928:
673:
567:
1575:
4199:
136:
582:
1448:(BP), with the younger dates to around 19,295-31,155 years BP with the minimum number of individuals being 7 and 2 for the older and younger layers respectively, with the older layer containing adults and juveniles while in the younger later only juveniles are present. Bones at the site display cut marks indicating butchery, and are thought to have been accumulated at the site by people, likely by hunting or possibly scavenging in the case of the large adults found in the older layer.
4186:
115:
951:
796:
4193:
604:
966:
543:
is shortened (brevirostrine), and lacks lower tusks/incisors. The molar teeth are superficially like those of elephants, consisting of parallel lamellae that form ridges but are generally relatively low crowned (brachydont), the numbers of ridges are greater in later species. Members of the genus
3192:
van den Bergh, Gerrit D.; Alloway, Brent V.; Storey, Michael; Setiawan, Ruly; Yurnaldi, Dida; Kurniawan, Iwan; Moore, Mark W.; Jatmiko; Brumm, Adam; Flude, Stephanie; Sutikna, Thomas; Setiyabudi, Erick; Prasetyo, Unggul W.; Puspaningrum, Mika R.; Yoga, Ifan (October 2022).
1439:
tusks have been found along with human remains. These tusks appear to have been delibrately engraved with patterns and are suggested to have been brought into the cave by humans. At the Late
Pleistocene Ma’anshan site also in Guizhou, remains of
1516:
date to around 50,000 years ago, around the time of arrival of modern humans to Flores (the earliest evidence of which dates to 46,000 years ago), suggesting that effects of modern human activity were likely the cause of their extinction.
693:, as a result of decreased land area and the reduction of predation and competition pressure, they reduced in body size, with the degree of dwarfism varying between islands as the result of local conditions. One of the smallest species,
1430:
remains were brought to the cave by humans though none of the elements show clear evidence of processing. At the
Xinlong Cave site in the Three Gorges area of Chongqing, suggested to date to around 200-130,000 years ago, two
1389:
molar of an uncertain locality and age is known from Greece, representing the only record of the genus in Europe. Indeterminate remains are also known from the Early
Pleistocene and early Middle Pleistocene of Israel.
548:
from the Early
Pleistocene of India measured to be 3.89 metres (12.8 ft) long, with an estimated mass of approximately 140 kilograms (310 lb), substantially larger than the largest recorded modern elephant
2154:"A new species of Stegodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Kazusa Group (lower Pleistocene), Hachioji City, Tokyo, Japan and its evolutionary morphodynamics: STEGODON PROTOAURORAE SP. NOV. AND MORPHODYNAMICS"
688:
Similar to modern-day elephants, stegodonts were likely good swimmers, allowing them to disperse to remote islands in
Indonesia, the Philippines and Japan. Once present on the islands, due to the process of
810:
is thought to have chewed using a proal movement (a forward stroke from the back to the front) of the lower jaws. This jaw movement is thought to have evolved independently in elephants and stegodontids.
1988:
2140:
Preliminary results of dietary and environmental reconstructions of Early to Middle
Pleistocene Stegodons from the So'a Basin of Flores, Indonesia, based on enamel stable isotope records
1823:
544:
lack permanent premolars. The tusks are proportionally large, with those of the biggest species being among the largest known tusks in proboscideans, with a particularly large tusk of
779:(2-1 million years ago) which show a progressive size reduction through time, possibly as a result of reducing land area of the Japanese archipelago. The latest and smallest species
2452:"Late Middle Pleistocene ecology and climate in Northeastern Thailand inferred from the stable isotope analysis of Khok Sung herbivore tooth enamel and the land mammal cenogram"
2987:"Stegodon orientalis from Panxian Dadong, a Middle Pleistocene archaeological site in Guizhou, South China: taphonomy, population structure and evidence for human interactions"
2397:"Ecological flexibility and differential survival of Pleistocene Stegodon orientalis and Elephas maximus in mainland southeast Asia revealed by stable isotope (C, O) analysis"
3305:
Samuel T. Turvey, Haowen Tong, Anthony J. Stuart and Adrian M. Lister (2013). "Holocene survival of Late
Pleistocene megafauna in China: a critical review of the evidence".
998:, an extinct genus known from the Miocene of Asia, with transitional fossils between the two genera known from the Late Miocene of Southeast Asia and Yunnan in South China.
1422:
Province, southwest China, dating to around 300-190,000 years ago, numerous remains of juvenile (0-12 years of age) and a much smaller number of adult remains of adult
639:
is suggested to have a shoulder height of about 3.10 m (10.2 ft), and a body mass of around 6.5 tonnes (6.4 long tons; 7.2 short tons). The
Javanese species
2333:"An examination of feeding ecology in Pleistocene proboscideans from southern China (Sinomastodon, Stegodon, Elephas), by means of dental microwear texture analysis"
2827:
Lister, Adrian M.; Dirks, Wendy; Assaf, Amnon; Chazan, Michael; Goldberg, Paul; Applbaum, Yaakov H.; Greenbaum, Nathalie; Horwitz, Liora Kolska (September 2013).
2021:
Bird, Michael I.; Condie, Scott A.; O’Connor, Sue; O’Grady, Damien; Reepmeyer, Christian; Ulm, Sean; Zega, Mojca; Saltré, Frédérik; Bradshaw, Corey J. A. (2019).
3145:"The spatio-temporal distribution of archaeological and faunal finds at Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia) in light of the revised chronology for Homo floresiensis"
3143:
Sutikna, Thomas; Tocheri, Matthew W.; Faith, J. Tyler; Jatmiko; Due Awe, Rokus; Meijer, Hanneke J.M.; Wahyu
Saptomo, E.; Roberts, Richard G. (November 2018).
3195:"An integrative geochronological framework for the Pleistocene So'a basin (Flores, Indonesia), and its implications for faunal turnover and hominin arrival"
1474:
The ambiguous circumstantial association between bones and stone tools, and the rarity of cut marks makes it unclear to what if to any degree, hunting of
1493:
in Asia date to the Late
Miocene, around 8-11 million years ago, with the oldest fossils of the genus in Africa being around 7-6 million years old.
3340:
3129:
823:) of the same region are suggested to have been nearly pure grazers based on isotopic analysis. Based on dental microwear analysis, populations of
4334:
3808:
2680:
Shoshani, J.; Tassy, P. (2005). "Advances in proboscidean taxonomy & classification, anatomy & physiology, and ecology & behavior".
864:
specimens from the late Middle Pleistocene of Thailand suggests that these individuals were mixed feeders that consumed a significant amount of
3838:
2191:
Geer, Alexandra A. E.; Bergh, Gerrit D.; Lyras, George A.; Prasetyo, Unggul W.; Due, Rokus Awe; Setiyabudi, Erick; Drinia, Hara (August 2016).
