4419:
183:
159:
175:
43:
140:
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article estimated that the year 2002 was the beginning of the digital age for information storage: an age in which more information is stored on digital storage devices than on analog storage devices. In 1986, approximately 1% of the world's capacity to store information was in digital format; this
1849:
in 2002 was nearly 18 exabytes—three and a half times more than was recorded on non-volatile storage. Telephone calls constituted 98% of the telecommunicated information in 2002. The researchers' highest estimate for the growth rate of newly stored information (uncompressed) was more than 30% per
1762:
A recording medium is a physical material that holds information. Newly created information is distributed and can be stored in four storage media–print, film, magnetic, and optical–and seen or heard in four information flows–telephone, radio and TV, and the
Internet as well as being observed
4418:
1845:
of new information were produced in 2002 and that 92% of this data was stored on hard disk drives. This was about twice the data produced in 2000. The amount of data transmitted over
1857:
estimated that the total amount of digital data in 2007 was 281 exabytes, and that the total amount of digital data produced exceeded the global storage capacity for the first time.
2386:"'JISC/NPO Studies on the Preservation of Electronic Materials: A Framework of Data Types and Formats, and Issues Affecting the Long Term Preservation of Digital Material"
1878:
It is estimated that around 120 zettabytes of data will be generated in 2023, an increase of 60x from 2010, and that it will increase to 181 zettabytes generated in 2025.
782:
2200:
3712:
2161:
3597:
154:
is a storage medium. The phonograph may be considered a storage device especially as machines of this vintage were able to record on blank cylinders.
3133:
3266:
1794:
may be considered both equipment and medium as the wax, charcoal or chalk material from the equipment becomes part of the surface of the medium.
3705:
2340:
2723:
777:
797:
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1948:
1778:, the data and the recording media are sometimes referred to as "software" despite the more common use of the word to describe
1671:
3885:
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3226:
1212:
4577:
3126:
107:
3259:
79:
2397:
2341:"Video animation on The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information from 1986 to 2010"
2257:
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3190:
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1421:
373:
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418:
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1103:
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163:
126:
86:
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2035:
271:
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1486:
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grew to 3% by 1993, to 25% by 2000, and to 97% by 2007. These figures correspond to less than three compressed
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249:
64:
17:
93:
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75:
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723:
658:
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2050:
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1516:
1005:
291:
30:
This article is about all forms of data storage. For data storage on computers in particular, see
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1973:
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are considered by some as data storage. Recording may be accomplished with virtually any form of
1528:
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53:
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2003:
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2013:
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100:
8:
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1918:
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exabytes in 2007. The quantity of digital storage doubled roughly every three years.
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2282:"The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information"
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2615:
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2489:
2479:
2139:
2055:
1983:
1903:
1893:
1727:. Electronic data storage requires electrical power to store and retrieve data.
1511:
1338:
1325:
1016:
1011:
867:
734:
713:
688:
548:
468:
398:
368:
343:
229:
200:
2231:"Amount of new information doubled in last three years, UC Berkeley study finds"
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1998:
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2317:
2206:. UC Berkeley, School of Information Management and Systems. Archived from
1953:
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1577:
1543:
1411:
1366:
1350:
1242:
1038:
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1968:
1818:
1810:
1730:
Data storage in a digital, machine-readable medium is sometimes called
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244:
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4282:
4158:
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2018:
1978:
1797:
Some recording media may be temporary either by design or by nature.
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755:
523:
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333:
328:
139:
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3625:
3621:
3528:
3363:
3284:
2701:
2023:
1993:
1842:
1754:(MICR) are two ways of recording machine-readable data on paper.
