5478:
4774:
4886:
5490:
1495:
1554:. The total number of neutrino species, for instance, affects the rate at which the cosmos expanded in its earliest epochs: More neutrinos means a faster expansion. The Planck Satellite 2013 data release is compatible with the existence of a sterile neutrino. The implied mass range is from 0–3 eV. In 2016, scientists at the
450:, however, have shown that neutrinos have a non-zero mass, which is not predicted by the Standard Model and suggests new, unknown physics. This unexpected mass explains neutrinos with right-handed helicity and antineutrinos with left-handed helicity: Since they do not move at the speed of light, their helicity is not
926:, whereas a Majorana neutrino would not. However, the Majorana and Dirac neutrinos are different only if their rest mass is not zero. For Dirac neutrinos, the dipole moments are proportional to mass and would vanish for a massless particle. Both Majorana and Dirac mass terms however can be inserted into the mass
825:
there are no mass-generating terms for neutrinos under the
Standard Model: For each generation, the model only contains a left-handed neutrino and its antiparticle, a right-handed antineutrino, each of which is produced in weak eigenstates during weak interactions; the "sterile" neutrinos are omitted. (See
859:
term as usual. This can yield the observed neutrino mass, but it requires that the strength of the Yukawa coupling be much weaker for the electron neutrino than the electron, without explanation. Similar problems (although less severe) are observed in the quark sector, where the top and bottom masses
1465:
that have not yet been excluded by experiment. Secondly, while it is not required that dark matter be stable, the lifetime of the particles must be longer than the current age of the universe. This places an upper bound on the strength of the mixing between sterile and active neutrinos in the seesaw
1456:
Since no bounds on the mass of sterile neutrinos are known, the possibility that the sterile neutrino is dark matter has not yet been ruled out, as it has for active neutrinos. If dark matter consists of sterile neutrinos then certain constraints can be applied to their properties. Firstly, in order
1632:
And as with all other particle / anti-particle pairs, the sterile right-chiral neutrino and left-chiral anti-neutrino would also have identical, non-zero mass. Chirality, lepton-number, and flavor (if any) are the only quantum numbers that distinguish a sterile neutrino from a sterile antineutrino.
586:
In experiments involving energies larger than their mass, sterile neutrinos would participate in all processes in which ordinary neutrinos take part, but with a quantum mechanical probability that is suppressed by a small mixing angle. That makes it possible to produce them in experiments, if they
824:
Such is the case for charged leptons, like the electron, but within the
Standard Model the right-handed neutrino does not exist. So absent the sterile right chiral neutrinos to pair up with the left chiral neutrinos, even with Yukawa coupling the active neutrinos remain massless. In other words,
944:
In addition to the left-handed neutrino, which couples to its family charged lepton in weak charged currents, if there is also a right-handed sterile neutrino partner (a weak isosinglet with zero charge) then it is possible to add a
Majorana mass term without violating electroweak symmetry.
1546:
has also searched for a light sterile neutrino and excluded some mass regions. Daya Bay
Collaboration measured the anti-neutrino energy spectrum, and found that anti-neutrinos at an energy of around 5 MeV are in excess relative to theoretical expectations. It also recorded 6% missing
1538:
experiment. On 11 April 2007, researchers at the MiniBooNE experiment at
Fermilab announced that they had not found any evidence supporting the existence of such a sterile neutrino. More-recent results and analysis have provided some support for the existence of the sterile neutrino.
471:
relativistically invariant: It is the same regardless of the particle's speed and mass in every inertial reference frame. However, a particle with mass that starts out with left-handed chirality can develop a right-handed component as it travels – unless it is massless, chirality is
383:
between active and sterile neutrinos or in high energy particle collisions. If they are heavier, the only directly observable consequence of their existence would be the observed active neutrino masses. They may, however, be responsible for a number of unexplained phenomena in
901:
To put this in mathematical terms, we have to make use of the transformation properties of particles. For free fields, a
Majorana field is defined as an eigenstate of charge conjugation. However, neutrinos interact only via the weak interactions, which are not invariant under
1518:. In the type 1 seesaw mechanism both Dirac and Majorana masses are used to drive ordinary neutrino masses down and make the sterile neutrinos much heavier than the Standard Model's interacting neutrinos. In GUT scale seesaw models the heavy neutrinos can be as heavy as the
1558:
did not find any evidence for the sterile neutrino. However, in May 2018, physicists of the MiniBooNE experiment reported a stronger neutrino oscillation signal than expected, a possible hint of sterile neutrinos. Since then, in
October 2021, the
1076:
483:
The question, thus, remains: Do neutrinos and antineutrinos differ only in their chirality? Or do exotic right-handed neutrinos and left-handed antineutrinos exist as separate particles from the common left-handed neutrinos and right-handed antineutrinos?
819:
1967:
Aguilar-Arevalo, A.A.; Brown, B.C.; Bugel, L.; Cheng, G.; Conrad, J.M.; Cooper, R.L.; et al. (MiniBooNE collaboration) (2018). "Observation of a significant excess of electron-like events in the MiniBooNE short-baseline neutrino experiment".
1563:
experiment's first results showed no hints of sterile neutrinos, rather finding the results aligning with the
Standard Model's three neutrino flavours. This result had not found an explanation for MiniBooNE's anomalous results, however.
1427:: As the sterile right-handed neutrino gets heavier, the normal left-handed neutrino gets lighter. The left-handed neutrino is a mixture of two Majorana neutrinos, and this mixing process is how sterile neutrino mass is generated.
1418:
442:
is observed for either particle. These are the only helicities (and chiralities) allowed in the
Standard Model of particle interactions; particles with the contrary helicities are explicitly excluded from the formulas.
836:, the model is extended to include the missing right-handed neutrinos and left-handed antineutrinos; one of the eigenvectors of the neutrino mass matrix is then hypothesized to be remarkably heavier than the other.
1466:
mechanism. From what is known about the particle thus far, the sterile neutrino is a promising dark matter candidate, but as with every other proposed dark matter particle, it has yet to be confirmed to exist.
1350:
1474:
The production and decay of sterile neutrinos could happen through the mixing with virtual ("off mass shell") neutrinos. There were several experiments set up to discover or observe NHLs, for example the
1286:
1568:
2889:
Bulbul, E.; Markevitch, M.; Foster, A.; Smith, R.K.; Loewenstein, M.; Randall, S.W. (2014). "Detection of an unidentified emission line in the stacked X-ray spectrum of galaxy clusters".
1445:
charge. Naturally, neutrinos and neutrino-like particles are of interest in the search for dark matter because they possess both these properties. Observations suggest that there is more
5110:
994:
867:
term can be added for a sterile neutrino without violating local symmetries (weak isospin and weak hypercharge) since it has no weak charge. However, this would still violate total
3204:
Barinov, V.V.; Cleveland, B.T.; Danshin, S.N.; Ejiri, H.; Elliott, S.R.; Frekers, D.; et al. (2022-06-09). "Results from the Baksan experiment on sterile transitions (BEST)".
715:
1217:
1115:
948:
Both left-handed and right-handed neutrinos could then have mass and handedness which are no longer exactly preserved (thus "left-handed neutrino" would mean that the state is
1181:
1148:
5100:
5008:
1487:
at CERN. They all led to establishing limits to observation, rather than actual observation of those particles. If they are indeed a constituent of dark matter, sensitive
1542:
Two separate detectors near a nuclear reactor in France found 3% of anti-neutrinos missing. They suggested the existence of a fourth neutrino with a mass of 1.2 eV.