2081:
Geer, Alexandra A. E.; Bergh, Gerrit D.; Lyras, George A.; Prasetyo, Unggul W.; Due, Rokus Awe; Setiyabudi, Erick; Drinia, Hara (August 2016).
1656:
Ao, Hong; Zhang, Peng; Dekkers, Mark J.; Roberts, Andrew P.; An, Zhisheng; Li, Yongxiang; Lu, Fengyan; Lin, Shan; Li, Xingwen (January 2016).
1497:
became extinct in Africa during the late Pliocene, around 3 million years ago suggested to be the result of expansion of grassland habitats.
721:, which was 120 cm (3.9 ft) tall at the shoulder and weighed about 350–400 kilograms (770–880 lb), was replaced by the species
643:
is suggested to have been around 2.75–2.8 m (9.0–9.2 ft) tall, with a body mass of around 5 tonnes (4.9 long tons; 5.5 short tons).
3553:
623:
that is 3.87 m (12.7 ft) tall and would have weighed approximately 12.7 tonnes (12.5 long tons; 14.0 short tons) in life. It had a
2494:"Isotopic reconstruction of Proboscidean habitats and diets on Java since the Early Pleistocene: Implications for adaptation and extinction"
1760:
Cantalapiedra, Juan L.; Sanisidro, Óscar; Zhang, Hanwen; Alberdi, María T.; Prado, José L.; Blanco, Fernando; Saarinen, Juha (1 July 2021).
3438:
2286:"Dietary and habitat shifts in relation to climate of Neogene-Quaternary proboscideans and associated mammals of the Indian subcontinent"
1426:, representing a minimum of 12 individuals were found at the site in association with stone tools and human remains. It suggested that
4438:
4321:
3404:
1418:, with dating suggesting the bone is around 170,000 years old. At the late Middle Pleistocene Panxian Dadong cave site in southern
2138:
Puspaningrum, Mika; Van Den Bergh, Gerrit; Chivas, Allan; Setiabudi, Erick; Kurniawan, Iwan; Brumm, Adam; and Sutikna, Thomas, "
1547:
in these regions, are still extant. The precise timing of extinction is uncertain for these regions, though in India records of
4458:
4448:
4418:
3354:
Turvey, Samuel T.; Sathe, Vijay; Crees, Jennifer J.; Jukar, Advait M.; Chakraborty, Prateek; Lister, Adrian M. (January 2021).
875:
from the Early-Middle Pleistocene of Java were found to be mixed feeders to grazers, with a diet similar to that of sympatric
4443:
3107:
2797:
940:
749:
species, with a shoulder height of around 130 cm (4.3 ft), and a body mass of about 570 kilograms (1,260 lb).
2907:
Wei, Guangbiao; He, Cunding; Hu, Yue; Yu, Kefu; Chen, Shaokun; Pang, Libo; Wu, Yan; Huang, Wanbo; Yuan, Wenge (April 2017).
4453:
4423:
4408:
3045:"Zooarchaeological perspectives on the Chinese Early and Late Paleolithic from the Ma'anshan site (Guizhou, South China)"
2829:"New fossil remains of Elephas from the southern Levant: Implications for the evolutionary history of the Asian elephant"
1989:
Large Mammal Exploitation in Late Middle Pleistocene China: A Comparison of Rhinoceros & Stegodonts at Panxian Dadong
1444:
including both adults and juveniles among other animals are found in two layers, the older dating to around 53,000 years
4433:
4403:
2711:
Wu, Yan; Deng, Tao; Hu, Yaowu; Ma, Jiao; Zhou, Xinying; Mao, Limi; Zhang, Hanwen; Ye, Jie; Wang, Shi-Qi (16 May 2018).
1658:"New magnetochronology of Late Miocene mammal fauna, NE Tibetan Plateau, China: Mammal migration and paleoenvironments"
737:
species with a shoulder height of around 190 cm (6.2 ft) and a body mass of around 1.7 tons, while the later
2948:"Optical dating of flowstone and silty carbonate-rich sediments from Panxian Dadong Cave, Guizhou, southwestern China"
4413:
2868:"Late Quaternary Proboscidean Sites in Africa and Eurasia with Possible or Probable Evidence for Hominin Involvement"
2492:
Puspaningrum, Mika R.; van den Bergh, Gerrit D.; Chivas, Allan R.; Setiabudi, Erick; Kurniawan, Iwan (January 2020).
783:
is estimated to be 25% the size of its mainland ancestor with a body mass of around 2,122 kilograms (4,678 lb).
889:, are suggested to have been mixed feeders and grazers, respectively, based on stable carbon isotopes. Specimens of
705:
species, with a body mass of 250 kilograms (550 lb). Sometimes the same island was colonised multiple times by
4398:
3431:
729:
which was initially substantially larger, but progressively reduced in size over time, with the earlier subspecies
2713:"A grazing Gomphotherium in Middle Miocene Central Asia, 10 million years prior to the origin of the Elephantidae"
4428:
566:
2450:
Suraprasit, Kantapon; Bocherens, Hervé; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Panha, Somsak; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques (August 2018).
752:
During Pliocene-Early Pleistocene (from around 4-1 million years ago), a succession of endemic dwarf species of
581:
450:
4393:
4295:
667:
438:
4198:
1512:) following a change to more humid conditions, which may have reduced grazing habitat. The last records of
3083:
1842:"Horizontal tooth displacement and premolar occurrence in elephants and other elephantiform proboscideans"
1555:
in Southeast Asia and South China has been suggested to be due to its more flexible diet in comparison to
819:) are suggested to have been variable mixed feeders, while those from the earliest Pleistocene (including
3424:
3043:
Zhang, Yue; Stiner, Mary C.; Dennell, Robin; Wang, Chunxue; Zhang, Shuangquan; Gao, Xing (August 2010).
2153:
2004:
Simpson, G. (1977). "Too Many Lines; The Limits of the Oriental and Australian Zoogeographic Regions".
2396:
3304:
2367:
2331:
Zhang, Hanwen; Wang, Yuan; Janis, Christine M.; Goodall, Robert H.; Purnell, Mark A. (25 July 2017).
1896:
1841:
959:
135:
3014:"230Th/U chronology of a paleolithic site at Xinglong Cave in the three-Gorge region of south China"
2610:
2544:"Fluctuating climate and dietary innovation drove ratcheted evolution of proboscidean dental traits"
1824:
The Evolution of the Elephants and Their Relatives in the Context of Changing Climate and Geography
619:
is suggested to be the largest species, and is known from an old male (50-plus years old) from the
1942:
4185:
3355:
3194:
3044:
3013:
2986:
2947:
2908:
2828:
2493:
2451:
2285:
2250:
1657:
1605:
4388:
4365:
4248:
1830:; Verlag Beier & Beran: Langenweißbach, Germany, 2010; pp. 340–360. ISBN 978-3-939414-48-3.