1747:
1451:
1441:
1436:
1396:
1298:
1293:
1273:
1078:
1053:
1043:
834:
1715:
are all examples of storage media. Biological molecules such as
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4358:
4311:
4287:
4121:
3844:
3839:
3496:
3466:
3460:
3369:
3357:
3041:
1791:
1724:
1446:
1406:
1288:
1177:
975:
518:
3720:
166:(Sony TC-630), the recorder is data storage equipment and the
4253:
4085:
4002:
3900:
3849:
3774:
3631:
3534:
3413:
1822:
1381:
1318:
1313:
1308:
970:
927:
921:
807:
787:
772:
1832:
1829:
would be considered a temporary recording medium if at all.
4316:
4248:
3407:
3401:
1988:
1826:
1692:
1376:
663:
313:
1805:
or to purposely make data expire over time. Data such as
1734:. Computer data storage is one of the core functions of a
4515:
4128:
3342:
2258:"IDC's "Diverse & Exploding Digital Universe" report"
1814:
1720:
1716:
1416:
1303:
1073:
190:
186:
1813:
are temporary by nature. Depending on the volatility, a
2407:
2162:"The Difference between Electronic and Paper Documents"
2388:. British Library Research and Innovation Report 50.
2398:
History of
Storage from Cave Paintings to Electrons
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2275:
2273:
2199:Lyman, Peter; Varian, Hal R. (October 23, 2003).
4544:
3976:
2332:
2270:
193:can be considered as biological storage media.
4374:
3962:
3706:
3591:
3260:
3127:
2717:
2423:
1665:
3605:
2279:
1763:directly. Digital information is stored on
1742:can be stored in much less space than paper
27:Recording of information in a storage medium
2198:
4381:
4367:
3969:
3955:
3713:
3699:
3598:
3584:
3267:
3253:
3141:
3134:
3120:
2724:
2710:
2430:
2416:
1672:
1658:
3274:
2307:
2280:Hilbert, Martin; LĂłpez, Priscila (2011).
2114:
1833:Global capacity, digitization, and trends
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2159:
181:
173:
157:
138:
2383:
2338:
2255:
2192:
2083:
14:
4545:
2357:
2228:
2140:"DNA seen through the eyes of a coder"
2137:
1949:Disk drive performance characteristics
4362:
3950:
3694:
3579:
3248:
3115:
2705:
2411:
2360:"Amount of Data Created Daily (2023)"
2079:
2077:
1213:Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus
2229:Maclay, Kathleen (28 October 2003).
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
24:
2731:
2377:
2236:University of California, Berkeley
2074:
1757:
1752:magnetic ink character recognition
374:Data validation and reconciliation
178:Various electronic storage devices
25:
4589:
1841:report estimated that about five
424:Distributed file system for cloud
4417:
4388:
2393:History of Computer Data Storage
2339:Hilbert, Martin (15 June 2011).
2036:Plant-based digital data storage
1825:) or a liquid surface such as a
272:Areal density (computer storage)
41:
2358:Duarte, Fabio (April 3, 2023).
2256:Theirer, Adam (14 March 2008).
2138:Hubert, Bert (9 January 2021).
1091:Programmable metallization cell
52:needs additional citations for
4463:(MS, MS-PRO, MS-PRO HG, MS-XC)
2890:Hidden file / Hidden directory
2351:
2249:
2222:
2153:
2131:
1855:International Data Corporation
1687:is the recording (storing) of
654:Persistence (computer science)
13:
1:
3722:Primary computer data storage
2933:Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
2403:The Evolution of Data Storage
2067:
1959:Electronic quantum holography
1853:In a more limited study, the
1522:Electronic quantum holography
144:
2201:"HOW MUCH INFORMATION 2003?"
2170:George Washington University
873:Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)
669:Non-RAID drive architectures
7:
4578:Sound production technology
3067:Comparison of file managers
2866:List of filename extensions
1881:
143:Edison cylinder phonograph
10:
4594:
4500:(PCMCIA, CardBus, CardBay)
4409:Comparison of memory cards
1847:telecommunications systems
1799:Volatile organic compounds
1462:Holographic Versatile Disc
1361:Compact Disc Digital Audio
1233:Magnetic-tape data storage
852:Content-addressable memory
164:reel-to-reel tape recorder
29:
4563:Film and video technology
4426:
4415:
4396:
4325:
4241:
4215:
4106:
3995:
3988:
3909:
3873:
3822:
3813:
3783:
3767:
3738:
3729:
3641:
3614:
3544:
3508:Magneto-optic Kerr effect
3506:
3423:
3391:
3341:
3321:
3283:
3150:
3074:File system fragmentation
3034:
2991:
2958:
2898:
2831:
2739:
2445:
2384:Bennett, John C. (1997).
