Stolen Generations

601: 192: 1517:, which seems to have been relatively overlooked in Australian discussions, includes among the acts that constitute genocide (assuming they are committed with intent to destroy a target group in whole or in part) the imposition of "measures intended to prevent births within the group." Given that the Australian practice of abducting Aboriginal children, assuming its "success", would bring about a situation in which second-generation offspring were born into a group that was different from the one from which the child/parent had originally been abducted, there is abundant evidence of genocide being practised in post-war Australia on the basis of Article II (d) alone. 1630:. It concerns the author's mother and two other mixed-race Aboriginal girls who ran away from Moore River Native Settlement, north of Perth, and returned to their Aboriginal families. In a subsequent interview with the ABC, Doris recalled her removal in 1931 from her mother at age three or four, and subsequent rearing at the settlement. She was not reunited with her mother until she was 25; all those years, she believed that her mother had given her away. When the two women were reunited, Doris was no longer able to speak her native language and had been taught to regard Indigenous culture as evil. 757: 1149: 286:

the report's maximum estimate of "one in three" Aboriginal persons separated from their families. The report stated that "between one in three and one in ten" children were separated from their families. Given differing populations over a long period of time, different policies at different times in different states (which also resulted in different definitions of target children), and incomplete records, accurate figures are difficult to establish. The academic

7991: 1579:. He was taken away from his mother as a child, living at the government reservation until he was 20, and working at various jobs, including as a carpenter, stockman, and crocodile hunter. He helped establish the Adelaide Community College and has lectured on Aboriginal cultures. He served as the director of the Northern Australia Legal Aid Service and established Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander centres at the Australian National University, 430:

advantage "removed" Aboriginal people achieved was a higher average income. The report noted this was likely due to the increased urbanisation of removed individuals, and greater access to welfare payments than for Aboriginal people living in remote communities. There seemed to be little evidence that removed mixed-race Aboriginal people had been successful in gaining better work even in urbanised areas.

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families, and communities into institutions for care. In these Australian states and territories, institutions (both government and missionary) for half-caste children were established in the early decades of the 20th century to care for and to educate the mixed-race children taken from their families, with the goal of assimilation into Anglo-Australian society. Examples of such institutions include

742: 1346:, defended that terminology, making the analogy that other people refer to the "generation that lost their lives in the First World War" without meaning over 50 per cent of the young people at the time; rather, people use that phrasing as a metaphor for a collective experience. Similarly, he believes, some of the Aboriginal community use the term to describe their collective suffering. 29: 4730:, p. 217: "Bringing Them Home, the findings of the federal government inquiry into the removal of thousands of Aboriginal children from their mothers, families, and communities in the first two-thirds of the twentieth century, was published in 1997. It argued that the Commonwealth government and the governments of several Australian states were guilty of the crime of genocide." 359:

But the policemen pulled us off and threw us back in the car. They pushed the mothers away and drove off, while our mothers were chasing the car, running and crying after us. We were screaming in the back of that car. When we got to Broome they put me and my cousin in the Broome lock-up. We were only ten years old. We were in the lock-up for two days waiting for the boat to Perth.

1482:. Manne points out that, though the term "genocide" had not yet entered the English language, the policies of Neville and others were termed by some contemporaries as the "die out" or "breed out" policy, giving an indication of their proposed intent. He also states that academics "generally acknowledge" that the authors of the 342:, reportedly "lobbied for the power to remove Aboriginal children without a court hearing because the courts sometimes refused to accept that the children were neglected or destitute". South argued that "all children of mixed descent should be treated as neglected". His lobbying reportedly played a part in the enactment of the 404:, suggest a range of rationales. Apparent motivations included the belief that the Aboriginal people would die out, given their catastrophic population decline after white contact, the belief that they were heathens and were better off in non-indigenous households, and the belief that full-blooded Aboriginal people resented 309:

parents, possibly even from the hospital shortly after birth, when identified as mixed-race babies. Aboriginal Protection Officers often made the judgement to remove certain children. In some cases, families were required to sign legal documents to relinquish care to the state. In Western Australia, the

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and a Commissioner on the Inquiry, stated that "when it comes to the credibility of those stories, there is ample credibility, not from the cross-examination of the children themselves, but from the governments whose laws, practices and policies enabled these forced removals to take place. We had the

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In most jurisdictions, Indigenous Australians were put under the authority of a Protector, effectively being made wards of the State. The protection was done through each jurisdiction's Aboriginal Protection Board; in Victoria and Western Australia these boards were also responsible for applying what

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that provides compensation payments ranging from $ 7000 to $ 40,000 to people who experienced abuse and neglect as children in Queensland institutions (Government of Queensland 2012). The scheme is not exclusive for Indigenous peoples but is for anyone who experienced abuse as a child whilst in state

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The text of the apology did not refer to compensation to Aboriginal people generally or to members of the Stolen Generations specifically. Rudd followed the apology with a 20-minute speech to the house about the need for this action. The government's apology and his speech were widely applauded among

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reported that there was no tangible improvement in the social position of "removed" Aboriginal people as compared to "non-removed". Particularly in the areas of employment and post-secondary education, the removed children had about the same results as those who were not removed. In the early decades

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report identified instances of official misrepresentation and deception, such as when caring and able parents were incorrectly described by Aboriginal Protection Officers as not being able to properly provide for their children. In other instances, parents were told by government officials that their

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does not support a formal national apology and that it considers inappropriate the provision of monetary compensation for those forcibly and unjustifiably separated from their families, on the grounds that such practices were sanctioned by law at the time and were intended to "assist the people whom

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I was requested to attend at the Sunshine Welfare Offices, where they formerly (sic) discharged me from State ward ship. It took the Senior Welfare Officer a mere 20 minutes to come clean, and tell me everything that my heart had always wanted to know...that I was of "Aboriginal descent", that I had

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while in an institution, at work, or while living with a foster or adoptive family. Beyond this, conditions in the institutions were found to be invariably poor, with severe discipline, excessive child labour, poor nutrition, physical and emotional abuse, and poor quality education. Staff were found

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report (produced by the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families in 1987), says that "at least 100,000" children were removed from their parents. This figure was estimated by multiplying the Aboriginal population in 1994 (303,000), by

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and subsequently circulated to and used by many organisations to help survivors to heal from specific types of trauma suffered as a result of the removals. Peeters then developed the Marumali Program to train Indigenous counsellors to use her model. As of June 2020, she and her daughter continue to

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in Aboriginal communities, as well as a host of social ills blighting the lives of Aboriginal people. His speech was considered controversial and received mixed reactions. Thousands of people who had gathered in public spaces in around Australia to hear the apology turned their backs on the screens

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powers over Aboriginal people up to the age of 16 or 21, often determining where they could live or work. Policemen or other agents of the state (some designated as "Aboriginal Protection Officers") were given the power to locate and transfer babies and children of mixed descent from their mothers,

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In Victoria, for example, "The (Aboriginal Protection) Act gave powers to the Board for the Protection of Aborigines which subsequently developed into an extraordinary level of control of people's lives including regulation of residence, employment, marriage, social life and other aspects of daily

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follows Harley, a young man who has gone through the process of "breeding out the colour", as he pieces together his family history through documentation, such as photograph and his grandfather's notes, as well as memories and experiences. Harley and his family have undergone a process of colonial

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In April 2000, Aboriginal Affairs Minister John Herron tabled a report in the Australian Parliament in response to the Human Rights Commission report which stated that, as "only 10% of Aboriginal children" had been removed, they did not constitute an entire "generation". The report attracted media

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I was at the post office with my Mum and Auntie . They put us in the police ute and said they were taking us to Broome. They put the mums in there as well. But when we'd gone they stopped, and threw the mothers out of the car. We jumped on our mothers' backs, crying, trying not to be left behind.

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Numerous 19th and early 20th century contemporaneous documents indicate that the policy of removing mixed-race Aboriginal children from their mothers related to an assumption that the Aboriginal peoples were dying off. Given their catastrophic population decline after white contact, whites assumed

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This cannot be over-emphasized—the Australian government literally kidnapped these children from their parents as a matter of policy. White welfare officers, often supported by police, would descend on Aboriginal camps, round up all the children, separate the ones with light-coloured skin, bundle

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The report closely examined the distinctions between "forcible removal", "removal under threat or duress", "official deception", "uninformed voluntary release", and "voluntary release". The evidence indicated that in numerous cases, children were brutally and forcibly removed from their parent or

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In certain regions and in certain periods the figure was undoubtedly much greater than one in ten. In that time not one Indigenous family has escaped the effects of forcible removal (confirmed by representatives of the Queensland and WA Governments in evidence to the Inquiry). Most families have

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despite the apparent recognition in government reports that the interests of Indigenous children were best served by keeping them in their own communities, the number of Aboriginal children forcibly removed continued to increase, rising from 220 in 1973 to 350 in 1976 (Victorian Government final

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heightened awareness of the Stolen Generations. The acceptance of the term in Australia is illustrated by the 2008 formal apology to the Stolen Generations, led by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and passed by both houses of the Parliament of Australia. Previous apologies had been offered by State and

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Manne argues that the expressed views of government bureaucrats, such as A. O. Neville, to assimilate the mixed-race children into the white population by means of "breeding out the colour", and therefore eventually resulting in the full-bloods being "forgotten", bore strong similarities to the

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authority to remove Aboriginal children "without having to establish in court that they were neglected." At the time, some members of Parliament objected to the NSW amendment; one member stated it enabled the Board to "steal the child away from its parents." At least two members argued that the

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considered whether the policies and practices of the Australian Governments pertinent to the Stolen Generations constituted a breach of the Convention but concluded that "t is not my function to interpret the Convention or to decide whether it has been breached, particularly since the policies

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had been advocating such powers since 1860. Passage of the Act gave the colony of Victoria a wide suite of powers over Aboriginal and "half-caste" persons, including the forcible removal of children, especially "at-risk" girls. Through the late 19th and early 20th century, similar policies and

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setting out the laws from the earliest days right up to the end of the assimilation policy, that is up to the 1970s and more importantly, senior government officers attended. In every case, these senior officers acknowledged that there was a lot of cruelty in the application of those laws and

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The study indicated that removed Aboriginal people were less likely to have completed a secondary education, three times as likely to have acquired a police record, and were twice as likely to use illicit drugs as were Aboriginal people who grew up in their ethnic community. The only notable

1363:. While it is generally not disputed that these forced removals occurred, the contention surrounds whether they were enacted with the intention of destroying the Indigenous people of Australia. There is further contention as to whether those responsible for the Stolen Generations should be 167:

and compounds to hold all Indigenous Australians. This was a response to public concern over the increase in the number of mixed-descent children and sexual exploitation of young Aboriginal women by non-Indigenous men, as well as fears among non-Indigenous people of being outnumbered by a

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The report discovered that removed children were, in most cases, placed into institutional facilities operated by religious or charitable organisations. A significant number, particularly females, were "fostered" out. Children taken to such institutions were trained to be assimilated to

147:, argued that "everything necessary to convert the half-caste into a white citizen". Studies that were then viewed as scientific claimed that Australian Aborigines traits were less visible after mixing with Europeans than sub-Saharan African traits are, so Australia did not apply a 1386:

The Australian practice of Indigenous child removal involved both systematic racial discrimination and genocide as defined by international law. Yet it continued to be practised as official policy long after being clearly prohibited by treaties to which Australia had voluntarily

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compensation. Its funding also allows for a healing fund, allocating grants to healing centres, memorials and keeping places, as well as a separate fund to help fund Stolen Generations members' funerals. There were estimated to be between 700 and 1,300 survivors in NSW in 2017.

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It described the large-scale negative effects of past government policies that resulted in the removal of thousands of mixed-race Aboriginal children from their families and their being reared in a variety of conditions in missions, orphanages, reserves, and white foster homes.

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amendment would result in children being subjected to unpaid labour (at institutions or farms) tantamount to "slavery". Writing in the 21st century, Professor Peter Read said that Board members, in recording reasons for removal of children, noted simply "For being Aboriginal."

7765: 651:, expressing "deep and sincere regret over the removal of Aboriginal children from their parents", which was passed by the federal parliament in August 1999. Howard said that the Stolen Generation represented "the most blemished chapter in the history of this country". 177:, the Chief Protector of Aborigines was appointed the "legal guardian of every Aboriginal and every half-caste child up to the age of 18 years", thus providing the legal basis for enforcing segregation. After the Commonwealth took control of the Territory, under the 1354:

There is ongoing contention among politicians, commentators, and historical, political, and legal experts as to whether the forced removals of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children that occurred during the Stolen Generations can be accurately described as

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suggested that the term genocide rests on the "question of intentionality", saying: "There's not much doubt, with great murderous performances that were typically called genocide, that they were deliberate and intentional. Beyond that, it always gets very murky."