987:
1453:(relativistic). The active neutrinos of the Standard Model, having very low mass (and therefore very high speeds) are therefore unlikely to account for all dark matter.
2477:
679:
699:
910:
neutrino field is an eigenstate of the CP transformation". Consequently, Majorana and Dirac neutrinos would behave differently under CP transformations (actually
2963:
An, F.P.; Balantekin, A.B.; Band, H.R.; Beriguete, W.; Bishai, M.; Blyth, S.; et al. (1 October 2014). "Search for a light sterile neutrino at Daya Bay".
2719:
Gorbunov, Dmitry; Panin, Alexander (2014-01-31). "Minimal active-sterile neutrino mixing in seesaw type I mechanism with sterile neutrinos at GeV scale".
1150:
are intermediate-size mass terms, which interconnect the sterile and active neutrino masses. The matrix nominally assigns active neutrinos zero mass, but the
3030:
2102:
Fukuda, Y.; Hayakawa, T.; Ichihara, E.; Inoue, K.; Ishihara, K.; Ishino, H.; Itow, Y.; Kajita, T.; Kameda, J.; Kasuga, S.; Kobayashi, K. (1998-08-24).
5185:
5165:
826:
1222:
Apart from empirical evidence, there is also a theoretical justification for the seesaw mechanism in various extensions to the
Standard Model. Both
1358:
1547:
anti-neutrinos. This could suggest either that sterile neutrinos exist or that our understanding of some other aspect of neutrinos is incomplete.
3175:
438:), and all antineutrinos have right-handed helicities, within the margin of error. In the massless limit, it means that only one of two possible
2847:. European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics — PoS (EPS-HEP2015). Vol. 234. Vienna, Austria: Sissa Medialab. p. 092.
639:
322:
The existence of right-handed neutrinos is theoretically well-motivated, because the known active neutrinos are left-handed and all other known
4697:
379:. If they exist and their mass is smaller than the energies of particles in the experiment, they can be produced in the laboratory, either by
5155:
5080:
3150:
1294:
408:
experiment reported a stronger neutrino oscillation signal than expected, a possible hint of sterile neutrinos. However, results of the
5521:
357:
3 flavors of sterile neutrinos (if they exist). This is in contrast to the number of active neutrino types required to ensure the
1586:
published its final result, reporting the most precise measurement of the antineutrino energy spectrum associated with the fission of
5338:
5240:
4447:
3466:
3417:
2029:
1821:
3109:
1590:. The data is consistent with the Standard Model and rejects the hypothesis of a light sterile neutrino with a mass of around 1 eV.
5343:
5318:
5205:
5200:
5145:
5135:
4685:
1232:
454:(it is possible to move faster than them and observe the opposite helicity). Yet all neutrinos have been observed with left-handed
3692:
5190:
5125:
1476:
4935:
4810:
3672:
3652:
3154:
2452:
1535:
3388:"Search for long-lived heavy neutral leptons decaying in the CMS muon detectors in proton-proton collisions at s^0.5=13 TeV"
5293:
1641:, has opposite electric charge, opposite weak isospin, and opposite chirality, among other opposite charges. Similarly, an
1543:
1526:). In other models, such as the νMSM model where their masses are in the keV to GeV range, they could be lighter than the
5150:
5023:
4940:
3727:
3265:
Barinov, V.V.; Danshin, S.N.; Gavrin, V.N.; Gorbachev, V.V.; Gorbunov, D.S.; Ibragimova, T.V.; et al. (2022-06-09).
5195:
5175:
1550:
The number of neutrinos and the masses of the particles can have large-scale effects that shape the appearance of the
5130:
4583:
1571:
released two papers observing a 20–24% deficit in the production of the isotope germanium expected from the reaction
17:
3562:
Formaggio, J.A.; Conrad, J.; Shaevitz, M.; Vaitaitis, A. (1998). "Helicity effects in neutral heavy lepton decays".
1763:
Boyarsky, A.; Drewes, M.; Lasserre, T.; Mertens, S.; Ruchayskiy, O. (January 2019). "Sterile neutrino Dark Matter".
4915:
4664:
843:, weak isospin, and electric charge as its antiparticle, because all of these are zero and hence are unaffected by
1579:. The so-called "Gallium anomaly" suggests that a sterile neutrino explanation could be consistent with the data.
5323:
5313:
5298:
5235:
1457:
to produce the structure of the universe observed today the mass of the sterile neutrino would need to be on the
1071:{\displaystyle M_{\nu }\approx {\begin{pmatrix}0&m_{\text{D}}\\m_{\text{D}}&M_{\text{NHL}}\end{pmatrix}}}
5090:
460:
5443:
3183:
891:
814:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}(\psi )={\bar {\psi }}(i\partial \!\!\!/)\psi -G{\bar {\psi }}_{L}\phi \psi _{R}}
5308:
1507:
702:
369:
70:
1937:
1602:
5494:
5328:
5245:
5075:
5070:
5055:
4865:
4680:
1725:
1555:
476:
conserved during the propagation of a free particle through space (nominally, through interaction with the
2945:
5283:
5170:
5013:
1551:
1514:
and charged leptons. Sterile neutrinos and (in more-complicated models) ordinary neutrinos may also have
1186:
1084:
906:(C), so an interacting Majorana neutrino cannot be an eigenstate of C. The generalized definition is: "a
431:
3513:
Vaitaitis, A.G.; et al. (1999). "Search for neutral heavy leptons in a high-energy neutrino beam".
3025:
1498:
The MiniBooNE detector (interior shown) at Fermilab was created to measure the oscillation of neutrinos.
590:
They would also interact gravitationally due to their mass, and if they are heavy enough, could explain
307:
of sterile neutrinos and masses great enough such that they do not interfere with the current theory of
5303:
1223:
599:
1153:
1120:
878:
Dirac and Majorana terms; this is done in the seesaw mechanism (below). In addition to satisfying the
4803:
4756:
2891:
927:
643:
2570:
2353:
1593:
In 2023 results of searches by the CMS set new limits for sterile neutrinos with masses of 2-3 GeV.
956:
right-handed). To get the neutrino mass eigenstates, we have to diagonalize the general mass matrix
5028:
4870:
4168:
2162:
1613:
615:
308:
4993:
4945:
4724:
4359:
3986:
3720:
3515:
2635:
959:
911:
358:
245:
162:
80:
338:. The mass of the right-handed neutrinos themselves is unknown and could have any value between
4659:
3996:
923:
919:
650:, which produces non-zero Yukawa couplings between the left-handed components of fermions, the
451:
4978:
4875:
4746:
2037:
883:
655:
380:
3078:
5526:
5482:
5250:
4998:
4920:
4835:
4796:
3612:
3603:
3573:
3534:
3485:
3436:
3345:
3288:
3223:
3074:
2982:
2910:
2799:
2738:
2657:
2592:
2533:
2432:
2375:
2316:
2249:
2184:
2125:
2074:
1987:
1897:
1840:
1782:
1441:
For a particle to be considered a dark matter candidate, it must have non-zero mass and no
664:
539:
496:
447:
425:
335:
2868:
2692:
1664:
and, for example, a color charge of red, while its antiparticle has an electric charge of
684:
8:
5288:
4761:
3744:
3697:
3625:
3598:
3594:
3052:
439:
296:
182:
48:
41:
3616:
3577:
3538:
3489:
3440:
3349:
3292:
3227:
2986:
2914:
2803:
2742:
2661:
2596:
2537:
2436:
2379:
2320:
2295:"Long-lived TeV-scale right-handed neutrino production at the LHC in gauged U(1)X model"
2253:
2226:
Chen, Jing-Yuan; Son, Dam T.; Stephanov, Mikhail A.; Yee, Ho-Ung; Yin, Yi (2014-10-30).
