391:
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718:, the brother of one of Lenin's associates, later took over the Stavka as the chief of staff to the Supreme Commander. In January 1918 he told Krylenko, who was uninterested in the Stavka, that Russian Army units at the front were decaying and that some forces should be organized to put up at least token resistance if the peace talks with the Germans broke down. But Krylenko and the Bolsheviks wanted to prevent the emergence of another Kornilov. On 19 February, after the German Army broke the arimistice and began advancing, Bonch-Bruyevich moved what remained of the Stavka east, before Lenin ordered him to bring it to Petrograd. After arriving in the capital on 22 February, Lenin put him and some generals from the Stavka to work on assembling units to confront the Germans. Workers were directly recruited, and on 23 February, about 60,000 volunteered for the
411:, and he also flew the French flag at the Stavka headquarters in addition to the Supreme Commander's standard. During his time as Supreme Commander, he never visited the troops at the front line. There were different explanations for this given by those at the Stavka: that Yanushkevich advised him against it, who was worried about making the Emperor jealous of the Grand Duke's popularity among the troops, or the Grand Duke himself simply did not want to go. In any case, this led him to grant broad authority to his subordinate front and army commanders. Many of the orders he sent out were written as suggestions rather than as strict commands. However, he kept up to date on military operations and occasionally gave orders that went against what front commanders wanted. He was still actively engaged in commanding the army.
1780:
86:
379:, an important railway junction and located in the middle of the front. It was chosen as the site of the Supreme Headquarters to make it easier to communicate with armies along the front and for Grand Duke Nicholas to visit army commanders. Taking over a military railway brigade building, the Stavka had a permanent staff of 60, which assisted the Grand Duke in running an army of about 6,000,000 troops after the mobilization. The limited size of the staff and a lack of equipment made it difficult to communicate with front line troops or to direct operations. To the north of the Stavka was the
1875:
509:, the advice of General Alekseyev and the Stavka officers, as well as every front and army commander, to Emperor Nicholas II that he should abdicate was the decisive factor in him making that decision, on 15 March 1917. Their belief was that a new government would stabilize the home front and allow the war to continue: more liberal generals wanted a constitutional monarchy while conservative ones wanted to replace Nicholas II with Grand Duke Nicholas. After the abdication, both Nicholas II and the Grand Duke urged the officers and troops to recognize the authority of the
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686:. Dukhonin had with him six shock battalions, but none of them wanted to fight, and Dukhonin could not make up his mind whether or not to make a stand. Politicians, foreign representatives, and some officers left Mogilev on 2 December 1917. Around that time Dukhonin signed an order to release the imprisoned generals, who proceeded to escape south towards
726:, and decided to accept, signing it in March 1918. The Red Army was formally established on 28 January, while the old army was demobilized in March, at which point the Stavka was dissolved. Some former members of the Stavka, including Bonch-Bruyevich, formed a new Supreme Military Council when the Red Army was created.
372:, but Grand Duke Nicholas believed that the priority should be for Russia to assist its ally France against Germany, and the plan also did not rule out an invasion of German territory. It was decided to attack both at once, and the Grand Duke and his staff initially expected a quick victory in the war.
693:
From
December 1917 to March 1918 main goal of the Bolsheviks' military authorities at that point was to demobilize the "old army" and to create a new force capable of internal security. However, a Russian Army still needed to be maintained at the front lines while negotiations with Germany were going
681:
At the same time, Lenin and the
Revolutionary Military Committee, which was having difficulty asserting control over the Petrograd garrison and other troops near the capital, had to exert influence over the rest of the army outside of their vicinity. Lenin disavowed the counter-revolutionary generals
595:
to replace
Brusilov as Supreme Commander because he was always an opponent of the army reforms. But in September 1917, Kornilov and other members of the Stavka made the decision to disperse in a military coup the Petrograd Soviet, and, according to some accounts, the Provisional Government itself, to
475:
in 1916 caused massive damage to the Austro-Hungarian Army, but at the cost of high casualties. However, by the end of 1916 and early 1917, the losses of the
Russian Imperial Army were being replaced and the armaments industry was meeting the needs of the troops, making it still an effective fighting
301:
was appointed as
Supreme Commander after Dukhonin refused to recognize the Bolsheviks as the legitimate government. After Krylenko and the Bolsheviks arrived and took control of the Stavka, the high command was kept in place for several months as military technical experts because of the need for the
553:
was ineffective at restoring the authority of officers and undoing the damage caused by Order No. 1. Meanwhile, the Stavka underestimated the influence of the
Petrograd Soviet and the weakness of the Provisional Government. This was in part because the location of the supreme headquarters 400 miles
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as the head of the
Provisional Government, toured the front line and gave speeches in the spring of 1917. There was still patriotism and significant support among the troops to continue the war, and when some infantry units murdered their officers or otherwise mutinied, cavalry and artillery units
557:
The Stavka had planned an offensive for May 1917 to assist
Britain and France in the west since well before the February Revolution. Those plans were delayed by the revolutionary events, and were further undermined by the creation of soldiers' committees and the decline in the officers' authority.
