: 8119: 7832: 7571:Bangladesh Liberation War 7561:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 7476: 7448:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 7436:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 7099: 6874:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 6851: 6561: 6499: 6433: 6271:Food Security Act of 1985 6195: 6172:Water Quality Act of 1987 5996:Armed Career Criminal Act 5920: 5664: 5601:Joint session of Congress 5448: 4075:Encyclopedia Astronautica 3750:Reviews of Modern Physics 3669:Encyclopedia Astronautica 3639:Encyclopedia Astronautica 3567:Encyclopedia Astronautica 3504:White Sands Missile Range 3090:Encyclopedia Astronautica 2829:Nolan, Cathal J. (2002). 2794:Reviews of Modern Physics 2466:Wang, C. P., ed. (1985). 2387:United States Space Force 2090:, then a board member at 1953:Controversy and criticism 1192:White Sands Missile Range 1001:General Accounting Office 982:Vandenberg Air Force Base 933:White Sands Missile Range 825:LLNL then introduced the 779:American Physical Society 672:by Teller's "O-Group" at 649:, the former head of the 640:Cheyenne Mountain Complex 513:Operation Tumbler–Snapper 282:American Physical Society 199: 181: 173: 157: 149: 144: 135: 14399:1983 in military history 12278:Reconnaissance satellite 11651:International Designator 11318:Philippine space program 11266:Australian space program 10918:Office of Space Commerce 10908:House Committee on Space 10820:Space Shuttle retirement 10775:2009 Augustine Committee 10610:1990 Augustine Committee 9756:Horizon 2000 (1985–1995) 9341:Space traffic management 7886:1980 Turkish coup d'état 7721:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 7691:1978 Somali coup attempt 7651:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 7616:1973 Chilean coup d'état 7441:Revolutionary Government 7335:South African Border War 7127:1960 Turkish coup d'état 7044:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 6899:1953 Iranian coup d'état 6879:1952 Egyptian revolution 6114:Nuclear Waste Policy Act 6042:Toxics Release Inventory 5405:templates for discussion 5176:. Simon & Schuster. 5157:. Simon & Schuster. 4920:Lett, Donald G. (2008). 3771:10.1103/revmodphys.59.s1 3695:"Space Based Laser. FAS" 2815:10.1103/RevModPhys.59.S1 2278:whistleblower protection 1945:In 2014, a declassified 1932:orbital weapons platform 1536:Other sensor experiments 1184:deuterium fluoride laser 1042:Ground-Based Interceptor 897:National Missile Defense 802:Strategic Defense System 727:impotent and obsolete." 433:Extended Range Nike Zeus 342:Space Development Agency 255:US Department of Defense 248:Space Development Agency 12392:Space Force Association 12377:Lunar Explorers Society 11547:Registration Convention 11511:Partial Test Ban Treaty 11392:Other intergovernmental 11306:Pakistani space program 11271:Brazilian space program 10641:Faster, better, cheaper 10444:1967 Outer Space Treaty 10247:Space Industry Act 2018 10024:European Defence Agency 9680:Vega launcher programme 9623:Living Planet Programme 9346:Space debris management 9320:Politics of outer space 8091:Fall of the Berlin Wall 8036:People Power Revolution 8021:Central American crisis 7961:1986 Black Sea incident 7611:1973 Afghan coup d'état 7509:Western Sahara conflict 7320:1966 Syrian coup d'état 7243:1963 Syrian coup d'état 7186:Portuguese Colonial War 7149:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 6914:1954 Syrian coup d'état 6791:Annexation of Hyderabad 6734:1947–1949 Palestine war 6440:← Carter administration 5874:American Homecoming Act 5758:Constructive engagement 5521:Administration scandals 5274:Bateman, Aaron (2024). 4483:2017S&GS...25....3P 4215:The Heritage Foundation 3843:Physical Review Letters 3150:"ABM And Space Defense" 2349:Militarization of space 2326:Directed-energy weapons 1917:attitude control system 1369:Space-Based Interceptor 1262:Space Shuttle Discovery 1178:Beginning in 1985, the 1081:hydrogen fluoride laser 1040:(THAAD) system and the 974:Kwajalein Missile Range 895:and focused on limited 663:The Heritage Foundation 12320:National Space Society 12221:Space domain awareness 11394:or inter-agency bodies 11296:Lebanese space program 11281:Japanese space program 11222:2014 Military doctrine 11200:2010 Military doctrine 10620:National Space Council 10615:Hubble Space Telescope 10387:Launch of X-15 program 10308:Aerobee rocket program 10258:2021 Integrated Review 10120:European Patent Office 10040:initiatives and bodies 9430:Billionaire space race 9356:Space Debris Committee 8385:Neoclassical economics 7896:Gulf of Sidra incident 7453:1969 Libyan revolution 7144:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 6929:1954 Geneva Conference 6689:Turkish straits crisis 6684:Corfu Channel incident 6373:Tax Reform Act of 1986 5593:"Tear down this wall!" 5244:Ritter, Scott (2010). 4949:on September 27, 2011. 4700:The SHAFR Guide Online 4675:Konstantin Lantratov. 4465:Podvig, Pavel (2017). 4454:on September 10, 2006. 3793:Tsipis, Kosta (1989), 3437:Missile Defense Agency 3199:on September 26, 2013. 2714:The Scientist Magazine 2378:missile defense system 2354:Missile Defense Agency 2310:Anti-satellite weapons 2305:Anti-ballistic missile 2153: 1975:Missile Defense Agency 1970: 1878:anti-ballistic missile 1863: 1756: 1716: 1627: 1461: 1408: 1322:for the projectile. A 1273:directed-energy weapon 1257: 1214:Missile Defense Agency 1182:tested an SDIO-funded 1169: 1114: 1088: 1058:Directed-energy weapon 955: 931:missile in flight, at 912: 893:Missile Defense Agency 891:administration as the 866:GPALS was approved by 796: 752:nuclear shaped charges 750:, updated versions of 718: 536: 444: 319:Clinton Administration 191:Missile Defense Agency 12402:The Planetary Society 12231:Anti-satellite weapon 11626:ITU Radio Regulations 11276:Emirati space program 11007:Operation Osoaviakhim 10875:Executive Order 13959 10755:Operation Burnt Frost 10686:Decadal Planning Team 10168:Indian ASAT programme 10163:Space Activities Bill 9585:European Space Agency 9557:ESA Science Programme 9368:Post-detection policy 9235:Russia–NATO relations 9116:Jonathan Reed Winkler 8400:Democratic capitalism 8395:Supply-side economics 8363:American conservatism 8162:Breakup of Yugoslavia 8051:Bougainville conflict 7966:South Yemen civil war 7901:Martial law in Poland 7764:Nicaraguan Revolution 7739:Dirty War (Argentina) 7546:1971 JVP insurrection 7360:Years of Lead (Italy) 7238:North Yemen civil war 7156:Berlin Crisis of 1961 7132:Albanian–Soviet split 7064:1959 Tibetan uprising 7029:Syrian Crisis of 1957 6884:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 6744:1948 Arab–Israeli War 6449:Bush administration → 6003:Sentencing Reform Act 5911:Exon–Florio Amendment 5837:Executive Order 12333 5823:Goldwater–Nichols Act 5498:Judicial appointments 5484:Assassination attempt 5344:Saltoun-Ebin, Jason. 5321:Payne, Keith (1986). 4834:Missile Defense Forum 4790:on February 27, 2009. 4580:"The Kremlin and SDI" 4514:"The Kremlin and SDI" 4250:on December 24, 2008. 3950:on December 24, 2008. 3014:on December 27, 2016. 2604:"SDIO Funds Research" 2139: 1960: 1898:anti-satellite weapon 1858: 1837:on the Soviet Union. 1734: 1706: 1685:the associated cost. 1625: 1459: 1425:Defense Science Board 1406: 1251: 1224:Neutral particle beam 1196:anti-satellite weapon 1167: 1100: 1070: 953: 910: 903:Ground-based programs 863:to feed the Pebbles. 791: 748:particle-beam weapons 741:Space Shuttle program 737:James Alan Abrahamson 716: 703:Project and proposals 693:Joint Chiefs of Staff 510: 493:interceptor missile. 430: 259:particle-beam weapons 14464:Cold War terminology 14366:Soviet space program 11824:units and formations 11794:Project Harvest Moon 11541:Satellite Convention 11401:African Space Agency 11311:Space programme 2040 11291:Kenyan space program 11286:Kazakh space program 10219:Outer Space Act 1986 10207:Black Arrow launcher 9990:Copernicus programme 9963:EU/ESA Space Council 9591:EU/ESA Space Council 9482:Chinese ASAT program 8656:Non-Aligned Movement 8278:Peaceful coexistence 8232:North Borneo dispute 8147:German reunification 8142:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 7840:Salvadoran Civil War 7789:Grand Mosque seizure 7784:Yemenite War of 1979 7676:Mozambican Civil War 7631:Carnation Revolution 7586:Yemenite War of 1972 7524:1970 Polish protests 7355:1967 Hong Kong riots 7330:Argentine Revolution 7280:Guatemalan Civil War 7208:Cuban Missile Crisis 7122:Bay of Pigs Invasion 6994:1956 Poznań protests 6972:Geneva Summit (1955) 6574:Hukbalahap Rebellion 6553:Non-Aligned Movement 5931:AIDS crisis response 5705:Soviet Union summits 5192:Kent, Glenn (2008). 4761:on January 19, 2017. 4681:that didn't happen)" 4620:on January 12, 2015. 3249:. November 16, 2015. 3148:A. Karpenko (1999). 3119:Shultz, George Pratt 2193:improve this article 2146:Kassel, West Germany 2053:improve this article 1973:Historians from the 1936:carbon-dioxide laser 1903:In 1987 a disguised 1846:Carbon dioxide laser 1783:improve this article 1588:improve this article 1546:thermographic camera 1358:Space-based programs 1312:particle accelerator 967:kinetic kill vehicle 820:ground-based systems 587:Carbon dioxide laser 449:Dwight D. Eisenhower 52:improve this article 13516:Guiana Space Centre 12258:Kinetic bombardment 11784:Space manufacturing 11774:Space-based economy 11747:Private spaceflight 11167:Shuttle–Mir program 10735:Aldridge Commission 10657:Shuttle–Mir program 10365:Space Act Agreement 10296:Operation Paperclip 10153:Department of Space 10146:Indian space policy 10029:Europe by Satellite 9957:EU Satellite Centre 9669:Guiana Space Centre 9413:Cold War space race 9331:Spacefaring nations 9101:Alex von Tunzelmann 9091:Vladimir Tismăneanu 9016:Thomas J. McCormick 9011:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 8911:Robert Hugh Ferrell 8774:Crusade for Freedom 8571:Illiberal democracy 8455:Ho Chi Minh Thought 8258:Eisenhower Doctrine 8111:Peaceful Revolution 8106:Romanian Revolution 8086:Revolutions of 1989 8071:1988 Polish strikes 7981:Operation INFEKTION 7976:1987 Lieyu massacre 7881:Eritrean Civil Wars 7864:Peruvian Revolution 7814:1979 Herat uprising 7804:Sino-Vietnamese War 7769:Uganda–Tanzania War 7749:Egyptian–Libyan War 7716:Third Indochina War 7711:Sino-Albanian split 7701:Ethiopian Civil War 7601:Eritrean Civil Wars 7541:Ping-pong diplomacy 7514:Cambodian Civil War 7340:Korean DMZ Conflict 7325:Cultural Revolution 7295:Dominican Civil War 7273:Tlatelolco massacre 7059:1959 Mosul uprising 7049:1958 Lebanon crisis 6776:Al-Wathbah uprising 6699:First Indochina War 6669:Iran crisis of 1946 6165:1982 VRA Amendments 5793:International trips 5765:Invasion of Grenada 5535:Impeachment efforts 5477:Second inauguration 5470:Release of hostages 5125:The Washington Post 5074:on January 19, 2008 4883:1984SciAm.251d..39B 4871:Scientific American 4301:on October 12, 2006 4208:"Brilliant Pebbles" 4188:on October 19, 2010 4182:Claremont Institute 4178:"Brilliant Pebbles" 4119:David Pahl (1987). 