2196:
2188:
2129:
2078:
1991:
1901:
1844:
1786:
5516:
5003:
4963:
4704:
3713:
3550:
3524:
3501:
3475:
3452:
3426:
3369:
3335:
3304:
3278:
3266:
3247:
3213:
3176:"Deep underground experiment results confirm anomaly: Possible new fundamental physics"
3125:
3090:
3064:
3006:
2972:
2926:
2900:
2823:
2789:
2762:
2728:
2673:
2647:
2616:
2582:
2458:
2422:
2399:
2365:
2306:
2239:
2208:
2174:
2115:
2064:
2011:
1977:
1887:
1856:
1830:
1798:
1772:
1291:
According to GUTs and left-right models, the right-handed neutrino is extremely heavy:
903:
844:
568:
564:
500:
385:
1703:
5448:
5333:
4855:
4850:
4773:
4741:
4654:
4133:
3878:
3805:
3564:
3505:
3456:
3373:
3361:
3323:
3308:
3251:
3239:
3129:
3094:
2998:
2930:
2922:
2827:
2815:
2766:
2754:
2677:
2620:
2608:
2551:
2448:
2403:
2391:
2334:
2275:
2267:
2212:
2200:
2143:
2003:
1915:
1860:
1802:
1733:
Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics: Neutral Heavy Leptons, Searches for
1583:
1515:
879:
3554:
3010:
2634:
Boyarsky, A.; Drewes, M.; Lasserre, T.; Mertens, S.; Ruchayskiy, O. (January 2019).
2087:
2052:
2015:
430:
Experimental results show that all produced and observed neutrinos have left-handed
5407:
4983:
4860:
4840:
4751:
4522:
4297:
4143:
3825:
3736:
3630:
3620:
3581:
3542:
3493:
3444:
3353:
3296:
3267:"Search for electron-neutrino transitions to sterile states in the BEST experiment"
3235:
3231:
3117:
3082:
2994:
2990:
2918:
2848:
2807:
2746:
2665:
2600:
2541:
2462:
2440:
2421:. Seesaw 25. Institut Henri Poincaré, Paris, FR: World Scientific. pp. 29–44.
2383:
2329:
2324:
2294:
2262:
2257:
2227:
2192:
2133:
2082:
1999:
1995:
1910:
1905:
1875:
1848:
1790:
1740:
1446:
1442:
1424:
1183:
terms provide a route for some small part of the sterile neutrinos' enormous mass,
939:
907:
887:
840:
833:
595:
591:
560:
512:
504:
376:
288:
172:
3660:
3561:
3086:
638:
All particles are initially massless under the Standard Model, since there are no
5463:
5348:
4845:
4719:
4644:
4628:
4568:
3978:
3903:
3893:
3883:
3795:
1534:) sterile neutrino was suggested as a possible explanation of the results of the
1450:
647:
627:
610:
which are extremely suppressed at ordinary energies because their SO(10)-derived
580:
508:
116:
3546:
3300:
2494:
2138:
2103:
614:
is extremely massive. They do not appear at all in some other GUTs, such as the
535:
quantum number of −1. If the Standard Model is embedded in a hypothetical
5402:
4988:
4778:
4692:
4649:
4385:
4173:
3946:
3868:
3863:
3785:
3357:
2780:
Shakya, Bibhushan (2016-02-28). "Sterile neutrino dark matter from freeze-in".
2750:
2669:
2444:
1794:
401:
304:
261:
249:
136:
106:
36:
3497:
3448:
3121:
2811:
2604:
2387:
1852:
5510:
5458:
5438:
5230:
5180:
5018:
4736:
4588:
4555:
4347:
4317:
4249:
4108:
3888:
3815:
3800:
3585:
2819:
2758:
2612:
2555:
2395:
2338:
2271:
2204:
2147:
1919:
1484:
1462:
1413:{\displaystyle m_{\nu }\approx {\frac {m_{\text{D}}^{2}}{M_{\text{NHL}}}}\ .}
895:
868:
864:
493:
421:
331:
303:), which may be inserted into the Standard Model. Particles that possess the
300:
3387:
1491:
detectors would be needed to observe the radiation emitted by their decays.
4714:
4264:
4254:
4244:
4005:
3956:
3898:
3820:
3775:
3365:
3324:"STEREO neutrino spectrum of U fission rejects sterile neutrino hypothesis"
3243:
3002:
2279:
2007:
1744:
915:
524:
516:
397:
389:
346:
341:
265:
126:
3151:"MicroBooNE experiment's first results show no hint of a sterile neutrino"
2030:"MicroBooNE experiment's first results show no hint of a sterile neutrino"
1938:"A major physics experiment just detected a particle that shouldn't exist"
587:
are light enough to be within the reach of current particle accelerators.
5433:
5397:
5389:
4973:
4910:
4819:
4729:
4497:
4400:
4395:
4312:
4307:
4237:
4191:
4148:
4113:
4072:
3964:
3928:
3790:
1942:
1587:
1436:
1226:(GUTs) and left-right symmetrical models predict the following relation:
651:
611:
607:
576:
556:
477:
393:
350:
2853:
5428:
5265:
5115:
4968:
4925:
4471:
4365:
4355:
4337:
4227:
4128:
4063:
3780:
3705:
3635:
3529:
2427:
2120:
1560:
1503:
856:
543:
409:
208:
5453:
2546:
2521:
1874:
Ibe, Masahiro; Kusenko, Alexander; Yanagida, Tsutomu T. (2016-07-10).
5412:
5369:
5160:
4613:
4603:
4573:
4466:
4432:
4425:
4302:
4292:
4287:
4259:
4027:
3810:
1819:
Drewes, Marco (2013). "The phenomenology of right handed neutrinos".
1607:
1519:
405:
327:
229:
53:
918:
transformations). Also, a massive Dirac neutrino would have nonzero
890:. In that case, it could annihilate with another neutrino, allowing
412:
experiment showed no evidence of sterile neutrinos in October 2021.
5120:
4709:
4537:
4492:
4476:
4437:
4410:
4123:
4118:
4098:
4068:
4058:
4053:
3873:
3848:
3843:
3770:
3340:
3283:
3218:
2875:
2794:
2697:
2652:
2311:
2069:
1982:
1892:
1777:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1480:
1345:{\textstyle M_{\text{NHL}}\sim 10^{5}\ldots 10^{12}{\text{ GeV }},}
709:× U(1) symmetry, and thus yielding non-zero Yukawa couplings:
567:
interactions, making them extremely difficult to detect. They have
435:
323:
292:
237:
3480:
3431:
3415:
Drewes, M. (2013). "The phenomenology of right handed neutrinos".
