804:
1037:
1071:
876:
1001:
1123:
1053:
986:
1108:
1020:
857:
789:
1144:
201:
1090:
838:
824:
916:
949:
898:
968:
930:
1183:, reported herself to the German police for displaying a crossed-out swastika in multiple demonstrations against Neo-Nazis and got the Bundestag to suspend her immunity from prosecution. She intended to show the absurdity of charging anti-fascists with using fascist symbols: "We don't need prosecution of non-violent young people engaging against right-wing extremism." On 15 March 2007, the
182:
1242:(USK), the German content ratings board, would refuse to rate any game that includes symbols under Section 86a, effectively banning them from retail sales within Germany. This led to software developers and publishers to either avoid publication in Germany, or create alternative, non-offending symbols to replace them, such as in
1285:
adapted the
Attorney General's ruling to be applicable for all video games within Germany, and subsequently the USK announced this change in August 2018; USK will still review all games to judge whether the use of imagery under Section 86a remains within the social adequacy clause and deny ratings to
115:
of an organization, which has been banned, no longer subject to appeal, because it is directed against the constitutional order or against the idea of international understanding, or as to which it has been determined, no longer subject to appeal, that it is a substitute organization of such a banned
1590:
The burning cross was glorified in the wicked movie The Birth of a Nation (1915) that depicted the Klan as heroes and saviors. Cross burnings were common at Klan rallies throughout the 1920s at a time when lynchings were commonplace and the Klan was at the height of its power. The burning cross was
224:
The text of the law does not name the individual symbols to be outlawed, and there is no official exhaustive list. A symbol may be a flag, emblem, uniform, or a motto or greeting formula. The prohibition is not tied to the symbol itself but to its use in a context suggestive of association with
1233:
determined that because video games do attract young players, "this could lead to them growing up with these symbols and insignias and thereby becoming used to them, which again could make them more vulnerable for ideological manipulation by national socialist ideas". Since this ruling, the
875:
1195:
Section 86a includes a social adequacy clause that allows the use of the symbols that fall within it for the purposes of "art or science, research or teaching". This generally allows these symbols to be used in literature, television shows (as with the
1995:
133:
Subsection (1) shall not be applicable if the means of propaganda or the act serves to further civil enlightenment, to avert unconstitutional aims, to promote art or science, research or teaching, reporting about current historical events or similar
1171:
police department started an inquiry against anti-fascist youths using a placard depicting a person dumping a swastika into a trashcan. The placard was displayed in opposition to the campaign of right-wing nationalist parties for local elections.
166:
Symbols, within the meaning of subsection (1), shall be, in particular, flags, insignia, uniforms, slogans and forms of greeting. Symbols which are so similar as to be mistaken for those named in sentence 1 shall be deemed to be equivalent
1276:
decision. The
Attorney General declined to consider the game illegal under Section 86a, stating that the 1998 ruling was outdated; since then, USK had adopted age ratings for video games, and that there was no reason not to consider
1424:"GERMAN CRIMINAL CODE Criminal Code in the version promulgated on 13 November 1998, Federal Law Gazette [Bundesgesetzblatt] I p. 3322, last amended byArticle 3 of the Law of 2 October 2009, Federal Law Gazette I p. 3214"
1423:
1585:
In the United States one particularly virulent form of expression is associated with hatred and prejudice – the burning of a cross. Originally a traditional
Scottish custom of signalling, following the American Civil War
43:" outside the contexts of "art or science, research or teaching". The law does not name the individual symbols to be outlawed, and there is no official exhaustive list. However, the law has primarily been used to outlaw
119:
of a government, organization or institution outside of the territorial area of application of this law which is active in pursuing the objectives of one of the parties or organizations indicated in numbers 1 and 2;
155:
domestically distributes or publicly uses, in a meeting or in writings (§ 11 subsection (3)) disseminated by him, symbols of one of the parties or organizations indicated in § 86 subsection (1), nos. 1, 2 and 4;
1187:(Bundesgerichtshof) reversed the charge and held that the crossed-out symbols were "clearly directed against a revival of national-socialist endeavors", which thereby settled the dispute for the future.