398:
The closest associates of Grand Duke
Nicholas in his role as the Supreme Commander were his chief of staff, General Yanushkevich, who was his closest confidant and controlled access to him; General Danilov, the head of operations; and the French military attaché, General de La Guiche (also spelled
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to continue the fight. But
Dukhonin's indecisiveness prevented them from acting on any of these plans. He received an order from Lenin on 20 November 1917 to open peace talks with the Germans. He delayed by asking some questions, but finally declared on 22 November that he could not implement the
641:
made no attempt to dismiss Dukhonin from his position and tried to work with the Stavka. After the October Revolution events in Petrograd the military leaders in Mogilev were unable to make any decisions about how to respond to the situation, since they still prioritized the war with Germany and
544:
reached the front lines it was misinterpreted by many to mean that the troops no longer had to follow orders from officers and could elect their own commanders, which, combined with the emperor's abdication and the lack of direction from the Stavka on situation, meant it became difficult for the
615:
The Kornilov coup fell apart quickly as the majority of the 3rd Cavalry Corps refused to enter the city, except for the officers and some Cossacks. Kerensky briefly appointed General Alekseyev as his chief of staff and sent him to Mogilev to restore the Provisional Government's control over the
582:
The June offensive, or Kerensky offensive, initially made gains against the Austro-Hungarian Army, but these were reversed by the arrival of German reinforcements and the Russian forces were pushed back. Despite problems with desertion and some units refusing to attack, the Russian Army overall
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as it was still needed because of the ongoing war. A committee of the Provisional Government attempted to purge senior officers who refused to cooperate with the new authorities, but the Stavka conducted its own purge, removing those who were too friendly with the Provisional Government, so the
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The last one was needed because the Supreme Commander also had broad civil authority in the areas that were near the front lines. This was a large region that included Finland, Poland, Belarus, the Baltic states, and much of Ukraine, in addition to the territory of Russia itself.
620:
and the disappearance of Kerensky, on 16 November 1917, his chief of staff (who succeeded Alekseyev in September) became the new Supreme Commander. Even when the Provisional Government ceased to exist, the Stavka was still in command of the millions of troops in the Russian Army.
450:
to replace Yanushkevich as the Supreme Commander's chief of staff, after which the performance of the Stavka improved significantly. He ran the Stavka almost on his own and directed military operations from August 1915 to March 1917. Alekseyev was seen as the
590:
criticized all of the Provisional Government's measures since March 1917 and called for the return of capital punishment to restore discipline among the troops. Kerensky saw the need to restore order in the army after the failed offensive, and appointed
742:
According to its regulations, in wartime the Russian Imperial Army in the field was led by a Supreme Commander appointed by and responsible to the Emperor, and was tasked with implementing the Emperor's general directives for military operations.
654:. Dukhonin did not want to hand them over to the Bolsheviks, and the troops in the area were more loyal to Kornilov than to him or they had been to Kerensky. Kornilov suggested to Dukhonin that they should fight the Bolsheviks there using
537:, threatened to resign if a Romanov was allowed to be the head of the army. Lvov gave in to revolutionary pressure and when the Grand Duke arrived at Mogilev he was informed that he had been replaced by General Mikhail Alekseyev.