3069:
2977:
2905:
2733:
2587:
2370:
2244:
2179:
1835:
5353:
5225:
4618:
4608:
4578:
4532:
4527:
4502:
4420:
4405:
4332:
4327:
4232:
4217:
4163:
4138:
4103:
4032:
4014:
3753:
1527:
572:
559:, and color charge, sterile neutrinos would not interact via the
520:
241:
5210:
5085:
4598:
4593:
4222:
4209:
4200:
4022:
3936:
3835:
3055:) (2013). "Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters".
2842:
2293:
Das, Arindam; Dev, P.S. Bhupal; Okada, Nobuchika (2019-12-10).
1511:
603:
536:
233:
63:
4788:
1966:
5374:
5260:
5255:
5105:
5060:
4905:
4900:
4623:
4563:
4415:
4274:
4153:
4093:
4048:
3941:
3919:
3762:
3264:
2633:
1762:
1488:
1281:{\displaystyle m_{\nu }\ll m_{\text{D}}\ll M_{\text{NHL}}\ .}
623:
366:
3680:
3668:
3203:
3110:"Icy telescope throws cold water on sterile neutrino theory"
2053:"On the chirality of the SM and the fermion content of GUTs"
1494:
330:. They could also explain in a natural way the small active
5220:
5215:
5140:
5095:
5065:
4390:
4322:
4282:
3858:
3853:
3684:
2888:
2499:
2101:
1758:
1756:
1754:
654:, and their right-handed components. This occurs when the
527:, although they are conventionally represented to have a
2962:
1458:
530:
192:
3321:
2844:
nuMSM: the model, its predictions and experimental tests
2693:"Dwarf galaxies suggest dark matter theory may be wrong"
2478:"Sterile neutrinos from the low energy to the GUT scale"
1751:
1502:
Sterile neutrinos may mix with ordinary neutrinos via a
2874:. Booster Neutrino Experiment (BooNE) (Press release).
2167:
Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics
2163:"Neutrino helicity reversal and fundamental symmetries"
1352:
while the smaller eigenvalue is approximately given by
2354:"Neutrino-less double beta decay and particle physics"
1724:
Zyla, P.A.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2020).
1297:
1117:
is the neutral heavy lepton's mass, which is big, and
1016:
839:
A sterile (right-chiral) neutrino would have the same
375:
The search for sterile neutrinos is an active area of
1361:
1235:
1189:
1156:
1123:
1087:
997:
962:
718:
687:
667:
467:
Chirality is a fundamental property of particles and
256:
is used to distinguish them from the known, ordinary
27:
Hypothetical particle that interacts only via gravity
1814:
1812:
345:
and less than 1 eV. To comply with theories of
2225:
2104:"Evidence for Oscillation of Atmospheric Neutrinos"
1430:
1873:
1412:
1344:
1280:
1211:
1175:
1142:
1109:
1070:
981:
813:
693:
673:
3464:Merle, A. (2013). "keV neutrino model building".
1809:
1461:scale, based on parameter space of the remaining
761:
760:
759:
546:of −5. The left-handed anti-neutrino has a
461:Chirality (physics) § Chirality and helicity
5508:
2876:Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab)
681:acquires its non-zero vacuum expectation value,
3512:
3023:
2160:
1683:and in this example a color charge of anti-red.
2575:International Journal of Modern Physics D
2358:International Journal of Modern Physics E
1962:
1960:
1637:, this is not the case: Its antiparticle, the
855:Sterile neutrinos allow the introduction of a
4804:
3721:
2943:
2718:
2228:"Lorentz invariance in chiral kinetic theory"
1931:
1929:
952:left and "right-handed neutrino" would mean
85:gravity; other potential unknown interactions
3107:
2161:Jentschura, U.D.; Wundt, B.J. (2014-07-01).
326:have been observed with both left and right
2292:
1957:
850:
646:. The only mass terms are generated by the
458:, and all antineutrinos right-handed. (See
365: 3: the number of charged leptons and
4811:
4797:
3728:
3714:
3414:
2475:
2351:
1926:
1633:For any charged particle, for example the
3634:
3624:
3528:
3479:
3467:International Journal of Modern Physics D
3463:
3430:
3418:International Journal of Modern Physics E
3339:
3282:
3217:
3068:
2976:
2904:
2852:
2793:
2732:
2651:
2586:
2545:
2426:
2416:
2369:
2328:
2310:
2261:
2243:
2178:
2137:
2119:
2086:
2068:
1981:
1909:
1891:
1834:
1822:International Journal of Modern Physics E
1776:
583:leads to mixing with ordinary neutrinos.
3735:
3592:
2840:
2690:
2640:Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics
1765:Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics
1493:
3669:"The NuTeV experiment at Fermilab"
3322:The STEREO Collaboration (2023-01-12).
2050:
1935:
863:Unlike for the left-handed neutrino, a
31:Sterile neutrino, right-handed neutrino
14:
5509:
4199:
3108:Castelvecchi, Davide (8 August 2016).
2779:
2684:
2519:
1818:
404:. In May 2018, physicists of the
4792:
3709:
3673:Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
3155:Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
2691:Battison, Leila (16 September 2011).
2568:
2419:Seesaw mechanism and its implications
2352:Rodejohann, Werner (September 2011).
1536:Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector
1469:
1219:to "leak into" the active neutrinos.
898:, which is not its own antiparticle.
827:neutrino masses in the Standard Model
5489:
1723:
555:Due to the lack of electric charge,
361:is free of anomalies, which must be
3050:
1614:Weakly Interacting Slender Particle
1212:{\displaystyle \ M_{\text{NHL}}\ ,}
1110:{\displaystyle \ M_{\text{NHL}}\ ,}
933:
24:
3693:"Experiment nixes fourth neutrino"
3659:. Neutrino unbound. Archived from
2946:"The reactor antineutrino anomaly"
2051:Fonseca, Renato M. (August 2015).
756:
721:
552:of +1 and an X charge of +5.
25:
5538:
5522:Hypothetical elementary particles
3645:
2476:Rodejohann, Werner (1 May 2021).
894:. The other case is that it is a
492:Such particles would belong to a
5488:
5477:
5476:
4884:
4772:
4665:Timeline of particle discoveries
3681:"The L3 experiment at CERN"
2569:Merle, Alexander (August 2013).
2520:Ibarra, Alejandro (2015-07-15).
1431:Sterile neutrinos as dark matter
1176:{\displaystyle \ m_{\text{D}}\ }
1143:{\displaystyle \ m_{\text{D}}\ }
4818:
3380:
3315:
3258:
3197:
3168:
3143:
3101:
3044:
3026:"Daya Bay discovers a mismatch"
3017:
2956:
2937:
2882:
2861:
2841:Gorbunov, Dmitry (2016-03-16).
2834:
2773:
2712:
2627:
2562:
2513:
2487:
2469:
2410:
2345:
2286:
2219:
2154:
2095:
2088:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2015.06.012
1626:
291:. The term typically refers to
5444:Galaxy formation and evolution
3626:10.1088/0954-3899/37/7A/075021
3236:10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.232501
3184:Los Alamos National Laboratory
3024:Jepsen, Kathryn (2016-02-12).
2995:10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.141802
2636:"Sterile neutrino dark matter"
2417:Mohapatra, R.N. (April 2005).
2330:10.1016/j.physletb.2019.135052
2263:10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.182302
2044:
2022:
2000:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.221801
1911:10.1016/j.physletb.2016.05.025
1867:
1717:
1696:
1603:List of hypothetical particles
892:neutrinoless double beta decay
786:
767:
750:
744:
732:
726:
203:depends on L charge assignment
13:
1:
2782:Modern Physics Letters A
2571:"keV neutrino model building"
2197:10.1088/0954-3899/41/7/075201
1936:Letzter, Rafi (1 June 2018).