1551:
may date as recently as 35-30,000 years ago. The survival of the Asian elephant as opposed to
1509:
4339:
2284:
Patnaik, Rajeev; Singh, Ningthoujam Premjit; Paul, Debajyoti; Sukumar, Raman (November 2019).
504:(with a single record in southeast Europe). The oldest fossils of the genus are found in Late
4360:
4352:
3402:"Comparisons of Stegodon and Elephantid Abundances in the Late Pleistocene of Southern China"
3334:
3081:
1132:
877:
844:
1673:
4308:
4211:
3367:
3314:
3266:
3206:
3156:
3099:
3056:
2959:
2920:
2840:
2724:
2685:
2622:
2555:
2505:
2463:
2408:
2344:
2297:
2258:
2204:
2165:
2094:
2034:
1853:
1773:
1718:
1669:
1617:
1563:
these claims cannot be substantiated due to loss of specimens and issues regarding dating.
927:
840:
757:
500:. Fossils of the genus are known from Africa and across much of Asia, as far southeast as
4192:
8:
3799:
2777:
1580:
857:
3401:
3371:
3318:
3270:
3210:
3160:
3060:
2963:
2924:
2844:
2728:
2689:
2626:
2586:
2559:
2543:
2509:
2467:
2412:
2348:
2301:
2262:
2208:
2192:
2169:
2098:
2082:
2038:
1897:"Estimating tusk masses in proboscideans: a comprehensive analysis and predictive model"
1857:
1777:
1722:
1621:
515:
subsequently migrating into Africa. While the genus became extinct in Africa during the
4286:
3383:
3232:
2803:
2753:
2712:
2646:
2521:
2432:
2313:
2228:
2118:
2055:
2022:
1967:
1920:
1877:
1805:
1742:
1633:
1505:
865:
726:
130:
893:
from the Pliocene of East Africa were found to be browsers to mixed feeders, based on
4347:
4161:
4030:
3387:
3284:
3236:
3174:
3123:
3103:
2946:
Zhang, Jia-Fu; Huang, Wei-Wen; Hu, Yue; Yang, Shi-Xia; Zhou, Li-Ping (October 2015).
2889:
2807:
2793:
2758:
2740:
2650:
2638:
2591:
2573:
2525:
2436:
2424:
2372:
2317:
2220:
2177:
2110:
2060:
1924:
1912:
1869:
1809:
1797:
1789:
1761:
1746:
1734:
1637:
1465:
1179:
714:
3379:
3326:
3218:
2517:
2475:
2420:
2309:
2232:
2122:
1881:
1629:
3887:
3375:
3322:
3274:
3222:
3214:
3164:
3095:
3064:
3025:
2994:
2967:
2928:
2879:
2848:
2785:
2748:
2732:
2693:
2630:
2581:
2563:
2513:
2471:
2416:
2362:
2352:
2305:
2266:
2212:
2173:
2102:
2050:
2042:
1971:
1957:
1904:
1861:
1781:
1726:
1706:
1685:
1677:
1625:
1606:"Stegodontidae and Anancus: Keys to understanding dental evolution in Elephantidae"
1540:
1297:
774:
742:
690:
524:
241:
34:
3416:
3082:
Matthew W. Tocheri, Thomas Sutikna, Jatmiko, E. Wahyu Saptomo (14 February 2022),
2634:
1908:
1865:
1730:
4221:
4216:
3829:
3677:
3661:
3408:
3279:
3254:
3169:
3144:
3029:
2998:
2971:
2932:
2852:
2789:
2697:
2357:
2332:
2270:
1705:
O’Regan, H. J.; Bishop, L. C.; Lamb, A.; Elton, S.; Turner, A. (1 January 2005).
787:
also shows morphological straits associated with dwarfism, like shortened limbs.
672:
540:
4300:
3411:, The World of Elephants – Second International Congress, (Rome, 2001), 345–349.
2395:
Ma, Jiao; Wang, Yuan; Jin, Changzhu; Hu, Yaowu; Bocherens, Hervé (15 May 2019).
4151:
3983:
3859:
3815:
3724:
3694:
3638:
3584:
2736:
2663:
Diamond, Jared M. (1987). "Did Komodo dragons evolve to eat pygmy elephants?".
2568:
2046:
1785:
1681:
1445:
1399:
1159:
648:
3068:
1398:
Remains at a number of sites suggest that humans (in a broad sense, including
915:
species were the only large herbivores, they were likely the main prey of the
4382:
4271:
4231:
4141:
4121:
4074:
4058:
4044:
4037:
3997:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3941:
3915:
3852:
3647:
3608:
3574:
3523:
3288:
2893:
2744:
2642:
2577:
2428:
2376:
2224:
2114:
1916:
1873:
1793:
1738:
1082:
994:
916:
510:
481:
461:
433:
220:
200:
72:
2776:
Konidaris, George E.; Tsoukala, Evangelia (2022), Vlachos, Evangelos (ed.),
1463:
are associated with stone tools produced by the dwarf archaic human species
733:
from the Middle Pleistocene estimated to be around 50% the size of mainland
4085:
3990:
3908:
3880:
3785:
3714:
3654:
3624:
3564:
3533:
3178:
2762:
2595:
2064:
1962:
1801:
620:
493:
477:
3253:
Jukar, A. M.; Lyons, S. K.; Wagner, P. J.; Uhen, M. D. (15 January 2021).
1455:
cave on Flores dating to around 80-50,000 years ago, remains of the dwarf
4280:
4226:
4131:
4013:
3948:
3931:
3894:
3873:
3866:
3764:
3617:
3502:
3487:
3448:
2339:. VIth International Conference on Mammoths and their Relatives, Part 3.
2142:" (2014). Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A. 2035.
1007:
469:
187:
47:
3227:
2884:
2867:
2491:
4326:
3901:
3845:
3778:
3748:
3543:
3478:
3356:"Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in India: How much do we know?"
2139:
1707:"Large mammal turnover in Africa and the Levant between 1.0 and 0.5 Ma"
1690:
497:
114:
92:
57:
2216:
2106:
1559:. Although some authors have claimed a Holocene survival in China for
4111:
4101:
3955:
3757:
3012:
Peng, Hongxia; Ma, Zhibang; Huang, Wanpo; Gao, Jing (December 2014).
2009:
1452:
1407:
1019:
848:
455:
443:
147:
97:
41:
4242:
2152:
Aiba, Hiroaki; Baba, Katsuyoshi; Matsukawa, Masaki (10 March 2010).