1944:Distributed block storage
659:Persistent data structure
554:Digital rights management
170:is a data storage medium.
3673:Optical mark recognition
2878:Extended file attributes
2786:Proprietary file formats
2437:
2051:Software-defined storage
1803:preserve the environment
1736:general-purpose computer
1534:DNA digital data storage
1517:Holographic data storage
1006:Solid-state hybrid drive
292:Network-attached storage
4521:Universal Flash Storage
4343:List of writing systems
4054:Broussonetia papyrifera
4041:Folding-book manuscript
4024:Bamboo and wooden slips
3079:File-system permissions
2309:10.1126/science.1200970
1974:Flip-flop (electronics)
1529:5D optical data storage
1346:3D optical data storage
1069:Universal Flash Storage
474:Replication (computing)
419:Distributed file system
309:Single-instance storage
287:Direct-attached storage
267:Continuous availability
2160:Rotenstreich, Shmuel.
1402:Nintendo optical discs
619:Storage virtualization
489:Information repository
429:Distributed data store
194:
179:
171:
155:
4568:Mass media technology
4067:Corypha umbraculifera
2004:Media (communication)
1939:Disaggregated storage
1899:Computer data storage
905:Mellon optical memory
893:Williams–Kilburn tube
609:Locality of reference
414:Clustered file system
240:Memory access pattern
205:computer data storage
185:
177:
161:
142:
32:computer data storage
3927:Magnetic-core memory
3094:File synchronization
2943:Semantic file system
2766:List of file formats
2611:Protection (privacy)
2046:Semiconductor memory
2014:Medium format (film)
1929:Digital preservation
1740:Electronic documents
1601:Magnetic-core memory
1248:Digital Data Storage
1208:Quadruplex videotape
649:In-memory processing
539:Information transfer
434:Distributed database
297:Storage area network
277:Block (data storage)
61:improve this article
3815:Non-volatile memory
2923:Directory structure
2300:2011Sci...332...60H
2210:on December 8, 2017
2180:on 20 February 2020
2107:1986Natur.319..618G
1198:Phonograph cylinder
1136:Electrochemical RAM
988:Solid-state storage
604:Memory segmentation
302:Block-level storage
152:phonograph cylinder
4506:(SDSC, SDHC, SDXC)
4404:Memory card reader
4338:History of writing
3607:Paper data storage
2861:Filename extension
2028:Nonlinear medium (
1934:Digital Revolution
1767:in many different
1607:Plated-wire memory
1572:Paper data storage
1218:Magnetic recording
644:In-memory database
629:Memory-mapped file
574:Volume boot record
569:Master boot record
559:Volume (computing)
534:Data communication
459:Data deduplication
195:
180:
172:
156:
4540:
4539:
4356:
4355:
4211:
4210:
4154:Photographic film
3944:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3809:
3808:
3791:Delay-line memory
3688:
3687:
3667:Edge-notched card
3573:
3572:
3323:Professional Disc
3242:
3241:
3109:
3108:
3101:File verification
2854:Filename mangling
2781:Open file formats
2699:
2698:
2691:Wrangling/munging
2541:Format management
1919:Data transmission
1871:in 1986, and 295
1780:computer software
1769:recording formats
1682:
1681:
1279:8 mm video format
1203:Phonograph record
1022:Flash Core Module
1000:Solid-state drive
899:Delay-line memory
858:Computational RAM
761:Scratchpad memory
599:Disk partitioning
324:Unstructured data
250:Secondary storage
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
4585:
4421:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4360:
4359:
4348:Written language
4266:Electronic media
4223:Electronic paper
4196:Textile printing
3993:
3992:
3982:writing material
3971:
3964:
3957:
3948:
3947:
3820:
3819:
3736:
3735:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3692:
3691:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3577:
3576:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3143:Magnetic storage
3136:
3129:
3122:
3113:
3112:
3057:Data compression
2938:Grid file system
2916:Temporary folder
2906:Directory/folder
2726:
2719:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2389:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2343:. Archived from
2336:
2330:
2329:
2311:
2277:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2205:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2173:. Archived from
2166:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2116:10.1038/319618a0
2081:
2041:Recording format
1964:External storage
1924:Digital dark age
1889:Archival science
1863:Science Magazine
1786:) static media,
1776:electronic media
1765:electronic media
1674:
1667:
1660:
1619:Thin-film memory
1613:Core rope memory
1539:Universal memory
1502:Millipede memory
1492:Racetrack memory
1457:Ultra HD Blu-ray
1269:Linear Tape-Open
1223:Magnetic storage
1191:Analog recording
634:Software entropy
594:Disk aggregation
354:Data degradation
339:Data compression
235:Memory hierarchy
225:Memory coherence
197:
196:
149:
146:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4558:Data management