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I've got everything that could be reasonably expected: a good home environment, education, stuff like that, but that's all material stuff. It's all the non-material stuff that I didn't have—the lineage... You know, you've just come out of nowhere; there you

183:, the Chief Protector was given total control of all Indigenous women regardless of their age, unless married to a man who was "substantially of European origin", and his approval was required for any marriage of an Indigenous woman to a non-Indigenous man. 1222:

A class action on behalf of around 1700 deceased estates and family members was launched in the Northern Territory in 2021. In August 2022 the Commonwealth agreed to pay compensation of over A$ 50 million to the claimants, pending formal approval from the

593:. During the ensuing 17 months, the Inquiry visited every state and Territory in Australia, heard testimony from 535 Aboriginal Australians, and received submissions of evidence from more than 600 more. In April 1997, the Commission released its official 439:

a Natural mother, father, three brothers and a sister, who were alive...He placed in front of me 368 pages of my file, together with letters, photos and birthday cards. He informed me that my surname would change back to my Mother's maiden name of Angus.

163:, the segregation of Indigenous Australians of mixed descent from "full-blood" Indigenous people began with the government removing children of mixed descent from their communities and placing them in church-run missions, and later creating segregated 5960: 2622: 1724:

has written several novels based on the lives of her and her family members, featuring intimate portrayals of the impact of forced removal on individuals, their families, and communities, although Sally herself was not a stolen child. Her first,

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has stated that the lower-end figure of one in 10 is more likely; he estimates that between 20,000 and 25,000 Aboriginal children were removed over six decades, based on a survey of self-identified Indigenous people by the television station

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The South Australian reparations scheme was set up in November 2015, after a 2013 parliamentary committee reported that such a fund would be cheaper than fighting legal claims. The fund allows for around 300 eligible people to receive up to

1310:, an historian who argues that some of the abuses towards Australian Aboriginal peoples have been exaggerated and in some cases invented. Many historians argue against these denials, including to Windschuttle in particular. Anthropologist 7856: 969:

In relation to whether the action in NSW courts was limited by the passage of time, the Court of Appeal, reversing Studert J, extended the limitation period for the non-equitable claims by about three decades pursuant to s 60G of the

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was the first to pass acts (1869 and 1886) that allowed for the removal of mixed-race persons from Aboriginal reserves. With an 1899 regulation expressly granting permission for the removal of Aboriginal children from their families.

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suffered as a result of his being removed from his parents when he was a baby. On 1 August 2007, aged 50, Trevorrow became the first member of the Stolen Generations to be awarded compensation by a court of law, when it awarded him

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By around the age of 18, the children were released from government control. In cases where their files were available, individuals were sometimes allowed to view their own files. According to the testimony of one Aboriginal person:

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is a government-funded body established on 30 October 2009 as the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Healing Foundation was established after several months of consultation with community representatives. The head office is in

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concluded its discussion of Australia's 12th report on its actions by acknowledging "the measures taken to facilitate family reunion and to improve counselling and family support services for the victims", but expressed concern:

143:", terms now considered derogatory to Indigenous Australians) to be a threat to the stability of the prevailing culture, or to a perceived racial or cultural "heritage". The Northern Territory Chief Protector of Aborigines, Dr. 5848: 727:, "The well-meaning but ill-conceived policy of forced assimilation of mixed-race Aborigines is now universally condemned for the trauma and loss of language and culture it brought to the stolen children and their families." 1502:, for which Bartrop wrote the entry on Australia. He said he used as the benchmark for usage of the term genocide the 1948 UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, which is also cited in the 4016: 4377:"Senator the Hon John Herron, Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs to the Senate Legal And Constitutional References Committee, 'Inquiry Into The Stolen Generation', Federal Government Submission" 4049: 3008: 1747:

is about forced assimilation and finding how one can return to one's own culture. The novel presents how difficult it is to form a working history of a population who had been historically uprooted from its past.

558:) attracted great media and public attention to itself and to all issues related to the government treatment of Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders in Australia, and most notably the Stolen Generations. 3976: 2533: 1486:

report were wrong to argue that Australian authorities had committed genocide by removing indigenous children from their families. Social assimilation has never been regarded in law as equivalent to genocide.

1976:, starting with her presentation of the model she had created, the "Marumali Journey of Healing Model", to a conference of mental health professionals at a conference in Sydney in 1999. Her body of work was 1258:

which authorised the Aborigines' Protection Board to remove Aboriginal children from their parents without having to establish cause. McGarry described the policy as "steal the child away from its parents".

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A future where all Australians, whatever their origins, are truly equal partners, with equal opportunities and with an equal stake in shaping the next chapter in the history of this great country, Australia.

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the physical infrastructure of missions, government institutions and children's homes was often very poor and resources were insufficient to improve them or to keep the children adequately clothed, fed and

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Half-castes came among them, a being neither black nor white, whom they detested I did what I set out to do—to make their passing easier and to keep the dreaded half-caste menace from our great continent.

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and access to healing programs. It is thought that around 12000 people will be eligible to access the payments and programs. The reparations package was raised as a key issue at the first meeting of the

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A future where we harness the determination of all Australians, Indigenous and non-Indigenous, to close the gap that lies between us in life expectancy, educational achievement, and economic opportunity.

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A common aspect of the removals was the failure by these institutions to keep records of the actual parentage of the child, or such details as the date or place of birth. As is stated in the report:

2351: 871:, attempted to amend the motion to include words committing parliament to offering compensation to those who suffered loss under past Indigenous policies, but was opposed by all the other parties. 6542: 5491: 1360: 1494:

rejects the use of the word genocide to describe Australian colonial history in general, he does believe that it applies to describing the Stolen Generations. Bartrop and US genocide scholar

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wrote: "The word 'stole' may sound a bit far-fetched but by the time we have told the story of the heart-broken Aboriginal mother we are sure the word will not be considered out of place."

658:. At its hearing on this subject in July 2000, the Commission on Human Rights strongly criticised the Howard government for its handling of issues related to the Stolen Generations. The UN 1339:

attention and protests. Herron apologised for the "understandable offence taken by some people" as a result of his comments, although he refused to alter the report as it had been tabled.

216: 3807: 950:, an individual (rather than a group of plaintiffs) made claims in negligence arising from having been placed under the control of the Aborigines Welfare Board pursuant to s 7(2) of the 364:

Anglo-Australian culture. Policies included punishment for speaking their local Indigenous languages. The intention was to educate them for a different future and to prevent their being

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Concluding Observations by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination : Australia. 19 April 2000. CERD/C/304/Add.101. (Concluding Observations/Comments) para 13. at

923: 1669:. It tells the story of five fictional Aboriginal people by the names of Sandy, Ruby, Jimmy, Anne, and Shirley who dealt with the issues for forceful removal by Australian governments. 1246:

The word "stolen" is used here to refer to the Aboriginal children having been taken away from their families. It has been in use for this since the early 20th century. For instance,

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of the program, post-secondary education was limited for most Australians, but the removed children lagged behind their white contemporaries as educational opportunities improved.

4343: 4026: 1731:, involves her quest to uncover her Aboriginal heritage which had previously been denied by her family, who insisted "as a survival mechanism" that they were of Indian extraction. 1314:

also criticised the proceedings on the basis that there was no cross-examination of those giving their testimonies or critical examination of the factual basis of the testimony.

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was underspent, the Community Reparations Fund was established to support projects that would promote healing for the Stolen Generations, their families and the wider community.

7692: 2066: 520:, was the first to use the phrase "stolen generation". He published a magazine article on the topic with this title, based on his research. He expanded the article into a book, 120:, and others as late as 1930 was that mixed-race children could be trained to work in white society, and over generations would marry white and be assimilated into the society. 643:

and in other cities were held nationally, and attended by a total of more than one million people. As public pressure continued to increase on the government, Howard drafted a

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Moseley, Henry Doyle 1935, Report of the Royal Commissioner appointed to investigate, report, and advise upon matters in relation to the condition and treatment of Aborigines

2724: 966:, NSW. The trial judge found that there was no duty of care and therefore that an action in negligence could not succeed. This was upheld by the NSW Court of Appeal in 2000. 6364: 4059: 3186: 5930: 3018: 1989:

word meaning "to put back together", and she says it relates to the ultimate goal of reconnecting with what has been lost. She continues to advise the Healing Foundation.

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Trauma suffered as a result of children being separated from their families and forced to adopt a culture foreign to them is ongoing and passed down through generations.

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The Committee recommended "that the State party consider the need to address appropriately the extraordinary harm inflicted by these racially discriminatory practices."

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We apologise for the laws and policies of successive Parliaments and governments that have inflicted profound grief, suffering and loss on these our fellow Australians.

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Following publication of the report, the parliament of the Northern Territory and the state parliaments of Victoria, South Australia, and New South Wales passed formal

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The time has now come for the nation to turn a new page in Australia's history by righting the wrongs of the past and so moving forward with confidence to the future.

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Stolen Generations Bibliography: A select bibliography of published references to the separation of Aboriginal families (and) the removal of Aboriginal children

524:(1981). Widespread awareness of the Stolen Generations, and the practices that created them, grew in the late 1980s through the efforts of Aboriginal and white 6336: 3511: 2508: 421:

The stated aim of the "resocialisation" program was to improve the integration of Aboriginal people into modern society; however, a recent study conducted in

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Western Australia has a redress scheme that is not exclusive for Indigenous peoples but is for anyone who experienced abuse as a child whilst in state care.

476:(AIHW) found that children living in households with members of the Stolen Generations are more likely "to experience a range of adverse outcomes", including 6630: 6585: 6078: 1546:(1983) was the first film to deal with the Stolen Generations. Directed and produced by Alec Morgan, it won several international and Australian awards. The 659: 235:

As a result of such legislation, states arranged widespread removal of (primarily) mixed-race children from their Aboriginal mothers. In addition, appointed

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Scott, Shirley (2004). "Why wasn't genocide a crime in Australia? Accounting for the half century delay in Australia implementing the Genocide Convention".

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We the Parliament of Australia respectfully request that this apology be received in the spirit in which it is offered as part of the healing of the nation.

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was widespread, with the report finding that among the 502 inquiry witnesses, 17% of female witnesses and 7.7% of male witnesses reported having suffered a

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During the same period from the 1930s to 1982, 250,000 Australian-born non-Indigenous children were also removed from parents who were deemed "unfit", and

1039:. The SA government appealed in February 2008, but lost their appeal in March 2010, but Trevorrow had died only a few months after they lodged the appeal. 624:

in May 1997, Howard was quoted as saying: "Australians of this generation should not be required to accept guilt and blame for past actions and policies."

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The Haebich interview gives the year as 1923, but see Foster, Robert. "'endless trouble and agitation': Aboriginal agitation in the protectionist era,"

3122: 1961:. As of 2020 the Foundation had provided funding for more than 175 community organisations to develop and run healing projects, "to address the ongoing 1186:

nor that of restricting the practice of religion. The High Court unanimously held there was no separate action for a breach of any constitutional right.

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were yet to be fulfilled. In 2017, 35% of all children in out-of-home care in Australia identify as being Aboriginal, an increase from 20% in 1997 when

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did not believe the government should apologise to the Australian Aboriginal peoples. Then Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs

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in the 400 metre sprint. In interviews, she said that her own grandmother was a victim of forced removal. The internationally successful rock group

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We apologise especially for the removal of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families, their communities and their country.

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Bringing Them Home – Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families

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We were taken off our mother, we were told that we were taken off her because she was a heathen, she was not capable of looking after us ...

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Individual Reparations Scheme provided ex-gratia payments to Aboriginal people who were eligible for reparations, and in 2018, a payment of

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Guide to Institutions Attended by Aboriginal People in Western Australia Compiled by researchers employed by the State Solicitor's Office

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to fund various reconciliation measures, including compensation for affected people, or their descendants if no longer living, under the

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This designated his position as the legal guardian of every Aboriginal child in South Australia, not only the so-called "half-castes".