2012:
1320:
262:(which was also briefly used by the Nazis alongside the party flag as one of two official flags of Nazi Germany from 1933 until 1935) as well as variants of this flag such as the one with the
252:
Because of the law, German Neo-Nazis took to displaying modified symbols similar but not identical with those outlawed. In 1994, such symbols were declared equivalent to the ones they imitate (
104:
Whoever domestically disseminates or produces, stocks, imports or exports or makes publicly accessible through data storage media for dissemination domestically or abroad, means of propaganda:
1204:, itself allowed after 1995), films, and other works of art without censoring or modification and stay within the allowance for the clause. For example, German cinemas were allowed to screen
1640:
1036:
1430:
803:
1387:
1268:, who had a special move that involved swastika imagery. When this was noticed by public authorities, they began prosecution of the game in December 2017, submitting it to the
1070:
451:
443:, prohibited in all variants, including mirrored, inverted etc. (exceptions are only applied to swastikas used as religious symbols in Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain temples)
358:
1743:
On
September 12 (2014), the Federal Interior Ministry banned any activities of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), including recruitment, fundraising, and
159:
produces, stocks, imports or exports objects which depict or contain such symbols for distribution or use domestically or abroad, in the manner indicated in number 1,
1951:
1801:
1588:
cross burning was adopted by guerrilla groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (Klan) as a symbol of racial supremacy and as a means of terrorising the newly freed slaves.
572:
368:
701:
78:
The law prohibits the distribution or public use of symbols of unconstitutional groups—in particular, flags, insignia, uniforms, slogans and forms of greeting.
1782:
885:
1282:
490:
1197:
233:
ideology, while it is legitimate if used as a symbol of religious faith, particularly any South, South
Eastern or East Asian religions. Similarly, the
1000:
217:
1543:
1167:
label and mail order store "Nix Gut
Records" and confiscated merchandise depicting crossed-out swastikas and fists smashing swastikas. In 2006 the
856:
112:
or a party or organization, as to which it has been determined, no longer subject to appeal, that it is a substitute organization of such a party;
1603:
1500:
1249:
where the developer had to replace the game's representation of Adolf Hitler with a version without the moustache and named "Chancellor Heiler".
2139:
1331:
1107:
1052:
2060:
458:
movement. The legal status of the symbol used in non-political contexts is uncertain, but non-political use is not acted upon in practice.
598:
1122:
2093:
1836:
1495:
1394:
1019:
1660:
568:
311:
109:
1645:
1889:
1089:
1527:
1508:
1237:
416:
1764:
737:
1955:
1470:
1977:
1689:
1269:
1184:
123:
means of propaganda, the contents of which are intended to further the aims of a former
National Socialist organization,
2224:
2174:
2119:
1929:
1252:
In August 2018, the German government reversed this ruling as a result of a ruling from April 2018. The web-based game
1155:
In 2005, a controversy was stirred about the question whether the paragraph should be taken to apply to the display of
985:
837:
330:
2088:
1591:
used as a warning and a threat to any person seeking to improve the political or economic condition of the black race.
2040:
279:
259:
2194:
1227:
were not included in the social adequacy clause. A High
District Frankfurt Court ruling in 1998 over the video game
2229:
1244:
564:
748:
2234:
1674:
1626:
2205:
386:
1455:
486:
2239:
1288:
1261:
1114:
744:
1293:
752:
320:
1711:, as part of an effort to suppress the extremist group's propaganda and recruitment work among Germans.
