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importing slaves was banned, and culminating in 1819 when Upper Canada
Attorney-General John Robinson declared all slaves in the colony to be freed, making Upper Canada the first place in the British Empire - and, in fact, the world - to unequivocally move towards formal abolition of chattel slavery. Most of these former slaves settled and integrated into the same communities where they were freed. By 1833, this process of liberation had succeeded throughout the Empire and all slaves in the British Empire were free. The British Empire was the first major state in world history to abolish slavery, and Ontario was the place where this process first bore fruit. John Baker, the last slave to be born into slavery in Canada, died in Cornwall.
800:
this initial history of pragmatic entrepreneurialism, beginning very early with the founding of the city, provincial and federal governments have typically neglected the area, treating it as little more than a transit corridor, an attitude which reached its apogee when the St. Lawrence Seaway was smashed through the region in the late 1950s, allowing the
Canadian and American national economies to permanently bypass the region, leaving it once again to become something of an economic backwater. From the beginning to the present day, those who remained in the region tended to be those who had the fortitude and energy to survive on their own, with little useful outside assistance.
64:
1824:
474:, many of those afraid for their lives or uncomfortable in the newly independent United States would become "United Empire Loyalists", as they were later called, and migrated to Canada. The British government helped them settle throughout the Canadas as a reward for their loyalty and to compensate them for their losses in the United States. One of the chief settlement regions was the St Lawrence River valley, from Kingston to Cornwall, which would later be known as "loyalist country".
796:, respectively). This was designed to accommodate Loyalists who had fled post-war reprisals and persecution in the new United States, though the 5,000 English-speaking settlers in the Eastern Township of Quebec were allowed to stay in the French-speaking area and many French settlers moved into Ontario, especially into Eastern Ontario. Along with the area's original inhabitants, this made the area a patchwork of intersecting ethnicities that would ultimately end up blending.
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schools and medical services, and helped cement
Cornwall's position as a regional centre for a large, rapidly expanding and increasingly populated rural hinterland . The network of villages and towns surrounding Cornwall helped make the city a local entrepot for business, commerce, media and services, and the development of communication and travel networks turned what was originally a series of isolated towns into a cohesive economic and social region.
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1833:
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728:, a generation after thirteen of the British colonies declared independence and became the United States, the region became a battleground between Americans and the people who would become today's Canadians. Formally founded under colonial British control to be a new home for refugees from the American Revolution, it remained a home for refugees and migrants for much of its history.
451:, primarily from the former British colony of New York. After the war for American independence, former colonial soldiers loyal to the Crown and other disbanded soldiers and their families began to settle at the site of Cornwall, then called New Johnstown. Many of the new arrivals were of German origin, with the town being named for
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rations, clothes, and agricultural provisions by regiment commanders. They were promised one cow for every two families, an axe, and other necessary tools in the near future. For the next three years, bateaux (boat) crews delivered rations to the township, after which residents were left to fend for themselves.
520:
located in
Cornwall, but there was little industry, except for a foundry and two tanneries. However, many independent tradesmen of various types worked in the "city" and in the surrounding counties. Other town-based amenities in Cornwall included two bank agencies, eight taverns and a ladies' school.
759:
migrants and, later, poor
Scottish and Irish immigrants and refugees who arrived from overseas and from other parts of Canada. These different groups mixed and integrated over time, with family names and histories reflecting a blending of different backgrounds that became typical of Eastern Ontario.
804:
The original 516 settlers arrived in Royal
Township #2 with minimal supplies and faced years of hard work and possible starvation. Upon their departure from military camps in Montreal, Pointe Claire, Saint Anne, and Lachine in the fall of 1784, Loyalists were given a tent, one month's worth of food
799:
Cornwall and the surrounding area, originally called "Royal
Settlement #2" and then "New Jamestown", was initially a rough place, and was largely left to its own devices by all levels of government. According to contemporaneous reports, this bred a local culture of intense self-reliance. Adding to
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Early settlement of the region is largely undocumented, although oral histories and early accounts suggest that
European settlers, traders and farmers lived in the area long before formal state recognition, and had been interacting with and/or mixing with the native population for most of that time.