6018:"A Trans-Generational Effect of The Aborigines Act 1905 (WA): The Making of the Fringedwellers in the South-West of Western Australia" 4547: 3644: 8527: 8497: 7939: 6673: 6580: 6316: 6198: 6170: 3622: 3370: 2664: 2041: 2036: 655: 5867: 8466: 8424: 8143: 7672: 7317: 7180: 7133: 6789: 6298: 5913:

Aboriginal welfare : initial conference of Commonwealth and state Aboriginal authorities held at Canberra, 21 to 23 April 1937

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scientific experimentation called "breeding of the colour", which separated individuals from their indigenous families and origins.

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Barta, Tony (2008). "Sorry, and not sorry, in Australia: how the apology to the stolen generations buried a history of genocide".

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For the pain, suffering, and hurt of these Stolen Generations, their descendants and for their families left behind, we say sorry.

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We reflect in particular on the mistreatment of those who were Stolen Generations—this blemished chapter in our nation's history.

173: 7966: 6231: 848:, people booed and jeered until the screen was switched off. In Parliament House's Great Hall, elements of the audience began a 8871: 8568: 8441: 8399: 7662: 7252: 6910: 6427: 4083:"The Stolen Generations in Court: Explaining the Lack of Widespread Successful Litigation by Members of the Stolen Generations" 2179: 1965:

caused by actions like the forced removal of children from their families". It also conducts research into Indigenous healing.

1113: 4849: 8876: 8553: 8087: 7547: 7446: 6384: 5690: 5614:

Haebich, Anna (2012). ""Clearing the Wheat Belt": Erasing the Indigenous Presence in the Southwest of Western Australia". In

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To the mothers and the fathers, the brothers and the sisters, for the breaking up of families and communities, we say sorry.

8740: 8590: 8517: 8446: 8404: 8119: 7838: 7361: 7322: 6925: 6605: 6274: 1908:

which instigated the National Inquiry into Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families

1407:

authorised genocide as defined by the Convention and ruled that there was no legislation to implement the Convention under

5917: 4174: 354:

child or children had died, even though this was not the case. One first-hand account referring to events in 1935 stated:

8523: 8493: 8456: 8414: 8302: 8109: 8028: 7153: 5982: 5333: 5081: 4136: 3817: 3751: 3339: 1891: 1864: 1564: 1550:

did not air it for two years. The film is now standard fare in educational institutions, and has been highly influential.

1547: 1299: 904: 856: 319:

of the state, so the government did not require parental permission to relocate the mixed-race children to institutions.

65: 839:

also delivered a 20-minute speech. He endorsed the apology but in his speech Nelson referred to the "under-policing" of

447:

report condemned the policy of disconnecting children from their cultural heritage. One witness said to the commission:

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for genocide. In response to a submission by the National Aboriginal and Islander Legal Services Secretariat to the

807:

For the future we take heart; resolving that this new page in the history of our great continent can now be written.

8473: 8292: 8274: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 7954: 7702: 7411: 7356: 7339: 7297: 7292: 7209: 7143: 6832: 6722: 6668: 6472: 6417: 6099: 4671: 2026: 859:, although six members of Nelson's opposition caucus left the House in protest at the apology. Later that day, the 809:

We today take this first step by acknowledging the past and laying claim to a future that embraces all Australians.

776: 20: 6082: 5058: 8349: 7976: 7522: 6991: 6900: 6552: 6402: 6346: 6267: 6216: 5874: 5781: 3290: 2450: 2359: 1901: 1419:

legislate to implement the Genocide Convention with full domestic effect'. While genocide has been a crime under

815:

A future where we embrace the possibility of new solutions to enduring problems where old approaches have failed.

612:

Between the commissioning of the National Inquiry and the release of the final report in 1997, the government of

562: 2310:"4704.0 – The Health and Welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, Oct 2010 (final)" 8856: 8625: 8513: 8436: 8394: 8097: 8021: 7886: 7609: 7396: 7219: 7203: 7148: 6620: 6008: 5868:

Education module on the separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families (2007)

3386: 1883: 1847: 863:

considered a motion for an identical apology, which was also passed unanimously. Beforehand, the Leader of the

608:

in Brisbane, May 26, 2016, honoring Aboriginal culture and commemorating mistreatment of Indigenous Australians

517: 477: 311: 205: 6957: 6241: 5849:

Response to government to the national apology to the Stolen Generations' by Tom Calma – 13 February 2008

5800: 5259: 3130: 1709:

tells of a case brought in a New South Wales court against the Aboriginal Protection Board. It challenged the

8881: 8630: 8483: 8461: 8451: 8419: 8409: 8369: 8354: 8334: 8168: 8158: 8065: 7949: 7717: 6930: 6648: 6565: 6512: 6462: 6394: 5861: 5657:

Haebich, Anna (2023). "Genocide and the Forcible Removal of Aboriginal Children in Australia, 1800–1920". In

1858: 1622: 1251: 1224: 369: 245: 113: 7766:

Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore

6073:

Focuses on debates about representing Australia's colonial history, specifically in regard to child removal.

5673:. Vol. II: Genocide in the Indigenous, Early Modern and Imperial Worlds, from c.1535 to World War One. 4705:

Elliott Frank Johnston (1991). "36.3 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide".

4440: 1470:: he stated, "It clearly was attempted genocide. It was believed that the Aboriginal people would die out." 376:; these were the chief occupations of many Europeans at the time in the largely rural areas outside cities. 8851: 8841: 8836: 8610: 8543: 8533: 7901: 7876: 6708: 4932: 4627: 4498: 2868: 2004: 1998: 1212: 6148: 5986: 2838:"Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission: Bringing them Home: Part 2: 3 New South Wales and the ACT" 2317: 1460:

National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families

1435:, and so the Stolen Generations cannot be considered genocide under Australian law because the Act is not 787:

That today we honour the Indigenous peoples of this land, the oldest continuing cultures in human history.

583:

National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families

8826: 8586: 8080: 8070: 7697: 7557: 7431: 7185: 7024: 6915: 6760: 6698: 6683: 6570: 6455: 6442: 3781: 2016: 1591: 1286:(1981), which examined the history of these government actions. The 1997 publication of the government's 1027: 996:

New South Wales set up a scheme running from 1 July 2017 until 30 June 2022, enabling survivors to claim

803:

And for the indignity and degradation thus inflicted on a proud people and a proud culture, we say sorry.

769: 768:

report was for Australian parliaments to offer an official apology. A decade later, on 13 February 2008,

636: 327: 210: 8582: 7994: 7007: 6643: 6595: 6450: 5674: 5563: 3854: 2083: 2076:("children of the highway"), program of forced removal and institutionalization of children of nomadic 1781: 1666: 1342:

Historian Peter Read referred to the children affected as the "Stolen Generations". Another historian,

1178: 826:

Kevin Rudd, Prime Minister of Australia, 13 February 2008, at a sitting of the Parliament of Australia.

811:

A future where this Parliament resolves that the injustices of the past must never, never happen again.

179: 5853: 5768: 3554: 1808:(1930-2022), the Warumungu woman named by Kevin Rudd, in his Apology to the Stolen Generations in 2008 8861: 8339: 8138: 7386: 7163: 7158: 6967: 6862: 6575: 5448: 2955:"Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission: Bringing them Home: Part 3: 10 Childrens Experiences" 2251: 1853: 1627: 1612: 1416: 1377: 1303: 955: 489: 279:

The exact number of children removed is unknown. Estimates of numbers have been widely disputed. The

261: 80:" children were conducted in the period between approximately 1905 and 1967, although in some places 6060: 5706:

Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History

5620:

Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History

5036: 4127:"Northern Territory Stolen Generations class action resolved, $ 50 million in compensation expected" 2958: 2893: 2837: 2788: 2766: 2744: 2585: 2435:

Western Australia State Archives, 993/423/38, "Absorption of Half Castes into the White Population".

8285: 8000: 7727: 7078: 6997: 6703: 4108: 3742:"Aboriginal Victorians from Stolen Generations to receive $ 100,000 as part of reparations package" 2130: 2089: 1584: 644: 566: 550: 3908:"Set - back for Stolen Generation: Williams v The Minister, Aboriginal Land Rights Act & Anor" 3402: 2810: 1199:

was announced by the federal government on 6 August 2021, to be used to award one-off payments of

8770: 8126: 8104: 7921: 7707: 7112: 7049: 7044: 6882: 6827: 6326: 6017: 5753: 4112: 3907: 2514:. Sydney, Australia: Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. December 2007. Archived from 2113: 1400: 1236: 1161: 919: 908: 504:, among the Stolen Generations, with this resulting in unstable parenting and family situations. 401: 236: 61: 57: 37: 6157: 5902: 4680: 2789:"Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission: Bringing Them Home: Part 2: 7 Western Australia" 2767:"Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission: Bringing them Home: Part 2: Tracing the History" 1116:

in 2020, and Andrews acknowledged that it was long overdue. Applications open on 31 March 2022.

719:

them into trucks and take them away. If their parents protested they were held at bay by police.

209:(Vic) included the earliest legislation to authorise child removal from Aboriginal parents. The 135:

considered any proliferation of mixed-descent children (labelled "half-castes", "crossbreeds", "

8790: 8765: 8690: 8615: 8327: 8131: 7906: 7857:

Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)

7505: 7436: 7302: 7237: 7056: 6745: 6306: 6290: 6038: 5542:

Cruickshank, Joanna; McKinnon, Crystal (2023). "Australia's Stolen Generations, 1914–2021". In

4304: 2234: 2072: 1878: 1580: 963: 537: 513: 196: 144: 53: 6035:"The stolen generations: implications for Australian civilization, citizenship and governance" 4082: 4017:"Stolen generation survivors in Victoria to receive $ 100,000 payments through redress scheme" 3681: 3438: 3160: 2894:"Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission: Bringing them Home: Part 2: 8 South Australia" 756: 388:

The children were taken into care purportedly to protect them from neglect and abuse. However

87:

Official government estimates are that in certain regions between one in ten and one in three

8785: 8620: 8594: 8578: 8344: 8060: 8044: 7911: 7532: 7334: 7214: 7084: 7019: 6765: 6615: 6331: 6321: 5743: 5700:

Manne, Robert (2012). "Aboriginal Child Removal and the Question of Genocide, 1900–1940". In

4252:. Government of South Australia, Aboriginal Education and Employment Services. Archived from 3477: 2106: 1958: 1835: 1721: 1638: 1542: 1447:

argued that the removal policies and programs did not constitute a breach of the Convention.

1444: 1395: 1359:

acts, and particularly whether they meet the definition of genocide in article II (e) of the

1169: 1156: 1141: 1100: 679:

Activists highlighted the Stolen Generations and related Aboriginal issues during the Sydney

668: 640: 249: 88: 3947: 3884: 3525: 8745: 8730: 8720: 8359: 8075: 7881: 7592: 7481: 7344: 6740: 5961:

Response to the Apology – Collection of digital stories held at State Library of Queensland

5328: 4557: 4131: 4104: 3942: 3812: 3746: 3655: 3043: 1962: 1216: 1108: 1072: 900: 684: 680: 339: 304:

been affected, in one or more generations, by the forcible removal of one or more children.

269: 132: 6202: 6000:

Calculating Lives: The Numbers and Narratives of Forced Removals in Queensland 1859 – 1972

5749:

Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond

4457:

The Stolen Generations: The Removal of Aboriginal children in New South Wales 1883 to 1969

3367: 2213:

The Stolen Generations: The Removal of Aboriginal Children in New South Wales 1883 to 1969

1466:

report, argued that the policies resulting in the Stolen Generations constitute attempted

1302:

disputed usage of the term in April 2000. Others who disputed the use of the term include

1284:

The Stolen Generations: The Removal of Aboriginal Children in New South Wales 1883 to 1969

8: 8725: 7587: 7486: 7307: 6590: 6497: 6259: 6004: 5940: 5795: 5359: 2679: 2418: 2100: 2061: 1514: 91:

children were forcibly taken from their families and communities between 1910 and 1970.