1523:
1278:
1081:
1062:
1043:
727:
68:
1611:
1863:
1310:
206:
52:
788:
644:
258:§ 2). As a result of the ban on Nazi symbols, German Neo-Nazis have used older symbols such as
1707:
Germany on Friday announced a ban on activities that support the
Islamic State in Iraq and Syria,
137:
If guilt is slight, the court may refrain from imposition of punishment pursuant to this provision.
2186:
2026:
881:
474:
2244:
1206:
455:
1723:
1494:
Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 23. Oktober 1952, Aktenzeichen 1 BvB 1/51; Fundstelle:
1255:
396:
40:
1388:"The Ban of Right-Wing Extremist Symbols According to Section 86a of the German Criminal Code"
755:
on 2 March 2017, even though the organisation itself is not currently recognised as terrorist.
16:
German prohibition of certain extremist symbols, especially (but not exclusively) Nazi symbols
2089:"German Attorney General: Video game with Swastika does not violate the law; constitutes art"
1547:
1315:
889:
867:
478:
340:
91:
72:
32:
1805:
948:
1305:
1212:
378:
186:
48:
1563:"Cross Burning as Hate Speech Under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution"
8:
1996:"Bundesgerichtshof, decision (Urteil) of the 15 March 2007, file reference: 3 StR 486/06"
1128:
1077:
1058:
775:
759:
723:
60:
929:
1694:
1383:
1341:
1008:
608:
287:
1809:
2144:
2140:"Through the Darkest of Times is a game about Nazis, but you won't get to shoot them"
1265:
823:
715:
691:
56:
44:
664:
1574:
915:
424:
300:
299:– a splinter Nazi organization – as alternatives. They have also used the American
1524:
1505:
1364:
2209:
2178:
1783:"German lawmaker sparks criticism after displaying banned YPG flag in parliament"
1531:
1512:
304:
245:
but not in other contexts such as heraldry, or as the emblem of "landscape poet"
95:
22:
2171:
897:
246:
200:
1264:, which included parodies of the candidates fighting each other; this included
1229:
1099:
937:
733:
547:
512:
1981:
1544:"Isoliertes Verwenden eines stilisierten Keltenkreuzes grundsätzlich strafbar"
1143:
967:
2218:
2120:"Through the Darkest of Times, A German Game That's Allowed To Use Swastikas"
1095:
956:
863:
708:
670:
544:
with a stylized "Othala rune" being featured on the shoulder insignia of the
531:
527:
482:
470:
406:
36:
163:
shall be punished with imprisonment for not more than three years or a fine.
127:
shall be punished with imprisonment for not more than three years or a fine.
2065:
1336:
1180:
1160:
843:
767:
581:
466:
447:
348:
2061:"Germany says games with Nazi symbols can get 'artistic' exception to ban"
847:
829:
812:
679:
620:
589:
521:
462:
296:
293:
242:
204:
Participants in a Neo-Nazi march in Munich (2005) resorted to flying the
192:
World War II rocket fighter with a historically accurate, low-visibility
1321:
List of symbols designated by the Anti-Defamation League as hate symbols
230:
1745:
the use of the group's symbols under the name "Islamic State" (German:
1419:
1326:
1224:
1217:
992:
905:
558:
539:
440:
263:
236:
1639:
Entscheidung des Oberlandesgerichts Düsseldorf vom 6. September 1990,
98:
Dissemination of Means of Propaganda of Unconstitutional Organizations
1579:
1562:
1176:
1164:
1148:
975:
921:
658:
652:
633:
575:
493:
795:
719:
500:
436:
226:
193:
64:
2202:
196:
shown on the fin, as displayed in a German aviation museum in 2005
1659:
Entscheidung des Bundesgerichtshofes, Aktenzeichen 3 StR 280/76,
1216:, films which feature frequent displays of Nazi symbols, without
771:
170:
The exceptions from §86 subsection (3) and (4) apply accordingly.
108:
of a party which has been declared to be unconstitutional by the
75:, which was banned in 1952; and several small far-right parties.