763:
Smaller but nevertheless impressive contributions in the region were made by a host of other migrants, from Jewish traders, craftsmen and merchants, to
Eastern European refugees and even a significant body of former slaves. Many of these stories go unreported in standard histories, which pass over
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Despite being a rural area, the United
Counties have had a remarkably complex cultural history. Because of the usefulness of the St Lawrence river valley for transportation and the region's general fertility and access to water, the river basin is a natural corridor for people and goods, migration
519:
In 1846, the population of Cornwall was about 1,600 and there were many brick and stone houses as well as a stone courthouse and jail, but the surrounding region contained a large number of towns that had grown from what were, originally, quite isolated settlements. Several government offices were
523:
Canal and lock construction in the late 1800s and early 1900s brought work and international business. Railway connections, beginning in the 1850s, provided connections between Cornwall and local communities in the counties that required access to public services in Cornwall itself, such as high
768:
who died in Cornwall in 1871 at the age of 93. Born in Lower Canada, he was said to be the last Canadian born into slavery, and had been an active soldier in the War of 1812, fighting in both Canada and Europe. Slavery was ended in the colony of Upper Canada in stages, beginning in 1793 when
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504:: Lancaster, Charlottenburgh, Cornwall, Osnabruck, Williamsburgh and Matilda. These six townships were divided into 12 a few years after their creation. Each set of four townships became one of three separate counties: Lancaster, Charlottenburgh, Kenyon and Lochiel became
813:, the Welsh-Canadian explorer who mapped the Far West and was called the greatest land geographer in history, drew many of his traveling companions from Cornwall's rural hinterland, drawing on Scottish and native settlers, and himself lived in Williamstown.
446:
Though accounts suggest Europeans filtered into the area and had lived in poorly documented, unofficial and widely scattered settlements for some time, the first formally documented European settlement was established in 1784 by
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settled, raided and battled through the St. Lawrence valley. The French and British fought over the waterway, often both using and being used by native allies in highly complex economic and political competition. During the
432:
Iroquois pushed out or destroyed the St. Lawrence Iroquoians by 1600 and used the uninhabited territory as a hunting and trapping ground. In the 17th and early 18th century, some settled at
1071:
958:, a 0.7% change from its 2006 population of 64,374. With a land area of 3,247.32 km (1,253.80 sq mi), it had a population density of 20.0/km (51.7/sq mi) in 2011.
574:
77:
1111:
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17:
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at the western end of the city required a reservoir. The villages were flooded when it was filled. Much of the Cornwall region's local character also changed at this time.
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and Cameron's Point. They were gradually replaced about 1000–1300 AD by the Owasco people, who had migrated northward. They practised a more settled form of agriculture.
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More recently, Cornwall has seen an increase in the arrival of new immigrants, who tend to integrate and often fare better than immigrants in other parts of the country.
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As an upper-tier municipality that excludes the City of Cornwall, the United Counties had a population of 64,824 living in 25,580 of its 27,018 total dwellings in the
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further West (upriver) in what would become Ontario. As of 2019, Akwesasne was the largest Mohawk territory in Canada, with a population of about 12,000 people.
63:
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between 1834 and 1842 accelerated the community's development into a regional and industrial economic "capital" for a growing hinterland of towns and villages.
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to the south. The sovereign Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne straddles both borders, thus including territory partly within Ontario, Quebec and New York.
1793:
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by French colonists and renamed it "Royal Settlement #2", and, later, "New Johnstown". It was later renamed Cornwall by the British for the
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named for the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry. The municipality's administrative office is located within Cornwall.
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951:. With a land area of 3,308.85 km (1,277.55 sq mi), it had a population density of 34.6/km (89.7/sq mi) in 2021.
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in 1791 into two, Upper Canada for English settlers fleeing persecution in the United States and Lower Canada for the French (later,
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1983:
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Most of the United Counties, with the exception of North Glengarry, constitutes the federal and provincial electoral district of
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1953:
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In the late 1750s, some 30 Mohawk families who had converted to Christianity, who had previously lived at Kahnawake, founded
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1308:
Smith's Canadian Gazetteer - Statistical and General Information Respecting all parts of The Upper Province, or Canada West
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2013:
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From Great Wilderness to Seaway Towns: A Comparative History of Cornwall, Ontario, and Massena, New York, 1784-2001
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1570:"Census Profile: Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, Ontario (Code 3501) and Cornwall, Ontario (Code 3501012) (table)"
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First Nations reserve is within the Stormont, Dundas, Glengarry census division but is independent of the county.
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516:. The three counties were later amalgamated to form the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry.
1958:
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2003:
1204:"Census Profile, 2016 Census Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, United counties [Census division]"
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1963:
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Canada census – Census division: United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry* community profile
907:
810:
505:
489:, and in 1834 the town became one of the first incorporated municipalities in the British colony of
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Notes: *Includes the City of Cornwall while excludes the incompletely enumerated portion of the
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residents. To this mix was added an influx of American English Loyalists and refugees from the
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902:
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The region's energetic spirit of enterprise and fortitude was well known in the 19th century.