8710: 8660: 8148: 7961: 7562: 7527: 7471: 7312: 7029: 7014: 6837: 6750: 6713: 5731: 5645: 5174: 5013: 4803: 4644: 4552: 4428: 4397: 2183: 2056: 2021: 1986: 1839: 1572: 1307: 1208: 1165: 1031: 765: 632: 605: 389: 315:

removed the legal guardianship of Aboriginal parents. It made all their children legal

281: 164: 160: 124: 6127: 6116:

Collection of articles and reports related to public policy and the Stolen Generations

4204: 3187:

Too many Indigenous children are taken from their families – it doesn't have to happen

2413: 1920:, Chief Executive Officer of the Department of Aboriginal Affairs in Western Australia 1826:, WA Protector Of Aborigines from 1915 to 1945 and advocate of the removal of children 1294:

Some have objected to the use of the term "Stolen Generations". Former Prime Minister

8605: 8114: 8092: 7797: 7406: 7269: 6852: 6822: 6775: 6610: 6407: 5757: 5721: 5686: 5635: 5600: 5575: 5528: 5232: 5218: 5200: 5182: 5160: 5017: 5005: 4918: 4807: 4762: 4460: 4407: 4186: 3444: 3434: 3093: 3009:"Australia's stolen generations: a legacy of intergenerational pain and broken bonds" 2289: 2224: 2159: 2046: 1874: 1870: 1687: 1596: 1436: 1424: 1420: 935: 884: 864: 860: 749: 711: 199:

population, demonstrated here in A. O. Neville's "Australia's coloured minority" book

117: 73: 69: 7642: 5947:

Queenslanders reflect – digital stories capturing responses to the 2008 Apology

4740: 4648: 3808:"NT Stolen Generations Aboriginal Corporation welcomes $ 378 million redress scheme" 2007:. The term "white stolen generations" has been used by survivors of this practice. 397:

to be generally unqualified and given complete control and power over the children.

8805: 8755: 8735: 7926: 7896: 7891: 7850: 7772: 7599: 7287: 6560: 6522: 5713: 5678: 5627: 5596: 5567: 4995: 4857: 4799: 4795: 4664:"Unhelpful and inappropriate?: The question of genocide and the stolen generations" 4636: 4050:"Stolen Generation redress scheme offers money, formal apology and healing support" 3214:"Trauma and poverty transferred directly to children of stolen generations – study" 3053: 2545: 2121:, the removal of children from Indigenous families in Canada beginning in the 1960s 1775: 1679: 1372: 292: 257: 5324:"Stolen Generations survivor Aunty Lorraine has been healing her mob for 20 years" 5115: 4003: 2665:"Catholic missions to aboriginal Australia: an evaluation of their overall effect" 16:

Indigenous Australian children forcibly acculturated into White Australian society

8670: 8600: 7834: 7273: 6940: 5896: 5590: 4608: 4601: 4585: 4578: 4453:

argues that the removals were done for the children's good and that Peter Read in

4401: 4274: 3374: 3345: 3335: 3087: 2717:"Bringing them Home | Part 2: Tracing the History | Chapter 2: National Overview" 2051: 1727: 1705: 1700: 1690:, in Melbourne, on the day of Kevin Rudd's apology, and quotes some of his words. 1568: 1522: 1491: 1364: 1247: 1083:. In a first for the country, 106 people were found to qualify for the payments. 896: 892: 724: 373: 335: 265: 5442:"Governor-General's Speech : Address in Reply : Senator Andrew Murray" 2447:

Imagined Destinies. Aboriginal Australians and the Doomed Race Theory, 1900–1972

1321:

report provided extensive details about the removal programs and their effects.

1107:

each. Each person deemed eligible will also receive a personal apology from the

8800: 7944: 7916: 7757: 7604: 7572: 7537: 7498: 7195: 7090: 6962: 6867: 6221: 6171:"Australian Child Protection Accused of Repeating Sins of 'Stolen Generations'" 5903:

Bringing Them Home oral history interviews at the National Library of Australia

5709: 5623: 5551: 5496: 4961: 4927: 4826: 4205:"'endless trouble and agitation': Aboriginal activism in the protectionist era" 4179:, ABC Radio National, broadcast Sunday 6 January 2002. Retrieved 10 August 2012 3047: 2582:"Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission: Bringing them Home: Appendices" 2095: 1829: 1793: 1763: 1555: 1408: 1275: 1092: 836: 760:

Apology to Australia's Indigenous Peoples. Taken at Parliament House, Canberra.

545: 393: 240: 5735: 5649: 5000: 4983: 4640: 2549: 1898:, paid homage to her on 13 February 2021, the 13th anniversary of the Apology. 1431:, it has only been a crime under Australian law since the commencement of the 8820: 8760: 8705: 8680: 7567: 7351: 6905: 6817: 6482: 6422: 5907: 5701: 5662: 5615: 5521:

The Cultivation of Whiteness: Science, health and racial destiny in Australia

5385: 5009: 2742: 2409: 2118: 1823: 1661: 1643: 1617: 1560: 1495: 1451: 1322: 993:

was not expected to have any legal effect on claims for compensation in NSW.

926:, which started on 1 July 2019 and open for applications until 30 June 2027. 840: 696: 692: 688: 648: 628: 586: 501: 481: 405: 372:. The boys were generally trained as agricultural labourers and the girls as 365: 148: 109: 3057: 2745:"Indigenous Law Resources: Bringing them Home: Part 1: Scope of the Inquiry" 1513:

To take an example from genocide's definitional core, Article II (d) of the

1148: 8715: 8695: 8665: 7381: 7095: 7002: 6952: 6857: 6732: 6432: 6182: 5717: 5631: 5555: 4879: 4513: 4481:

Dr Naomi Parry, Debunking Windschuttle's benign interpretation of history,

4021: 3398: 3013: 1917: 1911: 1799: 1769: 1674: 1647: 1633: 1479: 1343: 1023: 940:

Williams v The Minister Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 and New South Wales

915: 817:

A future based on mutual respect, mutual resolve and mutual responsibility.

700: 617: 541: 533: 287: 104:

Aboriginal population would be unable to sustain itself, and was doomed to

7577: 6254: 5682: 5571: 3777:"Closing the Gap: Scott Morrison unveils Stolen Generation redress scheme" 589:

and its Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner

8750: 8700: 7476: 6812: 6487: 5666: 5658: 5547: 5543: 5524: 5419: 4888: 4487:, also Peter Read addresses Windschuttle's article of 9 February 2008 in 3308: 2811:"The Acts of the Parliament of Western Australia: Aborigines Act of 1905" 2281: 1817: 1787: 1311: 1295: 1173: 613: 590: 273: 8013: 6103: 4403:

The Fabrication of Aboriginal History: The stolen generations, 1881–2008

151:

to Aborigines like the American South did to people of African descent.

8775: 7931: 7614: 6920: 6807: 6802: 6477: 6467: 6412: 6227:

Biographical Entry – The Australian Dictionary of Biography Online

4002:

Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a

2462: 2460: 1954: 1811: 1805: 1361:

UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

1331: 1330:

support of every State government; they came to the Inquiry, came with

1207:

to pay for counselling, for survivors of the Stolen Generations in the

986: 888: 772: 745: 585:

commenced in May 1995, presided over by the Commission's president Sir

316: 253: 105: 81: 77: 76:

of their respective parliaments. The removals of those referred to as "

4955:"Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide" 3294: 3240:"Children living in households with members of the Stolen Generations" 2086:, children of Republican parents abducted during the Spanish Civil War 1904:(1954–1996), CEO of the Aboriginal Legal Service 1990–1995, author of 214:

legislation were adopted by other states and territories, such as the

8052: 7582: 7552: 7493: 7066: 6797: 5821:

Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

5281: 4303:. Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. 2005. Archived from 2155: 1977: 1942: 1895: 1740: 1683: 1356: 959: 868: 849: 484:, missing school and living in poverty. There are high incidences of 422: 5919:

An Index to the Chief Protector of Aborigines Files 1898 – 1908

3159:(Report). Canberra: National Sorry Day Committee Inc. Archived from 2978: 2976: 2932: 2605: 2603: 2457: 1376:

involved were modified in 1962 somewhat and abandoned by 1970". The

1164:

rejected a challenge to the validity of legislation applying in the

217:

Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897

8780: 7542: 6537: 6527: 6242:

History News Network article on Rabbit Proof Fence and Sister Kates

6222:

Home page of the Kimberley Stolen Generation Aboriginal Corporation

1950: 1946: 1938: 1914:(1956–2022), singer-songwriter and activist, partner of Ruby Hunter 1467: 1183: 924:

Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse

880: 832:

both Indigenous Australians and the non-Indigenous general public.

525: 140: 136: 5836:

Bibliography on Kahlin Compound at the Northern Territory Library.

4707:

Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody National Report

3244:

Australian Government. Australian Institute for Health and Welfare

1282:

More recent usage has developed since Peter Read's publication of

707:

in black sweatsuits with the word "SORRY" emblazoned across them.

7515: 7402:

Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin

6049:"White Over Black: Discourses of Whiteness in Australian Culture" 5829:"Sorry": the unfinished business of the Bringing Them Home report 5447:. Parliament House – Canberra. 12 March 2008. Archived from 4853: 4522: 4459:. Department of Aboriginal Affairs (New South Wales government). 4094: 4054: 3651: 3617: 3407: 2973: 2600: 2378: 1881:

2021; oldest living survivor of those forcibly removed under the

1160:, decided in 1997, also known as the Stolen Generation Case, the 497: 485: 408:

and the mixed-race children fathered and abandoned by white men.

7267: 5842: 5286:"A long way from the Stolen Generations but still further to go" 5159:(Fremantle: Fremantle Arts Centre Press; first published 1987). 4763:

International Criminal Court (Consequential Amendments) Act 2002

1433:

International Criminal Court (Consequential Amendments) Act 2002

400:

Documentary evidence, such as newspaper articles and reports to

7693:

Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic

5936:

West Australian Government history of Noongar in the South West

4271:"Documenting a Democracy: Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 (Vic)" 4074: 2254:(Report). Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. 1997. 1735: 1475: 683:. They set up a large "Aboriginal Tent City" on the grounds of 411: 60:

descent who were removed from their families by the Australian

5562:. Vol. III: Genocide in the Contemporary Era, 1914–2020. 954:

shortly after her birth, and was placed by the Board with the

779:

to be voted on by the house. The apology text was as follows:

631:

to the Aboriginal people affected. On 26 May 1998, the first "

6877: 6847: 5213:(Narkaling Productions, 1994), edited by Barbara Ker Wilson ( 5195:(Narkaling Productions, 1995), edited by Barbara Ker Wilson ( 3998: 1766:(1938-2023), Doctor of Indigenous History, Order of Australia 1576: 845: 101: 3959: 3957: 2472: 1972:

was designed and established by Stolen Generations survivor

1850:, nurse, public administrator and Indigenous rights activist 1103:

who were removed before 1977 are able to access payments of

741: 7829:

UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)

6507: 6237:

Fremantle Arts Centre Press – My Place by Sally Morgan

5211:

Mother and daughter: The Story of Daisy and Glady's Corunna

3938:"Apology will not legally impact compo claims: Law Society" 493: 28: 6289: 5474:"White mothers of stolen children also deserve an apology" 5173:(Fremantle: Fremantle Arts Centre Press, 1990), edited by 1820:(1955–2010), singer-songwriter and partner of Archie Roach 1590:

Episode 5, "Unhealthy Government Experiment", of the 1998

654:

Activists took the issue of the Stolen Generations to the

5954:

Mount Isa responses to the Apology – digital stories

5890:

Reparations for the Stolen Generations in New South Wales

5434: 4344:"Content of apologies by State and Territory Parliaments" 4183:

Broken Circles, Fragmenting Indigenous Families 1800–2000

4175:

Interview with Dr Anna Haebich, "The Stolen Generation,"

3954: 3257: 1796:(1942–2012), co-chair of the National Sorry Day Committee 1306:, Minister for Aboriginal Affairs from 1971 to 1972, and 5592:

The Original Australians: Story of the Aboriginal People

5291:

Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)

4602:"Academics debate contents of Stolen Generations report" 1456:

Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission

1441:

UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

1182:

was beneficial in intent and had neither the purpose of

730: 703:

attracted worldwide media interest by performing at the

94: 6158:"Australia's 'stolen' children get apology but no cash" 5483: 4984:"Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native" 3092:. Richmond, Victoria: Heinemann Educational Australia. 2484: 2332: 1992: 1889:

Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Aboriginal Girls

1715:

Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Aboriginal Girls

6250:

by Colin Tatz, AIATSIS Research Discussion Papers No 8

6095:

Reproduction of a 1998 essay by historian Robert Manne

4913: 4911: 4823:

Twelfth periodic reports of States parties due in 1998

4704: 4048:

Eddie, Rachel; Juanola, Marta Pascual (3 March 2022).

2988: 2920: 2743:

Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (1997).