253:
in 1917 the Stavka remained in command of millions of troops at the front line. After the emperor's abdication in March 1917, his chief of staff Alekseyev was appointed the Supreme Commander, but in May he was replaced by
355:
as Quartermaster-General, and in mid-August 1914 was the first time that he met his other staff officers that would make up the Stavka. One of his first acts as Supreme Commander was giving an order for the invasion of
860:
When the war broke out in 1914 the actual organization was slightly different. Besides the departments of the Quartermaster-General and the Adjutant-General, which were the same, there were also the heads of:
430:
withdrawing from German territory in September 1914 to avoid being encircled. In the south, there was more success, and by mid-September the Austro-Hungarians were being pushed back out of Galicia towards the
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and called on soldiers' committees at the front to start peace talks themselves, which led to local ceasefires. In the meantime Krylenko was on his way to Mogilev with pro-Bolshevik sailors and
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create a military dictatorship. There are contradictory accounts whether he wanted to work with the Provisional Government against the Soviet or to remove it, but in any case he ordered the
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579:" or shock battalions, made up of volunteers from the front line troops, rear-area troops, and civilians. During 1917 there were about 600,000 volunteers for the shock battalions.
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the Quartermaster-General, responsible for operations and distribution of troops. His department consisted of four sections: operations, records, reconnaissance, and topography;
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Bolsheviks to maintain an army at the front while negotiations with Germany were ongoing. The remaining "old army" was demobilized in March 1918 with the signing of the
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The Russian Army was the last tsarist institution to survive the Revolution, and in late November 1917 the Bolsheviks began taking control of the command structure.
203:
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Grand Duke Nicholas briefly took control as Supreme Commander after the emperor's abdication, which was accepted by the head of the Provisional Government, Prince
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1846:
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the Adjutant-General, responsible for personnel and the organization of troops. His department included the Adjutant-General's office and the Medical Chancery;
435:. The Russians advanced all the way to the Carpathians before stopping. However, an offensive by Germany and Austria-Hungary into Russian Poland, the
230:. After this the emperor took command, and the second half of 1915 and early 1916 was a break from large-scale operations (with the exception of the
807:
was appointed by the Bolsheviks to replace him on 22 November after Dukhonin refused to follow orders, and arrived at the Stavka on 3 December 1917.
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Provisional Government to get the troops to follow orders from their officers over the next several months. An Order No. 2 issued together by the
706:, created by the Bolsheviks in December 1917, worked separately from the Stavka and was building a new force capable of serving their interests.
414:
The first offensives of 1914 were aimed at defending Russia's Polish salient, by attacking German East Prussia to its north and Austro-Hungarian
604:
to enter Petrograd. Kerensky learned of this and dismissed Kornilov as the head of the army and ordered the troops to not enter the city. After
439:, caught the Russians off guard and threatened the armies on the Carpathian front with encirclement. In the summer of 1915 the Stavka ordered a
690:, which they thought would be anti-Bolshevik. After Krylenko's arrival, a mob of soldiers that he arrived with took Dukhonin and murdered him.
612:, and several other senior generals rejected Kerensky's offer of an appointment as the new Supreme Commander, he took on the position himself.
2049:
558:
The Stavka and the War Ministry still wanted an offensive to support their allies and unite the army behind the war effort. Because of this
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91:
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were willing to put down the uprisings. Kerensky and Brusilov, who replaced Alekseyev as Supreme Commander just before the start of the
1839:
642:
wanted to avoid a civil war. Also at the Stavka were five imprisoned generals, including Kornilov and his accomplices – Anton Denikin,
375:
On 16 August 1914 the Supreme Commander and his staff arrived from Petrograd at the Supreme Headquarters, the Stavka, in the town of
583:
maintained its discipline after the offensive and willingness to fight defensively, in defense of the country and the revolution.
843:
As of 1913, according to army regulations, the Supreme Commander of the armies in the field was to be assisted by the following:
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and then onto Berlin. Russia's prewar planning, known as Plan 19A, called for the main concentration of forces to be against
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662:, and the reliable Cossack divisions. Lukomsky advised moving the Stavka to Kiev and using the more organized units of the
360:, as he thought that Russia's priority should be to assist the French, which would be the prelude for later advancing into
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1917:
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and the Provisional Government, causing Kerensky to take the post of Supreme Commander himself. When he fled during the
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leader of the Russian Imperial Army during the Emperor's tenure as Supreme Commander. During this time there was the
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in Petrograd and 20,000 in Moscow. The Bolsheviks received peace terms from the Germans for what would become the
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a. Grand Duke Nicholas briefly became the commander before Alekseyev was appointed by the Provisional Government.