950:
904:
from the Late Pliocene of Japan suggest that like modern elephants,
795:
603:
480:
along with modern elephants but is now placed in the extinct family
4265:
3704:
3594:
3466:
2778:"The Fossil Record of the Neogene Proboscidea (Mammalia) in Greece"
1378:
1348:
1058:
1003:
981:
977:
894:
856:
populations, which tended towards mixed feeding (both browsing and
539:
is relatively tall but short. The lower jaw in comparison to early
516:
492:
that are different from those of more primitive proboscideans like
473:
167:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
3191:
1759:
965:
4094:
4023:
3734:
2449:
2193:"The effect of area and isolation on insular dwarf proboscideans"
2083:"The effect of area and isolation on insular dwarf proboscideans"
1419:
1415:
1006:. Like elephants, stegodontids are believed to have derived from
988:, but currently they are believed to have no modern descendants.
985:
852:
624:
505:
102:
77:
30:
4313:
2611:"Review of Japanese Cenozoic (Miocene–Modern) Vertebrate Tracks"
806:
Like modern elephants, but unlike more primitive proboscideans,
701:
in Indonesia, is estimated at around 8% of the size of mainland
3771:
3472:
3460:
1318:
1308:
1275:
Middle – Late Pleistocene, China, Southeast Asia, Japan, Taiwan
710:
681:
632:
177:
157:
2985:
Schepartz, L.A.; Stoutamire, S.; Bekken, D.A. (January 2005).
2784:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 299–344,
2249:
Saegusa, Haruo; Thasod, Yupa; Ratanasthien, Benjavun (2005).
1543:
epoch, while Asian elephants, which existed in sympatry with
1504:
became extinct around 130-80,000 years ago during the latest
1368:
1358:
1328:
1027:
944:
698:
628:
501:
465:
460:, 'tooth' because of the distinctive ridges on the animal's
1338:
815:
populations from the Late Pliocene of the India (including
489:
3142:
1002:
is more closely related to elephants and mammoths than to
2984:
2248:
2020:
508:
strata in Asia, likely originating from the more archaic
3255:"Late Quaternary extinctions in the Indian Subcontinent"
2609:
Matsukawa, Masaki; Shibata, Kenichiro (2 October 2015).
1762:"The rise and fall of proboscidean ecological diversity"
523:
persisted in South, Southeast and Eastern Asia into the
2283:
1943:"Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans"
3042:
2826:
2190:
2080:
1704:
3353:
2330:
2023:"Early human settlement of Sahul was not an accident"
1655:
4157:
4147:
4137:
4127:
4117:
4107:
4055:
4008:
3926:
3826:
3796:
3745:
3730:
3720:
3710:
3700:
3690:
3635:
3605:
3590:
3580:
3570:
3560:
3549:
3539:
3529:
3519:
3252:
2542:
Saarinen, Juha; Lister, Adrian M. (14 August 2023).
1570:
756:
probably representing a single lineage lived in the
409:
396:
383:
370:
357:
344:
331:
318:
304:
291:
277:
264:
251:
236:
3446:
1301:
Early Pleistocene – early Middle Pleistocene, Japan
745:is estimated to be around 17% the size of mainland
668:
Dwarf_elephant § Indonesia_and_the_Philippines
1987:Schepartz, Lynne, and Sari Miller-Antonio. 2010. “
1470:with a small number of the bones bearing cut marks
1337:late Early Pleistocene – early Late Pleistocene,
3259:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2833:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2775:
2151:
2006:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
4380:
2945:
2608:
2134:
2132:
1711:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
976:In the past, stegodonts were believed to be the
1936:
1934:
3011:
2541:
764:In chronological succession these species are
3432:
2679:
2129:
760:, probably derived from the mainland Chinese
3339:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3128:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2909:"First discovery of a bone handaxe in China"
1931:
611:with a shoulder height of around 3.87 metres
3094:, Oxford University Press, pp. 38–69,
3092:The Oxford Handbook of Early Southeast Asia
2394:
1523:became extinct in the Indian subcontinent (
1484:
1393:
476:. It was originally assigned to the family
3500:
3439:
3425:
2710:
1940:
1894:
1406:. At a cave deposit on Gele Mountain near
113:
3278:
3226:
3168:
2906:
2883:
2752:
2585:
2567:
2368:1983/4f6a743a-7b6d-47c8-a56a-fee7e2c515df
2366:
2356:
2184:
2054:
1961:
1828:Elefantentreich—Eine Fossilwelt in Europa
1689:
1840:Sanders, William J. (17 February 2018).
1293:Late Pliocene – Early Pleistocene, Japan
1279:Stegodon namadicus/S. insignis/S. ganesa
964:
949:
926:
794:
671:
635:2 m (6.6 ft) wide. The Indian
602:
125:skeleton at the Gansu Provincial Museum
3394:
1839:
1603:
799:Life restoration of the Indian species
4381:
3248:
3246:
2865:
2244:
2242:
2076:
2074:
1895:Larramendi, Asier (10 December 2023).
631:1.46 m (4.8 ft) long, and a
4247:
4246:
3420:
3300:
3298:
2675:
2673:
2537:
2535:
2487:
2485:
2390:
2388:
2386:
941:National Museum of Nature and Science
607:Skeletal restoration of a large male
3100:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199355358.013.2
1983:
1981:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1347:Late Pliocene – Early Pleistocene,
1026:among other proboscideans, based on
3347:
3243:
2782:Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 1
2239:
2071:
1662:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1535:mainland Southeast Asia and China (
13:
3295:
3075:
2670:
2532:
2482:
2383:
2010:http://www.jstor.org/stable/986523
2008:, 121(2), 107–120. Retrieved from
1410:in southwest China, a mandible of
1281:Pliocene – Late Pleistocene, India
1248:
627:1.21 m (4.0 ft) long, a
14:
4470:
3049:Journal of Archaeological Science
1978:
1816:
1644:
1588:
1022:shows the placement of the genus
881:. The dwarf species from Flores,
4197:
4191:
4184:
2178:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00953.x
1573:
580:
565:
134:
45:
4439:Miocene genus first appearances
3380:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106740
3327:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.06.030
3219:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107721
3185:
3136:
3036:
3005:
2978:
2939:
2900:
2859:
2820:
2769:
2704:
2657:
2602:
2518:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106007
2476:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.06.004
2443:
2421:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.03.021
2324:
2310:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105968
2277:
2145:
2014:
1998:
1630:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106176
1257:Late Miocene – Pliocene, Africa
860:), though isotopic analysis of
835:) and mainland southeast Asia (
827:from the Pleistocene of China (
2548:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1888:
1833:
1766:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1753:
1698:
1263:Late Miocene – Pliocene, China
1:
4459:Pleistocene genus extinctions
4449:Fossil taxa described in 1847
4419:Pleistocene mammals of Africa
2635:10.1080/10420940.2015.1064407
2251:"Notes on Asian stegodontids"
1950:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1909:10.1080/08912963.2023.2286272
1866:10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436
1731:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.247.01.13
1604:Saegusa, Haruo (March 2020).