4051:on January 13, 2006 3855:1985PhRvL..54..106R 3762:1987RvMP...59....1B 3725:on October 12, 2006 3645:on October 26, 2003 3176:on October 8, 2017. 2806:1987RvMP...59....1B 2688:1988PhT....41f..53G 2365:Polyus (spacecraft) 2272:In 1992, scientist 418:cost-exchange ratio 404:and ultimately the 379:command and control 263:command and control 132: 12273:Military satellite 12111:Ranks and insignia 11606:Space jurisdiction 11553:Bogota Declaration 11517:Outer Space Treaty 11013:list of scientists 10301:list of scientists 9943:EU Space Programme 9255:Russian Revolution 9051:Mary Elise Sarotte 9036:William B. Pickett 8961:Patrick J. Hearden 8941:Gabriel Gorodetsky 8936:Timothy Garton Ash 8921:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 8516:Ethnic nationalism 8268:Hallstein Doctrine 8152:Yemeni unification 7941:1985 Geneva Summit 7906:Casamance conflict 7809:New Jewel Movement 7794:Iranian Revolution 7779:Chadian–Libyan War 7726:Cambodian conflict 7706:Lebanese Civil War 7696:Western Sahara War 7671:June 1976 protests 7666:Cambodian genocide 7431:17 July Revolution 7385:Nigerian Civil War 7300:Rhodesian Bush War 7285:Colombian conflict 7228:Ramadan Revolution 6967:Bandung Conference 6843:Operation Valuable 6724:Partition of India 5772:Iran–Contra affair 5466:First inauguration 5329:. Hamilton Press. 5151:Frances Fitzgerald 5098:The New York Times 4567:on March 27, 2012. 4261:Baucom, Donald F. 3635:"SVC Lockheed HOE" 3593:The New York Times 3362:The New York Times 3310:on March 11, 2007. 3213:Space Power Theory 3069:The New York Times 3031:The New York Times 2282:security clearance 2233:which the USSR had 2163:Outer Space Treaty 2157:Treaty obligations 2154: 2130:David Lorge Parnas 2128:On June 28, 1985, 1971: 1864: 1757: 1735:Until the failing 1717: 1677:in November 1985. 1657:political debate. 1628: 1462: 1443:Clementine mission 1409: 1258: 1170: 1126:nuclear explosions 1115: 1111:Excalibur engaging 1107:pumped laser array 1089: 956: 913: 719: 621:Frances FitzGerald 613:Hoover Institution 554:, principally the 544:secretary of state 537: 480:ballistic missiles 474:A Soviet military 445: 291:air-to-air missile 219:), was a proposed 182:Superseding agency 130: 14381: 14380: 14101: 14100: 13412: 13411: 12816: 12815: 12698:and the Caribbean 12570: 12569: 12410: 12409: 12296: 12295: 12288:Satellite jamming 11764:Space advertising 11254: 11253: 11250: 11249: 11135: 11134: 10975: 10974: 10595:George H. W. Bush 10064:Council of Europe 9985:Galileo programme 9937: 9936: 9924:Comet Interceptor 9450:Space competition 9286: 9285: 9273:List of conflicts 9121:Rudolph Winnacker 9066:Giles Scott-Smith 9041:Ronald E. Powaski 8996:Melvyn P. Leffler 8926:John Lewis Gaddis 8901:Robert D. English 8866:Warren H. Carroll 8856:Michael Beschloss 8825:Nuclear arms race 8806: 8805: 8712:Neues Deutschland 8614: 8613: 8596:White nationalism 8566:Liberal democracy 8303:Ulbricht Doctrine 8293:Brezhnev Doctrine 8101:Velvet Revolution 7845:Soviet–Afghan War 7661:Angolan Civil War 7458:Goulash Communism 7315:ASEAN Declaration 7268:Mexican Dirty War 7166:Annexation of Goa 7117:1960 U-2 incident 7091:Sino-Soviet split 7069:Laotian Civil War 6909:Bricker Amendment 6889:Mau Mau rebellion 6833:Malayan Emergency 6821:Chinese Civil War 6781:Tito–Stalin split 6635:Division of Korea 6459: 6458: 5830:Montreal Protocol 5660: 5659: 5651:1988 SOTU Address 5644:1987 SOTU Address 5637:1986 SOTU Address 5630:1985 SOTU Address 5623:1984 SOTU Address 5616:1983 SOTU Address 5609:1982 SOTU Address 5549:Executive actions 5259:978-0-7867-2743-8 5207:978-0-8330-4452-5 4840:on July 13, 2010. 4814:978-0-06-174099-2 4417:on March 10, 2007 4224:on March 17, 2006 4106:Technology Review 3816:978-1-349-10223-5 3342:978-0-19-975925-5 3296:. Preview Press. 3288:Graham, Daniel O. 3273:978-0-7432-0377-7 3134:978-0-684-80332-6 2842:978-0-313-32383-6 2738:on August 8, 2012 2696:10.1063/1.2811448 2643:10.1117/12.947548 2614:on August 8, 2012 2261:Mikhail Gorbachev 2225: 2224: 2217: 2085: 2084: 2077: 1940:political capital 1905:Mir space station 1831:military spending 1815: 1814: 1807: 1753:strategic weapons 1711:'s agenda at the 1709:Mikhail Gorbachev 1646:, and maneuvering 1630:In war-fighting, 1620: 1619: 1612: 1554:liquid propellant 1399:Brilliant Pebbles 1393:Brilliant Pebbles 1387:Brilliant Pebbles 1256:(LACE) satellite. 1207:laser conferences 1093:Project Excalibur 856:Brilliant Pebbles 827:Brilliant Pebbles 767:Project Excalibur 714: 670:Project Excalibur 566:in 1975. Held at 533:Project Excalibur 517:rope trick effect 406:Safeguard Program 334:President Trump's 287:Brilliant Pebbles 273:, supercomputing/ 209: 208: 128: 127: 120: 102: 14476: 14364:Preceded by the 14344: 14343: 14342: 14332: 14331: 14330: 14320: 14319: 14318: 14308: 14307: 14306: 14296: 14295: 14294: 14284: 14283: 14282: 14261: 14260: 14259: 14249: 14248: 14247: 14237: 14236: 14235: 14137: 14136: 14135: 14118: 14117: 14116: 14091: 14090: 14089: 14079: 14078: 14077: 14060: 14059: 14058: 14048: 14047: 14046: 14024: 14023: 14022: 14012: 14011: 14010: 14000: 13999: 13998: 13988: 13987: 13986: 13976: 13975: 13974: 13953: 13952: 13951: 13941: 13940: 13939: 13929: 13928: 13927: 13915: 13914: 13913: 13903: 13902: 13901: 13891: 13890: 13889: 13879: 13878: 13877: 13840: 13839: 13838: 13828: 13827: 13826: 13816: 13815: 13814: 13804: 13803: 13802: 13792: 13791: 13790: 13780: 13779: 13778: 13768: 13767: 13766: 13756: 13755: 13754: 13744: 13743: 13742: 13732: 13731: 13730: 13713: 13712: 13711: 13701: 13700: 13699: 13689: 13688: 13687: 13677: 13676: 13675: 13665: 13664: 13663: 13653: 13652: 13651: 13634: 13633: 13632: 13622: 13621: 13620: 13610: 13609: 13608: 13598: 13597: 13596: 13586: 13585: 13584: 13572: 13571: 13570: 13560: 13559: 13558: 13467: 13466: 13465: 13421: 13420: 13397: 13396: 13395: 13378: 13377: 13376: 13359: 13358: 13357: 13340: 13339: 13338: 13321: 13320: 13319: 13302: 13301: 13300: 13290: 13289: 13288: 13278: 13277: 13276: 13266: 13265: 13264: 13254: 13253: 13252: 13242: 13241: 13240: 13219: 13218: 13217: 13207: 13206: 13205: 13195: 13194: 13193: 13183: 13182: 13181: 13171: 13170: 13169: 13159: 13158: 13157: 13136: 13135: 13134: 13124: 13123: 13122: 13095: 13094: 13093: 13083: 13082: 13081: 13060: 13059: 13058: 13048: 13047: 13046: 13024: 13023: 13022: 13012: 13011: 13010: 13000: 12999: 12998: 12988: 12987: 12986: 12969: 12968: 12967: 12915: 12914: 12913: 12892: 12891: 12890: 12868: 12867: 12866: 12856: 12855: 12854: 12825: 12824: 12799: 12798: 12797: 12787: 12786: 12785: 12758: 12757: 12756: 12746: 12745: 12744: 12734: 12733: 12732: 12722: 12721: 12720: 12710: 12709: 12708: 12685: 12684: 12683: 12673: 12672: 12671: 12661: 12660: 12659: 12649: 12648: 12647: 12637: 12636: 12635: 12618: 12617: 12616: 12606: 12605: 12604: 12594: 12593: 12592: 12579: 12578: 12560: 12559: 12558: 12548: 12547: 12546: 12536: 12535: 12534: 12524: 12523: 12522: 12505: 12504: 12503: 12493: 12492: 12491: 12455: 12454: 12437: 12430: 12423: 12414: 12413: 12397:Space Foundation 12387:Space Fellowship 12199: 12198: 12187: 12186: 12174: 12164: 12163: 12152: 12151: 12140: 12139: 12128: 12127: 12104: 12103: 12080: 12079: 12068: 12067: 12056: 12055: 12044: 12043: 12032: 12031: 12020: 12019: 12008: 12007: 11996: 11995: 11984: 11983: 11972: 11971: 11960: 11959: 11948: 11947: 11926: 11925: 11914: 11913: 11902: 11901: 11890: 11889: 11878: 11877: 11866: 11865: 11854: 11853: 11842: 11841: 11818: 11817: 11769:Space technology 11740: 11739: 11728: 11727: 11716: 11715: 11704: 11703: 11646:COSPAR standards 11523:Rescue Agreement 11146: 11145: 10997: 10996: 10984: 10983: 10343:Project Vanguard 10282: 10281: 9753: 9752: 9738:Aurora programme 9724:Mars and beyond 9515: 9514: 9505: 9504: 9476:Shuguang program 9445:Space propaganda 9372:Asteroid impact 9313: 9306: 9299: 9290: 9289: 9031:David S. Painter 8956:John Earl Haynes 8886:Nicholas J. Cull 8871:Adrian Cioroianu 8851:Thomas A. Bailey 8798:Voice of America 8689: 8688: 8601:White separatism 8581:Social democracy 8576:Guided democracy 8556:Authoritarianism 8506:Ultranationalism 8496:Anti-imperialism 8423:Marxism–Leninism 8336: 8335: 8323:Kinmen Agreement 8288:Johnson Doctrine 8273:Kennedy Doctrine 8189:Frozen conflicts 8172:1991 August Coup 8061:Afghan Civil War 7956:Reykjavík Summit 7951:Somali Rebellion 7891:Ugandan Bush War 7869:Gdańsk Agreement 7390:Protests of 1968 7370:War of Attrition 7079:Cuban Revolution 7015:We will bury you 6982:Cyprus Emergency 6962:Kashmir Princess 6952:Jebel Akhdar War 6801:Western betrayal 6486: 6479: 6472: 6463: 6462: 6452: 6443: 6426: 6419: 6412: 6405: 6398: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6333: 6324: 6317: 6310: 6303: 6296: 6287: 6280: 6273: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6238: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6167: 6160: 6153: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6065:Grace Commission 6060: 6053: 6044: 6037: 6028: 6021: 6012: 6005: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5913: 5906: 5897: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5795: 5788: 5781: 5774: 5767: 5760: 5751: 5749:Governors Island 5744: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5698: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5596: 5588: 5572: 5571: 5565: 5558: 5556:Executive orders 5551: 5544: 5537: 5530: 5523: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5461: 5434: 5427: 5420: 5411: 5410: 5369:Weapons in Space 5365: 5363: 5361: 5350:The Reagan Files 5340: 5328: 5317: 5308: 5289: 5280:. The MIT Press. 5263: 5252:. Nation Books. 