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223:
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assumed the post himself on 10 September 1917 after the Kornilov coup attempt when several generals, including
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Because of this, on 23 August 1915, Emperor Nicholas II took command of the army himself. He appointed General
267:
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on. Krylenko visited the Stavka occasionally as the Supreme Commander but left most of his work in Mogilev to
586:
At a meeting of the Stavka commanders on 29 July 1917, with Kerensky in attendance, Brusilov's chief of staff
1660:
541:
540:
Also starting in March 1917, the authority of the officer corps over the soldiers began eroding. When the
760:
Grand Duke Nicholas briefly briefly returned to the post after the emperor's abdication on 15 March 1917.
546:
423:
801:, Kerensky's chief of staff, became the Supreme Commander on 16 November 1917 when Kerensky disappeared.
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2011:
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1617:. Vol. 9–10. Board of Publication of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.
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343:, as Supreme Commander of the Imperial Army on 31 July 1914. He had previously been the head of the
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to its south. The East Prussia campaign ended with a Russian defeat, with the Northwestern Front's
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as the head of the army to restore order. But the Stavka supported Kornilov when he attempted a
242:. While Nicholas II was the supreme commander he left military decisions to his chief of staff,
1624:
The End of the Russian Imperial Army: The Old Army and the Soldiers' Revolt (March-April, 1917)
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the head of the railway department, responsible for the railways in the theater of operations.
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Directly subordinated to the Supreme Commander were the front commanders (consisting of the
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Stavka, where he arrested Kornilov and several of his supporters. After the outbreak of the
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8:
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270:. After the failure of the June offensive, in part because of troops disobeying orders,
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513:. The majority of the officer corps took an oath of loyalty to the new government. The
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away from Petrograd insulated the Stavka from political developments in the capital.
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took direct command of the army with himself as Supreme Commander on 23 August 1915.
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later said that Nicholas never forgave himself for not leading the army during the
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Tsar Nicholas II (left) and Grand Duke Nicholas (right) at the Stavka in 1914.
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was the Supreme Commander after the Grand Duke stepped down on 24 March 1917.
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as the new Supreme Commander, who left Petrograd for Mogilev on 24 November.
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365:
275:
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The Red Army, 1918–1941: From Vanguard of World Revolution to America's Ally
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The Stavka was accompanied by military attachés from Russia's allies in the
443:, abandoning their gains in Galicia, Poland, and part of the Baltic region.
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572:
357:
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339:. But he was advised against it. The Emperor instead appointed his cousin,
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was appointed as Supreme Commander by Emperor Nicholas II on 31 July 1914.
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and its command structure, the Stavka, became the only institution of the
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against the Germans, which was unsuccessful, though they did capture the
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37:
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Weld, E. Rebecca (1917). "Current Events". In Smith, Heman C. (ed.).
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Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich: Supreme Commander of the Russian Army
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Civil War in South Russia, 1918: The First Year of the Volunteer Army
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composition of the senior ranks did not change too much from before.
214:
in 1917. Grand Duke Nicholas presided over the initial offensives in
155:
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replaced Alekseyev on 4 June 1917, ahead of the Kerensky Offensive.
489:
331:
wanted to take direct command of the army at first. Prime Minister
1558:
The Imperial Russian Army in Peace, War, and Revolution, 1856–1917
399:
Laguiche), who was the liaison between the Grand Duke and General
1444:
Russia's Iron General: The Life of Aleksei A. Brusilov, 1853–1926
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571:, also responded to infantry mutinies by organizing new units of
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the Chief of Staff, the main assistant to the Supreme Commander;
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The Russian Army in the Great War: The Eastern Front, 1914-1917
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20:
407:. He was favored by Nicholas over the British representative,
16:
High military command of the Russian Empire during World War I
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Nikolai Krylenko, the Bolshevik-appointed Supreme Commander.
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347:. The Grand Duke accepted on the Emperor's recommendation
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was not a legitimate authority. Lenin then appointed
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until the demobilization of the army in March 1918.
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Military units and formations of the Russian Empire
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383:along the German frontier and to the south was the
226:forced Russia to withdraw, becoming known as the
2742:
781:was appointed Supreme Commander on 31 July 1917.
394:Emperor Nicholas II visiting the Stavka in 1915.