4543:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4422:
4413:
4392:
4387:
4357:
4352:
4333:Writing systems
4321:
4242:Carrier objects
4237:
4207:
4107:Other materials
4102:
4096:Cyperus papyrus
4009:Trema micrantha
3984:
3975:
3945:
3936:
3905:
3869:
3805:
3779:
3763:
3731:Volatile memory
3725:
3719:
3689:
3684:
3637:
3610:
3604:
3574:
3569:
3552:Laser turntable
3540:
3502:
3419:
3387:
3337:
3317:
3279:
3276:Optical storage
3273:
3243:
3238:
3146:
3140:
3110:
3105:
3047:File comparison
3030:
2999:File descriptor
2987:
2954:
2894:
2827:
2771:File signatures
2735:
2730:
2700:
2695:
2671:Synchronization
2441:
2436:
2380:
2378:Further reading
2375:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2352:
2337:
2333:
2294:(6025): 60–65.
2278:
2271:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2089:"The RNA World"
2085:Gilbert, Walter
2082:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2056:Volatile memory
1984:Information Age
1904:Computer memory
1894:Blank media tax
1884:
1835:
1801:may be used to
1784:traditional art
1760:
1758:Recording media
1678:
1649:
1648:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1512:Patterned media
1482:
1474:
1473:
1341:
1331:
1330:
1326:Hard disk drive
1193:
1183:
1182:
1163:
1152:
1151:
1106:
1096:
1095:
1017:IBM FlashSystem
1012:USB flash drive
951:
934:
933:
888:
880:
879:
868:Dual-ported RAM
746:
729:
728:
689:Cloud computing
549:Copy protection
469:Data redundancy
399:Shared resource
369:Data validation
344:Data corruption
319:Structured data
230:Cache coherence
215:
201:Computer memory
147:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4591:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4518:
4513:
4507:
4504:Secure Digital
4501:
4495:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4455:MultiMediaCard
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4386:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4363:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4326:Related topics
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4280:
4268:
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4245:
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4212:
4209:
4208:
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4205:
4204:
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4186:
4181:
4173:
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4166:
4156:
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4146:
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4144:
4139:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4088:
4083:
4071:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4050:
4047:Streblus asper
4038:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4012:
3999:
3997:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3974:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3951:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3932:Twistor memory
3929:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3877:
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3837:
3826:
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3817:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3796:Selectron tube
3793:
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3785:
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3777:
3771:
3769:
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3595:
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3548:
3546:
3545:Optical Assist
3542:
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3532:
3526:
3520:
3513:
3511:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3445:(20th century)
3440:
3439:(20th century)
3434:
3427:
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3418:
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3405:
3398:
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2896:
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2892:
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2880:
2873:File attribute
2870:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2823:Zero-byte file
2820:
2818:Temporary file
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2758:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2733:Computer files
2729:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2706:
2697:
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2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
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2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
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2608:
2603:
2598:
2596:Pre-processing
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
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2538:
2533:
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2442:
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2420:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2350:
2347:on 2012-01-18.