5251: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5223: 5211: 5199: 5187: 5168: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5070:. Archived from 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4941: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4836:. Archived from 4825: 4819: 4818: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4778: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4753: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4734:Business Insider 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4656:. April 10, 1984 4646: 4640: 4639: 4634:. Archived from 4628: 4622: 4621: 4616:. Archived from 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4530:10.2307/20043481 4509: 4503: 4502: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4447:. Archived from 4442: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4391:on April 9, 2015 4387:. Archived from 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4361:on April 8, 2015 4357:. Archived from 4347: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4331:on April 9, 2015 4327:. Archived from 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4297:. Archived from 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4270:highfrontier.org 4267: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4223: 4217:. Archived from 4212: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4184:. Archived from 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4158:on April 9, 2015 4154:. Archived from 4144: 4135: 4134: 4123:. Exeter Books. 4116: 4110: 4109: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4081:on July 21, 2009 4077:. Archived from 4067: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4047:. Archived from 4040: 4034: 4033: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3995:on June 24, 2009 3985: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3969:on April 9, 2015 3965:. Archived from 3958: 3952: 3951: 3946:. Archived from 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3922: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3898: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3773: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3724: 3718:. Archived from 3713: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3671:. Archived from 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3641:. Archived from 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3514:on June 23, 2006 3510:. Archived from 3500: 3494: 3493: 3490:The New Republic 3485: 3476: 3475: 3467: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3417: 3406: 3405: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3378:. Archived from 3372: 3366: 3365: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3306:. Archived from 3284: 3278: 3277: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3227:on July 12, 2018 3226: 3220:. Archived from 3219: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3189: 3178: 3177: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3115: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3092:. Archived from 3082: 3076: 3075: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3010:. Archived from 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2882:Business Insider 2873: 2867: 2866: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2768:on June 16, 2012 2754: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2657:"Star Wars' Inc" 2653: 2647: 2646: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2561: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2513: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2483: 2474: 2473: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2418:on March 6, 2016 2414:. Archived from 2407: 2220: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2200: 2177: 2169: 2080: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2037: 2029: 1882:Karaganda Region 1810: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1790: 1767: 1759: 1707:SDI was high on 1615: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1595: 1572: 1564: 1439:John H. Nuckolls 1413:kinetic warheads 1328:electric current 978:Marshall Islands 715: 647:Daniel O. Graham 424:was inevitable. 271:particle physics 228:nuclear missiles 158:Preceding agency 140: 133: 129: 123: 116: 112: 109: 103: 101: 60: 36: 28: 14484: 14483: 14479: 14478: 14477: 14475: 14474: 14473: 14419:Missile defense 14384: 14383: 14382: 14377: 14350: 14340: 14338: 14328: 14326: 14316: 14314: 14304: 14302: 14292: 14290: 14280: 14278: 14267: 14257: 14255: 14245: 14243: 14233: 14231: 14143: 14133: 14131: 14114: 14112: 14097: 14087: 14085: 14075: 14073: 14056: 14054: 14044: 14042: 14020: 14018: 14008: 14006: 13996: 13994: 13984: 13982: 13972: 13970: 13959: 13949: 13947: 13937: 13935: 13925: 13923: 13911: 13909: 13899: 13897: 13887: 13885: 13875: 13873: 13836: 13834: 13824: 13822: 13812: 13810: 13800: 13798: 13788: 13786: 13776: 13774: 13764: 13762: 13752: 13750: 13740: 13738: 13728: 13726: 13709: 13707: 13697: 13695: 13685: 13683: 13673: 13671: 13661: 13659: 13649: 13647: 13630: 13628: 13618: 13616: 13606: 13604: 13594: 13592: 13582: 13580: 13568: 13566: 13556: 13554: 13537: 13463: 13461: 13408: 13393: 13391: 13374: 13372: 13355: 13353: 13336: 13334: 13317: 13315: 13298: 13296: 13286: 13284: 13274: 13272: 13262: 13260: 13250: 13248: 13238: 13236: 13225: 13215: 13213: 13203: 13201: 13191: 13189: 13179: 13177: 13167: 13165: 13155: 13153: 13142: 13132: 13130: 13120: 13118: 13091: 13089: 13079: 13077: 13066: 13056: 13054: 13044: 13042: 13020: 13018: 13008: 13006: 12996: 12994: 12984: 12982: 12965: 12963: 12911: 12909: 12898: 12888: 12886: 12864: 12862: 12852: 12850: 12839: 12812: 12795: 12793: 12783: 12781: 12754: 12752: 12742: 12740: 12730: 12728: 12718: 12716: 12706: 12704: 12697: 12691: 12681: 12679: 12669: 12667: 12657: 12655: 12645: 12643: 12633: 12631: 12614: 12612: 12602: 12600: 12590: 12588: 12566: 12556: 12554: 12544: 12542: 12532: 12530: 12520: 12518: 12501: 12499: 12489: 12487: 12476: 12459: 12446: 12441: 12411: 12406: 12292: 12268:Missile defense 12207: 12193: 12181: 12158: 12146: 12134: 12122: 12098: 12074: 12062: 12050: 12038: 12026: 12014: 12002: 11990: 11978: 11966: 11954: 11942: 11920: 11908: 11896: 11884: 11872: 11860: 11848: 11836: 11823: 11807: 11801:Asteroid mining 11789:Lunar resources 11734: 11722: 11710: 11698: 11680: 11673:ISECG standards 11636:ODCWG standards 11631:CCSDS standards 11600:Artemis Accords 11497: 11393: 11387: 11339: 11246: 11204: 11183: 11131: 11114: 11067: 11062:Voskhod program 11031:Sputnik program 11019: 10991: 10989: 10980:USSR and Russia 10971: 10879: 10846: 10839: 10766: 10759: 10702: 10695: 10631: 10624: 10596: 10589: 10532: 10525: 10515: 10508: 10490: 10483: 10455: 10448: 10435: 10428: 10398: 10391: 10329: 10322: 10287: 10277:US space policy 10271: 10187:space programme 10186: 10179: 10141: 10039: 10033: 10000:EUSST programme 9995:EGNOS programme 9933: 9869: 9858:LISA Pathfinder 9827: 9769:Cassini–Huygens 9751: 9662:ESTRACK network 9551: 9534:Mars and beyond 9461: 9454: 9399: 9322: 9317: 9287: 9282: 9259: 9250:Second Cold War 9208: 9136: 9130: 9106:Odd Arne Westad 9096:Patrick Vaughan 9081:Athan Theoharis 9061:Ellen Schrecker 9046:Yakov M. Rabkin 9021:Timothy Naftali 8966:Tvrtko Jakovina 8951:Jussi Hanhimäki 8834: 8812: 8802: 8780:Paix et Liberté 8755: 8699:Active measures 8680: 8610: 8591:White supremacy 8551:Totalitarianism 8479: 8404: 8327: 8313:Reagan Doctrine 8308:Carter Doctrine 8248:Truman Doctrine 8236: 8183: 8115: 8010:Soviet reaction 7921:Ndogboyosoi War 7828: 7799:Saur Revolution 7626:1973 oil crisis 7591:Munich massacre 7499:Alcora Exercise 7494:Black September 7472: 7218:Sino-Indian War 7112:Simba rebellion 7095: 6939:Capture of the 6847: 6786:Berlin Blockade 6719:May 1947 crises 6709:Truman Doctrine 6674:Greek Civil War 6663:Blacklist Forty 6630:Gouzenko Affair 6617:Cursed soldiers 6569:Morgenthau Plan 6557: 6495: 6490: 6460: 6455: 6446: 6437: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6401: 6394: 6385: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6357: 6350: 6345:Reagan tax cuts 6343: 6336: 6329: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6204: 6197:Economic policy 6191: 6184: 6177: 6170: 6163: 6156: 6149: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6049: 6040: 6033: 6024: 6017: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5968:Cannabis policy 5966: 5959: 5950: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5922:Domestic policy 5916: 5909: 5902: 5893: 5886: 5879: 5872: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5807: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5763: 5756: 5747: 5740: 5731: 5724: 5717: 5710: 5703: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5675:Reagan Doctrine 5673: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5599: 5591: 5583: 5570: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5542:Opinion polling 5540: 5533: 5528:Bush transition 5526: 5519: 5510: 5503: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5475: 5464: 5457: 5444: 5438: 5408: 5384: 5359: 5357: 5337: 5305: 5271: 5269:Further reading 5266: 5260: 5234: 5232: 5221: 5208: 5184: 5165: 5145: 5140: 5139: 5129: 5127: 5117: 5113: 5103: 5101: 5100:. March 2, 1996 5092: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5060: 5059: 5055: 5045: 5043: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5015: 5013: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4990:. May 24, 1976. 