1690:
1508:electroweak symmetry breaking
886:, then it would be the first
829:for a detailed explanation.)
487:
415:
244:and not via any of the other
4866:Self-interacting dark matter
4681:History of subatomic physics
3599:"Review of Particle Physics"
3057:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2944:Lasserre, Th. (April 2012).
1726:"Review of Particle Physics"
1619:
1556:IceCube Neutrino Observatory
882:, if the neutrino were also
163:Weak isospin projection
7:
5024:Navarro–Frenk–White profile
5014:Massive compact halo object
5009:Mass dimension one fermions
3593:Nakamura, K.; et al. (
3547:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.4943
3301:10.1103/PhysRevC.105.065502
3087:10.1051/0004-6361/201321591
2522:"Neutrinos and dark matter"
2139:10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.1562
1596:
1552:cosmic microwave background
982:{\displaystyle \ M_{\nu }:}
446:Recent experiments such as
10:
5543:
3407:
3358:10.1038/s41586-022-05568-2
3051:Ade, P.A.R.; et al. (
2923:10.1088/0004-637X/789/1/13
2751:10.1103/PhysRevD.89.017302
2670:10.1016/j.ppnp.2018.07.004
2526:AIP Conference Proceedings
2445:10.1142/9789812702210_0003
1795:10.1016/j.ppnp.2018.07.004
1582:In January 2023, the
1434:
1224:Grand Unification Theories
937:
874:It is possible to include
860:differ by a factor of 40.
600:grand unification theories
542:, they can be assigned an
419:
5472:
5421:
5387:
5362:
5274:
5046:
5037:
4954:
4893:
4882:
4826:
4770:
4673:
4637:
4554:
4515:
4485:
4459:
4455:
4446:
4378:
4346:
4273:
4208:
4190:
4086:
4041:
4013:
4004:
3995:
3977:
3955:
3927:
3918:
3834:
3761:
3752:
3743:
3498:10.1142/S0218271813300206
3449:10.1142/S0218301313300191
3122:10.1038/nature.2016.20382
2892:The Astrophysical Journal
2812:10.1142/S0217732316300056
2605:10.1142/S0218271813300206
2388:10.1142/S0218301311020186
1853:10.1142/S0218301313300191
1530:. A light (with the mass
1528:weak gauge bosons W and Z
606:, they also interact via
519:, and, as with the other
240:) that interact only via
207:
191:
181:
171:
161:
153:
135:
125:
115:
105:
97:
89:
79:
69:
59:
47:
35:
5029:Scalar field dark matter
4871:Scalar field dark matter
4698:mathematical formulation
4293:Eta and eta prime mesons
3586:10.1103/PhysRevD.57.7037
1876:"Why three generations?"
1449:(non-relativistic) than
851:Dirac and Majorana terms
642:in the Standard Model's
309:Big Bang nucleosynthesis
246:fundamental interactions
4360:Double-charm tetraquark
3516:Physical Review Letters
3206:Physical Review Letters
3079:2014A&A...571A..16P
2965:Physical Review Letters
2232:Physical Review Letters
2108:Physical Review Letters
1970:Physical Review Letters
1567:In June 2022, the
924:electric dipole moments
633:
359:electroweak interaction
4894:Hypothetical particles
4876:Primordial black holes
3271:Physical Review C
2721:Physical Review D
2299:Physics Letters B
2057:Nuclear Physics B
2040:News. 27 October 2021.
1829:(8): 1330019–1330593.
1499:
1414:
1346:
1282:
1213:
1177:
1144:
1111:
1072:
983:
815:
703:spontaneously breaking
695:
675:
452:relativistic invariant
434:(spin antiparallel to
297:right-handed chirality
4979:Dark globular cluster
4757:Wave–particle duality
4747:Relativistic particle
3884:Electron antineutrino
2038:University of Chicago
1706:. All things neutrino
1497:
1479:(E815) experiment at
1463:supersymmetric models
1415:
1347:
1283:
1214:
1178:
1145:
1112:
1073:
984:
816:
696:
676:
674:{\displaystyle \phi }
464:for the difference.)
317:heavy neutral leptons
313:neutral heavy leptons
301:right-handed neutrino
173:Weak hypercharge
4999:Dwarf galaxy problem
4921:Minicharged particle
4836:Baryonic dark matter
3987:Faddeev–Popov ghosts
3737:Particles in physics
3604:Journal of Physics G
3053:Planck Collaboration
1745:10.1093/ptep/ptaa104
1359:
1295:
1233:
1187:
1154:
1121:
1085:
995:
960:
884:its own antiparticle
716:
694:{\displaystyle \nu }
685:
665:
661:doublet Higgs field
616:Georgi–Glashow model
540:grand unified theory
499:with respect to the
448:neutrino oscillation
426:Neutrino oscillation
336:neutrino oscillation
117:Electric charge
4762:Particle chauvinism
4705:Subatomic particles
3698:Scientific American
3653:"Sterile neutrinos"
3617:2010JPhG...37g5021N
3595:Particle Data Group
3578:1998PhRvD..57.7037F
3539:1999PhRvL..83.4943V
3490:2013IJMPD..2230020M
3441:2013IJMPE..2230019D
3350:2023Natur.613..257S
3293:2022PhRvC.105f5502B
3228:2022PhRvL.128w2501B
2987:2014PhRvL.113n1802A
2915:2014ApJ...789...13B
2854:10.22323/1.234.0092
2804:2016MPLA...3130005S
2743:2014PhRvD..89a7302G
2662:2019PrPNP.104....1B
2597:2013IJMPD..2230020M
2538:2015AIPC.1666n0004I
2437:2005icsm.conf...29M
2380:2011IJMPE..20.1833R
2321:2019PhLB..79935052D
2254:2014PhRvL.113r2302C
2189:2014JPhG...41g5201J
2130:1998PhRvL..81.1562F
2079:2015NuPhB.897..757F
1992:2018PhRvL.121v1801A
1902:2016PhLB..758..365I
1845:2013IJMPE..2230019D
1787:2019PrPNP.104....1B
1704:"Sterile neutrinos"
1391:
569:Yukawa interactions
422:Neutrino: Chirality
228:) are hypothetical
42:Elementary particle
32:
5004:Halo mass function
4964:Cuspy halo problem
3425:(8): 1330019–593.
1500:
1470:Detection attempts
1410:
1377:
1342:
1278:
1209:
1173:
1140:
1107:
1068:
1062:
979:
904:charge conjugation
811:
691:
671:
608:gauge interactions
501:strong interaction
386:physical cosmology
287:and engage in the
30:
5504:
5503:
5449:Illustris project
5383:
5382:
4856:Mixed dark matter
4851:Light dark matter
4786:
4785:
4742:Massless particle
4550:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4511:
4510:
4374:
4373:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4134:Magnetic monopole
4082:
4081:
3973:
3972:
3914:
3913:
3894:Muon antineutrino
3879:Electron neutrino
3657:www.nu.to.infn.it
3611:(75021): 075021.
3572:(11): 7037–7040.
3565:Physical Review D
3523:(24): 4943–4946.
3334:(7943): 257–261.