2637: 2390: 1981:

give workshops, both in the community and in prisons.

1814:(born 1943), retired Perth Children's Court magistrate 1427:

of the Convention in 1951, in accordance with Section

1168:

between 1918 and 1957 which authorised the removal of

19:"Stolen Children" redirects here. For other uses, see 5775: 4820: 4721: 4542: 4540: 4379:. australianpolitics.com/. March 2000. Archived from 4247:"Timeline of Legislation Affecting Aboriginal People" 4163:

Journal of the Historical Society of South Australia,

3089:

Decades of Change: Australia in the Twentieth Century

2672:

Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society

2503: 2501: 2499: 2280: 1600:

concerns the Stolen Generations in Western Australia.

1403:

judges rejected the claim of the plaintiffs that the

1241: 691:

is an Aboriginal athlete who was chosen to light the

660:

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

7392:

Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador

6217:

Rob Riley, CEO ALS 1990–1995 Telling Our Story ALSWA

5931:

Sister Kate's on the WA Government Heritage Register

5492:"'Your son is gone. He's with his adoptive parents'" 4212:

Journal of the Historical Society of South Australia

3457: 3313:"Opening Ceremony Speeches: ... The Prime Minister, 2908: 2697: 1604: 1055:

was made to eligible applicants, with an additional

775:

presented an apology to Indigenous Australians as a

687:

to bring attention to Aboriginal issues in general.

7817:

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)

6102:. Analysis & Policy Observatory. Archived from 6022:

E Law: Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law

5831:, Australian Parliamentary Library, 4 February 2008 5541: 4908: 4592:, ABC TV, 3 April 2000. Retrieved 19 February 2008. 4224:refers to the clipping on this case as Endnote 81: 2982: 2938: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2609: 2466: 2384: 752:, Melbourne, apologising to the stolen generations. 507: 6689:Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations 6201:. ABC Radio National. 23 June 1996. Archived from 6037:. University of Sydney (Australia). Archived from 4537: 4301:"Bringing them home: The 'Stolen Children' report" 2496: 2352:"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population" 1509:In 2006, Australian historian Patrick Wolfe wrote: 1369:Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody 1172:children from their families. The majority of the 8867:Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement 7845:UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP) 6187:"A sorry way to right a terrible wrong | Opinion" 4491:"Don't let facts spoil this historian's campaign" 4236:GRG 52/90 SRSA (State Records of South Australia) 3576:"Thunderous applause in Sydney for Rudd's speech" 2861:"Don't let facts spoil this historian's campaign" 2813:. National Library of Australia. 23 December 1905 1081:Stolen Generation of Aboriginal Children Act 2006 714:summed up the Stolen Generations in these terms: 8818: 4872: 4390: 4273:. National Archives of Australia. Archived from 3152:Rule, John; Rice, Elizabeth (28 February 2015). 2731: 2221:New South Wales Department of Aboriginal Affairs 1772:(1943–2022), stage and screen actor and activist 1529: 84:children were still being taken into the 1970s. 7751:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 7422:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs 4091:(2011) 30 University of Tasmania Law Review 32. 3801: 3799: 3770: 3768: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2565:Aboriginal People in Colonial Victoria, 1835–86 1411:at the time. One of the recommendations of the 1327:Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission 1291:Territory governments in the period 1997–2001. 1203:in recognition of the harm suffered as well as 874: 195:The successive breeding out of "colour" in the 7442:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 7176:Northern Territory National Emergency Response 6679:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples 5114:. abc.net.au. 24 December 2002. Archived from 4917: 3081: 3079: 3077: 2125:Northern Territory National Emergency Response 942:NSWCA 255 and the Australian Federal Court in 211:Central Board for the Protection of Aborigines 8029: 7253: 6664:Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association 6275: 5843:Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 5131:"Pecan Summer's ray of sunshine through song" 3427: 2080:groups in Switzerland during the 20th century 579:Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 7427:National Indigenous Organization of Colombia 7417:Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism 6731: 6128:"The agony of Australia's Stolen Generation" 6046: 5876:Apologies by State and Territory Parliaments 5317: 5315: 5313: 4615:, 29 March 2001. Retrieved 29 November 2011. 4427: 4396: 4047: 3796: 3765: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3706:"Compensation for Stolen Generation members" 2825: 412:Effects on the removed and their descendants 5941:Aboriginal Western Australia and Federation 5466: 4426:Disputing the appropriateness of the term: 3607: 3605: 3074: 2949: 2947: 2888: 2886: 2576: 2574: 2534:"The genetics of the Australian aborigines" 934:Compensation claims have been heard by the 879:The states all have redress schemes: first 855:The apology was unanimously adopted by the 639:such as the Walk for Reconciliation across 8036: 8022: 7260: 7246: 6771:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council 6756:Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council 6282: 6268: 6076: 5809: 5742: 5489: 5217:for young readers, part 3. For children). 5199:for young readers, part 2. For children). 5181:for young readers, part 1. For children). 5079: 4821:Australian Government (14 December 1999). 3963: 3739: 3539: 2747:. Australasian Legal Information Institute 2648:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHaebich1992 ( 2284:; Balderstone, Simon; Bowan, John (2006). 1665:(1998) is a play by Australian playwright 723:According to the archaeologist and writer 474:Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 8043: 7683:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples 6232:Sue Gordon becomes a force for her people 5310: 4999: 4884:"Sorry Business: The Road to the Apology" 4572: 4548:"Stolen Generations, Background Briefing" 4371: 4369: 4185:, Fremantle: Fremantle Arts Centre Press 3728: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3593:"Speech gets standing ovation in Redfern" 3433: 3154:Bringing them home: Scorecard Report 2015 3006: 2182:. Australian Museum. 2004. Archived from 2042:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans 2037:Canadian Indian residential school system 1778:, soprano, actor, composer and playwright 991:Apology to Australia's Indigenous peoples 852:, with some finally turning their backs. 737:Apology to Australia's Indigenous peoples 656:United Nations Commission on Human Rights 7673:National Institute of Indigenous Peoples 6168: 5518: 5490:Calligeros, Marissa (24 December 2010). 5229:Wanamurraganya: The Story of Jack McPhee 5030: 4004:Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY 3.0 AU) 3671: 3602: 3526:"Video: Watch Kevin Rudd's full apology" 3478:"The words Rudd will use to say 'sorry'" 3151: 2944: 2883: 2662: 2571: 2490: 2478: 2444: 2032:Australian Legislative Ethics Commission 1873:(born 1932), elder and advocate for the 1147: 1132: 755: 740: 599: 456:In 2015, many of the recommendations of 334:In 1909, the Protector of Aborigines in 190: 27: 7793:UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 6493:National Indigenous Human Rights Awards 6365:People from politics and public service 6181: 6155: 6032: 5996: 5671:The Cambridge World History of Genocide 5656: 5613: 5560:The Cambridge World History of Genocide 4923:"Stolen Generations listed as genocide" 4661: 4579:"No stolen generation: Australian Govt" 3977:"Stolen Generations Reparations Scheme" 3905: 3805: 3774: 3645:"Senate: Official Hansard, No. 1, 2008" 3331:"No stolen generation: Australian Govt" 3085: 2994: 2926: 2643: 2538:Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae 2431: 2429: 2408: 2396: 1429:51(xxix) of the Australian Constitution 1256:Aborigines Protection Amending Act 1915 903:(2022), while a redress scheme for the 764:One of the recommendations of the 1997 467: 324:Aborigines Protection Amending Act 1915 268:, as well as Catholic missions such as 174:Northern Territory Aboriginals Act 1910 8819: 7663:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada 6291:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders 6255:Journey of Healing: Rabbit Proof Fence 6147:. Melbourne, Australia. Archived from 6079:"The Stolen Generations: Robert Manne" 5378: 5321: 5128: 5080:Molitorisz, Sacha (6 September 2006). 4366: 4202: 4196: 3841: 3839: 3688: 3514:from the original on 27 February 2010. 3307: 3112:Confidential submission 133, Victoria. 2252:Bringing Them Home: Part 2: 4 Victoria 2205: 2203: 2201: 2149: 2067:Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany 1095:announced a reparations package worth 789:We reflect on their past mistreatment. 8017: 7548:Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples 7447:Zapatista Army of National Liberation 7241: 6263: 6169:Neubauer, Ian Lloyd (10 March 2014). 5699: 5588: 5280: 4981: 4878: 4847: 4783: 4727: 4624: 4512: 4124: 3981:Department of the Premier and Cabinet 3703: 3674:"Brown defeated in 'sorry' compo bid" 3613:"Fury over Nelson's 'sorry' response" 3501: 3463: 3415:from the original on 20 December 2002 3211: 3184: 3042: 2914: 2703: 2531: 2338: 1924: 1713:in order to return two children from 731:Australian federal parliament apology 548:" being examples of the latter). The 239:in each state exercised wide-ranging 186: 154: 95:Emergence of the child-removal policy 6473:Literature of Indigenous Australians 6156:McMahon, Barbara (13 January 2008). 6138: 5864:, Australian Human Rights Commission 5092:from the original on 7 November 2012 5082:"Film reviews: Kanyini: Film review" 4921:; Wilson, Ashleigh (24 March 2008). 4488: 4454: 4293: 4080: 3740:Willingham, Richard (3 March 2022). 3672:Crawshaw, David (13 February 2008). 3397: 3315:Australian Reconciliation Convention 3237: 2858: 2625:The Stolen Generations: Robert Manne 2562: 2426: 2209: 1650:, deals with the Stolen Generations. 1230: 1119: 622:Australian Reconciliation Convention 36:on the 1999 Great Australian Clock, 8847:Anti-indigenous racism in Australia 6077:Richardson, Tim (1 December 2009). 6015: 5967: 5472:Liz Hannan, Liz (8 December 2010), 5334:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 4137:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3836: 3818:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 3752:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2414:"Coloured Folk: Some Pitiful Cases" 2198: 2180:"Indigenous Australia: Family Life" 1892:Minister for Indigenous Australians 1867:, Indigenous Australian of the Year 1832:(1932–2020), WA educator and author 1548:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1393:However, in the subsequent case of 1114:First Peoples' Assembly of Victoria 1091:On 3 March 2022, Victorian Premier 1059:to follow. After the total fund of 958:at its Aborigines Children Home at 944:Cubillo v Commonwealth of Australia 844:that broadcast Nelson speaking. In 13: 8832:Political terminology in Australia 8328:State and Territory Shadow Cabinet 7823:Convention on Biological Diversity 6654:Aborigines Progressive Association 5776:Further reading and external links 5418:. 3 September 1999. Archived from 5129:Clarke, Jenna (8 September 2012). 5031:Thompson, Peter (27 August 2006). 4982:Wolfe, Patrick (1 December 2006). 4787:Australian Journal of Human Rights 4350:. 14 December 2012. Archived from 4348:Australian Human Rights Commission 4125:James, Felicity (31 August 2022). 3946:. 13 February 2008. Archived from 3654:. 13 February 2008. Archived from 3621:. 13 February 2008. Archived from 3553:. 13 February 2008. Archived from 3547:"Full text of Kevin Rudd's speech" 3475: 3440:Australia: A Biography of a Nation 3127:Australian Human Rights Commission 3052:. Project Gutenberg of Australia. 2727:from the original on 7 March 2018. 2721:Australian Human Rights Commission 2316:. 17 February 2011. Archived from 1349: 1017: 929: 14: 8893: 7851:High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement) 6139:Bolt, Andrew (8 September 2006). 5035:. Sunday Nine MSN. Archived from 4325:Welch, Dylan (13 February 2008), 4087:University of Tasmania Law Review 3806:Roberts, Lauren (5 August 2021). 3775:Tillett, Andrew (5 August 2021). 3502:Welch, Dylan (13 February 2008). 3123:"Bringing them Home – Chapter 11" 2509:"The History: Northern Territory" 2362:. 25 January 2002. Archived from 1757: 1711:Aboriginal Protection Act of 1909 1605:Feature film and television drama 1022:In June 1998, Bruce Trevorrow, a 416: 322:In 1915, in New South Wales, the 7990: 7989: 7703:Government of the Sakha Republic 7412:Indigenous Environmental Network 7293:Free, prior and informed consent 6100:"Stolen generations (Australia)" 5973: 5862:Bringing them Home Report (1997) 5404: 5352: 5274: 5244: 5148: 5122: 5104: 5073: 5051: 5024: 4975: 4947: 4841: 4814: 4777: 4755: 4733: 4672:Australian Indigenous Law Review 4489:Read, Peter (18 February 2008). 3997: 3918:from the original on 7 July 2024 3366:Paragraphs 104–114 of report at 3007:Wahlquist, Calla (25 May 2017). 2859:Read, Peter (18 February 2008). 2027:American Indian boarding schools 1877:; NSW State Recipient of Senior 1620:, was loosely based on the book 1140:This section is an excerpt from 911:, was announced in August 2021. 508:Public awareness and recognition 21:Stolen Children (disambiguation) 7977:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 7839:Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing 7523:Dakota Access Pipeline protests 6992:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 6141:"Robert Manne's list | Opinion" 6003:(Thesis). Brisbane, Australia: 5231:(Narkaling Productions, 1990). 4850:"A Stolen Generation Cries Out" 4698: 4655: 4618: 4595: 4474: 4433:"Don't let facts spoil the day" 4420: 4336: 4319: 4263: 4239: 4168: 4155: 4118: 4041: 4009: 3983:. 28 March 2019. Archived from 3969: 3930: 3899: 3869: 3665: 3637: 3585: 3578:, Australian Associated Press, 3569: 3518: 3495: 3469: 3391: 3379: 3360: 3323: 3301: 3283: 3231: 3205: 3178: 3145: 3115: 3106: 3036: 3000: 2983:Cruickshank & McKinnon 2023 2939:Cruickshank & McKinnon 2023 2852: 2803: 2781: 2759: 2709: 2656: 2615: 2610:Cruickshank & McKinnon 2023 2556: 2525: 2467:Cruickshank & McKinnon 2023 2451:Melbourne University Publishing 2438: 2402: 2385:Cruickshank & McKinnon 2023 2360:Australian Bureau of Statistics 2258:from the original on 6 May 2015 1887:(NSW), having been sent to the 1790:, political activist and leader 1439:. In its twelfth report to the 1190: 980:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 710:In 2000, Australian journalist 68:government agencies and church 40:, Sydney, by artist Chris Cooke 7887:2009 Peruvian political crisis 7397:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples 7204:Uluru Statement from the Heart 6621:Torres Strait Island languages 5997:Copland, Mark Stephen (2005). 5511: 4848:Perry, Michael (20 May 1997). 4800:10.1080/1323238X.2004.11910775 4025:. 3 March 2022. Archived from 3403:"The sun sets on Midnight Oil" 3344:. 3 April 2000. Archived from 3212:Allam, Lorena (13 June 2019). 2344: 2302: 2274: 2244: 2172: 2143: 1884:Aborigines Protection Act 1909 1594:documentary television series 1534: 1521:In 2008, Australian historian 1127: 518:Australian National University 230:1936 Native Administration Act 206:Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 1: 8872:Kidnapped Australian children 7718:Council of Indigenous Peoples 6669:Australian Aborigines' League 6649:Aborigines Advancement League 6566:Australian Aboriginal English 5883: 4556:. 2 July 2000. Archived from 4406:. Macleay Press. p. 17. 3476:Lo, Ping (12 February 2008). 3049:The Passing of the Aborigines 2137: 2096:Native schools in New Zealand 1859:Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence 1720:Aboriginal artist and author 1694: 1623:Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence 1571:people and one of the listed 1530:Representation in other media 1252:Parliament of New South Wales 1225:New South Wales Supreme Court 1004: 907:, formerly controlled by the 246:Moore River Native Settlement 114:Chief Protector of Aborigines 8877:Child abduction in Australia 8318:Premiers and Chief Ministers 8313:Governors and Administrators 7902:Expulsion of the Chagossians 6709:National Reconciliation Week 5801:Resources in other libraries 5322:Salleh, Anna (1 June 2020). 4988:Journal of Genocide Research 4628:Journal of Genocide Research 4471:misrepresented the evidence. 3185:Sarra, Chris (23 May 2017). 2288:. New Holland. p. 130. 2286:Events That Shaped Australia 1999:Forced adoption in Australia 1213:Australian Capital Territory 922:, set up in the wake of the 875:Legal cases and compensation 554:case (commonly known as the 328:Aborigines' Protection Board 250:Doomadgee Aboriginal Mission 7: 7698:Government of Bashkortostan 7563:American Indian reservation 7432:Native American Rights Fund 6761:NSW Aboriginal Land Council 6699:Registered Aboriginal Party 6684:National Indigenous Council 6571:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages 4852:. Hartford Web Publishing. 4081:Kune, R (29 January 2024). 3782:Australian Financial Review 3704:Korff, Jens (1 June 2021). 3650:. Parliament of Australia, 2017:Aboriginal Protection Board 2010: 1086: 1066: 1028:South Australian Government 952:Aborigines Welfare Act 1909 10: 8898: 8323:Parliaments and Assemblies 7653:Fundação Nacional do Índio 7139:Constitutional recognition 7008:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars 6644:Aboriginal Medical Service 6047:Larbalestier, Jen (2004). 5675:Cambridge University Press 5564:Cambridge University Press 5523:(1st ed.). New York: 5519:Anderson, Warwick (2003). 4741:Aboriginals Ordinance 1918 4234:Sport's Newsclipping Books 2678:(1): 45–68. Archived from 2532:Gates, R. Ruggles (1960). 2445:McGregor, Russell (1997). 2084:Lost children of Francoism 1996: 1993:"White stolen generations" 1782:Katherine Mary Clutterbuck 1490:Though genocide historian 1405:Aboriginals Ordinance 1918 1325:, former President of the 1234: 1195:A compensation fund worth 1179:Aboriginals Ordinance 1918 1139: 985:Australian Prime Minister 734: 222:Aboriginals Ordinance 1918 180:Aboriginals Ordinance 1918 168:mixed-descent population. 34:The Taking of the Children 18: 8649: 8567: 8482: 8378: 8301: 8157: 8088:Federal Executive Council 8051: 7985: 7869: 7806: 7781: 7738: 7630: 7623: 7464: 7387:Assembly of First Nations 7372: 7280: 7126: 6981: 6891: 6788: 6629: 6551: 6533:Traditional custodianship 6393: 6345: 6297: 6191:The Sydney Morning Herald 5796:Resources in your library 5589:Flood, Josephine (2006). 5478:The Sydney Morning Herald 5086:The Sydney Morning Herald 5001:10.1080/14623520601056240 4641:10.1080/14623520802065438 4331:The Sydney Morning Herald 3847:"National Redress Scheme" 3597:The Sydney Morning Herald 3580:The Sydney Morning Herald 3508:The Sydney Morning Herald 2550:10.1017/S1120962300018424 1854:Doris Pilkington Garimara 1739:is Indigenous Australian 1717:to the Aboriginal mother. 1628:Doris Pilkington Garimara 1515:UN Convention on Genocide 956:United Aborigines Mission 262:Wellington Valley Mission 8110:House of Representatives 7877:Chechen–Russian conflict 7728:Bureau of Indian Affairs 6998:Australian Frontier Wars 6704:Reconciliation Australia 6210: 5895:10 November 2017 at the 4679:(1): 114. Archived from 4584:19 November 2001 at the 3443:. Vintage. p. 113. 3265:"The Stolen Generations" 2663:Franklin, James (2016). 