4986: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4958: 4954: 4946: 4939: 4933: 4929: 4918: 4914: 4863: 4859: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4776: 4770: 4766: 4758: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4727: 4726: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4692: 4688: 4673: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4610: 4606: 4596: 4594: 4584:Foreign Affairs 4576: 4572: 4557: 4553: 4518:Foreign Affairs 4510: 4506: 4463: 4459: 4451: 4440: 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4265: 4259: 4255: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4210: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4146: 4145: 4138: 4131: 4117: 4113: 4098: 4094: 4084: 4082: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4054: 4052: 4041: 4037: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4012: 4008: 3998: 3996: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3972: 3970: 3959: 3955: 3940: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3890: 3886: 3834: 3830: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3791: 3787: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3665:"Lockheed ERIS" 3663: 3662: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3597: 3595: 3585: 3581: 3571: 3569: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3515: 3501: 3497: 3486: 3479: 3468: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3434: 3430: 3419: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3319: 3315: 3304: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3258: 3254: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3211:"James Olberg, 3209: 3208: 3204: 3191: 3190: 3181: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3146: 3142: 3135: 3116: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3096:on July 2, 2007 3084: 3083: 3079: 3061: 3057: 3042: 3038: 3023: 3019: 3008:Astronautix.com 3002: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2950: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2924: 2920: 2909: 2905: 2894: 2890: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2827: 2823: 2785: 2781: 2771: 2769: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2672: 2668: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2559: 2555:Podvig, Pavel. 2553: 2549: 2539: 2537: 2536:. Brookings.edu 2530: 2526: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2505: 2501: 2484: 2477: 2464: 2460: 2449: 2445: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2421: 2419: 2408: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2270: 2257:Reykjavik talks 2246: 2221: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2190: 2178: 2159: 2081: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2050: 2038: 2019:Jessica Savitch 2009:Jessica Savitch 1980:Washington Post 1955: 1925:station keeping 1911:booster as the 1890:missile defense 1811: 1800: 1794: 1791: 1780: 1768: 1701: 1691: 1632:countermeasures 1616: 1605: 1599: 1596: 1585: 1573: 1562: 1560:Countermeasures 1538: 1519: 1510: 1503: 1490: 1454: 1452:Sensor programs 1401: 1395: 1371: 1366: 1360: 1332:magnetic forces 1297: 1289:adaptive optics 1246: 1226: 1176: 1162: 1095: 1065: 1060: 1054: 1026: 1018:Main articles: 1016: 948: 940:MIM-104 Patriot 918: 905: 877: 840: 831:microprocessors 804: 775: 733: 724: 707: 705: 598:revolver cannon 573:Development of 564:Spartan missile 552:nuclear weapons 505: 499: 437:Spartan missile 363: 358: 336:signing of the 236:nuclear weapons 221:missile defense 195: 189: 169: 145:Agency overview 124: 113: 107: 104: 61: 59: 49: 37: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14482: 14472: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14379: 14378: 14376: 14375: 14368: 14362: 14355: 14352: 14351: 14349: 14348: 14336: 14324: 14312: 14300: 14288: 14275: 14273: 14269: 14268: 14266: 14265: 14253: 14241: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14173: 14172: 14162: 14157: 14151: 14149: 14145: 14144: 14142: 14141: 14129: 14128: 14127: 14109: 14107: 14103: 14102: 14099: 14098: 14096: 14095: 14083: 14071: 14070: 14069: 14052: 14040: 14039: 14038: 14033: 14016: 14004: 13992: 13980: 13967: 13965: 13961: 13960: 13958: 13957: 13945: 13933: 13921: 13920: 13919: 13895: 13883: 13871: 13870: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13832: 13820: 13808: 13796: 13784: 13772: 13760: 13748: 13736: 13724: 13723: 13722: 13705: 13693: 13681: 13669: 13657: 13645: 13644: 13643: 13626: 13614: 13602: 13590: 13578: 13577: 13576: 13551: 13549: 13539: 13538: 13536: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13519: 13518: 13513: 13512: 13511: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13476: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13448: 13447: 13437: 13427: 13425: 13418: 13414: 13413: 13410: 13409: 13407: 13406: 13389: 13388: 13387: 13370: 13369: 13368: 13351: 13350: 13349: 13332: 13331: 13330: 13313: 13312: 13311: 13294: 13282: 13270: 13258: 13246: 13233: 13231: 13227: 13226: 13224: 13223: 13211: 13199: 13187: 13175: 13163: 13150: 13148: 13147:Southeast Asia 13144: 13143: 13141: 13140: 13128: 13116: 13115: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13087: 13074: 13072: 13068: 13067: 13065: 13064: 13052: 13040: 13039: 13038: 13033: 13016: 13004: 12992: 12980: 12979: 12978: 12961: 12960: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12948: 12947: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12924: 12906: 12904: 12900: 12899: 12897: 12896: 12884: 12883: 12882: 12877: 12860: 12847: 12845: 12841: 12840: 12838: 12837: 12831: 12829: 12822: 12818: 12817: 12814: 12813: 12811: 12810: 12809: 12808: 12791: 12779: 12778: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12750: 12738: 12726: 12714: 12701: 12699: 12693: 12692: 12690: 12689: 12677: 12665: 12653: 12641: 12629: 12628: 12627: 12610: 12598: 12585: 12583: 12576: 12572: 12571: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12564: 12552: 12540: 12528: 12516: 12515: 12514: 12497: 12484: 12482: 12478: 12477: 12475: 12474: 12469: 12463: 12461: 12452: 12448: 12447: 12440: 12439: 12432: 12425: 12417: 12408: 12407: 12405: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12343: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12312: 12306: 12304: 12302:Space advocacy 12298: 12297: 12294: 12293: 12291: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12254: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12238: 12228: 12223: 12217: 12215: 12209: 12208: 12206: 12205: 12204: 12203: 12191: 12189:United Kingdom 12179: 12168: 12156: 12144: 12132: 12118:Space commands 12115: 12114: 12113: 12108: 12096: 12095: 12094: 12089: 12072: 12070:United Kingdom 12060: 12048: 12036: 12024: 12012: 12000: 11988: 11976: 11964: 11952: 11940: 11939: 11938: 11933: 11918: 11906: 11894: 11882: 11870: 11858: 11846: 11828: 11826: 11815: 11813:Militarisation 11809: 11808: 11806: 11805: 11804: 11803: 11798: 11797: 11796: 11786: 11781: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11755: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11732: 11730:United Kingdom 11720: 11708: 11694:Space industry 11690: 11688: 11686:Commercial use 11682: 11681: 11679: 11678: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11659: 11658: 11656:IPDA standards 11653: 11643: 11641:CEOS standards 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11597: 11591: 11585: 11580: 11574: 11568: 11562: 11556: 11550: 11544: 11538: 11532: 11526: 11520: 11514: 11507: 11505: 11499: 11498: 11496: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11424: 11423: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11397: 11395: 11389: 11388: 11386: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11374: 11373: 11368: 11358: 11353: 11347: 11345: 11344:United Nations 11341: 11340: 11338: 11337: 11336: 11335: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11314: 11313: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11262: 11260: 11259:Other policies 11256: 11255: 11252: 11251: 11248: 11247: 11245: 11244: 11243: 11242: 11237: 11235:MARS-500 study 11229: 11224: 11219: 11212: 11210: 11206: 11205: 11203: 11202: 11197: 11191: 11189: 11185: 11184: 11182: 11181: 11180: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11158: 11152: 11150: 11143: 11137: 11136: 11133: 11132: 11130: 11129: 11122: 11120: 11116: 11115: 11113: 11112: 11106: 11100: 11094: 11091:Salyut program 11088: 11082: 11075: 11073: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11065: 11059: 11053: 11047: 11044:Vostok program 11041: 11040: 11039: 11036:Sputnik crisis 11027: 11025: 11021: 11020: 11018: 11017: 11016: 11015: 11003: 11001: 10994: 10981: 10977: 10976: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10969: 10968: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10921: 10920: 10910: 10905: 10903:Budget of NASA 10900: 10895: 10890: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10851: 10849: 10841: 10840: 10838: 10837: 10835:2015 Space Act 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10771: 10769: 10761: 10760: 10758: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10721:Space Shuttle 10718: 10713: 10707: 10705: 10701:George W. Bush 10697: 10696: 10694: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10681:1998 Space Act 10678: 10673: 10672: 10671: 10670: 10669: 10659: 10649: 10644: 10636: 10634: 10626: 10625: 10623: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10601: 10599: 10591: 10590: 10588: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10571:Space Shuttle 10568: 10563: 10561:1984 Space Act 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10537: 10535: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10510: 10509: 10507: 10506: 10501: 10495: 10493: 10485: 10484: 10482: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10460: 10458: 10450: 10449: 10447: 10446: 10440: 10438: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10426: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10403: 10401: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10368: 10367: 10357: 10350: 10348:Sputnik crisis 10345: 10340: 10334: 10332: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10304: 10303: 10292: 10290: 10279: 10273: 10272: 10270: 10269: 10268: 10267: 10255: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10233: 10227: 10221: 10216: 10210: 10204: 10198: 10191: 10189: 10181: 10180: 10178: 10177: 10176: 10175: 10173:Mission Shakti 10165: 10160: 10155: 10149: 10147: 10143: 10142: 10140: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10123: 10122: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10101: 10100: 10090: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10055: 10054: 10043: 10041: 10038:Other European 10035: 10034: 10032: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10005: 10004: 10003: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9976: 9973: 9965: 9960: 9954: 9947: 9945: 9939: 9938: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9880: 9878: 9871: 9870: 9868: 9867: 9860: 9855: 9848: 9847: 9846: 9835: 9833: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9825: 9818: 9811: 9806: 