1840:
1676:
422:being nearly destroyed by the Germans at the
202:The Stavka was led by the supreme commander,
895:. These included generals and officers from
827:) and two Navy commanders, the heads of the
314:
1847:
1833:
1683:
1669:
1479:
1441:
1388:
1102:
963:
327:When war with Germany broke out, Emperor
249:Throughout the political upheaval of the
1803:b. Kerensky took the post himself after
1598:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
1574:
1560:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
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1811:, and several others refused the post.
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702:. The Revolutionary Field Staff under
698:, the elected commander of the Army's
484:
191:) was the supreme headquarters of the
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189:Ставка Верховного главнокомандующего
886:
479:
238:offensives) until the start of the
206:from 1914 to 1915 and then Emperor
13:
1541:. University of California Press.
1499:General Staff, War Office (1914).
14:
2767:
939:was the Russian equivalent of an
1873:
1856:
1778:
1734:
1708:
1520:Russia 1917: The Kornilov Affair
748:Grand Duke Nicholas Nicholaevich
341:Grand Duke Nicholas Nicholaevich
204:Grand Duke Nicholas Nicholaevich
124:
112:
84:
72:
60:
42:A meeting of the Stavka in 1916.
36:
19:For other uses of the term, see
1895:Stavka of the Supreme Commander
1815:Stavka of the Supreme Commander
1503:. London: Imperial War Museum.
1480:Florinsky, Michael T. (2017) .
1434:
720:Workers' and Peasants' Red Army
181:Stavka of the Supreme Commander
31:Stavka of the Supreme Commander
1626:. Princeton University Press.
1365:General Staff, War Office 1914
929:
871:The diplomatic staff from the
865:The communications department;
669:Council of People's Commissars
511:Russian Provisional Government
493:General Alekseyev with Prince
306:and the Stavka was dissolved.
1:
1522:. London; New York: Longman.
1482:The End of the Russian Empire
387:opposite of Austria-Hungary.
1752:Grand Duke Nicholas •
1579:. Cornell University Press.
1501:Handbook of the Russian Army
1442:Cockfield, Jamie H. (2019).
950:
542:Petrograd Soviet Order No. 1
7:
2751:Joint military headquarters
1465:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
1446:. Lanham: Lexington Books.
10:
2772:
1890:Imperial Main Headquarters
1622:Wildman, Allan K. (1980).
823:, later also included the
351:as his Chief of Staff and
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18:
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1950:
1908:
1882:
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1706:
1463:The Eastern Front in 1915
1461:DiNardo, Richard (2020).
704:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko
188:
164:
137:
107:
97:
55:
51:31 July 1914 – March 1918
47:
35:
30:
1645:. Taylor & Francis.
1641:Ziemke, Earl F. (2004).
1594:Stone, David R. (2015).
1556:Reese, Roger R. (2019).
922:
878:The civil affairs staff.
533:, but another minister,
437:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
403:, his equivalent in the
323:Stavka generals in 1915.
315:1914–1916: Imperial Army
224:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
1575:Robinson, Paul (2014).
1518:Katkov, George (1980).
724:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
716:Mikhail Bonch-Bruyevich
505:After the start of the
304:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
739:
634:
562:, who replaced Prince
502:
395:
345:Russian Imperial Guard
324:
290:, his chief of staff,
268:Provisional Government
246:, who ran the Stavka.
1883:Senior administration
1537:Kenez, Peter (1971).
868:The naval department;
737:
632:
492:
457:Lake Naroch offensive
409:John Hanbury-Williams
393:
322:
193:Russian Imperial Army
120:Imperial Russian Army
710:1918: Demobilization
696:Alexander Miasnikian
501:at the Stavka, 1917.
433:Carpathian Mountains
424:Battle of Tannenberg
349:Nikolai Yanushkevich
195:in the field during
1741:Russian Provisional
1722:Grand Duke Nicholas
1274:, pp. 403–405.
1209:, pp. 371–373.
1153:, pp. 365–370.
1090:, pp. 284–285.
1051:, pp. 147–150.
1039:, pp. 142–145.
1020:, pp. 153–156.
993:, pp. 137–141.
821:Southwestern Fronts
577:Battalions of Death
523:February Revolution
485:February to October
294:, assumed command.