2331:
2269:
2248:
2221:
2191:
2152:
2130:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2009:Media controls
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1914:Data retention
1911:
1909:Content format
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1834:
1831:
1759:
1756:
1697:storage medium
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1631:Twistor memory
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1549:Quantum memory
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1481:In development
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1465:
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1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
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1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
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1404:
1399:
1394:
1392:Super Video CD
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1353:
1342:
1337:
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1087:
1086:
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1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1049:MultiMediaCard
1046:
1041:
1036:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1003:
997:
985:
980:
979:
978:
973:
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958:
952:
947:
946:
943:
942:
936:
935:
932:
931:
925:
919:
914:
911:Selectron tube
908:
902:
896:
889:
886:
885:
882:
881:
878:
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875:
865:
860:
855:
849:
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837:
827:
826:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
765:
764:
763:
758:
751:Hardware cache
747:
742:
741:
738:
737:
731:
730:
727:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
704:Edge computing
701:
696:
691:
686:
684:Grid computing
681:
679:Bank switching
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
624:Virtual memory
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
589:Disk mirroring
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
544:Temporary file
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
494:Knowledge base
491:
486:
484:Storage record
481:
479:Memory refresh
476:
471:
466:
464:Data structure
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
359:Data integrity
356:
351:
349:Data cleansing
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
305:
304:
299:
289:
284:
282:Object storage
279:
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262:
252:
247:
242:
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216:
213:
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209:
208:
135:
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76:"Data storage"
49:
47:
40:
26:
18:Storage medium
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4451:
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4425:
4420:
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4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:Main articles
4395:
4391:
4384:
4379:
4377:
4372:
4370:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
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4331:
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4328:
4324:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
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4298:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4289:
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4279:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4260:
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4255:
4252:
4251:
4250:
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4240:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
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4202:
4199:
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4180:
4177:
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4140:
4138:
4135:
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4132:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3967:
3965:
3960:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3917:Bubble memory
3915:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
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3843:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3802:
3801:Williams tube
3799:
3797:
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3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3766:
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3757:
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3749:
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3741:
3737:
3734:
3732:
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3723:
3716:
3711:
3709:
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3697:
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3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3630:
3628:(c. 3000 BCE)
3627:
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3620:
3619:
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3613:
3608:
3601:
3596:
3594:
3589:
3587:
3582:
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3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
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3289:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
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3210:
3207:
3204:
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3177:
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3159:
3156:
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3152:
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3144:
3137:
3132:
3130:
3125:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3084:File transfer
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3026:Symbolic link
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
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2957:
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2930:
2929:
2926:
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2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:Long filename
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
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2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2276:
2274:
2259:
2252:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2225:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2163:
2156:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2101:(6055): 618.