9799: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9780: 9779: 9765: 9759: 9757: 9750: 9749: 9748: 9747: 9746: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9733:MARS-500 study 9730: 9722: 9720:ESA Television 9717: 9716: 9715: 9714: 9713: 9703: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9677: 9671: 9666: 9665: 9664: 9654: 9649: 9643: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9626: 9625: 9615: 9610: 9609: 9608: 9598: 9593: 9582: 9576: 9575: 9574: 9561: 9559: 9553: 9552: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9547: 9545:MARS-500 study 9542: 9531: 9525: 9524: 9523: 9518: 9508: 9492: 9491: 9490: 9479: 9473: 9466: 9464: 9456: 9455: 9453: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9426: 9425: 9420: 9418:Sputnik crisis 9409: 9407: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9397: 9396: 9395: 9394: 9393: 9383: 9378: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9359: 9358: 9353: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9316: 9315: 9308: 9301: 9293: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9216: 9214: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9140: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9076:Timothy Snyder 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9006:Vojtech Mastny 9003: 9001:Geir Lundestad 8998: 8993: 8991:Walter Laqueur 8988: 8986:Walter LaFeber 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8916:André Fontaine 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8846:Gar Alperovitz 8842: 8840: 8836: 8835: 8833: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8816: 8814: 8808: 8807: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8800: 8795: 8789: 8788: 8783: 8776: 8771: 8763: 8761: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8753: 8746: 8741: 8734: 8727: 8722: 8715: 8708: 8701: 8695: 8693: 8686: 8682: 8681: 8679: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8622: 8620: 8616: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8586:Third-Worldism 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8487: 8485: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8414: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8375:Libertarianism 8372: 8367: 8366: 8365: 8355: 8353:Chicago school 8350: 8344: 8342: 8333: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8298:Nixon Doctrine 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8244: 8242: 8241:Foreign policy 8238: 8237: 8235: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8193: 8191: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8123: 8121: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8026:Operation RYAN 8023: 8018: 8013: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7931:Able Archer 83 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7877: 7876: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7847: 7842: 7836: 7834: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7681:Oromo conflict 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7621:Yom Kippur War 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7480: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7404: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7276: 7275: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7253:Aden Emergency 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7171:Papua conflict 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7103: 7101: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7093: 7088: 7087: 7086: 7076: 7074:Kitchen Debate 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7034:Sputnik crisis 7031: 7026: 7018: 7011: 7006: 7004:Polish October 7001: 6996: 6991: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6904:Pact of Madrid 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6859:Bamboo Curtain 6855: 6853: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6829: 6828: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6658: 6650: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6619: 6614: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6599: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6508: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6489: 6488: 6481: 6474: 6466: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6453: 6444: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6406: 6399: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6383: 6376: 6369: 6362: 6355: 6341: 6334: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6281: 6267: 6260: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6223: 6209: 6201: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6182: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6131: 6124: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6006: 5999: 5985: 5978: 5971: 5964: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5941: 5934: 5926: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5907: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5891: 5877: 5870: 5869: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5840: 5833: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5805: 5796: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5753: 5752: 5745: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5722: 5715: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5692: 5678: 5670: 5668: 5666:Foreign policy 5662: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5597: 5589: 5580: 5578: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5559: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5516: 5515: 5508: 5494: 5487: 5480: 5473: 5462: 5454: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5437: 5436: 5429: 5422: 5414: 5391: 5390: 5383: 5382:External links 5380: 5379: 5378: 5366: 5341: 5335: 5318: 5309: 5303: 5290: 5281: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5258: 5241: 5212: 5206: 5189: 5182: 5169: 5163: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5111: 5085: 5053: 5023: 4993: 4979: 4972: 4952: 4927: 4912: 4857: 4843: 4820: 4813: 4793: 4764: 4740: 4720: 4686: 4667: 4641: 4623: 4604: 4570: 4551: 4524:(4): 755–770. 4504: 4457: 4445:New York Times 4428: 4402: 4372: 4342: 4312: 4282: 4253: 4235: 4199: 4169: 4136: 4129: 4111: 4092: 4062: 4035: 4021: 4006: 3980: 3953: 3934: 3909: 3884: 3849:(2): 106–109. 3828: 3815: 3785: 3736: 3700: 3686: 3675:on May 1, 2002 3656: 3626: 3605: 3579: 3554: 3540: 3525: 3495: 3477: 3457: 3428: 3407: 3393: 3382:on May 7, 2015 3367: 3348: 3341: 3313: 3302: 3279: 3272: 3252: 3238: 3202: 3179: 3161: 3155:Nevsky Bastion 3140: 3133: 3107: 3077: 3055: 3036: 3017: 2995: 2993:, p. 154. 2983: 2971: 2959: 2944: 2918: 2903: 2888: 2868: 2848: 2841: 2821: 2800:(3): S1–S201. 2779: 2749: 2719: 2701: 2666: 2648: 2625: 2595: 2581: 2547: 2524: 2499: 2475: 2458: 2443: 2429: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2333: 2323: 2318: 2312: 2307: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2274:Aldric Saucier 2269: 2266: 2245: 2242: 2223: 2222: 2181: 2179: 2172: 2158: 2155: 2111:nuclear attack 2103:Richard Garwin 2083: 2082: 2041: 2039: 2032: 2003:disinformation 1954: 1951: 1827:Soviet economy 1813: 1812: 1771: 1769: 1762: 1737:Soviet economy 1690: 1687: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1618: 1617: 1576: 1574: 1567: 1561: 1558: 1537: 1534: 1522:Brilliant Eyes 1518: 1517:Brilliant Eyes 1515: 1502: 1499: 1489: 1486: 1453: 1450: 1417:Brilliant Eyes 1397:Main article: 1394: 1391: 1370: 1367: 1362:Main article: 1359: 1356: 1320:kinetic energy 1296: 1293: 1245: 1242: 1225: 1222: 1218:Airborne Laser 1174:Chemical laser 1161: 1160:Chemical laser 1158: 1091:Main article: 1085:laser ablation 1079:or a chemical 1064: 1061: 1053: 1050: 1048:(GMD) system. 1015: 1012: 1005:New York Times 993:New York Times 947: 944: 917: 914: 904: 901: 889:George W. Bush 876: 873: 861:Brilliant Eyes 839: 836: 803: 800: 783:Nobel laureate 774: 771: 756:plasma weapons 754:, and various 732: 729: 723: 720: 704: 701: 638:command base, 501:Main article: 498: 497:Lead up to SDI 495: 491:exoatmospheric 362: 359: 357: 354: 313:Following the 267:basic research 207: 206: 201: 197: 196: 194: 193: 185: 183: 179: 178: 177:1993 (renamed) 175: 171: 170: 168: 167: 161: 159: 155: 154: 151: 147: 146: 142: 141: 126: 125: 40: 38: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14481: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14439:Space weapons 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14391: 14389: 14374:participation 14373: 14369: 14367: 14363: 14361: 14357: 14356: 14353: 14347: 14337: 14335: 14325: 14323: 14313: 14311: 14301: 14299: 14289: 14287: 14277: 14276: 14274: 14270: 14264: 14254: 14252: 14242: 14240: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14177:Cospas-Sarsat 14175: 14171: 14168: 14167: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14152: 14150: 14146: 14140: 14130: 14126: 14123: 14122: 14121: 14111: 14110: 14108: 14104: 14094: 14084: 14082: 14072: 14068: 14065: 14064: 14063: 14053: 14051: 14041: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14028: 14027: 14017: 14015: 14005: 14003: 13993: 13991: 13981: 13979: 13969: 13968: 13966: 13962: 13956: 13946: 13944: 13934: 13932: 13922: 13918: 13908: 13907: 13906: 13896: 13894: 13884: 13882: 13872: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13844: 13843: 13833: 13831: 13821: 13819: 13809: 13807: 13797: 13795: 13785: 13783: 13773: 13771: 13761: 13759: 13749: 13747: 13737: 13735: 13725: 13721: 13718: 13717: 13716: 13706: 13704: 13694: 13692: 13682: 13680: 13670: 13668: 13658: 13656: 13646: 13642: 13639: 13638: 13637: 13627: 13625: 13615: 13613: 13603: 13601: 13591: 13589: 13579: 13575: 13565: 13564: 13563: 13553: 13552: 13550: 13548: 13544: 13540: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13517: 13514: 13510: 13507: 13506: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13471: 13470: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13446: 13443: 13442: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13432: 13429: 13428: 13426: 13422: 13419: 13415: 13404: 13400: 13390: 13386: 13383: 13382: 13381: 13371: 13367: 13364: 13363: 13362: 13352: 13348: 13345: 13344: 13343: 13333: 13329: 13326: 13325: 13324: 13314: 13310: 13307: 13306: 13305: 13295: 13293: 13283: 13281: 13271: 13269: 13259: 13257: 13247: 13245: 13235: 13234: 13232: 