2187:
Der Lehrerfreund: Rechtsradikale Symbole auf Jacke, Rucksack ...
1980:(in German). Tageblatt Online. 23 September 2006. Archived from
1890:"Germany to prosecute use of 'Z' symbol to support Russia's war"
1610:(in German). taz.de. 2 December 2005. p. 13. Archived from
740:; widely considered the chief sigil or flag of the jihadi group.
1381:
763:
2195:
Hessisches Landeskriminalamt: Rechtsextremistischer Straftaten
1365:"Section 86a Use of Symbols of Unconstitutional Organizations"
1296:, became the first game permitted by USK to depict swastikas.
1168:
613:: prohibited in the Third Reich version including a swastika.
1724:"Germany 2014 human rights report – US Department of State"
359:
Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit
145:§ 86a StGB Use of Symbols of Unconstitutional Organizations
2027:"Bundesgerichtshof: Anti-Nazi-Symbole sind nicht strafbar"
2013:"Durchgestrichenes Hakenkreuz kein verbotenes Kennzeichen"
1864:"Ukraine-Krieg: Zeigen des "Z"-Symbols kann strafbar sein"
2041:"5 original Star Trek episodes that were banned overseas"
1765:"German police raid leftist for posting Kurdish YPG flag"
1471:"Here's why the Confederate flag is flown outside the US"
782:
Illustration of the emblems mentioned in the list above:
1286:
those that fail to meet this allowance. In August 2020,
369:
Aktionsfront Nationaler Sozialisten/Nationale Aktivisten
181:
86:
The relevant excerpt of the German criminal code reads:
1916:
The clansman; an historical romance of the Ku Klux Klan
504:
886:
The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan
1914:
Dixon, Thomas, 1864–1946. Arthur I. Keller, illustr.
1733:. United States Department of State. 2014. p. 11
1283:
Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons
220:) (outlawed by the Nazi regime in 1935) due to § 86a.
2172:
Recht gegen Rechts: Symbole - strafbar oder erlaubt?
1839:[Good Kurds, bad Kurds. Who is terrorist?].
1281:
within the social adequacy clause. As a result, the
536:. Post-war military usage was incorporated into the
71:, which was banned as unconstitutional in 1956; the
552:
with it also being used by the ranks succeeding it.
2015:(in German). Der Bundesgerichtshof. 15 March 2007.
884:(1915–current) "fiery cross" from the 1905 novel
751:was explicitly banned as a symbol related to the
2216:
1954:. Journal Chrétien. 4 April 2006. Archived from
1190:
1163:. In late 2005 police raided the offices of the
2054:
2052:
2050:
1837:"Gute Kurden, böse Kurden. Wer ist Terrorist?"
1751:), such as the black flag bearing ISIL's name.
1952:"Stuttgart Seeks to Ban Anti-Fascist Symbols"
1332:Modern display of the Confederate battle flag
346:
2086:
2047:
1746:
1253:
1235:
1025:
1006:
973:
954:
935:
903:
810:
698:
688:
677:
662:
650:
642:
630:
617:
606:
596:
587:
579:
556:
545:
537:
525:
510:
414:
404:
394:
384:
376:
366:
356:
338:
328:
318:
285:
277:
271:
264:
253:
234:
211:
20:
1927:
1672:Entscheidung des Oberlandesgerichts Celle,
1624:Entscheidung des Oberlandesgerichts Celle,
1536:
524:is disputed; prohibited as a symbol of the
241:is outlawed if used in the context of the
1930:"Why does the Ku Klux Klan burn crosses?"
1861:
1578:
1359:
1357:
1175:On Friday 17 March 2006, a member of the
431:Symbols known to fall under the law are:
303:, due to its association with racism and
2137:
2117:
2029:(in German). Der Spiegel. 15 March 2007.
1709:including any displays of its black flag
1142:
260:the black-white-red German Imperial flag
199:
180:
1802:"De Maizière verbietet Öcalan-Porträts"
1573:(1). Free University Amsterdam: 87–92.