2100:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2073:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2030:random access
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:Magnetic tape
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1807:smoke signals
1804:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1788:art materials
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:optical discs
1710:
1709:magnetic tape
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1637:Bubble memory
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1264:Cassette tape
1262:
1260:
1259:Videocassette
1257:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:Magnetic tape
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
991:
989:
986:
984:
983:ROM cartridge
981:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
953:
950:
945:
944:
941:
938:
937:
929:
926:
923:
920:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
890:
884:
883:
874:
871:
870:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
836:
833:
832:
831:
828:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
769:
766:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
752:
749:
748:
745:
740:
739:
736:
733:
732:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
709:Dew computing
707:
705:
702:
700:
699:Fog computing
697:
695:
694:Cloud storage
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
674:Memory paging
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
509:File deletion
507:
505:
502:
500:
499:Computer file
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
379:Data recovery
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
364:Data security
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
261:
260:floating-gate
258:
257:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
211:
210:
206:
202:
199:
198:
192:
188:
184:
176:
169:
168:magnetic tape
165:
160:
153:
141:
131:
128:
120:
117:February 2018
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4553:Data storage
4461:Memory Stick
4445:Express Card
4434:CompactFlash
4390:Memory cards
4275:
4271:
4113:Animal skin
4094:
4077:
4065:
4052:
4045:
4033:
4014:
4007:
3855:Flash memory
3724:technologies
3661:Punched card
3655:Punched tape
3443:Optical disc
3437:Optical tape
3424:Discontinued
3393:Compact disc
3173:Ferrite core
3089:File sharing
3062:File manager
3052:File copying
2899:Organisation
2844:8.3 filename
2798:Sidecar file
2776:Magic number
2665:
2601:Preservation
2591:Philanthropy
2455:Augmentation
2363:. Retrieved
2353:
2345:the original
2334:
2291:
2285:
2261:. Retrieved
2251:
2240:. Retrieved
2234:
2224:
2214:November 25,
2212:. Retrieved
2208:the original
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2175:the original
2168:
2155:
2145:12 September
2143:. Retrieved
2133:
2098:
2092:
2087:(Feb 1986).
1954:Disk storage
1877:
1861:
1859:
1852:
1836:
1796:
1773:
1761:
1732:digital data
1731:
1729:
1705:phonographic
1696:
1685:Data storage
1684:
1683:
1584:Punched tape
1578:Punched card
1544:Time crystal
1412:Hyper CD-ROM
1351:Optical disc
1243:Tape library
1178:FeFET memory
1159:Early-stage
1039:CompactFlash
1034:Memory Stick
994:Flash memory
956:Diode matrix
940:Non-volatile
724:Kryder's law
714:Amdahl's law
639:Software rot
614:Logical disk
514:File copying
449:Data storage
448:
404:File sharing
389:Data cluster
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
4436:(CF, CFast)
4283:Inscription
4216:Impermanent
4179:Clay tablet
4149:Oracle bone
4016:Ficus aurea
3996:Plant-based
3922:Drum memory
3657:(mid-1800s)
3215:Floppy disk
3185:Stripe card
2928:File system
2813:System file
2803:Sparse file
2761:File format
2747:Binary file
2661:Stewardship
2551:Integration
2500:Degradation
2485:Compression
2465:Archaeology
2450:Acquisition
2061:Visual arts
1839:UC Berkeley
1707:recording,
1701:Handwriting