1566:
530:
16:Genus of extinct proboscidean
4444:Prehistoric placental genera
3280:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110137
3170:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.07.001
3030:10.1016/j.quageo.2014.07.001
2999:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.026
2972:10.1016/j.quageo.2015.01.011
2933:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.12.022
2853:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.05.013
2790:10.1007/978-3-030-68398-6_12
2698:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.011
2358:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.07.011
2271:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.013
1013:
772:(3-2 million years ago) and
739:Stegodon florensis insularis
731:Stegodon florensis florensis
7:
4454:Taxa named by Hugh Falconer
4424:Pleistocene mammals of Asia
2866:Haynes, Gary (March 2022).
1539:) at some point during the
1357:Middle – Late Pleistocene,
1317:Middle – Late Pleistocene,
922:
661:
287:(Faloner and Cautley, 1846)
10:
4475:
4409:Pliocene mammals of Africa
3360:Quaternary Science Reviews
3307:Quaternary Science Reviews
3199:Quaternary Science Reviews
3149:Journal of Human Evolution
2737:10.1038/s41598-018-25909-4
2569:10.1038/s41559-023-02151-4
2498:Quaternary Science Reviews
2456:Quaternary Science Reviews
2401:Quaternary Science Reviews
2290:Quaternary Science Reviews
2047:10.1038/s41598-019-42946-9
1786:10.1038/s41559-021-01498-w
1682:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.019
1610:Quaternary Science Reviews
790:
665:
647:was around the size of an
488:had teeth with plate-like
449:
437:
4434:Pleistocene proboscideans
4404:Miocene mammals of Africa
4255:
4206:
4181:
4084:
4054:
4007:
3925:
3825:
3795:
3744:
3686:
3675:
3634:
3604:
3515:
3511:
3496:
3455:
3069:10.1016/j.jas.2010.03.012
1508:-early Late Pleistocene (
1173:
1153:
1146:
1126:
1119:
1104:
1097:
1079:
1072:
1052:
1045:
1038:
960:Bandung Geological Museum
717:strongly dwarfed species
676:Estimated sizes of dwarf
432:("roofed tooth" from the
233:
228:
131:Scientific classification
129:
121:
112:
23:
4414:Pliocene mammals of Asia
3018:Quaternary Geochronology
2991:Quaternary International
2952:Quaternary Geochronology
2913:Quaternary International
2682:Quaternary International
2337:Quaternary International
2255:Quaternary International
1502:Stegodon trigonocephalus
1485:Evolution and extinction
1394:Relationship with humans
1335:Stegodon trigonocephalus
1269:Early Pleistocene, China
873:Stegodon trigonocephalus
768:(4-3 million years ago)
589:Stegodon trigonocephalus
4399:Miocene mammals of Asia
2197:Journal of Biogeography
2087:Journal of Biogeography
1941:Larramendi, A. (2016).
1674:2016E&PSL.434..220A
992:is likely derived from
911:On Flores, where dwarf
908:lived in social herds.
862:Stegodon cf. orientalis
598:
4429:Pliocene proboscideans
1963:10.4202/app.00136.2014
1510:Marine Isotope Stage 5
1489:The oldest fossils of
973:
962:
947:
803:
685:
612:
4394:Miocene proboscideans
4361:Paleobiology Database
1500:The Javanese species
1291:Stegodon protoaurorae
1133:African bush elephant
968:
953:
930:
900:Tracks of a group of
878:Elephas hysudrindicus
845:niche differentiation
798:
770:Stegodon protoaurorae
675:
606:
314:von Koenigswald, 1956
29:Temporal range: Late
4212:Plesielephantiformes
3447:Genera of the order
2993:. 126–128: 271–282.
1375:Stegodon mindanensis
1367:Middle Pleistocene,
1327:Middle Pleistocene,
1267:Stegodon huananensis
871:grass. Specimens of
833:Stegodon huananensis
758:Japanese archipelago
3800:Choerolophodontidae
3372:2021QSRv..25206740T
3319:2013QSRv...76..156T
3271:2021PPP...56210137J
3211:2022QSRv..29407721V
3161:2018JHumE.124...52S
3061:2010JArSc..37.2066Z
2964:2015QuGeo..30..479Z
2925:2017QuInt.434..121W
2885:10.3390/quat5010018
2845:2013PPP...386..119L
2729:2018NatSR...8.7640W
2690:2005QuInt.126....5S
2627:2015Ichno..22..261M
2560:2023NatEE...7.1490S
2510:2020QSRv..22806007P
2468:2018QSRv..193...24S
2413:2019QSRv..212...33M
2349:2017QuInt.445...60Z
2302:2019QSRv..22405968P
2263:2005QuInt.126...31S
2209:2016JBiog..43.1656V
2170:2010Palgy..53..471A
2099:2016JBiog..43.1656V
2039:2019NatSR...9.8220B
1858:2018HBio...30..137S
1778:2021NatEE...5.1266C
1723:2005GSLSP.247..231O
1622:2020QSRv..23106176S
1581:Paleontology portal
1553:Stegodon orientalis
1442:Stegodon orientalis
1424:Stegodon orientalis
1414:was used to make a
1412:Stegodon orientalis
1365:Stegodon timorensis
1355:Stegodon sumbaensis
1345:Stegodon sompoensis
1325:Stegodon luzonensis
1307:Early Pleistocene,
1273:Stegodon orientalis
891:Stegodon kaiesensis
839:) were found to be
829:Stegodon orientalis
695:Stegodon sumbaensis
684:compared to a human
574:Stegodon orientalis
392:van den Bergh, 1999
366:(Aiba et al., 2010)
3407:2006-05-08 at the
2717:Scientific Reports
2667:. 326 (6116): 832.
2257:. 126–128: 31–48.
2027:Scientific Reports
1901:Historical Biology
1846:Historical Biology
1525:Stegodon namadicus
1514:Stegodon florensis
1506:Middle Pleistocene
1480:Homo floresiensis.
1461:Stegodon florensis
1402:) interacted with
1315:Stegodon florensis
1255:Stegodon kaisensis
1129:Loxodonta africana
974:
963:
948:
887:Stegodon florensis
804:
727:Middle Pleistocene
723:Stegodon florensis
686:
641:S. trigonocephalus
613:
484:. Like elephants,
401:S. trigonocephalus
4376:
4375:
4348:Open Tree of Life
4249:Taxon identifiers
4240:
4239:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4162:Stegotetrabelodon
4031:Paratetralophodon
3671:
3670:
3109:978-0-19-935535-8
3086:Homo floresiensis
2799:978-3-030-68397-9
2684:. 126–128: 5–20.