1468:
1138:
312:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
2217:
2087:Schwiddessen, Sebastian (8 May 2018).
2058:
1418:
1393:. germanlawjournal.com. Archived from
1354:
1046:(redrawn after a historical lapel pin)
35:§ 86a outlaws "use of symbols of
1834:
1369:Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch, StGB)
1238:Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle
417:Freiheitliche Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
63:symbols. The law, adopted during the
1799:
1687:
1560:
229:is outlawed if used in a context of
1688:Eddy, Melissa (12 September 2014).
1185:Federal Court of Justice of Germany
697:(the anthem of the Nazi Party) and
176:
13:
1272:'s office for review based on the
760:2022 invasion of Ukraine by Russia
331:Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands
225:outlawed organizations. Thus, the
14:
2256:
2165:
2118:Plunkett, Luke (20 August 2018).
1835:Yücel, Deniz (24 February 2016).
1641:Monatsschrift für Deutsches Recht
1469:Speiser, Matthew (24 June 2015).
310:Affected by the law according to
2138:Campbell, Colin (12 June 2019).
1245:Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus
1121:
1106:
1088:
1069:
1051:
1035:
1018:
999:
984:
966:
947:
928:
914:
896:
874:
855:
836:
822:
802:
787:
669:as the verbal equivalent of the
450:, prohibited as a symbol of the
383:(1992) (not to be confused with
2203:Collection of forbidden symbols
2108:
2080:
2059:Orland, Kyle (10 August 2018).
2033:
2019:
2005:
1988:
1978:"Plakate sind Thema im Landtag"
1970:
1944:
1921:
1918:New York Doubleday, pp. 324–327
1908:
1882:
1855:
1828:
1793:
1775:
1757:
1716:
1690:"Germany Bans Support for ISIS"
1681:
1666:
1653:
1633:
1618:
1596:
1429:. worldbank.org. Archived from
888:, and its 1915 film adaptation
454:and in the variant used by the
1800:Gude, Hubert (10 March 2017).
1627:Neue Juristische Wochenschrift
1554:
1517:
1488:
1462:
1448:
1412:
1375:
1030:1935–1945 (Reich service flag)
702:Unsre Fahne flattert uns voran
1:
1348:
1292:, in which players follow an
1191:Application to forms of media
1013:1938–1945 (national war flag)
645:Unsere/Meine Ehre heißt Treue
1928:Cecil Adams (18 June 1993).
1289:Through the Darkest of Times
1202:episode, "Patterns of Force"
726:when used as emblems of the
657:symbol, as the motto of the
255:Verbrechensbekämpfungsgesetz
110:Federal Constitutional Court
67:, most notably affected the
7:
1299:
1129:Russian "Z" military symbol
762:, several states including
387:Alternative für Deutschland
321:Sozialistische Reichspartei
276:variants, the Imperial-era
10:
2261:
1294:anti-Nazi resistance group
1260:was released prior to the
1082:Communist Party of Germany
1063:Communist Party of Germany
1044:Communist Party of Germany
862:Broken solar cross of the
728:Communist Party of Germany
69:Communist Party of Germany
2225:Anti-communism in Germany
1747:
1311:Bans on communist symbols
1270:Public Prosecutor General
1236:
1159:swastikas as a symbol of
1115:People's Protection Units
904:
745:People's Protection Units
699:
689:
678:
663:
651:
643:
631:
618:
607:
597:
588:
580:
415:
405:
395:
385:
377:
367:
357:
347:
339:
329:
319:
28:
1530:12 February 2007 at the
1262:September 2017 elections
1151:applied to the swastika.
520:the legal status of the
427:, Germany chapter (2000)
2230:Anti-fascism in Germany
2208:26 January 2021 at the
2177:30 January 2009 at the
1511:19 January 2003 at the
1207:Raiders of the Lost Ark
774:are looking to put the
684:with the Nazi swastika.