2131:Yemenite Children Affair 2127:(aka "The Intervention") 2090:Moseley Royal Commission 1654: 1585:University of Wollongong 1567:. He is an elder of the 1454:, then President of the 1409:Australian municipal law 1242:Use of the word "stolen" 857:House of Representatives 705:Olympic closing ceremony 645:Motion of Reconciliation 567:Aboriginal Legal Service 551:Mabo v Queensland (No 2) 402:parliamentary committees 390:sexual assault and abuse 108:. The idea expressed by 8771:Parliamentary secretary 8741:Independent politicians 7922:Little Danes experiment 7708:Government of Tatarstan 7375:political organizations 7050:Australian history wars 6911:Contemporary visual art 6327:Torres Strait Islanders 6120: 5983:University of Newcastle 5810:Bibliography and guides 5754:Oxford University Press 4662:Cassidy, Julie (2009). 4518:"The cruelty of denial" 4327:"Kevin Rudd says sorry" 4203:Foster, Robert (2000). 4181:. Haebich is author of 3912:Indigenous Law Bulletin 3906:McMahon, Karen (1999). 3881:National Redress Scheme 3504:"Kevin Rudd says sorry" 3086:Bereson, Itiel (1989). 2114:Protector of Aborigines 1462:, and co-author of the 1382:report concluded that: 1237:Australian history wars 1162:High Court of Australia 1075:allocated a package of 920:National Redress Scheme 909:Commonwealth Government 669:Commonwealth Government 565:, an activist with the 52:) were the children of 38:Queen Victoria Building 8791:Responsible government 8691:Contempt of parliament 8144:Statute of Westminster 7907:High Arctic relocation 7809:Declarations of Rights 7506:Cultural appropriation 7437:Survival International 6746:Kimberley Land Council 6596:Pama–Nyungan languages 6586:Loanwords into English 6503:Religion and mythology 6456:Torres Strait Islander 6307:Aboriginal Australians 5718:10.2307/j.ctt9qdg7m.14 5632:10.2307/j.ctt9qdg7m.16 5256:Australian of the Year 5193:Arthur Corunna's story 5033:"Film review: Kanyini" 2957:. 1997. Archived from 2584:. 1997. Archived from 2219:. Surry Hills, N.S.W: 2150:Marten, J. A. (2002). 2073:Kinder der Landstrasse 1879:Australian of the Year 1581:University of Canberra 1519: 1500:Dictionary of Genocide 1458:, commissioner of the 1389: 1152: 982:(1994) 35 NSWLR 497). 938:'s Court of Appeal in 829: 761: 753: 721: 674: 609: 538:Took the Children Away 522:The Stolen Generations 454: 441: 386: 361: 344:Aborigines Act (1911). 306: 248:in Western Australia, 200: 58:Torres Strait Islander 41: 8857:Cultural assimilation 8045:Politics of Australia 7912:Human rights in Tibet 7639:Aotearoa-New Zealand 7533:Fortress conservation 7335:Traditional knowledge 7298:Intellectual property 7085:Native Title Act 1993 7020:Cummeragunja walk-off 6766:Northern Land Council 6616:Torres Strait English 6543:Torres Strait Islands 6248:Genocide in Australia 6053:Borderlands e-Journal 6033:van Krieken, Robert. 5683:10.1017/9781108765480 5572:10.1017/9781108767118 5135:Sydney Morning Herald 4709:(Report). Vol. 5 4105:[1997] HCA 27 4101:Kruger v Commonwealth 3238:AIHW (11 June 2019). 2266:– via AustLII. 2210:Read, Peter (2006) . 1959:Torres Strait Islands 1682:, which premiered in 1672:The Indigenous opera 1553:The documentary film 1543:Lousy Little Sixpence 1511: 1445:Australian Government 1415:report was that 'the 1396:Kruger v Commonwealth 1384: 1373:Commissioner Johnston 1157:Kruger v Commonwealth 1151: 1142:Kruger v Commonwealth 1134:Kruger v Commonwealth 1101:Aboriginal Victorians 781: 759: 744: 716: 665: 641:Sydney Harbour Bridge 637:reconciliation events 603: 449: 436: 381: 356: 301: 237:Aboriginal protectors 194: 89:Indigenous Australian 54:Australian Aboriginal 32:A portrayal entitled 31: 8882:Genocides in Oceania 8746:Kirribilli agreement 8731:Hardworking Families 8686:Chardonnay socialist 7936:Residential schools 7882:Sri Lankan Civil War 7624:Legal representation 7593:Urban Indian reserve 7482:Internal colonialism 7373:Non-governmental and 7328:in the United States 6741:Central Land Council 6205:on 16 December 2008. 6199:"WA's Black Chapter" 6041:on 16 December 2008. 5712:. pp. 217–243. 5677:. pp. 537–561. 5665:; Madley, Benjamin; 5626:. pp. 267–289. 5284:(13 February 2021). 4717:– via AustLII. 4607:22 June 2017 at the 4516:(18 February 2008). 4455:Read, Peter (1981). 4259:on 25 February 2004. 3926:– via AustLII. 3857:on 22 September 2021 3684:on 16 December 2008. 3661:on 16 February 2012. 3297:on 16 February 2008. 3269:Australians Together 2969:– via AustLII. 2904:– via AustLII. 2848:– via AustLII. 2799:– via AustLII. 2777:– via AustLII. 2596:– via AustLII. 2521:on 26 February 2008. 2481:, pp. 231, 308. 2269:submission page 72). 1616:(2002), directed by 1610:The Australian film 1559:(2006), directed by 1474:racial views of the 1217:Jervis Bay Territory 1109:Victorian Government 1073:Tasmanian Government 1071:In October 2006 the 883:(2006), followed by 681:2000 Summer Olympics 512:Historian Professor 472:A 2019 study by the 468:Generational effects 340:William Garnet South 133:European Australians 100:that the full-blood 8852:Multiracial affairs 8842:Institutional abuse 8837:Human rights abuses 8726:Group voting ticket 7487:Settler colonialism 6498:Outstation movement 6337:Western Australians 6185:(12 January 2008). 6059:(2). Archived from 6005:Griffith University 5981:. New South Wales: 5744:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 5595:. Crows Nest, NSW: 5566:. pp. 93–117. 5252:"Aunty Isabel Reid" 5039:on 4 September 2006 4860:on 10 December 2023 4560:on 24 February 2011 4501:on 18 February 2008 4443:on 11 February 2008 4431:(9 February 2008). 4429:Windschuttle, Keith 4398:Windschuttle, Keith 4307:on 5 September 2007 3599:, 13 February 2008. 3582:, 13 February 2008. 3557:on 17 February 2008 3401:(4 December 2002). 3373:3 July 2009 at the 3348:on 7 September 2016 3046:(September 2004) . 3044:Daisy Bates, C.B.E. 2871:on 18 February 2008 2623:"Tim Richardson on 2567:. pp. 175–176. 2419:The West Australian 2341:, pp. 219–220. 2101:Native Tongue Title 2062:Institutional abuse 1941:, with branches in 1498:together wrote the 1009:Queensland has the 976:Williams v Minister 972:Limitation Act 1969 620:government. At the 370:Aboriginal cultures 312:Aborigines Act 1905 295:. According to the 226:Aborigines Act 1934 8827:Stolen Generations 8796:Stolen Generations 8711:Double dissolution 8504:Northern Territory 7972:Stolen Generations 7773:BBNJ ABS Committee 7528:Discovery doctrine 7472:Civilizing mission 7313:Self-determination 7191:Stolen Generations 7181:Self-determination 7101:Stolen Generations 7035:Historical figures 7015:Caledon Bay crisis 6838:Fire-stick farming 6751:Maralinga Tjarutja 6370:Performing artists 6011:on 23 August 2006. 5856:Bringing Them Home 5787:Stolen Generations 5390:Healing Foundation 5364:Healing Foundation 5175:Barbara Ker Wilson 5112:"Doris Pilkington" 5061:. 8 September 2006 4919:Sorensen, Rosemary 4765:(42). 27 June 2002 4553:ABC Radio National 4485:, 12 February 2008 4354:on 5 February 2024 3824:on 8 February 2024 3716:on 1 December 2023 3625:on 9 December 2022 3435:Knightley, Phillip 3193:(Report). Canberra 2240:on 20 August 2006. 2186:on 5 February 2008 2057:Hidden Generations 2022:Aboriginal reserve 1934:Healing Foundation 1925:Trauma and healing 1836:Lowitja O'Donoghue 1613:Rabbit-Proof Fence 1573:traditional owners 1504:Bringing Them Home 1484:Bringing Them Home 1464:Bringing Them Home 1413:Bringing Them Home 1379:Bringing Them Home 1319:Bringing Them Home 1308:Keith Windschuttle 1254:, objected to the 1250:, a member of the 1209:Northern Territory 1166:Northern Territory 1153: 1032:pain and suffering 835:Opposition leader 766:Bringing Them Home 762: 754: 633:National Sorry Day 610: 606:National Sorry Day 595:Bringing Them Home 571:Telling Our Story. 462:Bringing Them Home 458:Bringing Them Home 445:Bringing Them Home 351:Bringing Them Home 297:Bringing Them Home 282:Bringing Them Home 201: 187:Policy in practice 161:Northern Territory 155:Northern Territory 125:Colony of Victoria 46:Stolen Generations 42: 8814: 8813: 8786:Quiet Australians 8554:Western Australia 8120:Opposition Leader 8098:Foreign relations 8084: 8011: 8010: 7996:Indigenous rights 7865: 7864: 7798:Indigenous Caucus 7739:Intergovernmental 7588:Russian republics 7558:Autonomous okrugs 7407:Cultural Survival 7235: 7234: 7118:Western Australia 6853:Possum-skin cloak 6784: 6783: 6776:Tiwi Land Council 6611:Taboo on the dead 6576:Australian Creole 6317:Aboriginal groups 6043:Research project. 6016:Delmege, Sharon. 5992:on 18 March 2009. 5899:Parliament of NSW 5827:Background note: 5782:Library resources 5692:978-1-108-48643-9 5606:978-1-74114-872-5 5597:Allen & Unwin 5581:978-1-108-48707-8 5534:978-0-46-500305-1 5392:. 7 December 2016 5366:. 7 December 2016 5118:on 10 March 2007. 4466:978-0-646-46221-9 4413:978-1-876492-19-9 4228:, 16 April 1924; 3591:McKenny, Leesha, 3450:978-0-09-977291-0 3099:978-0-85859-483-8 2961:on 16 August 2024 2941:, pp. 93–94. 2469:, pp. 97–98. 2412:(18 April 1930). 2320:on 31 August 2016 2295:978-1-74110-492-9 2230:978-0-646-46221-9 2047:Cultural genocide 1906:Telling Our Story 1875:Stolen Generation 1871:Aunty Isabel Reid 1743:'s second novel. 1688:Federation Square 1597:First Australians 1452:Sir Ronald Wilson 1421:international law 1365:criminally liable 1323:Sir Ronald Wilson 1231:Historical debate 1120:Western Australia 936:NSW Supreme Court 885:Western Australia 750:Federation Square 712:Phillip Knightley 685:Sydney University 616:had replaced the 604:The Lord Mayor's 374:domestic servants 260:in Victoria, and 118:Western Australia 8889: 8862:Adoption history 8756:Leadership spill 8736:How-to-vote card 8721:Forgotten People 8591:Liberal National 8380:State/territory 8303:State/territory 8078: 8066:Governor-General 8038: 8031: 8024: 8015: 8014: 7993: 7992: 7927:Mapuche conflict 7897:Chiapas conflict 7892:Alta controversy 7870:Historical cases 7628: 7627: 7610:Rainbow Warriors 7600:Manifest destiny 7288:Ancestral domain 7262: 7255: 7248: 7239: 7238: 6729: 6728: 6561:Avoidance speech 6523:Smoking ceremony 6284: 6277: 6270: 6261: 6260: 6206: 6194: 6178: 6165: 6152: 6135: 6134:. 9 August 2007. 6115: 6113: 6111: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6081:. Archived from 6072: 6070: 6068: 6042: 6029: 6012: 6007:. Archived from 5993: 5991: 5985:. Archived from 5980: 5968:Academic sources 5767: 5739: 5696: 5653: 5610: 5585: 5538: 5506: 5505: 5504:on 4 March 2022. 5500:. Archived from 5487: 5481: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5453: 5446: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5412:"About Marumali" 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5336:. Archived from 5319: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5294:. Archived from 5278: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5258:. Archived from 5248: 5242: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5003: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4959: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4935:on 26 March 2008 4931:. Archived from 4915: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4892:. Archived from 4876: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4856:. Archived from 4845: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4829:. pp. 24–25 4818: 4812: 4811: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4685: 4668: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4622: 4616: 4599: 4593: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4544: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4497:. Archived from 4478: 4472: 4470: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4439:. Archived from 4424: 4418: 4417: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4373: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4340: 4334: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4284: 4282: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4251: 4243: 4237: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4214:. pp. 15–27 4209: 4200: 4194: 4172: 4166: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4143:on 7 August 2024 4139:. Archived from 4122: 4116: 4098: 4092: 4090: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4062:on 29 March 2024 4058:. Archived from 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3987:on 5 August 2021 3973: 3967: 3961: 3952: 3951: 3950:on 2 March 2008. 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3883:. Archived from 3877:"Who can apply?" 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3853:. Archived from 3851:Find and Connect 3843: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3820:. Archived from 3803: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3772: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3737: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3712:. Archived from 3710:Creative Spirits 3701: 3686: 3685: 3680:. Archived from 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3649: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3609: 3600: 3589: 3583: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3293:. Archived from 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3165: 3158: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3129:. Archived from 3119: 3113: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3083: 3072: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3026: 3017:. Archived from 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2951: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2890: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2867:. Archived from 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2834: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2740: 2729: 2728: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2684: 2669: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2633:on 24 July 2011. 2629:. Archived from 2619: 2613: 2607: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2578: 2569: 2568: 2563:Christie, M. F. 2560: 2554: 2553: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2513: 2505: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2455: 2454: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2424: 2423: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2265: 2263: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2233:. Archived from 2218: 2207: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2152:Children and War 2147: 2005:forcibly adopted 1974:Lorraine Peeters 1970:Marumali Program 1776:Deborah Cheetham 1680:Deborah Cheetham 1540:The documentary 1332:lever-arch files 1206: 1202: 1198: 1106: 1098: 1078: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1038: 999: 918:, there is also 827: 258:Ebenezer Mission 8897: 8896: 8892: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8887: 8886: 8817: 8816: 8815: 8810: 8671:Branch stacking 8652: 8645: 8601:Centre Alliance 8595:Country Liberal 8570: 8563: 8524:South Australia 8494:New South Wales 8485: 8478: 8381: 8374: 8304: 8297: 8160: 8153: 8047: 8042: 8012: 8007: 8002:Minority rights 7981: 7967:San controversy 7861: 7835:Nagoya Protocol 7808: 7802: 7785: 7783: 7777: 7740: 7734: 7632: 7619: 7460: 7374: 7368: 7276: 7274:minority rights 7266: 7236: 7231: 7171:Media portrayal 7134:1967 Referendum 7122: 7030:Gurindji Strike 7025:Day of Mourning 6977: 6887: 6780: 6727: 6625: 6581:Language groups 6547: 6389: 6341: 6293: 6288: 6213: 6197: 6151:on 19 May 2008. 6126: 6123: 6109: 6107: 6106:on 12 June 2017 6098: 6088: 6086: 6085:on 11 June 2017 6066: 6064: 6063:on 16 June 2008 5989: 5978: 5970: 5897:Wayback Machine 5886: 5845: 5812: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5773: 5764: 5728: 5708:. Vol. 6. 5693: 5642: 5622:. Vol. 6. 5607: 5582: 5552:Naimark, Norman 5535: 5514: 5509: 5488: 5484: 5471: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5425: 5423: 5422:on 30 June 2024 5410: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5369: 5367: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5341: 5320: 5311: 5301: 5299: 5279: 5275: 5265: 5263: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5153: 5149: 5139: 5137: 5127: 5123: 5110: 5109: 5105: 5095: 5093: 5078: 5074: 5064: 5062: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5042: 5040: 5029: 5025: 4980: 4976: 4966: 4964: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4938: 4936: 4916: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4896:on 8 April 2023 4877: 4873: 4863: 4861: 4846: 4842: 4832: 4830: 4819: 4815: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4766: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4746: 4744: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4666: 4660: 4656: 4623: 4619: 4613:The 7.30 Report 4609:Wayback Machine 4600: 4596: 4590:The 7.30 Report 4586:Wayback Machine 4577: 4573: 4563: 4561: 4546: 4545: 4538: 4528: 4526: 4504: 4502: 4479: 4475: 4467: 4446: 4444: 4425: 4421: 4414: 4395: 4391: 4386:on 22 May 2005. 4383: 4375: 4374: 4367: 4357: 4355: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4324: 4320: 4310: 4308: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4280: 4278: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4256: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4217: 4215: 4207: 4201: 4197: 4173: 4169: 4160: 4156: 4146: 4144: 4123: 4119: 4099: 4095: 4079: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4046: 4042: 4032: 4030: 4015: 4014: 4010: 3990: 3988: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3964:Zuckermann 2020 3962: 3955: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3921: 3919: 3914:. 79 4(24) 11. 3904: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3845: 3844: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3804: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3773: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3738: 3729: 3719: 3717: 3702: 3689: 3670: 3666: 3658: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3611: 3610: 3603: 3590: 3586: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3375:Wayback Machine 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3336:The 7.30 Report 3329: 3328: 3324: 3311:(27 May 1997). 3306: 3302: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3183: 3179: 3169: 3167: 3166:on 12 June 2017 3163: 3156: 3150: 3146: 3136: 3134: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3084: 3075: 3062: 3060: 3041: 3037: 3024: 3022: 3021:on 24 June 2024 3005: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2974: 2964: 2962: 2953: 2952: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2892: 2891: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2835: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2741: 2732: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2688: 2686: 2685:on 8 April 2023 2682: 2667: 2661: 2657: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2608: 2601: 2591: 2589: 2580: 2579: 2572: 2561: 2557: 2530: 2526: 2518: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2465: 2458: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2427: 2407: 2403: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2366:on 8 April 2023 2350: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2279: 2275: 2261: 2259: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2231: 2216: 2208: 2199: 2189: 2187: 2178: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2158:. p. 229. 