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2255:
1973:
1938:
1913:
1312:
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James F. Pendergast. (1998). "The Confusing Identities Attributed to Stadacona and Hochelaga"
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The Warden is the head of County Council in SDG and is elected annually by council members.
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had been settled by indigenous peoples for thousands of years. About 2,000 years ago, the
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8:
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2210:
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1978:
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531:, west of Cornwall, were several smaller communities that no longer exist. Now known as
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are identified as having settled along the river valley of the same name. They spoke
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1928:
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the remarkable history of migration in the region. One good example is the story of
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1381:"The Early Settlement of Cornwall, Ontario and Massena, New York, 1784–1834"
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2157:
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1918:
1128:
482:
353:
535:, the communities were permanently flooded in 1958 during the construction of the
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2240:
2152:
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2021:
1933:
1903:
784:. In the aftermath of the American Revolution, the British authorities split the
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and conquest, and many groups who have traveled through have also settled there.
421:
342:
130:
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1988:
1943:
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883:
776:, and this included roughly the areas now covered by the Canadian provinces of
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198:
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2433:
1993:
1948:
1823:
1347:
1107:
1049:
744:
429:
357:
334:
92:
79:
935:, the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry had a population of
2270:
2147:
1908:
1898:
1427:
501:
500:
The united counties comprises six of the original eight Royal Townships of
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1850:
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1923:
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1099:
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145:
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581: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2142:
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Places adjacent to United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
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total private dwellings, a change of 1% from its 2016 population of
687:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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428:
Five Nations based in present-day New York. Historians believe the
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1177:"Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry United counties census profile"
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777:
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1544:"Population and dwelling counts: Canada and census divisions"
512:, and Williamsburgh, Matilda, Winchester and Mountain became
391:
341:. However, both Cornwall and Akwesasne form part of a larger
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265:
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Prior to European colonization, the Mohawks and Six Nations
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The North Glengarry Prescott Russell (NGPR) Transport Board
527:
Situated on the southern border of the counties along the
68:
Location of Stormont Dundas and Glengarry United Counties
1078:. Both districts are currently represented federally by
470:. Following the success of rebellious colonists in the
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1690:
1562:
1074:. North Glengarry is part of the electoral district of
735:
The post-contact regional population was a mixture of
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They founded a settlement on the site formerly called
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These people are believed to have developed into the
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372:
Plaque to the SDG Highlanders heroes at ‘‘Juno Beach
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590:"United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry"
508:, Cornwall, Osnabruck, Finch and Roxborough became
1838:Le Haut-Saint-Laurent Regional County Municipality
1234:, Volume 32, pp. 149–159, accessed 3 February 2010
2440:United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
772:"Canada" had been stripped from France after the
464:First Battalion King's Royal Regiment of New York
417:villages, such as those visited and described by
311:United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
57:United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
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1794:Vaudreuil-Soulanges Regional County Municipality
1520:. Eastern Ontario Training Board. Archived from
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1157:Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry United Counties
458:The main group were led by Lieutenant-Colonel
18:Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry County, Ontario
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1480:(published July 10, 2014). January 29, 2015.
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1411:. Ontario Archaeology Society. Archived from
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1880:
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999:3,308.84 km (1,277.55 sq mi)
996:3,309.87 km (1,277.95 sq mi)
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234:3,309.87 km (1,277.95 sq mi)
1873:
1859:
1720:
1706:
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1311:. Toronto: H. & W. ROWSELL. pp.
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961:
828:County Courthouse and offices in Cornwall
703:Learn how and when to remove this message
641:Learn how and when to remove this message
1409:"THE ENGLISH PERIOD (A.D. 1760 TO 1867)"
823:
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1432:Lunenburgh, or the Old Eastern District
424:. They were a group distinct from the
317:) is an upper-tier municipality in the
14:
2432:
1658:
1638:
1611:
1584:
1572:. Statistics Canada. November 27, 2015
1484:from the original on November 4, 2016.
1329:. The Lost Villages Historical Society
1279:
1169:
896:
1854:
1701:
1654:. Statistics Canada. August 20, 2019.
1462:from the original on August 19, 2016.
1438:from the original on August 16, 2016.
1366:from the original on August 19, 2016.
1304:
1153:List of secondary schools in Ontario
1735:
1600:. Statistics Canada. August 12, 2021
652:
579:adding citations to reliable sources
550:
2412:
1814:Leeds and Grenville United Counties
1674:. Statistics Canada. July 18, 2021.
1627:. Statistics Canada. March 21, 2019
413:, practised agriculture, and built
348:The United Counties of SDG borders
24:
30:United counties in Ontario, Canada
25:
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1682:
1124:List of municipalities in Ontario
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1455:. The Harriet Tubman Institute.