2217:10.1111/jbi.12743
2107:10.1111/jbi.12743
1822:van der Made, J.
1478:was practiced by
1466:Homo floresiensis
1385:An indeterminate
1305:Stegodon sondaari
1261:Stegodon zdanskyi
1245:
1244:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1180:Columbian mammoth
1176:Mammuthus columbi
1107:Stegodon zdanskyi
1055:Mammut americanum
1030:characteristics:
883:Stegodon sondaari
869:
817:Stegodon insignis
719:Stegodon sondaari
715:Early Pleistocene
425:
424:
419:
406:
393:
380:
367:
354:
341:
328:
327:(Matsumoto, 1941)
315:
301:
288:
274:
261:
248:
247:(Matsumoto, 1918)
224:
4466:
4369:
4368:
4356:
4355:
4343:
4342:
4330:
4329:
4317:
4316:
4304:
4303:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4244:
4243:
4201:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4159:
4149:
4139:
4129:
4119:
4109:
4057:
4010:
3928:
3888:Progomphotherium
3828:
3798:
3747:
3732:
3722:
3712:
3702:
3692:
3684:
3683:
3637:
3607:
3592:
3582:
3572:
3562:
3551:
3541:
3531:
3521:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3498:
3497:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3338:
3330:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3282:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3230:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3172:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3127:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3055:(8): 2066–2077.
3040:
3034:
3033:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2677:
2668:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2621:(3–4): 261–290.
2606:
2600:
2599:
2589:
2571:
2554:(9): 1490–1502.
2539:
2530:
2529:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2392:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2360:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2203:(8): 1656–1666.
2188:
2182:
2181:
2149:
2143:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2093:(8): 1656–1666.
2078:
2069:
2068:
2058:
2018:
2012:
2002:
1996:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1852:(1–2): 137–156.
1837:
1831:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1772:(9): 1266–1272.
1757:
1751:
1750:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1653:
1642:
1641:
1601:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1541:Late Pleistocene
1298:Stegodon aurorae
1285:Stegodon miensis
1149:
1148:
1122:
1121:
1100:
1099:
1075:
1074:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1033:
867:
775:Stegodon aurorae
766:Stegodon miensis
743:Late Pleistocene
691:insular dwarfism
584:
569:
525:Late Pleistocene
464:) is an extinct
459:
453:
448:, 'to cover', +
447:
441:
417:
411:
404:
398:
391:
385:
378:
372:
365:
359:
352:
346:
339:
333:
326:
320:
313:
306:
299:
293:
286:
279:
272:
266:
259:
256:S. elephantoides
253:
246:
238:
219:
212:
199:
139:
138:
117:
107:
44:
35:Late Pleistocene
21:
20:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4364:
4359:
4351:
4346:
4338:
4333:
4325:
4320:
4312:
4307:
4299:
4294:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4251:
4241:
4236:
4222:Elephantimorpha
4217:Numidotheriidae
4202:
4183:
4167:
4080:
4050:
4012:
4011:"Tetralophodont
4003:
3930:
3921:
3830:Amebelodontidae
3821:
3791:
3740:
3680:
3678:Elephantiformes
3667:
3662:Prodeinotherium
3630:
3600:
3505:
3492:
3451:
3445:
3415:
3409:Wayback Machine
3399:
3395:
3352:
3348:
3332:
3331:
3303:
3296:
3251:
3244:
3190:
3186:
3141:
3137:
3121:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3080:
3076:
3041:
3037:
3010:
3006:
2983:
2979:
2944:
2940:
2905:
2901:
2864:
2860:
2825:
2821:
2812:
2810:
2800:
2774:
2770:
2709:
2705:
2678:
2671:
2662:
2658:
2607:
2603:
2540:
2533:
2490:
2483:
2448:
2444:
2393:
2384:
2329:
2325:
2282:
2278:
2247:
2240:
2189:
2185:
2150:
2146:
2137:
2130:
2079:
2072:
2019:
2015:
2003:
1999:
1986:
1979:
1945:
1939:
1932:
1893:
1889:
1838:
1834:
1821:
1817:
1758:
1754:
1703:
1699:
1654:
1645:
1602:
1589:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1487:
1396:
1287:Pliocene, Japan
1251:
1249:List of species
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1156:Elephas maximus
1016:
939:(right) at the
925:
821:Stegodon ganesa
801:Stegodon ganesa
793:
670:
664:
601:
596:
595:
594:
591:
585:
576:
570:
559:
558:
541:elephantimorphs
533:
362:S. protoaurorae
340:(Naumann, 1890)
312:
285:
218:
210:
197:
133:
108:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
40:11.6–0.01
39:
38:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4472:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4357:
4344:
4331:
4318:
4305:
4292:
4277:
4261:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4155:
4152:Stegodibelodon
4145:
4135:
4125:
4115:
4105:
4098:
4090:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4071:
4063:
4061:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4017:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3984:Rhynchotherium
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3937:
3935:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3860:Archaeobelodon
3856:
3849:
3842:
3834:
3832:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3816:Choerolophodon
3812:
3804:
3802:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3753:
3751:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3728:
3725:Palaeomastodon
3718:
3708:
3698:
3695:Dagbatitherium
3687:
3681:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3643:
3641:
3639:Deinotheriidae
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3621:
3613:
3611:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3588:
3585:Phosphatherium
3578:
3568:
3558:
3547:
3537:
3527:
3516:
3506:
3501:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3444:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3421:
3414:
3413:
3393:
3346:
3294:
3242:
3184:
3135:
3108:
3074:
3035:
3004:
2977:
2938:
2899:
2858:
2819:
2798:
2768:
2703:
2669:
2656:
2601:
2531:
2481:
2442:
2382:
2323:
2276:
2238:
2183:
2164:(3): 471–490.
2144:
2128:
2070:
2013:
1997:
1993:Before Farming
1977:
1930:
1887:
1832:
1815:
1752:
1717:(1): 231–249.