3182:(Press release).
3153:(Press release).
2547:10.1063/1.4915588
2454:978-981-256-111-4
2036:(Press release).
2034:news.uchicago.edu
1880:Physics Letters B
1584:STEREO experiment
1406:
1402:
1399:
1384:
1337:
1305:
1274:
1269:
1256:
1205:
1200:
1192:
1172:
1167:
1159:
1139:
1134:
1126:
1103:
1098:
1090:
1057:
1045:
1031:
965:
880:Majorana equation
789:
747:
311:are often called
264:, which carry an
222:Sterile neutrinos
219:
218:
18:Sterile neutrinos
16:(Redirected from
5534:
5492:
5491:
5480:
5479:
5044:
5043:
4984:Dark matter halo
4931:Sterile neutrino
4888:
4887:
4861:Warm dark matter
4841:Cold dark matter
4813:
4806:
4799:
4790:
4789:
4776:
4752:Virtual particle
4523:Mesonic molecule
4457:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4298:Bottom eta meson
4206:
4205:
4197:
4196:
4169:W′ and Z′ bosons
4159:Sterile neutrino
4144:Majorana fermion
4011:
4010:
4002:
4001:
3925:
3924:
3904:Tau antineutrino
3759:
3758:
3750:
3749:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3688:
3676:
3664:
3663:on 24 June 2016.
3640:
3638:
3628:
3589:
3558:
3532:
3509:
3483:
3460:
3434:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3343:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3286:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3221:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3072:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3021:
3015:
3014:
2980:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2952:(Press release).
2941:
2935:
2934:
2908:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2797:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2736:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2655:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2590:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2430:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2373:
2364:(9): 1833–1930.
2349:
2343:
2342:
2332:
2314:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2265:
2247:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2182:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2123:
2114:(8): 1562–1567.
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2072:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2026:
2020:
2019:
1985:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1895:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1838:
1816:
1807:
1806:
1780:
1760:
1749:
1748:
1730:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1700:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1645:has a charge of
1630:
1578:
1533:
1525:
1510:, in analogy to
1447:cold dark matter
1425:seesaw mechanism
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1320:
1319:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1157:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1088:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1007:
1006:
988:
986:
985:
980:
975:
974:
963:
940:Seesaw mechanism
934:Seesaw mechanism
888:Majorana fermion
841:weak hypercharge
834:seesaw mechanism
820:
818:
817:
812:
810:
809:
797:
796:
791:
790:
782:
766:
749:
748:
740:
725:
724:
700:
698:
697:
692:
680:
678:
677:
672:
640:Dirac mass terms
596:warm dark matter
592:cold dark matter
579:, which via the
551:
550:
534:
533:
513:weak hypercharge
505:weak interaction
400:or hypothetical
377:particle physics
353:, there must be
344:
289:weak interaction
286:
284:
283:
280:
277:
273:
258:active neutrinos
254:sterile neutrino
149:
148:
144:
33:
29:
21:
5542:
5541:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5468:
5464:UniverseMachine
5417:
5379:
5358:
5276:
5270:
5048:
5039:
5033:
4956:
4950:
4889:
4885:
4880:
4846:Hot dark matter
4828:
4822:
4817:
4787:
4782:
4766:
4720:Nuclear physics
4669:
4633:
4569:Davydov soliton
4542:
4507:
4481:
4442:
4370:
4342:
4269:
4178:
4078:
4037:
3991:
3969:
3951:
3910:
3830:
3739:
3734:
3691:
3679:
3667:
3651:
3648:
3643:
3474:(10): 1330020.
3410:
3405:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3320:
3316:
3263:
3259:
3202:
3198:
3189:
3187:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3160:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3106:
3102:
3049:
3045:
3036:
3034:
3022:
3018:
2961:
2957:
2942:
2938:
2887:
2883:
2871:
2869:"First results"
2867:
2866:
2862:
2839:
2835:
2778:
2774:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2689:
2685:
2632:
2628:
2581:(10): 1330020.
2567:
2563:
2518:
2514:
2505:
2503:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2455:
2415:
2411:
2350:
2346:
2291:
2287:
2224:
2220:
2159:
2155:
2100:
2096:
2049:
2045:
2028:
2027:
2023:
1965:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1934:
1927:
1872:
1868:
1817:
1810:
1761:
1752:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1599:
1576:
1572:
1569:BEST experiment
1531:
1523:
1516:Majorana masses
1472:
1451:hot dark matter
1443:electromagnetic
1439:
1433:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1336: GeV
1334:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1012:
1011:
1002:
998:
996:
993:
992:
970:
966:
961:
958:
957:
942:
936:
853:
805:
801:
792:
781:
780:
779:
762:
739:
738:
720:
719:
717:
714:
713:
708:
686:
683:
682:
666:
663:
662:
648:Higgs mechanism
636:
628:quantum numbers
581:Higgs mechanism
561:electromagnetic
548:
547:
529:
528:
509:electric charge
490:
428:
418:
339:
332:neutrino masses
305:quantum numbers
281:
278:
275:
274:
271:
269:
226:inert neutrinos
146:
142:
141:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5540:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5486:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5454:Imaginary mass
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5403:HVC 127-41-330
5400:
5394:
5392:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5366:
5364:
5363:Other projects
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5280:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5052:
5050:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4989:Dark radiation
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4960:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4816:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4793:
4784:
4783:
4779:Physics portal
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4693:Standard Model
4690:
4689:
4688:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4660:Quasiparticles
4657:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4556:Quasiparticles
4552:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4463:
4461:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4352:
4350:
4348:Exotic hadrons
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4214:
4212:
4203:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4174:X and Y bosons
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4008:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3947:W and Z bosons
3944:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3801:Strange (quark
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3756:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3689:
3677:
3665:
3647:
3646:External links
3644:
3642:
3641:
3590:
3559:
3530:hep-ex/9908011
3510:
3461:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3392:inspirehep.net
3379:
3314:
3257:
3212:(23): 232501.
3196:
3167:
3142:
3100:
3043:
3016:
2971:(14): 141802.
2955:
2936:
2881:
2860:
2833:
2788:(6): 1630005.
2772:
2711:
2683:
2626:
2561:
2512:
2486:
2468:
2453:
2428:hep-ph/0412379
2409:
2344:
2285:
2238:(18): 182302.
2218:
2153:
2121:hep-ex/9807003
2094:
2043:
2021:
1976:(22): 221801.
1956:
1925:
1866:
1808:
1750:
1739:(8): 083C01 .
1716:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1666:−
1624:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1598:
1595:
1574:
1471:
1468:
1432:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1409:
1395:
1389:
1380:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1341:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1289:
1288:
1277:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1208:
1196:
1163:
1130:
1106:
1094:
1079:
1078:
1065:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1001:
978:
973:
969:
938:Main article:
935:
932:
852:
849:
822:
821:
808:
804:
800:
795:
788:
785:
778:
775:
772:
769:
765:
758:
755:
752:
746:
743:
737:
734:
731:
728:
723:
706:
690:
670:
635:
632:
571:with ordinary
507:, having zero
497:representation
489:
486:
417:
414:
402:dark radiation
334:inferred from
262:Standard Model
250:Standard Model
217:
216:
213:
205:
204:
201:
189:
188:
185:
179:
178:
175:
169:
168:
165:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
139:
133:
132:
129:
123:
122:
119:
113:
112:
109:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
83:
77:
76:
73:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
51:
45:
44:
39:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5539:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5497:
5496:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5459:Negative mass
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5439:Exotic matter
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5408:Smith's Cloud
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5391:
5390:dark galaxies
5386:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5273:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5045:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5019:Mirror matter
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4825:
4821:
4814:
4809:
4807:
4802:
4800:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4737:Exotic matter
4735:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4725:Eightfold way
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4715:Antiparticles
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4386:Atomic nuclei
4384:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4318:Upsilon meson
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4250:Lambda baryon
4248:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4109:Dual graviton
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4006:Superpartners
4003:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3889:Muon neutrino
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3821:Bottom (quark
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3726:
3724:
3719:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3701:. April 2007.