13228: 13222: 13212: 13210: 13200: 13198: 13188: 13186: 13176: 13174: 13164: 13162: 13152: 13151: 13149: 13145: 13139: 13129: 13127: 13117: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13099: 13098: 13088: 13086: 13076: 13075: 13073: 13069: 13063: 13053: 13051: 13041: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13028: 13027: 13017: 13015: 13005: 13003: 12993: 12991: 12981: 12977: 12974: 12973: 12972: 12962: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12929: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12919: 12918: 12908: 12907: 12905: 12901: 12895: 12885: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12872: 12871: 12861: 12859: 12849: 12848: 12846: 12842: 12836: 12833: 12832: 12830: 12826: 12823: 12819: 12807: 12804: 12803: 12802: 12792: 12790: 12780: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12762: 12761: 12751: 12749: 12739: 12737: 12727: 12725: 12715: 12713: 12703: 12702: 12700: 12696:Latin America 12694: 12688: 12678: 12676: 12666: 12664: 12654: 12652: 12642: 12640: 12630: 12626: 12623: 12622: 12621: 12611: 12609: 12599: 12597: 12587: 12586: 12584: 12582:North America 12580: 12577: 12573: 12563: 12553: 12551: 12541: 12539: 12529: 12527: 12517: 12513: 12510: 12509: 12508: 12498: 12496: 12486: 12485: 12483: 12479: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12464: 12462: 12456: 12453: 12449: 12445: 12438: 12433: 12431: 12426: 12424: 12419: 12418: 12415: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12317: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12307: 12305: 12303: 12299: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12252: 12251:United States 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12233: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12218: 12216: 12214: 12213:Space warfare 12210: 12202: 12201:United States 12197: 12192: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12178: 12173: 12169: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12120: 12119: 12116: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12084: 12083: 12082:United States 12078: 12073: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11928: 11924: 11919: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11834: 11833: 11830: 11829: 11827: 11825: 11822:Space forces, 11819: 11816: 11814: 11810: 11802: 11799: 11795: 11792: 11791: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11776: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11759:Space tourism 11757: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11742:United States 11738: 11733: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11696: 11695: 11692: 11691: 11689: 11687: 11683: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11668:GEO standards 11666: 11664: 11663:GSC standards 11661: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11648: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11601: 11598: 11595: 11592: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11578: 11575: 11572: 11569: 11566: 11563: 11560: 11557: 11554: 11551: 11548: 11545: 11542: 11539: 11536: 11533: 11530: 11527: 11524: 11521: 11518: 11515: 11512: 11509: 11508: 11506: 11504: 11500: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11422: 11419: 11418: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11398: 11396: 11390: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11363: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11342: 11334: 11331: 11330: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11312: 11309: 11308: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11257: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11232: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11211: 11207: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11192: 11190: 11186: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11172:ISS programme 11170: 11168: 11165: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11153: 11151: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11138: 11127: 11124: 11123: 11121: 11117: 11110: 11107: 11104: 11103:Buran program 11101: 11098: 11095: 11092: 11089: 11086: 11083: 11080: 11079:Soyuz program 11077: 11076: 11074: 11070: 11063: 11060: 11057: 11054: 11051: 11048: 11045: 11042: 11037: 11034: 11033: 11032: 11029: 11028: 11026: 11022: 11014: 11011: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11004: 11002: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10985: 10982: 10978: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10942: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10919: 10916: 10915: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10885: 10882: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10852: 10850: 10848: 10842: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10830:2014 NASA Act 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10810:2010 NASA Act 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10800:Flexible path 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10772: 10770: 10768: 10762: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10745:2005 NASA Act 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10724: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10708: 10706: 10704: 10698: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10668: 10665: 10664: 10663: 10662:ISS programme 10660: 10658: 10655: 10654: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10642: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10633: 10627: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10602: 10600: 10598: 10592: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10580:Rogers Report 10578: 10576: 10574: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10534: 10528: 10522: 10521: 10519: 10517: 10511: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10492: 10486: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10461: 10459: 10457: 10451: 10445: 10442: 10441: 10439: 10437: 10431: 10424: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10404: 10402: 10400: 10394: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10366: 10363: 10362: 10361: 10360:1958 NASA Act 10358: 10356: 10355: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10335: 10333: 10331: 10325: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10302: 10299: 10298: 10297: 10294: 10293: 10291: 10289: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10274: 10266: 10265: 10261: 10260: 10259: 10256: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10237: 10234: 10231: 10228: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10214: 10211: 10208: 10205: 10202: 10199: 10196: 10193: 10192: 10190: 10188: 10182: 10174: 10171: 10170: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10150: 10148: 10144: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10121: 10118: 10117: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10053: 10050: 10049: 10048: 10045: 10044: 10042: 10036: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9958: 9955: 9952: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9944: 9940: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9884:Solar Orbiter 9882: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9875:Cosmic Vision 9872: 9866: 9865: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9842: 9841: 9840: 9839:ISS programme 9837: 9836: 9834: 9830: 9824: 9823: 9819: 9817: 9816: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9804: 9800: 9798: 9797: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9778: 9777: 9773: 9772: 9771: 9770: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9754: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9725: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9712: 9709: 9708: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9681: 9678: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9663: 9660: 9659: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9647: 9644: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9624: 9621: 9620: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9607: 9604: 9603: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9580: 9577: 9572: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9554: 9546: 9543: 9540: 9537: 9536: 9535: 9532: 9529: 9526: 9522: 9521:Space station 9519: 9517: 9509: 9507: 9499: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9489: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9477: 9474: 9471: 9468: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9462:space program 9457: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9406: 9402: 9392: 9389: 9388: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9373: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9325: 9321: 9314: 9309: 9307: 9302: 9300: 9295: 9294: 9291: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9265: 9262: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9240:War on terror 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9217: 9215: 9211: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9135:Espionage and 9133: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9086:Andrew Thorpe 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8981:Gabriel Kolko 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8946:Fred Halliday 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8931:Lloyd Gardner 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8891:Norman Davies 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8876:John Costello 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8837: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8811:Technological 8809: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8781: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8769: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8758: 8752: 8751: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8739: 8735: 8733: 8732: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8720: 8716: 8714: 8713: 8709: 8707: 8706: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8692:Pro-communist 8690: 8687: 8683: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8619:Organizations 8617: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8482: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8450: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8433:Eurocommunism 