1141:operated under the authority of
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325:that comprises three historical
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1072:Stormont—Dundas—South Glengarry
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845:
751:(now the United States), other
566:needs additional citations for
405:-speaking people, of which the
1999:Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
1776:Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
1518:"Update on Cornwall's Economy"
1360:"Cornwall and the War of 1812"
1341:
1319:
1298:
1280:Parham, Claire Puccia (2013).
1262:
1221:
1058:References: 2016 2011 earlier
37:Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
13:
1:
1819:St. Lawrence County, New York
1803:
1757:
1495:Abolition of slavery timeline
1474:"Slavery Abolition Act, 1833"
1162:
468:84th Royal Highland Emigrants
374:, Calvados, Normandy, France.
1779:
1771:
1148:List of townships in Ontario
857:
7:
2369:Ontario electoral districts
1248:"Founding of Cornwall, The"
1232:Journal of Canadian Studies
1134:Census divisions of Ontario
1117:
1062:
683:the claims made and adding
493:. The construction of the
462:and were soldiers from the
10:
2461:
2445:United counties in Ontario
2374:Former counties of Ontario
2130:Single-tier municipalities
1284:. SUNY Press. p. 46.
1112:Glengarry—Prescott—Russell
1076:Glengarry—Prescott—Russell
363:
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2196:
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2012:
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1666:"2001 Community Profiles"
1646:"2006 Community Profiles"
1619:"2011 Community Profiles"
1592:"2016 Community Profiles"
1506:David Thompson (explorer)
1478:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1182:2011 Census of Population
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27:County in Ontario, Canada
2198:Separated municipalities
1250:. Ontario Heritage Trust
988:111,164 (0.7% from 2006)
820:Administrative divisions
541:Moses-Saunders Power Dam
466:and a contingent of the
2077:Regional municipalities
1434:. Judge Country Court.
1139:Transit Eastern Ontario
1037:Median household income
1021:45.6 (M: 44.9, F: 46.3)
1018:47.1 (M: 46.1, F: 48.1)
1010:33.6/km (87/sq mi)
1007:34.3/km (89/sq mi)
832:
449:United Empire Loyalists
407:St. Lawrence Iroquoians
385:Point Peninsula complex
255:34.3/km (89/sq mi)
2364:Ontario municipalities
1426:J. F. Pringle (1890).
1305:Smith, Wm. H. (1846).
1094:, and provincially by
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807:
455:where many came from.
376:
1032:48,290 (total)
1029:47,829 (total)
827:
802:
436:, south of Montreal.
371:
278: • Summer (
2418:WikiProject: Ontario
2379:Geography of Ontario
2344:Northwestern Ontario
2339:Northeastern Ontario
2327:Southwestern Ontario
1984:Prescott and Russell
1959:Lennox and Addington
1746:Prescott and Russell
1671:2001 Canadian Census
1651:2006 Canadian Census
1624:2011 Canadian Census
1597:2016 Canadian Census
575:improve this article
381:Saint Lawrence River
252: • Density
2359:Ontario communities
1954:Leeds and Grenville
1450:"John Baker Report"
1362:. Choose Cornwall.
1185:. Statistics Canada
897:Historical counties
537:St. Lawrence Seaway
485:by proclamation of
472:American Revolution
453:Johnstown, New York
396:Serpent Mounds Park
394:, such as those at
379:The area along the
218: • Warden
89: /
2394:Ontario portal
1742:(single-tier city)
1550:. February 9, 2022
1524:on August 13, 2016
1004:Population density
830:
786:Province of Canada
668:possibly contains
529:St. Lawrence River
377:
244: • Total
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2426:
1848:
1847:
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1842:
1548:Statistics Canada
1415:on March 8, 2013.
1397:on June 11, 2014.