1689:information
1643:Floppy disk
1595:Drum memory
1029:Memory card
996:is used in:
930:(2002–2010)
895:(1946–1947)
719:Moore's law
564:Boot sector
504:Object file
409:File system
220:Memory cell
148: 1899
4547:Categories
4527:xD-Picture
4510:SmartMedia
4472:Microdrive
4300:Palimpsest
4295:Manuscript
4288:Bas-relief
4233:Skywriting
4189:Wax tablet
4169:Petroglyph
4029:Birch bark
3910:Historical
3784:Historical
3649:Index card
3035:Management
2960:Operations
2911:NTFS links
2832:Properties
2681:Validation
2616:Publishing
2606:Processing
2576:Management
2490:Corruption
2480:Collection
2365:August 28,
2263:2008-03-14
2242:2022-09-07
2068:References
1969:Format war
1873:compressed
1819:atmosphere
1811:skywriting
1566:Historical
1238:Tape drive
1064:SmartMedia
887:Historical
584:Disk image
579:Disk array
454:Data store
255:MOS memory
245:Memory map
87:newspapers
4573:Recording
4440:CFexpress
4307:Microform
4201:Silk text
4117:Parchment
4074:Palm leaf
3834:3D XPoint
3752:DDR SDRAM
3615:Antiquity
3564:Super DLT
3558:Floptical
3449:LaserDisc
3431:Microform
3233:Racetrack
3197:Thin film
3179:Hard disk
3004:Hard link
2885:File size
2808:Swap file
2756:Data file
2751:text file
2686:Warehouse
2651:Scrubbing
2631:Retention
2626:Reduction
2581:Migration
2556:Integrity
2524:Transform
2475:Cleansing
2326:206531385
2019:Memristor
1979:Fuzzy bit
1744:documents
1625:Disk pack
1590:Plugboard
1427:DVD-Video
1356:LaserDisc
1254:Videotape
1125:3D XPoint
1116:Memristor
756:CPU cache
524:Core dump
444:Data bank
394:Directory
4478:MiniCard
4259:Notebook
4175:Tablets
4164:Geoglyph
4142:Stamping
4137:Intaglio
4079:Borassus
4062:Ola leaf
3989:Enduring
3634:(105 CE)
3523:MiniDisc
3473:DataPlay
3382:DVD-R DL
3376:DVD+R DL
3312:BD-RE XL
3009:Shortcut
2839:Filename
2793:Metafile
2656:Security
2646:Scraping
2621:Recovery
2495:Curation
2460:Analysis
2318:21310967
2184:12 April
1882:See also
1869:exabytes
1843:exabytes
1790:such as
1782:. With (
1748:Barcodes
1554:UltraRAM
1432:DVD card
1387:Video CD
1372:CD Video
1142:Nano-RAM
1111:Memistor
1084:XQD card
1059:SIM card
917:Dekatron
803:XDR DRAM
798:EDO DRAM
735:Volatile
529:Hex dump
439:Database
334:Metadata
329:Big data
4498:PC Card
4492:MicroP2
4483:NT Card
4278:(baton)
4133:Metals
4091:Papyrus
3978:Writing
3823:Current
3739:Current
3679:Barcode
3675:(1930s)
3663:(1880s)
3651:(1640s)
3626:papyrus
3622:Writing
3529:MD Data
3519:(1980s)
3517:MO disc
3485:ProData
3306:BD-R XL
3285:Blu-ray
3223:(~1970)
3211:(~1968)
3209:Twistor
2992:Linking
2666:Storage
2641:Science
2636:Quality
2566:Lineage
2561:Library
2536:Farming
2519:Extract
2505:Editing
2296:Bibcode
2287:Science
2125:8026658
2103:Bibcode
2024:Nanodot
1994:Library
1860:A 2011
1837:A 2003
1792:crayons
1695:) in a
1639:(~1970)
1633:(~1968)
1615:(1960s)
1452:Blu-ray
1442:MiniDVD
1437:DVD-RAM
1397:Mini CD
1339:Optical
1299:U-matic
1294:MicroMV
1274:Betamax
1138:(ECRAM)
1079:MicroP2
1054:SD card
1044:PC Card
835:1T-SRAM
793:QDRSRAM
384:Storage
214:General
101:scholar
4467:miCard
4312:Scroll
4228:Screen
4122:Vellum
4034:Betula
3874:Future
3845:EEPROM
3768:Future
3750:e.g.,
3681:(1948)
3669:(1904)
3642:Modern
3566:(1998)
3560:(1991)
3554:(1986)
3537:(2004)
3531:(1993)
3525:(1992)
3510:(1877)
3499:(2006)
3497:HD DVD
3493:(2004)
3487:(2003)
3481:(2003)
3475:(2002)
3469:(1999)
3467:MIL-CD
3463:(1997)
3461:GD-ROM
3457:(1979)
3451:(1978)
3433:(1870)
3416:(1997)
3410:(1991)
3404:(1988)
3395:(1982)
3384:(2005)
3378:(2004)
3372:(2002)
3366:(2001)
3364:DVD+RW
3360:(1999)
3358:DVD-RW
3354:(1997)
3345:(1995)
3334:(2004)
3325:(2003)
3314:(2010)
3308:(2010)
3302:(2006)
3296:(2006)
3287:(2006)
3235:(2008)
3229:(1995)
3221:Bubble
3217:(1969)
3205:(1962)
3199:(1962)
3193:(1956)
3187:(1956)
3181:(1956)
3175:(1949)
3169:(1932)
3163:(1928)
3157:(1898)
3042:Backup
3019:Shadow
2586:Mining
2546:Fusion
2324:
2316:
2123:
2094:Nature
1850:year.