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8407: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8337: 8334: 8330: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8263:Domino theory 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8217:South Ossetia 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8180: 8177: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8118: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8011: 8007: 8004: 8002: 8001:8888 Uprising 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7946:Iran–Iraq War 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7911:Falklands War 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7831: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7774:NDF Rebellion 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7754:German Autumn 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7734: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7641:Metapolitefsi 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7536: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7475: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7405: 7403: 7402:Prague Spring 7400: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7380:Al-Wadiah War 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7345:12-3 incident 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7098: 7092: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7016: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6989: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6924:Domino theory 6922: 6920: 6919:Petrov Affair 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6850: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6796:Madiun Affair 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6756:Marshall Plan 6754: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6605: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6505:United States 6502: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6487: 6482: 6480: 6475: 6473: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6435: 6432: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6414: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6393: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6377: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6356: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6335: 6332: 6328: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6305: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6286: 6282: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6265: 6261: 6258: 6254: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6187: 6183: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6048: 6043: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6011: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5958: 5953: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5878: 5875: 5871: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5852: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5779:Libya bombing 5776: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5585:"Evil empire" 5582: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5513: 5512:controversies 5509: 5506: 5505:Supreme Court 5502: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5442: 5435: 5430: 5428: 5423: 5421: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5367: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5336:0-8191-5109-2 5332: 5327: 5326: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5304:0-669-12370-6 5300: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5272: 5261: 5255: 5250: 5249: 5242: 5231: 5227: 5220: 5219: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5198: 5197: 5190: 5185: 5183:0-7881-5115-0 5179: 5175: 5170: 5166: 5164:0-7432-0023-3 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5147: 5126: 5122: 5115: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5057: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5027: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4989: 4983: 4975: 4973:90-247-3637-4 4969: 4965: 4964: 4956: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4923: 4916: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4853: 4847: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4816: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4797: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4768: 4757: 4750: 4744: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4724: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4682: 4680: 4671: 4655: 4654:Gadsden Times 4651: 4645: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4432: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4203: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4141: 4132: 4130:0-86124-378-1 4126: 4122: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4031: 4025: 4017: 4010: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3919: 3913: 3895: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3818: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3704: 3696: 3690: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3619: 3617: 3609: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3550: 3544: 3536: 3529: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3491: 3484: 3482: 3473: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3424: 3423: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3403: 3397: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3344: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3325: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3303:0-9644495-2-8 3299: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3283: 3275: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3256: 3248: 3242: 3223: 3216: 3214: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3144: 3136: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3114: 3112: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2992: 2987: 2981:, p. 49. 2980: 2975: 2969:, p. 29. 2968: 2963: 2955: 2948: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2914: 2907: 2899: 2892: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2872: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2852: 2844: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2825: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2767: 2763: 2762:MIT: The Tech 2759: 2753: 2737: 2733: 2732:MIT: The Tech 2729: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2676:Physics Today 2670: 2663:. April 1987. 2662: 2658: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2637:. June 1988. 2636: 2629: 2613: 2609: 2608:MIT: The Tech 2605: 2599: 2591: 2585: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2551: 2535: 2528: 2510: 2503: 2495: 2494: 2489: 2488:Duarte, F. J. 2482: 2480: 2471: 2470: 2462: 2454: 2447: 2439: 2433: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2404: 2399: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2370:Rockwell X-30 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2268:Whistleblower 2265: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2251: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2219: 2216: 2208: 2198: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2182:This section 2180: 2176: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2088:Ashton Carter 2079: 2076: 2068: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2042:This section 2040: 2036: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1968: 1967:light-gas gun 1964: 1959: 1950: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1923:, capable of 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1872: 1869:was a Soviet 1868: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1809: 1806: 1798: 1788: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1772:This section 1770: 1766: 1761: 1760: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1714: 1713:Geneva Summit 1710: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1676: 1670: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1624: 1614: 1611: 1603: 1593: 1589: 1583: 1582: 1577:This section 1575: 1571: 1566: 1565: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1533: 1531: 1525: 1523: 1514: 1508: 1498: 1496: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1466:visible light 1458: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1405: 1400: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1365: 1355: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1344:ohmic heating 1341: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1314:, converting 1313: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1301:hypervelocity 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1255: 1250: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1230:particle beam 1221: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1175: 1166: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1131: 1130:lasing medium 1127: 1123: 1120: 1112: 1108: 1106: 1099: 1094: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1069: 1059: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1028:Developed by 1025: 1021: 1014:ERIS and HEDI 1011: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 989: 985: 983: 979: 975: 970: 968: 963: 960: 952: 943: 941: 936: 934: 930: 925: 923: 909: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 879:In 1993, the 872: 869: 864: 862: 857: 852: 849: 845: 835: 832: 828: 823: 821: 817: 816:radar horizon 813: 808: 799: 795: 790: 786: 784: 780: 770: 768: 763: 759: 757: 753: 749: 744: 742: 738: 728: 700: 696: 694: 690: 686: 681: 679: 675: 671: 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 643: 641: 637: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 617:civil defense 614: 609: 607: 603: 599: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 575:laser weapons 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 548:Edward Teller 545: 541: 540:George Shultz 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 509: 504: 494: 492: 489: 485: 481: 477: 472: 468: 466: 462: 458: 457:Project BAMBI 454: 450: 442: 438: 434: 429: 425: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 390: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 330: 328: 324: 320: 316: 310: 309:statecraft.” 