2148: 2144: 2140: 2052:Forced adoption 2013: 2001: 1995: 1927: 1760: 1701:Bryce Courtenay 1697: 1657: 1607: 1569:Yankunytjatjara 1537: 1532: 1523:Inga Clendinnen 1352: 1350:Genocide debate 1276:Half-Caste Acts 1248:Patrick McGarry 1244: 1239: 1233: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1176:found that the 1145: 1137: 1130: 1122: 1104: 1096: 1089: 1076: 1069: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1036: 1020: 1018:South Australia 1007: 997: 932: 930:New South Wales 914:For victims of 897:New South Wales 893:South Australia 877: 828: 825: 818: 816: 814: 812: 810: 808: 806: 804: 802: 800: 798: 796: 794: 792: 790: 788: 784: 739: 733: 725:Josephine Flood 672:they affected". 577:The Australian 561:In early 1995, 528:, artists, and 510: 470: 464:was published. 419: 414: 336:South Australia 266:New South Wales 189: 157: 97: 50:Stolen Children 48:(also known as 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8895: 8885: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8812: 8811: 8809: 8808: 8803: 8801:Working Family 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8676:Casual vacancy 8673: 8668: 8663: 8657: 8655: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8575: 8573: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8561: 8551: 8541: 8531: 8521: 8511: 8501: 8490: 8488: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8470: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8428: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8386: 8384: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8331: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8309: 8307: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8295: 8289: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8165: 8163: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8135: 8134: 8129: 8123: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8081:Shadow Cabinet 8073: 8071:Prime Minister 8068: 8063: 8057: 8055: 8049: 8048: 8041: 8040: 8033: 8026: 8018: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8005: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7958: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7917:Indian removal 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7873: 7871: 7867: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7841: 7831: 7825: 7819: 7812: 7810: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7800: 7795: 7789: 7787: 7782:Indigenous-led 7779: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7760: 7758:Arctic Council 7755: 7754: 7753: 7747:African Union 7744: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7687: 7686: 7685: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7657: 7656: 7655: 7647: 7646: 7645: 7643:Te Puni Kōkiri 7636: 7634: 7625: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7605:Plastic shaman 7602: 7597: 7596: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7573:Indian reserve 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7545: 7540: 7538:Green grabbing 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7513: 7511:Sports mascots 7503: 7502: 7501: 7499:Bioprospecting 7491: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7474: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7458: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7378: 7376: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7362:in New Zealand 7359: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7342: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7277: 7268:International 7265: 7264: 7257: 7250: 7242: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7229: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7196:Half-Caste Act 7188: 7186:Reconciliation 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7164:Protected Area 7161: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7098: 7093: 7091:Pilbara strike 7088: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7070: 7069: 7059: 7054: 7053: 7052: 7047: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7005: 6995: 6987: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6938: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6897: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6868:Spinifex resin 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6794: 6792: 6786: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6737: 6735: 6726: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6635: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6606:Sign languages 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6557: 6555: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6399: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6380:Visual artists 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6351: 6349: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6303: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6287: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6264: 6258: 6257: 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Dirk 5697: 5691: 5663:Blackhawk, Ned 5654: 5650:j.ctt9qdg7m.16 5640: 5624:Berghahn Books 5616:Moses, A. Dirk 5611: 5605: 5586: 5580: 5539: 5533: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5497:Brisbane Times 5482: 5465: 5454:on 22 May 2013 5433: 5403: 5377: 5351: 5340:on 25 May 2024 5309: 5298:on 18 May 2021 5273: 5262:on 17 May 2021 5243: 5241: 5240: 5226: 5208: 5190: 5168: 5147: 5121: 5103: 5072: 5050: 5023: 4994:(4): 387–409. 4974: 4962:United Nations 4946: 4928:The Australian 4907: 4882:(March 2008). 4871: 4840: 4827:United Nations 4813: 4794:(1): 159–178. 4776: 4754: 4732: 4720: 4697: 4686:on 5 July 2024 4654: 4635:(2): 201–214. 4617: 4594: 4571: 4536: 4495:The Australian 4473: 4465: 4437:The Australian 4419: 4412: 4389: 4365: 4335: 4318: 4292: 4277:on 4 July 2009 4262: 4238: 4232:9 April 1924; 4195: 4177:Ockham's Razor 4167: 4165:2000;28:15–27. 4154: 4117: 4093: 4073: 4040: 4029:on 21 May 2024 4008: 3968: 3966:, p. 259. 3953: 3929: 3898: 3887:on 22 May 2024 3868: 3835: 3795: 3764: 3727: 3687: 3664: 3636: 3601: 3584: 3568: 3538: 3517: 3494: 3468: 3466:, p. 233. 3456: 3449: 3426: 3390: 3378: 3359: 3322: 3300: 3291:"Publications" 3282: 3256: 3230: 3204: 3177: 3144: 3133:on 1 June 2023 3114: 3105: 3098: 3073: 3035: 2999: 2997:, p. 554. 2987: 2972: 2943: 2931: 2929:, p. 274. 2919: 2917:, p. 218. 2907: 2882: 2865:The Australian 2851: 2824: 2802: 2780: 2758: 2730: 2708: 2706:, p. 232. 2696: 2655: 2646:, p. 138. 2636: 2614: 2599: 2588:on 19 May 2023 2570: 2555: 2524: 2495: 2493:, p. 160. 2483: 2471: 2456: 2437: 2425: 2410:Neville, A. O. 2401: 2399:, p. 558. 2389: 2387:, p. 108. 2377: 2356:www.abs.gov.au 2343: 2331: 2301: 2294: 2273: 2243: 2229: 2197: 2171: 2164: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2111: 2107:Our Generation 2103: 2098: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2012: 2009: 1997:Main article: 1994: 1991: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1899: 1868: 1862: 1851: 1833: 1827: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1794:Ningali Cullen 1791: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1764:Gordon Briscoe 1759: 1758:Notable people 1756: 1755: 1754: 1732: 1718: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1670: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1631: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1588: 1551: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1351: 1348: 1273:were known as 1243: 1240: 1235:Main article: 1232: 1229: 1197:A$ 378 million 1192: 1189: 1146: 1138: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1121: 1118: 1097:A$ 155 million 1093:Daniel Andrews 1088: 1085: 1068: 1065: 1026:man, sued the 1019: 1016: 1011:Redress Scheme 1006: 1003: 931: 928: 876: 873: 837:Brendan Nelson 823: 770:Prime Minister 735:Main article: 732: 729: 546:The Dead Heart 516:, then at the 509: 506: 469: 466: 418: 417:Removed people 415: 413: 410: 394:sexual assault 228:(SA), and the 188: 185: 156: 153: 96: 93: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8894: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8761:Mortgage belt 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8706:Dorothy Dixer 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8681:Caucus revolt 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8648: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8636:Other parties 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8572: 8566: 8559: 8555: 8552: 8549: 8545: 8542: 8539: 8535: 8532: 8529: 8525: 8522: 8519: 8515: 8512: 8509: 8505: 8502: 8499: 8495: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8481: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8429: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8377: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8300: 8294: 8291: 8290: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8276: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8162: 8156: 8150: 8149:Australia Act 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8124: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8102: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8082: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8039: 8034: 8032: 8027: 8025: 8020: 8019: 8016: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7997: 7988: 7987: 7984: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7956: 7955:United States 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7868: 7858: 7854: 7852: 7848: 7846: 7842: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7830: 7826: 7824: 7820: 7818: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7784:international 7780: 7774: 7771: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7752: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7737: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7719: 7716: 7715: 7713: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7629: 7626: 7622: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7568:Indian colony 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7463: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7371: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7352:Treaty rights 7350: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7263: 7258: 7256: 7251: 7249: 7244: 7243: 7240: 7228: 7227:Voting rights 7225: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7125: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7086: 7082: 7080: 7079:Native police 7077: 7075: 7072: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6993: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6906:Bark painting 6904: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6818:Bush medicine 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6733:Land councils 6730: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6631:Organisations 6628: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6483:Message stick 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6423:Deadly Awards 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6285: 6280: 6278: 6273: 6271: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6183:Summers, Anne 6180: 6176: 6172: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6084: 6080: 6075: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 6001: 5995: 5988: 5984: 5977: 5972: 5971: 5963: 5962: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5854:Resources on 5852: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5825: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5770: 5765: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5727:9781782381693 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5641:9781782381693 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5593: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5556:Straus, Scott 5553: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5516: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5486: 5479: 5475: 5469: 5450: 5443: 5437: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5365: 5361: 5360:"Our History" 5355: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5238: 5237:0-949206-99-7 5234: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5223:0-949206-79-2 5220: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5205:0-949206-77-6 5202: 5198: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5187:0-949206-78-4 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5171:Sally's Story 5169: 5166: 5165:1-86368-278-3 5162: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5151: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5076: 5060: 5054: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4978: 4963: 4956: 4950: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4914: 4912: 4895: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4880:Manne, Robert 4875: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4788: 4780: 4764: 4758: 4742: 4736: 4729: 4724: 4708: 4701: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4665: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4621: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4598: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4575: 4559: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4514:Manne, Robert 4500: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4484: 4477: 4468: 4462: 4458: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4415: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4393: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4370: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4289: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4255: 4248: 4242: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4213: 4206: 4199: 4192: 4191:1-86368-305-4 4188: 4184: 4180: 4178: 4171: 4164: 4158: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4121: 4114: 4110: 4107:, (1997) 190 4106: 4102: 4097: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4044: 4028: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4012: 4005: 4000: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3965: 3960: 3958: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3933: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3840: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3802: 3800: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3771: 3769: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3668: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3640: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3608: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3527: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3465: 3460: 3452: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3436: 3430: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3399:Zuel, Bernard 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3372: 3369: 3363: 3347: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3326: 3318: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3271:. 26 May 1997 3270: 3266: 3260: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3192: 3188: 3181: 3162: 3155: 3148: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3109: 3101: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3070: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3039: 3032: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3003: 2996: 2991: 2985:, p. 99. 2984: 2979: 2977: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2948: 2940: 2935: 2928: 2923: 2916: 2911: 2895: 2889: 2887: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2839: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2812: 2806: 2790: 2784: 2768: 2762: 2746: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2705: 2700: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2659: 2651: 2645: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2626: 2618: 2612:, p. 98. 2611: 2606: 2604: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2575: 2566: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2517: 2510: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2492: 2491:Anderson 2003 2487: 2480: 2479:Anderson 2003 2475: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2452: 2449:. Melbourne: 2448: 2441: 2432: 2430: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2405: 2398: 2393: 2386: 2381: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2340: 2335: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2297: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2270: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2222: 2215: 2214: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2167: 2165:0-8147-5667-0 2161: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2142: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2119:Sixties Scoop 2117: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2008: 2006: 2000: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1824:A. O. Neville 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1784:(Sister Kate) 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1668: 1667:Jane Harrison 1664: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1649: 1645: 1644:Nicole Kidman 1641: 1640: 1636:'s 2008 film 1635: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1618:Phillip Noyce 1615: 1614: 1609: 1608: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561:Melanie Hogan 1558: 1557: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1538: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1496:Samuel Totten 1493: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1437:retrospective 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1391: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1380: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1347: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1277: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1262:In 1924, the 1260: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1238: 1228: 1226: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1150: 1143: 1135: 1125: 1117: 1115: 1110: 1102: 1094: 1084: 1082: 1074: 1064: 1061:A$ 16 million 1040: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1015: 1012: 1002: 994: 992: 988: 983: 981: 977: 973: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 946:FCA 1084. 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