81:
41:terrorist organizations
1456:"Imperial German Flag"
1256:Bundesfighter II Turbo
1254:
1152:
1026:
1007:
974:
955:
936:
811:
557:
546:
538:
526:
511:
397:Nationalistische Front
286:
278:
272:
265:
254:
235:
221:
212:
197:
174:
141:
21:
2235:Censorship in Germany
1608:Die Tageszeitung: Taz
1561:Huhn, Wilson (1970).
1548:Der Bundesgerichtshof
1371:. German Law Archive.
1316:Censorship in Germany
1146:
890:The Birth of a Nation
868:German Faith Movement
479:German Faith Movement
341:Freie Deutsche Jugend
203:
184:
142:
88:
73:Socialist Reich Party
1816:(in German). Hamburg
1323:in the United States
1306:Bans on Nazi symbols
1213:Inglourious Basterds
1139:Anti-fascist symbols
1113:Flag of the Kurdish
1076:Reverse side of the
817:) of the Nazi Party.
379:Deutsche Alternative
292:and the flag of the
2240:German criminal law
1984:on 13 January 2009.
1932:. The Straight Dope
1843:(in German). Berlin
1789:. 21 November 2017.
1567:Amsterdam Law Forum
1550:. 14 November 2008.
1382:Andreas Stegbauer;
1100:jihadist black flag
465:as a symbol of the
439:as a symbol of the
1808:bans portraits of
1695:The New York Times
1614:on 13 August 2011.
1384:German Law Journal
1342:Verbotsgesetz 1947
1279:video games as art
1153:
1027:Reichsdienstflagge
1009:Reichskriegsflagge
665:Mit deutschem Gruß
609:Reichskriegsflagge
280:Reichskriegsflagge
273:Reichsdienstflagge
222:
213:Reichsdienstflagge
198:
61:Russian militarist
1771:. 19 August 2017.
1748:Islamischer Staat
1436:on 12 August 2019
1266:Alexander Gauland
776:military Z symbol
716:hammer and sickle
692:Horst-Wessel-Lied
649:, along with the
477:era onward), the
57:Islamic extremist
2252:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2056:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1925:
1919:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1728:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1685:
1679:
1670:
1664:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1637:
1631:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1582:
1580:10.37974/ALF.103
1558:
1552:
1551:
1540:
1534:
1521:
1515:
1504:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1475:Business Insider
1466:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1435:
1428:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1400:on 1 August 2014
1399:
1392:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1361:
1259:
1241:
1240:
1125:
1110:
1092:
1073:
1055:
1039:
1029:
1022:
1012:
1003:
988:
979:
970:
960:
951:
941:
932:
918:
909:
908:
900:
878:
859:
840:
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37:unconstitutional
30:
27:(StGB; English:
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1223:Up until 2018,
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707:(a song of the
639:greeting (1990)
626:greeting (1970)
563:as used by the
503:as used by the
305:white supremacy
179:
173:
162:
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126:
84:
23:Strafgesetzbuch
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2245:Nazi symbolism
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2166:External links
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2046:
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2018:
2004:
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1827:
1814:Spiegel Online
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938:Sturmabteilung
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288:Schwarze Sonne
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2014:
2008:
1997:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1931:
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1911:
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1868:tagesschau.de
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671:Hitler salute
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603:badges (2002)
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528:Hitler-Jugend
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483:Thule Society
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476:
475:"second Klan"
472:
471:cross burning