3700:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3277:(6): 065502.
3276:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2870:
2864:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2727:(1): 017302.
2726:
2722:
2715:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2532:(1): 140004.
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2495:"Dark matter"
2490:
2479:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2173:(7): 075201.
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1961:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1813:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1407:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1339:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1275:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1206:
1194:
1161:
1128:
1104:
1092:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1008:
1003:
999:
991:
990:
989:
976:
971:
967:
955:
951:
946:
941:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
899:
897:
896:Dirac fermion
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
870:
869:lepton number
866:
865:Majorana mass
861:
858:
848:
846:
845:sign reversal
842:
837:
835:
830:
828:
806:
802:
798:
793:
783:
776:
773:
770:
763:
753:
741:
735:
729:
712:
711:
710:
704:
688:
668:
660:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
545:
544:X charge
541:
538:
532:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:
485:
481:
479:
475:
470:
465:
463:
462:
457:
453:
449:
444:
441:
437:
433:
427:
423:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
378:
373:
371:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
214:
212:
211:
206:
202:
200:
199:
195:
190:
186:
184:
180:
176:
174:
170:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
140:
138:
134:
130:
128:
124:
120:
118:
114:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
82:
78:
74:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
55:
52:
50:
46:
43:
40:
38:
34:
19:
5493:
5481:
4930:
4777:
4448:Hypothetical
4396:Exotic atoms
4265:Omega baryon
4255:Sigma baryon
4245:Delta baryon
4158:
3997:Hypothetical
3979:Ghost fields
3965:Higgs boson
3899:Tau neutrino
3791:Charm (quark
3696:
3661:the original
3656:
3608:
3602:
3569:
3563:
3520:
3514:
3471:
3465:
3422:
3416:
3395:. Retrieved
3391:
3382:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3188:. Retrieved
3186:. 2022-06-18
3180:SciTechDaily
3179:
3170:
3159:. Retrieved
3157:. 2021-10-27
3145:
3133:. Retrieved
3113:
3103:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3035:. Retrieved
3029:
3019:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2949:
2939:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2863:
2843:
2836:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2704:18 September
2702:. Retrieved
2696:
2686:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2504:. Retrieved
2498:
2489:
2471:
2418:
2412:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2033:
2024:
1973:
1969:
1947:. Retrieved
1941:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1826:
1820:
1768:
1764:
1736:
1732:
1719:
1708:. Retrieved
1698:
1628:
1592:
1581:
1566:
1549:
1541:
1524:≈10 GeV
1501:
1473:
1455:
1440:
1423:This is the
1422:
1290:
1221:
1080:
953:
949:
947:
943:
900:
875:
873:
862:
854:
838:
831:
823:
656:
637:
619:
589:
585:
577:Higgs bosons
554:
525:color charge
517:weak isospin
491:
482:
473:
468:
466:
459:
455:
445:
429:
398:baryogenesis
392:, including
390:astrophysics
374:
362:
354:
347:leptogenesis
321:
316:
312:
257:
253:
225:
221:
220:
209:
197:
193:
187:right handed
127:Color charge
93:Hypothetical
81:Interactions
5527:Dark matter
5434:Dark energy
5398:HE0450-2958
5040:experiments
4974:Dark galaxy
4957:and objects
4911:Dark photon
4829:dark matter
4820:Dark matter
4730:Quark model
4498:Theta meson
4401:Positronium
4313:Omega meson
4308:J/psi meson
4238:Antineutron
4149:Dark photon
4114:Graviphoton
4073:Stop squark
3781:Down (quark
3636:10481/34593
2950:irfu.cea.fr
2063:: 757–780.
1943:LiveScience
1886:: 365–369.
1610:at Fermilab
1588:uranium-235
1573:Ga + ν
1437:Dark matter
652:Higgs field
630:are zero).
626:charges or
612:gauge boson
563:, weak, or
557:hypercharge
549:B − L
531:B − L
478:Higgs field
440:chiralities
394:dark matter
370:generations
351:dark matter
252:. The term
154:Spin states
37:Composition
5511:Categories
5429:Antimatter
5388:Potential
5116:DAMA/LIBRA
4969:Dark fluid
4926:Neutralino
4472:Heptaquark
4433:Superatoms
4366:Pentaquark
4356:Tetraquark
4338:Quarkonium
4228:Antiproton
4129:Leptoquark
4064:Neutralino
3826:antiquark)
3816:antiquark)
3811:Top (quark
3806:antiquark)
3796:antiquark)
3786:antiquark)
3776:antiquark)
3745:Elementary
3597:) (2010).
3397:2023-08-05
3341:2210.07664
3284:2201.07364
3219:2109.11482
3190:2022-06-22
3161:2021-11-13
3037:2022-12-19
2795:1512.02751
2653:1807.07938
2506:2021-04-29
2312:1906.04132
2305:: 135052.
2070:1504.03695
1983:1805.12028
1893:1602.03003
1778:1807.07938
1710:2021-04-29
1691:References
1561:MicroBooNE
1532:≈1 eV
1504:Dirac mass
1435:See also:
928:Lagrangian
857:Dirac mass
644:Lagrangian
622:, all its
602:, such as
598:. In some
488:Properties
432:helicities
420:See also:
416:Motivation
410:MicroBooNE
315:(NHLs) or
268:charge of
71:Generation
49:Statistics
5517:Neutrinos
5413:VIRGOHI21
5370:MultiDark
5277:detection
5161:EDELWEISS
5049:detection
4994:Dark star
4710:Particles
4655:Particles
4614:Polariton
4604:Plasmaron
4574:Dropleton
4467:Hexaquark
4438:Molecules
4426:Protonium
4303:Phi meson
4288:Rho meson
4260:Xi baryon
4192:Composite
4028:Gravitino
3771:Up (quark
3506:118550598
3481:1302.2625
3457:119161526
3432:1303.6912
3374:255747792
3309:246035834
3252:237605431
3135:12 August
3130:125498830
3095:118349591
3070:1303.5076
2978:1407.7259
2931:118468448
2906:1402.2301
2899:(1): 13.