212:February Revolution
132:Russian Army (1917)
1766:Alexander Kerensky
1692:Supreme Commanders
1615:Journal of History
1484:. Borodino Books.
981:, p. 130–135.
839:Headquarters staff
785:Alexander Kerensky
740:
730:Supreme Commanders
667:order because the
664:Southwestern Front
648:Alexander Lukomsky
635:
625:Bolshevik takeover
618:October Revolution
569:Kerensky Offensive
560:Alexander Kerensky
535:Alexander Kerensky
521:that survived the
507:Russian Revolution
503:
473:Brusilov Offensive
396:
385:Southwestern Front
381:Northwestern Front
337:Russo-Japanese War
325:
288:October Revolution
272:Alexander Kerensky
264:revolutionary army
251:Russian Revolution
240:Brusilov Offensive
2738:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2692:
2691:
2408:
2407:
2035:
2034:
1822:
1821:
1754:Mikhail Alekseyev
1652:978-1-135-76918-5
1633:978-1-4008-4771-6
1605:978-0-7006-3308-1
1586:978-1-5017-5709-9
1567:978-0-7006-2860-5
1548:978-0-520-31226-5
1529:978-0-582-49101-4
1491:978-1-78720-791-2
1472:978-1-4408-4454-6
1453:978-1-4985-7252-1
1427:, pp. 52–53.
1367:, pp. 24–28.
1352:, pp. 30–38.
1328:, pp. 49–53.
1303:, pp. 32–35.
1286:, pp. 28–30.
1255:, pp. 21–23.
1075:, pp. 11–15.
966:, pp. 44–45.
765:Mikhail Alekseyev
688:the Don territory
598:3rd Cavalry Corps
497:and War Minister
448:Mikhail Alekseyev
244:Mikhail Alekseyev
174:
173:
2763:
2618:
2617:
2101:
2100:
2070:
2069:
1957:
1956:
1920:(to 1915, then:
1877:
1861:
1860:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1826:
1825:
1792:Nikolai Krylenko
1784:
1782:
1781:
1770:Nikolay Dukhonin
1758:Aleksei Brusilov
1739:
1738:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1637:
1618:
1609:
1590:
1571:
1552:
1533:
1514:
1495:
1476:
1457:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1304:
1298:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1256:
1250:
1225:
1219:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1183:
1177:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1091:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1021:
1015:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
967:
961:
944:
933:
887:Foreign attachés
873:Foreign Ministry
805:Nikolai Krylenko
799:Nikolay Dukhonin
772:Aleksei Brusilov
676:Nikolai Krylenko
551:Petrograd Soviet
480:1917: Revolution
299:Nikolai Krylenko
292:Nikolay Dukhonin
284:Petrograd Soviet
256:Aleksei Brusilov
190:
160:
153:
146:
130:
128:
127:
118:
116:
115:
90:
88:
87:
80:Russian Republic
78:
76:
75:
66:
64:
63:
40:
28:
27:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2730:
2706:
2688:
2662:
2609:
2573:
2552:
2526:
2505:
2459:
2404:
2338:
2277:
2216:
2155:
2092:
2059:
2031:
1946:
1904:
1900:Ministry of War
1878:
1855:
1853:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1802:
1794:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1742:
1733:
1728:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1689:
1659:
1653:
1634:
1606:
1587:
1568:
1549:
1530:
1511:
1492:
1473:
1454:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1307:
1299:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1259:
1251:
1228:
1220:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1197:, pp. 1–5.
1193:
1186:
1178:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1024:
1016:
1009:
1005:, pp. 7–8.
1001:
997:
989:
985:
977:
970:
962:
958:
953:
948:
947:
934:
930:
925:
889:
841:
833:Black Sea Fleet
732:
712:
644:Ivan Romanovsky
627:
519:Romanov dynasty
487:
482:
463:'s fortress of
370:Austria-Hungary
317:
312:
177:
158:
154:
151:
147:
144:
125:
123:
122:
113:
111:
85:
83:
82:
73:
71:
70:
61:
59:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2769:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1867:Russian Empire
1852:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1774:
1773:
1751:
1749:
1730:
1729:
1720:
1718:
1716:Russian Empire
1704:
1703:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1665:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1638:
1632:
1619:
1610:
1604:
1591:
1585:
1572:
1566:
1553:
1547:
1534:
1528:
1515:
1509:
1496:
1490:
1477:
1471:
1458:
1452:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1391:, p. 254.