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2092:
2082:
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2066:Ars Technica
2064:
2035:
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2007:
1990:
1982:the original
1972:
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1956:the original
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1923:
1915:
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1893:
1884:
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1867:
1857:
1845:. Retrieved
1840:
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1813:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1744:
1742:
1737:11 September
1735:. Retrieved
1730:
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1708:
1706:
1699:. Retrieved
1693:
1683:
1673:
1668:
1655:
1635:
1625:
1620:
1612:the original
1607:
1598:
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1584:
1570:
1566:
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1538:
1519:
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1474:
1464:
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1431:the original
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1395:the original
1377:
1368:
1337:Thor Steinar
1287:
1273:
1251:
1243:
1228:
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1211:
1205:
1199:
1194:
1181:Claudia Roth
1174:
1161:anti-fascism
1156:
1154:
1134:
991:Flag of the
882:Ku Klux Klan
844:Celtic cross
781:
768:Lower Saxony
582:Hitlerjugend
467:Ku Klux Klan
448:Celtic cross
430:
349:West Germany
309:
251:
247:Hermann Löns
223:
207:Reichsflagge
205:
188:
144:
143:
90:
89:
85:
77:
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2198:(in German)
2190:(in German)
2182:(in German)
1962:21 February
1936:24 December
1870:(in German)
1806:De Maizière
1701:19 November
1644: [
1604:"Gauwinkel"
1499: [
1225:video games
1157:crossed-out
848:White Power
846:as used by
830:Solar cross
813:Parteiadler
680:Reichsadler
621:Heil Hitler
590:Junge Front
578:divisions,
522:Othala rune
469:(symbol of
463:solar cross
456:White Power
446:a stylized
297:Black Front
294:Strasserite
243:Junge Front
185:A restored
19:The German
2219:Categories
1847:4 February
1820:4 February
1787:DailySabah
1678:1991, 1498
1630:1970, 2257
1420:World Bank
1349:References
1344:in Austria
1327:Memory law
1218:censorship
993:Nazi Party
906:Wolfsangel
758:Since the
559:Wolfsangel
540:Bundeswehr
441:Nazi Party
237:Wolfsangel
2129:5 October
2100:26 August
2072:10 August
1731:state.gov
1200:Star Trek
1177:Bundestag
1165:punk rock
1149:No symbol
976:Totenkopf
961:sig runes
922:Odal rune
850:movements
659:Waffen-SS
653:Totenkopf
634:Sieg Heil
599:Gauwinkel
576:Waffen-SS
496:divisions
494:Waffen SS
473:from the
151:Whoever:
134:purposes.
53:communist
2206:Archived
2175:Archived
2094:Lexology
1900:29 March
1894:POLITICO
1874:28 March
1528:Archived
1509:Archived
1440:1 August
1404:1 August
1300:See also
1078:Red flag
1059:Red flag
866:and the
796:swastika
724:red flag
720:red star
711:) (1991)
501:Sig rune
485:and the
452:VSBD/PdA
437:swastika
270:and the
231:völkisch
227:Swastika
194:swastika
187:Me 163B
167:thereto.
65:Cold War
2151:26 July
2145:Polygon
1812:].
1496:BVerfGE
1480:3 March
1080:of the
1061:of the
772:Bavaria
749:pennant
736:of the
45:fascist
33:section
2124:Kotaku
1810:Öcalan
1769:DW.COM
942:emblem
764:Berlin
747:(YPG)
517:emblem
481:, the
421:(1995)
411:(1994)
401:(1992)
373:(1983)
363:(1982)
335:(1956)
325:(1952)
284:, the
1999:(PDF)
1804:[
1727:(PDF)
1661:BGHSt
1648:]
1525:5, 85
1503:]
1434:(PDF)
1427:(PDF)
1398:(PDF)
1391:(PDF)
1198:1968
1169:Stade
794:Nazi
189:Komet
31:) in
2153:2022
2131:2022
2102:2019
2074:2018
1964:2012
1938:2009
1902:2022
1876:2022
1849:2018
1841:Welt
1822:2018
1739:2018
1703:2014
1663:27,1
1506:2, 1
1482:2024
1442:2013
1406:2013
1210:and
1147:The
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489:and
461:the
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59:and
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39:and
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1575:doi
753:PKK
569:4th
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