1697:
1643:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1568:
1565:
1561:S. orientalis,
1486:
1483:
1446:Before Present
1400:archaic humans
1395:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1362:
1352:
1342:
1332:
1322:
1312:
1302:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:Asian elephant
1152:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1018:The following
1015:
1012:
954:Jaw fossil of
924:
921:
792:
789:
666:Main article:
663:
660:
649:Asian elephant
600:
597:
593:
592:
586:
579:
577:
571:
564:
561:
560:
553:
552:
551:
532:
529:
423:
422:
421:
420:
407:
405:(Martin, 1887)
394:
381:
368:
355:
342:
336:S. mindanensis
329:
316:
302:
289:
275:
262:
249:
231:
230:
226:
225:
208:
204:
203:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
127:
126:
119:
118:
110:
109:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4471:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4389:Stegodontidae
4387:
4386:
4384:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4233:
4232:Elephantoidea
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4194:
4187:
4164:
4163:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4142:Selenetherium
4136:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4122:Palaeoloxodon
4116:
4114:
4113:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4075:Stegolophodon
4072:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4059:Stegodontidae
4053:
4047:
4046:
4045:Tetralophodon
4042:
4040:
4039:
4038:Pediolophodon
4035:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3998:Stegomastodon
3995:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3977:Notiomastodon
3974:
3972:
3971:
3970:Gomphotherium
3967:
3965:
3964:
3963:Gnathabelodon
3960:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3942:Blancotherium
3939:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3929:"Trilophodont
3924:
3918:
3917:
3916:Torynobelodon
3913:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3853:Aphanobelodon
3850:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3809:Afrochoerodon
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3674:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3648:Chilgatherium
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3609:Barytheriidae
3603:
3597:
3596:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3575:Numidotherium
3569:
3567:
3566:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3524:Arcanotherium
3518:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3442:
3437:
3435:
3430:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3342:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3299:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3247:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3131:
3125:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2674:
2666:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2536:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:Palaeontology
2155:
2148:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1571:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:S. orientalis
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:S. orientalis
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1388:
1381:, Philippines
1380:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1331:, Philippines
1330:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1083:Gomphotherium
1077:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:
995:Stegolophodon
991:
987:
983:
979:
972:
967:
961:
957:
952:
946:
942:
938:
937:S. orientalis
934:
929:
920:
918:
917:Komodo dragon
914:
909:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:
874:
870:
863:
859:
855:
854:
850:
846:
843:, with clear
842:
838:
837:S. orientalis
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
802:
797:
788:
786:
782:
778:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
683:
680:species from
679:
674:
669:
659:
657:
654:
650:
646:
645:S. orientalis
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
610:
605:
590:
583:
578:
575:
568:
563:
562:
556:
550:
547:
542:
538:
535:The skull of
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
512:
511:Stegolophodon
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:Stegodontidae
479:
475:
472:, related to
471:
467:
463:
458:
452:
446:
440:
435:
434:Ancient Greek
431:
430:
418:Hopwood, 1935
416:
415:
408:
403:
402:
395:
390:
389:
382:
379:Hooijer, 1964
377:
376:
375:S. sompoensis
369:
364:
363:
356:
351:
350:
349:S. orientalis
343:
338:
337:
330:
325:
324:
317:
311:
310:
309:S. luzonensis
303:
300:Hopwood, 1939
298:
297:
290:
284:
283:
276:
273:Hooijer, 1957
271:
270:
263:
260:(Clift, 1828)
258:
257:
250:
245:
244:
243:
235:
234:
232:
227:
222:
217:
216:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:Stegodontidae
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
36:
32:
26:
22:
19:
4256:
4190:
4160:
4150:
4140:
4130:
4120:
4110:
4100:
4093:
4086:Elephantidae
4073:
4067:
4066:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4014:gomphotheres
3996:
3991:Sinomastodon
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3932:gomphotheres
3914:
3909:Stenobelodon
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3881:Platybelodon
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3839:Afromastodon
3837:
3814:
3807:
3786:Zygolophodon
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3733:
3723:
3715:Hemimastodon
3713:
3703:
3693:
3660:
3655:Deinotherium
3653:
3646:
3625:Omanitherium
3623:
3616:
3593:
3583:
3573:
3565:Moeritherium
3563:
3552:
3542:
3534:Daouitherium
3532:
3522:
3483:
3477:Superorder:
3400:H. Saegusa,
3396:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3335:cite journal
3310:
3306:
3262:
3258:
3228:10072/418777
3202:
3198:
3187:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3113:, retrieved
3091:
3085:
3077:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3021:
3017:
3007:
2990:
2980:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2811:, retrieved
2781:
2771:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2681:
2664:
2659:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2551:
2547:
2501:
2497:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2404:
2400:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2254:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2090:
2086:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2005:
2000:
1992:
1953:
1949:
1900:
1890:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1827:
1818:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1665:
1661:
1613:
1609:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1411:
1403:
1397:
1386:
1384:
1377:Pleistocene
1374:
1364:
1354:
1344:
1334:
1324:
1314:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1175:
1174:
1155:
1154:
1128:
1127:
1106:
1105:
1081:
1080:
1054:
1053:
1023:
1017:
1008:gomphotheres
999:
993:
989:
980:of the true
975:
970:
955:
936:
932:
912:
910:
905:
901:
899:
890:
886:
882:
876:
872:
861:
851:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
800:
784:
780:
773:
769:
765:
762:S. zdanskyi.
761:
753:
751:
746:
738:
734:
730:
722:
718:
713:, where the
706:
702:
694:
687:
677:
655:
652:
644:
640:
636:
621:Yellow River
616:
615:The Chinese
614:
608:
588:
573:
554:
545:
536:
534:
520:
509:
494:gomphotheres
485:
478:Elephantidae
470:proboscidean
456:
444:
428:
427:
426:
413:
412:
400:
399:
387:
386:
374:
373:
361:
360:
348:
347:
335:
334:
322:
321:
308:
307:
296:S. kaisensis
295:
294:
281:
280:
269:S. florensis
268:
267:
255:
254:
240:
239:
214:
213:
122:
24:
18:
4281:Wikispecies
4227:Elephantida
4132:Primelephas
3949:Cuvieronius
3895:Protanancus
3874:Konobelodon
3867:Eurybelodon
3765:Losodokodon
3618:Barytherium
3554:Khamsaconus
3503:Proboscidea
3488:Tethytheria
3449:Proboscidea
3313:: 156–166.
2958:: 479–486.
2919:: 121–128.
2839:: 119–130.
2813:28 February
2723:(1): 7640.
2033:(1): 8220.
1691:1874/330309
1668:: 220–230.
1371:, Indonesia
1361:, Indonesia
1351:, Indonesia
1341:, Indonesia
1321:, Indonesia
1311:, Indonesia
956:S. sondaari
935:(left) and
931:Fossils of
725:during the
617:S. zdanskyi
609:S. zdanskyi
414:S. zdanskyi
388:S. sondaari
188:Proboscidea
4383:Categories
4210:See also:
3902:Serbelodon
3846:Amebelodon
3779:Sinomammut
3749:Mammutidae
3544:Eritherium
3479:Afrotheria
3366:: 106740.
3265:: 110137.
3205:: 107721.