2828:119198719
2820:0217-7323
2767:119201012
2759:1550-7998
2734:1312.2887
2678:116613775
2621:118550598
2613:0218-2718
2588:1302.2625
2556:0094-243X
2404:119102859
2396:0218-3013
2371:1106.1334
2339:0370-2693
2272:0031-9007
2245:1404.5963
2213:119241784
2205:0954-3899
2180:1206.6342
2148:0031-9007
1920:0370-2693
1861:119161526
1836:1303.6912
1803:116613775
1620:Footnotes
1608:MiniBooNE
1520:GUT scale
1373:≈
1368:ν
1322:…
1309:∼
1260:≪
1247:≪
1242:ν
1009:≈
1004:ν
972:ν
803:ψ
799:ϕ
787:¯
784:ψ
774:−
771:ψ
757:∂
745:¯
742:ψ
730:ψ
705:its SU(2)
689:ν
669:ϕ
456:chirality
406:MiniBooNE
328:chirality
293:neutrinos
238:neutrinos
232:(neutral
230:particles
183:Chirality
54:Fermionic
5483:Category
5275:Indirect
5131:DarkSide
5121:DAMA/NaI
4955:Theories
4827:Forms of
4686:timeline
4538:R-hadron
4493:Glueball
4477:Skyrmion
4411:Tauonium
4124:Inflaton
4119:Graviton
4099:Curvaton
4069:Sfermion
4059:Higgsino
4054:Chargino
4015:Gauginos
3874:Neutrino
3859:Antimuon
3849:Positron
3844:Electron
3754:Fermions
3555:14328194
3366:36631644
3244:35749172
3031:Symmetry
3011:10500157
3003:25325631
2698:BBC News
2646:: 1–45.
2280:25396362
2016:53999758
2008:30547637
1771:: 1–45.
1647:+
1643:up quark
1639:positron
1635:electron
1597:See also
1577:→ e + Ge
1544:Daya Bay
1481:Fermilab
920:magnetic
908:Majorana
503:and the
436:momentum
355:at least
340:10
324:fermions
319:(HNLs).
270:±
196:−
5495:Commons
5422:Related
5354:VERITAS
5329:IceCube
5289:ANTARES
5241:TREX-DM
5226:ROSEBUD
5216:PICASSO
4674:Related
4645:Baryons
4619:Polaron
4609:Plasmon
4584:Fracton
4579:Exciton
4533:Diquark
4528:Pomeron
4503:T meson
4460:Baryons
4421:Pionium
4406:Muonium
4333:D meson
4328:B meson
4233:Neutron
4218:Nucleon
4210:Baryons
4201:Hadrons
4164:Tachyon
4139:Majoron
4104:Dilaton
4033:Photino
3869:Antitau
3836:Leptons
3613:Bibcode
3574:Bibcode
3535:Bibcode
3486:Bibcode
3437:Bibcode
3408:Sources
3346:Bibcode
3289:Bibcode
3224:Bibcode
3075:Bibcode
3063:: A16.
2983:Bibcode
2911:Bibcode
2800:Bibcode
2739:Bibcode
2658:Bibcode
2593:Bibcode
2534:Bibcode
2463:2709571
2433:Bibcode
2376:Bibcode
2317:Bibcode
2250:Bibcode
2185:Bibcode
2126:Bibcode
2075:Bibcode
1988:Bibcode
1898:Bibcode
1841:Bibcode
1783:Bibcode
1681:
1662:
912:Lorentz
832:In the
573:leptons
523:, zero
521:leptons
515:, zero
511:, zero
494:singlet
363:exactly
285:
266:isospin
260:in the
248:of the
242:gravity
234:leptons
145:⁄
111:unknown
101:unknown
75:unknown
5349:PAMELA
5284:AMS-02
5266:ZEPLIN
5236:SIMPLE
5211:PandaX
5206:NEWS-G
5201:NEWAGE
5166:EURECA
5146:DM-Ice
5136:DARWIN
5101:CRESST
5091:COSINE
5086:CoGeNT
5047:Direct
5038:Search
4650:Mesons
4599:Phonon
4594:Magnon
4516:Others
4486:Mesons
4379:Others
4275:Mesons
4223:Proton
4087:Others
4042:Others
4023:Gluino
3957:Scalar
3937:Photon
3920:Bosons
3763:Quarks
3553:
3504:
3455:
3372:
3364:
3328:Nature
3307:
3250:
3242:
3128:
3114:Nature
3093:
3009:
3001:
2929:
2826:
2818:
2765:
2757:
2676:
2619:
2611:
2554:
2461:
2451:
2402:
2394:
2337:
2278:
2270:
2211:
2203:
2146:
2014:
2006:
1949:3 June
1918:
1859:
1801:
1512:quarks
1506:after
1485:LEP-L3
1405:
1273:
1204:
1191:
1171:
1158:
1138:
1125:
1102:
1089:
1081:where
964:
954:mostly
950:mostly
604:SO(10)
565:strong
537:SO(10)
381:mixing
90:Status
64:lepton
60:Family
5375:PVLAS
5334:MAGIC
5314:Fermi
5309:DAMPE
5299:CALET
5261:XMASS
5256:XENON
5246:UKDMC
5231:SABRE
5196:NAIAD
5191:MIMAC
5186:MACRO
5156:DRIFT
5151:DMTPC
5126:DAMIC
5106:CUORE
5096:COUPP
5081:CLEAN
5061:ANAIS
4906:Axion
4901:Axino
4638:Lists
4629:Trion
4624:Roton
4564:Anyon
4391:Atoms
4154:Preon
4094:Axion
4049:Axino
3942:Gluon
3929:Gauge
3551:S2CID
3525:arXiv
3502:S2CID
3476:arXiv
3453:S2CID
3427:arXiv
3370:S2CID
3336:arXiv
3305:S2CID
3279:arXiv
3248:S2CID
3214:arXiv
3126:S2CID
3091:S2CID
3065:arXiv
3007:S2CID
2973:arXiv
2927:S2CID
2901:arXiv
2872:(PDF)
2824:S2CID
2790:arXiv
2763:S2CID
2729:arXiv
2674:S2CID
2648:arXiv
2617:S2CID
2583:arXiv
2481:(PDF)
2459:S2CID
2423:arXiv
2400:S2CID
2366:arXiv
2307:arXiv
2240:arXiv
2209:S2CID
2175:arXiv
2116:arXiv
2065:arXiv
2012:S2CID
1978:arXiv
1888:arXiv
1857:S2CID
1831:arXiv
1799:S2CID
1773:arXiv
1729:(PDF)
1489:X-ray
1477:NuTeV
624:SU(5)
367:quark
299:(see
295:with
98:Types
5344:OGLE
5324:HESS
5319:HAWC
5304:CAST
5294:ATIC
5251:WARP
5221:PICO
5171:KIMS
5141:DEAP
5076:CDMS
5071:CDEX
5066:ArDM
5056:ADMX
4946:WISP
4941:WIMP
4936:SIMP
4589:Hole
4416:Onia
4323:Kaon
4283:Pion
3854:Muon
3685:CERN
3362:PMID
3240:PMID
3137:2016
2999:PMID
2816:ISSN
2755:ISSN
2706:2011
2609:ISSN
2552:ISSN
2530:1666
2500:CERN
2449:ISBN
2392:ISSN
2335:ISSN
2276:PMID
2268:ISSN
2201:ISSN
2144:ISSN
2004:PMID
1951:2018
1916:ISSN
1737:2020
922:and
914:and
876:both
634:Mass
620:i.e.
575:and
424:and
388:and
349:and
224:(or
137:Spin
131:none
107:Mass
5339:MOA
5176:LUX
4916:LSP
3864:Tau
3631:hdl
3621:doi
3582:doi
3543:doi
3494:doi
3445:doi
3354:doi
3332:613
3297:doi
3275:105
3232:doi
3210:128
3118:doi
3083:doi
3061:571
2991:doi
2969:113
2919:doi
2897:789
2849:doi
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