1389:Cockfield 2019
1381:
1379:, p. 375.
1369:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1305:
1288:
1276:
1257:
1226:
1224:, p. 382.
1211:
1199:
1184:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1141:, p. 326.
1131:
1119:
1117:, p. 173.
1107:
1103:Florinsky 2017
1092:
1077:
1065:
1063:, p. 157.
1053:
1041:
1022:
1007:
995:
983:
968:
964:Florinsky 2017
955:
954:
952:
949:
946:
945:
927:
926:
924:
921:
888:
885:
880:
879:
876:
869:
866:
858:
857:
854:
851:
848:
840:
837:
825:Romanian Front
809:
808:
802:
796:
782:
775:
768:
761:
758:
751:
731:
728:
711:
708:
639:Vladimir Lenin
626:
623:
600:under General
486:
483:
481:
478:
461:Ottoman Empire
333:Ivan Goremykin
316:
313:
311:
308:
260:June offensive
175:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
139:
135:
134:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
68:Russian Empire
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2768:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2728:
2727:Expeditionary
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2711:Miscellaneous
2709:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:Ground forces
1859:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1762:Lavr Kornilov
1759:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1510:0-89839-250-0
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1426:
1421:
1415:, p. 29.
1414:
1409:
1403:, p. 26.
1402:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1346:
1340:, p. 54.
1339:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1182:, p. 24.
1181:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1140:
1135:
1129:, p. 20.
1128:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1105:, p. 63.
1104:
1099:
1097:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1061:Robinson 2014
1057:
1050:
1049:Robinson 2014
1045:
1038:
1037:Robinson 2014
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1019:
1018:Robinson 2014
1014:
1012:
1004:
999:
992:
991:Robinson 2014
987:
980:
979:Robinson 2014
975:
973:
965:
960:
956:
942:
938:
932:
928:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
884:
877:
874:
870:
867:
864:
863:
862:
855:
852:
849:
846:
845:
844:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
806:
803:
800:
797:
795:, refused it.
794:
790:
786:
783:
780:
779:Lavr Kornilov
776:
773:
769:
766:
762:
759:
756:
752:
749:
746:
745:
744:
736:
727:
725:
721:
717:
707:
705:
701:
700:Western Front
697:
691:
689:
685:
679:
677:
674:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:Sergey Markov
649:
645:
640:
631:
622:
619:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
593:Lavr Kornilov
589:
588:Anton Denikin
584:
580:
578:
574:
570:
565:
561:
555:
552:
548:
543:
538:
536:
532:
527:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
500:
496:
491:
477:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
444:
442:
441:Great Retreat
438:
434:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
392:
388:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
350:
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293:
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280:military coup
277:
276:Lavr Kornilov
273:
269:
265:
261:
258:ahead of the
257:
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247:
245:
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237:
233:
229:
228:Great Retreat
225:
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176:Military unit
170:
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58:
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39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2585:Czechoslovak
1952:Field armies
1932:Southwestern
1918:Northwestern
1894:
1814:
1786:Russian SFSR
1696:Russian Army
1691:
1642:
1623:
1614:
1595:
1576:
1557:
1538:
1519:
1500:
1481:
1462:
1443:
1435:Bibliography
1420:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1345:
1333:
1279:
1202:
1165:, p. 3.