2872:Quaternary
2504:: 106007.
2296:: 105968.
1616:: 106176.
1567:References
1437:orientalis
1057:(American
971:S. ganesha
933:S. aurorae
897:analysis.
785:S. aurorae
781:S. aurorae
531:Morphology
353:Owen, 1870
323:S. miensis
282:S. ganesha
242:S. aurorae
4112:Mammuthus
4102:Loxodonta
3956:Eubelodon
3758:Eozygodon
3459:Kingdom:
3388:234265221
3289:0031-0182
3237:252290750
3155:: 52–74.
2894:2571-550X
2878:(1): 18.
2808:245023119
2745:2045-2322
2651:129206332
2643:1042-0940
2578:2397-334X
2526:212876762
2462:: 24–42.
2437:135056116
2429:0277-3791
2407:: 33–44.
2377:1040-6182
2343:: 60–70.
2318:210307849
2225:0305-0270
2115:0305-0270
1925:266182491
1917:0891-2963
1874:0891-2963
1810:235712060
1794:2397-334X
1747:129900545
1739:0305-8719
1638:214094348
1453:Liang Bua
1408:Chongqing
1020:cladogram
1014:Phylogeny
1004:mastodons
982:elephants
978:ancestors
969:Skull of
849:sympatric
754:Stegodon,
741:from the
707:Stegodon,
637:S. ganesa
587:Molar of
572:Molar of
546:S. ganesa
498:mammutids
474:elephants
154:Kingdom:
148:Eukaryota
4301:50521404
4287:Stegodon
4266:Wikidata
4257:Stegodon
4068:Stegodon
3705:Eritreum
3595:Saloumia
3473:Mammalia
3467:Chordata
3465:Phylum:
3461:Animalia
3405:Archived
3179:30173885
3124:citation
3115:13 March
2763:29769581
2596:37580434
2587:10482678
2233:87958022
2123:87958022
2065:31209234
1995:4: 1–14.
1903:: 1–14.
1882:89904463
1802:34211141
1549:Stegodon
1545:Stegodon
1529:Stegodon
1521:Stegodon
1495:Stegodon
1491:Stegodon
1476:Stegodon
1459:species
1457:Stegodon
1433:Stegodon
1428:Stegodon
1404:Stegodon
1387:Stegodon
1379:Mindanao
1349:Sulawesi
1059:mastodon
1024:Stegodon
1000:Stegodon
990:Stegodon
986:mammoths
923:Taxonomy
913:Stegodon
906:Stegodon
902:Stegodon
895:mesowear
841:browsers
825:Stegodon
813:Stegodon
808:Stegodon
747:Stegodon
735:Stegodon
703:Stegodon
678:Stegodon
662:Dwarfism
555:Stegodon
537:Stegodon
521:Stegodon
517:Pliocene
486:Stegodon
429:Stegodon
229:Species
221:Falconer
215:Stegodon
194:Family:
178:Mammalia
168:Chordata
164:Phylum:
158:Animalia
144:Domain:
123:Stegodon
25:Stegodon
4353:3607228
4340:1444226
4327:4825604
4314:4529319
4272:Q772364
4095:Elephas
4024:Anancus
3735:Phiomia
3471:Class:
3368:Bibcode
3315:Bibcode
3267:Bibcode
3207:Bibcode
3157:Bibcode
3057:Bibcode
3024:: 1–9.
2960:Bibcode
2921:Bibcode
2841:Bibcode
2754:5956065
2725:Bibcode
2686:Bibcode
2623:Bibcode
2556:Bibcode
2506:Bibcode
2464:Bibcode
2409:Bibcode
2345:Bibcode
2298:Bibcode
2259:Bibcode
2205:Bibcode
2166:Bibcode
2095:Bibcode
2056:6579762
2035:Bibcode
1972:2092950
1854:Bibcode
1774:Bibcode
1719:Bibcode
1670:Bibcode
1618:Bibcode
1420:Guizhou
1416:handaxe
958:at the
858:grazing
853:Elephas
791:Ecology
656:maximus
653:Elephas
625:humerus
506:Miocene
207:Genus:
184:Order:
174:Class:
31:Miocene
3772:Mammut
3386:
3287:
3235:
3177:
3106:
2892:
2806:
2796:
2761:
2751:
2743:
2665:Nature
2649:
2641:
2615:Ichnos
2594:
2584:
2576:
2524:
2435:
2427:
2375:
2316:
2231:
2223:
2121:
2113:
2063:
2053:
1970:
1923:
1915:
1880:
1872:
1808:
1800:
1792:
1745:
1737:
1636:
1319:Flores
1309:Flores
711:Flores
709:as in
682:Flores
633:pelvis
557:molars
462:molars
436:words
223:, 1847
4366:43271
4335:IRMNG
3484:Clade
3384:S2CID
3233:S2CID
2804:S2CID
2647:S2CID
2522:S2CID
2433:S2CID
2314:S2CID
2229:S2CID
2119:S2CID
1968:S2CID
1946:(PDF)
1921:S2CID
1878:S2CID
1826:. In
1806:S2CID
1743:S2CID
1634:S2CID
1369:Timor
1359:Sumba
1329:Luzon
1028:hyoid
945:Tokyo
847:from
699:Sumba
697:from
629:femur
549:tusk.
502:Timor
490:lophs
466:genus
457:odoús
451:ὀδούς
445:stégō
439:στέγω
4322:GBIF
3341:link
3285:ISSN
3175:PMID
3130:link
3117:2023
3104:ISBN
2890:ISSN
2815:2023
2794:ISBN
2759:PMID
2741:ISSN
2639:ISSN
2592:PMID
2574:ISSN
2425:ISSN
2373:ISSN
2221:ISSN
2111:ISSN
2061:PMID
1913:ISSN
1870:ISSN
1798:PMID
1790:ISSN
1735:ISSN
1435:cf.
1339:Java
1086:sp.
984:and
885:and
831:and
599:Size
496:and
48:PreꞒ
4309:EoL
4296:BHL
3376:doi
3364:252
3323:doi
3275:doi
3263:562
3223:hdl
3215:doi
3203:294
3165:doi
3153:124
3096:doi
3065:doi
3026:doi
2995:doi
2968:doi
2929:doi
2917:434
2880:doi
2849:doi
2837:386
2786:doi
2749:PMC
2733:doi
2694:doi
2631:doi
2582:PMC
2564:doi
2514:doi
2502:228
2472:doi
2460:193
2417:doi
2405:212
2363:hdl
2353:doi
2341:445
2306:doi
2294:224
2267:doi
2213:doi
2174:doi
2103:doi
2051:PMC
2043:doi
1991:.”
1958:doi
1905:doi
1862:doi
1782:doi
1727:doi
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1686:hdl
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