1817:(e.g.
1725:energy
1711:, and
1645:(1971)
1627:(1962)
1621:(1962)
1609:(1957)
1603:(1949)
1597:(1932)
1586:(1725)
1580:(1725)
1574:(1725)
1447:HD DVD
1407:CD-ROM
1363:(CDDA)
1289:MiniDV
1008:(SSHD)
990:(SSS)
976:EEPROM
924:(2009)
913:(1952)
907:(1951)
901:(1947)
519:Backup
150:. The
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
4523:(UFS)
4457:(MMC)
4450:JEIDA
4427:Types
4276:Shaku
4254:Codex
4184:Slate
4159:Stone
4086:Paper
4003:Amate
3901:SONOS
3881:FeRAM
3850:EPROM
3840:EAROM
3775:Z-RAM
3632:Paper
3609:media
3535:Hi-MD
3414:CD-RW
3370:DVD+R
3352:DVD-R
3300:BD-RE
3278:media
3145:media
3014:Alias
2983:Write
2973:Close
2740:Types
2322:S2CID
2204:(PDF)
2178:(PDF)
2165:(PDF)
2121:S2CID
1823:smoke
1774:With
1507:ECRAM
1487:CBRAM
1422:DVD+R
1382:CD-RW
1319:D-VHS
1314:VHS-C
1309:S-VHS
1250:(DDS)
1173:ReRAM
1168:FeRAM
1161:NVRAM
1147:CBRAM
1104:NVRAM
1002:(SSD)
971:EPROM
928:Z-RAM
922:T-RAM
854:(CAM)
842:ReRAM
808:RDRAM
788:LPDDR
783:SGRAM
778:SDRAM
773:eDRAM
207:types
162:On a
108:JSTOR
94:books
4512:(SM)
4474:(MD)
4317:Sign
4249:Book
3980:and
3896:PRAM
3891:NRAM
3886:MRAM
3860:PROM
3830:RRAM
3759:SRAM
3746:DRAM
3455:WORM
3408:CD-i
3402:CD-R
3294:BD-R
3227:MRAM
3203:CRAM
3191:MICR
3167:Drum
3161:Tape
3155:Wire
2978:Read
2968:Open
2950:Path
2676:Type
2571:Loss
2529:Load
2439:Data
2367:2023
2314:PMID
2216:2017
2186:2016
2147:2022
1989:IOPS
1827:lake
1750:and
1719:and
1693:data
1497:NRAM
1469:WORM
1377:CD-R
1131:MRAM
966:PROM
961:MROM
863:VRAM
847:QRAM
830:SRAM
818:GDDR
768:DRAM
664:RAID
314:Data
203:and
189:and
80:news
4532:XQD
4516:SxS
4129:Ink
3865:ROM
3624:on
3491:UMD
3479:UDO
3343:DVD
3332:PDD
2514:ELT
2510:ETL
2470:Big
2304:doi
2292:332
2111:doi
2099:319
1815:gas
1809:or
1721:DNA
1717:RNA
1417:DVD
1304:VHS
1121:PCM
1074:SxS
949:ROM
823:HBM
813:DDR
744:RAM
191:RNA
187:DNA
63:by
4549::
4488:P2
4272:Hu
3832:(
2749:/
2320:.
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2302:.
2290:.
2284:.
2272:^
2233:.
2167:.
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2091:.
2076:^
1821:,
1771:.
1746:.
1738:.
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1699:.
1367:CD
1284:DV
145:c.
4494:)
4490:(
4382:e
4375:t
4368:v
4274:/
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2369:.
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2266:.
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2113::
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105:·
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