307: 303: 299: 294: 292: 288: 283: 280:In 1987, the 278: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 251: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 232:Ronald Reagan 229: 226: 222: 218: 214: 205: 202: 198: 192: 187: 186: 184: 180: 176: 172: 166: 163: 162: 160: 156: 152: 148: 143: 139: 134: 122: 119: 111: 100: 97: 93: 90: 86: 83: 79: 76: 72: 69: – 68: 64: 63:Find sources: 57: 53: 47: 46: 41:This article 39: 35: 30: 29: 26: 22: 14370:Preceded by 14222:Intersputnik 14067:TÜBİTAK UZAY 13528:EUTELSAT IGO 13424:Pan-European 13385:TÜBİTAK UZAY 12844:Central Asia 12460:and pan-Arab 12335:Moon Society 12330:Mars Society 12263:Kill vehicle 12226:Space weapon 11832:Space forces 11473:Intersputnik 11109:Apollo–Soyuz 10847:space policy 10767:space policy 10722: 10703:space policy 10639: 10632:space policy 10597:space policy 10572: 10550: 10533:space policy 10516:space policy 10499:Apollo–Soyuz 10491:space policy 10464:Moon landing 10456:space policy 10436:space policy 10399:space policy 10352: 10330:space policy 10288:space policy 10262: 10224:Project Juno 9862: 9850: 9820: 9813: 9801: 9795: 9774: 9767: 9567:(1960–1975) 9336:Space policy 9245:Brinkmanship 9137:intelligence 9026:Marius Oprea 8976:Harvey Klehr 8906:Herbert Feis 8896:Willem Drees 8861:Archie Brown 8778: 8766: 8748: 8738:Trybuna Ludu 8736: 8729: 8725:Radio Moscow 8717: 8710: 8703: 8531:Anti-Zionism 8447: 8370:Keynesianism 8358:Conservatism 8222:Transnistria 8202:China-Taiwan 7935: 7859:Gera Demands 7732: 7533: 7408: 7213:El Porteñazo 7107:Congo Crisis 7022: 6957:Algerian War 6940: 6816:Western Bloc 6811:Eastern Bloc 6806:Iron Curtain 6662: 6654: 6646: 6623: 6603: 6595: 6512:Soviet Union 6510: 6503: 6447: 6438: 5785: 5398: 5372: 5368: 5358:. 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Retrieved 2416:the original 2271: 2254: 2247: 2226: 2211: 2202: 2191:Please help 2186:verification 2183: 2160: 2144:graffiti in 2127: 2123: 2096: 2086: 2071: 2062: 2051:Please help 2046:verification 2043: 2012: 2007: 1996: 1995:film series 1988: 1978: 1972: 1944: 1929: 1902: 1865: 1849: 1841: 1839: 1835:first strike 1823:economic war 1816: 1801: 1792: 1781:Please help 1776:verification 1773: 1726: 1722:arms control 1718: 1683: 1679: 1671: 1660:Whereas the 1659: 1655: 1629: 1606: 1597: 1586:Please help 1581:verification 1578: 1539: 1526: 1520: 1511: 1491: 1463: 1447: 1437: 1433: 1410: 1376:aiming point 1372: 1364:Space weapon 1352: 1336: 1309: 1299:Research on 1298: 1278: 1270: 1259: 1227: 1211: 1204: 1190:(MIRACL) at 1177: 1142: 1135: 1116: 1104: 1077:pumped laser 1074: 1027: 1009: 1004: 992: 990: 986: 971: 964: 961: 957: 937: 929:MGM-52 Lance 926: 919: 878: 865: 853: 841: 824: 809: 805: 797: 792: 787: 776: 764: 760: 745: 734: 725: 722:Announcement 697: 682: 667: 644: 633: 610: 602:Rikhter R-23 595: 590: 579:Soviet Union 572: 538: 520: 473: 469: 465:US Air Force 446: 410:radar decoys 391: 371:World War II 364: 361:National BMD 331: 311: 295: 279: 252: 244:suicide pact 216: 212: 210: 200:Jurisdiction 114: 105: 95: 88: 81: 74: 62: 50:Please help 45:verification 42: 25: 14372:Interkosmos 14346:Interkosmos 13452:Eurocontrol 13102:Antrix Corp 12458:Pan-African 11998:North Korea 11986:New Zealand 11974:Netherlands 11779:Space trade 11559:Moon Treaty 11218:(2013–2015) 11128:(1986–2001) 11105:(1974–1993) 11099:(1973–1977) 11093:(1971–1986) 11087:(1967–1991) 11085:Interkosmos 11064:(1964–1966) 11058:(1961–1976) 11052:(1960–1982) 11046:(1960–1963) 10585:Ride Report 10382:Missile gap 10254:(2018–2020) 10232:(2009–2010) 10209:(1964–1971) 10059:Eurocontrol 9953:(1992–2002) 9877:(2015–2025) 9864:BepiColombo 9711:Space Rider 9642:(1983–2010) 9581:(1964–1975) 9573:(1962–1973) 9495:Project 921 9478:(1966–1972) 9472:(1966–1976) 9405:Space races 9071:Shen Zhihua 8881:Michael Cox 8813:competition 8760:Pro-Western 8750:Soviet Life 8676:Safari Club 8646:Warsaw Pact 8501:Nationalism 8491:Imperialism 8390:Reaganomics 8253:Containment 8046:Perestroika 7535:Realpolitik 7365:Six-Day War 7350:Greek junta 7161:Berlin Wall 7009:Suez Crisis 6977:Vietnam War 6864:McCarthyism 6679:Baruch Plan 6624:Unthinkable 6584:Dekemvriana 6523:Warsaw Pact 5443:(1981–1989) 5393:‹ The 5143:Works cited 4477:(1): 3–27. 2991:Ritter 2010 2937:December 1, 2716:. May 1988. 2331:Zenith Star 2255:During the 2097:Physicists 1993:space opera 1985:Ted Kennedy 1875:Sary Shagan 1829:with extra 1699:Biopreparat 1550:photometers 1470:ultraviolet 1431:, in 1989. 1421:Lowell Wood 1285:Ultraviolet 1138:Cabra event 1124:powered by 1109:depicts an 1063:X-ray laser 997:David Pryor 965:HOE used a 848:Berlin Wall 844:Warsaw Pact 812:Smart Rocks 678:X-ray laser 629:missile gap 625:X-ray laser 542:, Reagan's 525:soft X-rays 503:X-ray laser 461:boost phase 389:detection. 350:Mike Pompeo 275:computation 14388:Categories 14358:See also: 13071:South Asia 12675:USSPACECOM 12283:Spaceplane 11024:Khrushchev 10573:Challenger 10328:Eisenhower 9789:Cluster II 9386:Spaceguard 9376:Prediction 8839:Historians 8830:Space Race 8731:Rudé právo 8685:Propaganda 8541:Neo-Nazism 8511:Chauvinism 8465:Trotskyism 8380:Monetarism 8348:Liberalism 8340:Capitalism 8332:Ideologies 8283:Ostpolitik 8006:Solidarity 7971:Toyota War 7874:Solidarity 7731:Operation 7686:Ogaden War 7375:Dhofar War 7263:Shifta War 7021:Operation 6869:Korean War 6661:Operation 6653:Operation 6645:Operation 6622:Operation 6602:Operation 6594:Operation 5733:INF Treaty 5726:Washington 5459:Transition 5371:, 2 vols. 5130:August 26, 5104:August 26, 3563:"Index: 1" 2967:Jayne 1969 2394:References 2276:was given 2107:Los Alamos 2099:Hans Bethe 1886:Kazakhstan 1819:Carl Sagan 1693:See also: 1675:Paul Nitze 1542:Delta Star 1324:conductive 1172:See also: 1105:detonation 1056:See also: 773:APS report 689:MX missile 685:B-1 Lancer 659:think tank 447:President 375:V-2 rocket 78:newspapers 14026:Roscosmos 14014:KazCosmos 13978:ArmCosmos 13679:DTU Space 13641:BIRA-IASB 13588:EU SatCen 13347:KACST-SRI 13244:ArmCosmos 13230:West Asia 12903:East Asia 12870:Roscosmos 12858:KazCosmos 12828:Pan-Asian 12092:Structure 11844:Australia 11503:Space law 11366:UN-SPIDER 11141:Roscosmos 11119:Gorbachev 10052:Eurospace 9488:2007 test 9435:Mars race 9381:Avoidance 9126:Ken Young 8971:Tony Judt 8820:Arms race 8793:Red Scare 8661:NN States 8606:Apartheid 8561:Autocracy 8470:Stalinism 8438:Guevarism 8428:Castroism 8418:Communism 8410:Socialism 7936:Star Wars 7529:Koza riot 6655:Beleaguer 6647:Masterdom 5865:H-2B visa 5858:H-2A visa 5719:Reykjavík 4899:0036-8733 4781:The Eagle 4679:Star Wars 4632:"YouTube" 4592:0015-7120 4538:0015-7120 4395:March 11, 4365:March 10, 4335:March 11, 4305:March 11, 4275:April 24, 4228:March 11, 4192:March 11, 4162:March 10, 4055:March 11, 3902:April 29, 3871:0031-9007 3780:0034-6861 3729:March 10, 3679:March 10, 3649:March 10, 3518:March 10, 2979:Kent 2008 2932:SpaceNews 2682:(6): 53. 2570:(1, 3–27) 2540:March 14, 2422:March 10, 2205:June 2024 2065:June 2024 2014:Frontline 1998:Star Wars 1989:Star Wars 1844:, a 1 MW 1795:June 2024 1749:arms race 1695:Dead Hand 1600:June 2024 1495:Air Force 1234:half-life 1186:known as 1180:Air Force 1146:holograms 585:, a 1 MW 441:Safeguard 422:arms race 394:Nike Zeus 383:Bell Labs 348:Director 306:Joe Biden 302:arms race 298:Star Wars 225:ballistic 174:Dissolved 108:June 2024 21:Star Wars 14251:UNCOPUOS 13562:DG DEFIS 13523:EUMETSAT 12575:Americas 12481:National 12046:Thailand 12010:Pakistan 11892:Colombia 11188:Medvedev 11177:Politics 11163:(1993–) 11072:Brezhnev 10815:Title 51 10725:disaster 10723:Columbia 10667:Politics 10575:disaster 9981:(2021–) 9899:EnVision 9844:Politics 9815:Herschel 9809:INTEGRAL 9587:(1975–) 9513:Tiangong 9503:Shenzhou 9497:(1992–) 9484:(1964–) 9423:Timeline 9278:Timeline 9268:Category 9213:See also 8705:Izvestia 8546:Islamism 8443:Hoxhaism 8318:Rollback 8197:Abkhazia 8137:Gulf War 8041:Glasnost 7411:incident 7181:Sand War 7039:Ifni War 6548:Rio Pact 6493:Cold War 5851:Form I-9 5696:2nd term 5689:1st term 5682:Cold War 5576:Speeches 5450:Timeline 5395:template 5374:Daedalus 5354:Archived 5230:19300718 5200:. RAND. 5153:(2001). 5040:Archived 5010:Archived 4907:24969454 4546:20043481 4499:59399449 4421:June 18, 3973:April 8, 3879:10031256 3386:April 4, 3290:(1995). 3231:June 17, 3215:, Ch. 2" 3121:(1993). 2298:See also 2288:Timeline 2115:Cold War 2026:at MIT. 1900:system. 1817:In 1986 1745:Cold War 1739:and the 1474:infrared 1380:infrared 1266:STS-51-G 1103:Nuclear 1073:Nuclear 1030:Lockheed 794:systems. 606:Salyut 3 531:and the 402:Sentinel 329:(BMDO). 315:Cold War 14212:ISS MCB 14106:Oceania 13881:PTSPACE 13847:CBK PAN 13509:ESTRACK 13435:CENELEC 13138:SUPARCO 13085:SPARRSO 12922:SASTIND 12639:FAA/AST 12472:Arabsat 12106:Vietnam 12087:History 11916:Germany 11240:ExoMars 11149:Yeltsin 11081:(1967–) 11009:(1946) 10992:program 10930:FAA/AST 10630:Clinton 10434:Johnson 10397:Kennedy 10338:WS-117L 10185:British 9959:(2002–) 9803:Rosetta 9784:Cluster 9776:Huygens 9743:ExoMars 9682:(1998–) 9676:(1973–) 9648:(2005–) 9541:(2016–) 9530:(2003–) 9516:program 9506:program 9460:Chinese 9440:Records 8768:Amerika 8651:Comecon 8536:Fascism 8526:Zionism 8475:Titoism 8016:Contras 7484:Détente 6761:Comecon 5491:Cabinet 5397:below ( 5360:June 5, 5078:May 14, 5046:June 5, 5016:June 5, 4879:Bibcode 4854:. IMDb. 4713:July 5, 4660:July 5, 4597:July 5, 4479:Bibcode 4085:July 5, 3999:July 5, 3851:Bibcode 3822:July 5, 3758:Bibcode 3572:July 5, 3450:July 5, 3100:June 7, 3050:US Army 3004:"Bambi" 2862:MSN.com 2802:Bibcode 2772:May 21, 2742:May 21, 2684:Bibcode 2618:May 21, 2490:(ed.). 1909:Energia 1867:Terra-3 1493:to the 1354:shots. 1340:amperes 1304:railgun 1154:Aerogel 1075:reactor 976:in the 881:Clinton 577:in the 521:thermal 367:US Army 356:History 250:(SDA). 92:scholar 14272:Former 14263:UNOOSA 14165:COSPAR 13636:BELSPO 13417:Europe 13209:GISTDA 13185:PhilSA 13050:SaTReC 12952:PLAASF 12620:NESDIS 12550:NASRDA 12467:RASCOM 12451:Africa 12246:Russia 12175: 12130:France 12058:Turkey 12022:Russia 11950:Israel 11904:France 11868:Canada 11856:Brazil 11718:Russia 11602:(2020) 11596:(2012) 11590:(1999) 11579:(1998) 11573:(1988) 11567:(1981) 11561:(1979) 11555:(1976) 11549:(1975) 11543:(1974) 11537:(1972) 11531:(1972) 11525:(1968) 11519:(1967) 11513:(1963) 11111:(1975) 11038:(1957) 11000:Stalin 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