1348:Akwesasne#History
1208:Statistics Canada
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1026:Private dwellings
933:Statistics Canada
749:Thirteen Colonies
713:
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670:original research
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533:the Lost Villages
329:and excludes the
319:Canadian province
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231: • Land
93:45.167°N 74.950°W
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666:This section
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592: –
591:
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586:Find sources:
580:
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564:This section
562:
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514:Dundas County
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387:people built
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358:United States
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335:Mohawk Nation
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302:www.sdg.on.ca
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74:Coordinates:
72:
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2271:Smiths Falls
2256:Peterborough
2148:Chatham-Kent
1998:
1979:Peterborough
1775:
1669:
1660:
1649:
1640:
1629:. Retrieved
1622:
1613:
1602:. Retrieved
1595:
1586:
1576:December 13,
1574:. Retrieved
1564:
1552:. Retrieved
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1522:the original
1512:
1501:
1490:
1468:
1444:
1431:
1421:
1413:the original
1403:
1392:the original
1354:
1343:
1331:. Retrieved
1321:
1307:
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1281:
1275:
1269:5 Star Flags
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1231:
1223:
1211:. Retrieved
1198:
1187:. Retrieved
1180:
1171:
1154:
1142:
1096:Conservative
1080:Conservative
1069:
1066:
953:
922:
919:Demographics
888:
864:North Dundas
852:South Dundas
846:Municipality
815:
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573:Please help
568:verification
565:
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502:Upper Canada
499:
491:Upper Canada
478:
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378:
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189:South Dundas
174:North Dundas
2266:Quinte West
2067:Timiskaming
2062:Thunder Bay
2052:Rainy River
2047:Parry Sound
1528:November 4,
1333:January 17,
1254:January 17,
1100:Nolan Quinn
1084:Eric Duncan
956:2011 Census
841:(separated)
726:War of 1812
221:Tony Fraser
146:County seat
137:Established
96: /
2434:Categories
2281:St. Thomas
2216:Brockville
2211:Belleville
2037:Manitoulin
2004:Wellington
1929:Haliburton
1631:2012-03-21
1604:2019-06-03
1388:SUNY Press
1291:0791485676
1189:2012-03-21
1163:References
1015:Median age
982:Population
939:living in
766:John Baker
677:improve it
601:newspapers
411:Laurentian
239:Population
213:Government
49:upper-tier
2286:Stratford
2276:St. Marys
2226:Gananoque
2158:Haldimand
2143:Brantford
2042:Nipissing
2014:Districts
1964:Middlesex
1919:Frontenac
1054:Akwesasne
993:Land area
891:Akwesasne
858:Townships
681:verifying
441:Akwesasne
434:Kahnawake
415:fortified
403:Iroquoian
339:Akwesasne
261:Time zone
204:Akwesasne
2261:Prescott
2251:Pembroke
2236:Kingston
2221:Cornwall
2163:Hamilton
2115:Waterloo
2027:Cochrane
1934:Hastings
1904:Dufferin
1891:Counties
1554:April 2,
1482:Archived
1457:Archived
1436:Archived
1364:Archived
1118:See also
1063:Politics
1040:$ 59,526
839:Cornwall
721:Iroquois
426:Iroquois
419:explorer
354:New York
333:and the
327:counties
169:Cornwall
151:Cornwall
117:Province
2300:Regions
2291:Windsor
2246:Orillia
2188:Toronto
2173:Norfolk
2100:Niagara
2095:Muskoka
2057:Sudbury
1989:Renfrew
1944:Lambton
1883:Ontario
1428:"XXXVI"
1213:June 3,
1104:Liberal
1088:Liberal
949:113,448
943:of its
937:114,637
927:in the
790:Ontario
782:Ontario
757:Acadian
675:Please
615:scholar
389:earthen
364:History
356:in the
323:Ontario
298:Website
247:113,429
121:Ontario
109:Country
84:74°57′W
81:45°10′N
2241:London
2231:Guelph
2206:Barrie
2178:Ottawa
2105:Oxford
2090:Halton
2085:Durham
2032:Kenora
2022:Algoma
1994:Simcoe
1949:Lanark
1740:Ottawa
1288:
945:50,802
941:48,692
794:Quebec
778:Quebec
745:Mohawk
741:Ojibwe
617:
610:
603:
596:
588:
430:Mohawk
392:mounds
350:Quebec
127:Region
112:Canada
2138:Brant
1974:Perth
1939:Huron
1914:Essex
1909:Elgin
1899:Bruce
1460:(PDF)
1453:(PDF)
1395:(PDF)
1384:(PDF)
923:As a
622:JSTOR
608:books
287:UTC-4
266:UTC-5
2120:York
2110:Peel
1924:Grey
1578:2015
1556:2022
1530:2014
1335:2019
1315:–39.
1286:ISBN
1256:2019
1215:2019
1106:MPP
1102:and
1098:MPP
1086:and
976:2011
971:2016
889:The
833:City
792:and
780:and
755:and
743:and
594:news
309:The
226:Area
163:List
140:1850
1110:in
1090:MP
1082:MP
1052:of
679:by
577:by
337:of
321:of
315:SDG
291:EDT
280:DST
270:EST
2436::
1668:.
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1372:^
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1239:^
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739:,
1874:e
1867:t
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1155:§
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691:(
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633:)
629:(
619:·
612:·
605:·
598:·
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313:(
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268:(
51:)
47:(
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