1163:Wildman 1980
1158:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1110:
1073:DiNardo 2020
1068:
1056:
1044:
1003:DiNardo 2020
998:
986:
959:
936:
931:
890:
881:
859:
842:
829:Baltic Fleet
810:
741:
713:
692:
680:
660:Czechoslovak
636:
614:
585:
581:
575:called the "
573:shock troops
556:
539:
528:
515:Russian Army
504:
452:
445:
413:
397:
374:
358:East Prussia
353:Yuri Danilov
326:
296:
282:against the
248:
216:East Prussia
201:
180:
178:
108:Part of
102:Headquarters
92:Russian SFSR
25:
2455:Terek-Kuban
2343:40th – 50th
2282:30th – 39th
2221:20th – 29th
2160:10th – 19th
1871:World War I
1726:Nicholas II
1700:World War I
1350:Ziemke 2004
1253:Ziemke 2004
1195:Katkov 1980
755:Nicholas II
564:Georgy Lvov
531:Georgy Lvov
420:Second Army
405:French Army
377:Baranovichi
329:Nicholas II
232:Lake Naroch
222:before the
208:Nicholas II
197:World War I
169:World War I
165:Engagements
142:Baranovichi
2745:Categories
2065:Army corps
1813:See also:
1805:Klembovsky
1743:Government
1425:Kenez 1971
1413:Kenez 1971
1401:Kenez 1971
1338:Kenez 1971
1326:Kenez 1971
1301:Kenez 1971
1284:Kenez 1971
1272:Reese 2019
1222:Reese 2019
1207:Reese 2019
1180:Kenez 1971
1151:Reese 2019
1139:Reese 2019
1127:Kenez 1971
1115:Stone 2015
1088:Reese 2019
941:army group
913:Montenegro
789:Klembovsky
684:Red Guards
606:Klembovsky
547:State Duma
428:First Army
274:appointed
210:until the
2722:Feldjäger
2717:Gendarmes
2578:Volunteer
2557:Ukrainian
2510:Turkestan
2104:1st – 9th
2089:Grenadier
1377:Weld 1917
951:Citations
637:At first
266:" of the
156:Petrograd
152:(1915–18)
145:(1914–15)
2702:Combined
2667:Caucasus
2621:Numbered
2600:Georgian
2595:Armenian
2590:Romanian
2464:Siberian
2413:Caucasus
2050:Caucasus
1960:Numbered
1942:Caucasus
1937:Romanian
1922:Northern
1809:Lukomsky
1768:•
1764:•
1760:•
1756:•
1747:Republic
1724:•
831:and the
813:Northern
793:Lukomsky
777:General
770:General
763:General
753:Emperor
714:General
610:Lukomsky
549:and the
469:Caucasus
453:de facto
426:and the
368:'s ally
138:Location
2614:Cavalry
2605:Serbian
2055:Special
2040:Dobruja
1926:Western
1869:during
1865:of the
1698:during
1694:of the
905:Belgium
901:Britain
893:Entente
817:Western
499:Guchkov
476:force.
467:in the
465:Erzurum
416:Galicia
366:Germany
362:Silesia
310:History
236:Erzurum
220:Galicia
185:Russian
149:Mogilev
56:Country
2697:Guards
2674:Native
2531:Polish
2073:Guards
2045:Danube
1910:Fronts
1783:
1713:
1649:
1630:
1602:
1583:
1564:
1545:
1526:
1507:
1488:
1469:
1450:
915:, and
909:Serbia
897:France
819:, and
673:Ensign
656:Polish
650:, and
602:Krymov
471:. The
401:Joffre
159:(1918)
129:
117:
89:
77:
65:
48:Active
21:Stavka
937:front
923:Notes
917:Japan
2097:Army
1924:and
1647:ISBN
1628:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1581:ISBN
1562:ISBN
1543:ISBN
1524:ISBN
1505:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1448:ISBN
791:and
495:Lvov
234:and
218:and
179:The
98:Role
2548:III
2747::
2543:II
2400:50
2395:49
2390:48
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2202:17
2197:16
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2182:13
2177:12
2172:11
2167:10
2027:13
2022:12
2017:11
2012:10
1807:,
1745:/
1357:^
1308:^
1291:^
1260:^
1229:^
1214:^
1187:^
1170:^
1095:^
1080:^
1025:^
1010:^
971:^
935:A
919:.
911:,
907:,
903:,
899:,
835:.
815:,
658:,
646:,
608:,
187::
2684:2
2679:1
2658:7
2653:6
2648:5
2643:4
2638:3
2633:2
2628:1
2569:2
2564:1
2538:I
2522:2
2517:1
2501:7
2496:6
2491:5
2486:4
2481:3
2476:2
2471:1
2450:7
2445:6
2440:5
2435:4
2430:3
2425:2
2420:1
2151:9
2146:8
2141:7
2136:6
2131:5
2126:4
2121:3
2116:2
2111:1
2084:2
2079:1
2007:9
2002:8
1997:7
1992:6
1987:5
1982:4
1977:3
1972:2
1967:1
1928:)
1848:e
1841:t
1834:v
1684:e
1677:t
1670:v
1655:.
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1608:.
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1513:.
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875:;
183:(
23:.
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