61:
40:
1361:. The document also described the signatories as a "loose, informal, and open association of people . . . united by the will to strive individually and collectively for respect for human and civil rights in our country and throughout the world". It emphasized that Charter 77 is not an organization, has no statutes or permanent organs, and "does not form the basis for any oppositional political activity". This final stipulation was a careful effort to stay within the bounds of
489:
1446:, members of the group negotiated the smooth transfer of political power from dictatorship to democracy. Many were elevated into high positions in the government (e.g., Václav Havel became the President of Czechoslovakia) but since most had no experience in active politics (such as skills in diplomacy or knowledge of
1380:
The government's reaction to the appearance of
Charter 77 was harsh. The official press described the manifesto as "an anti-state, anti-socialist, and demagogic, abusive piece of writing", and individual signatories were variously described as "traitors and renegades", "a loyal servant and agent of
1422:
Repression of
Charter 77 and VONS members continued during the 1980s. Despite unrelenting harassment and arrests, however, the groups continued to issue reports on the government's violations of human rights. Until the Velvet Revolution, Charter 77 had approximately 1,900 signatories.
1431:
Under the
Communist government, the influence of Charter 77 remained limited. It did not reach wide groups of people and most of its members were from Prague. The majority of Czechoslovak citizens knew of the initiative only because of the government's campaign against it.
1381:
imperialism", "a bankrupt politician", and "an international adventurer". As it was considered to be an illegal document, the full text of
Charter 77 was never published in the official press. However, an official group of artists and writers mobilized into an "
2050:[Opinion of the Attorney General of Czechoslovakia, President of the Supreme Court of Czechoslovakia, the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia to the 'Declaration of Charter 77'].
1419:– VONS), to publicize the fate of those associated with the charter. In October 1979, six leaders of this support group, including Václav Havel, were tried for subversion and sentenced to prison terms of up to five years.
1453:
Charter 77 included people who had a wide range of opinions and, after reaching their common goal, the group's presence faded. An attempt to make the group the focal point of an all-encompassing political party (the
1029:
727:
1404:
for their children, forced exile, loss of citizenship, and detention, trial, and imprisonment. Many members were forced to collaborate with the communist secret service (the StB, Czech:
1267:
The charter was published on 6 January 1977, along with the names of the first 242 signatories, which represented various occupations, political viewpoints, and religions. Although
1358:
1442:
gathered momentum, members of
Charter 77 saw their opportunity and became more involved in organizing opposition against the ruling authority. During the days of the
2069:
792:
1288:
1019:
2489:
1024:
843:
1099:
2285:"Tajné služby USA sledovaly zrod Charty 77, její vliv na veřejnost (Secret services of USA observed the emergence of Charta 77 and its influence on public)"
2048:"Stanovisko generálního prokurátora ČSSR, předsedy Nejvyššího soudu ČSSR, ministra spravedlnosti ČSR a generálního prokurátora ČSR k 'Prohlášení Charty 77'"
1412:
1372:
in
Richmond, London, to observe the movement's 30th anniversary and to discuss the historical impact their movement generated in modern European politics.
1354:
395:
897:
828:
1362:
100:
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1343:
2117:
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833:
657:
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368:
2639:
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2624:
961:
778:
662:
555:
520:
427:
from 1976 to 1992, named after the document
Charter 77 from January 1977. Founding members and architects were Jiří Němec,
128:
1871:
1339:
580:
560:
381:
1063:
1284:
1257:
1236:
981:
852:
687:
605:
535:
530:
515:
672:
637:
575:
550:
545:
138:
2225:
2423:
1005:
773:
626:
540:
17:
2440:
2649:
2619:
1200:
907:
861:
647:
585:
570:
424:
296:
2191:
2134:
1303:
1260:, the text of Charter 77 was prepared in 1976. The first preparatory meeting took place on 10 December 1976 in
1125:
682:
667:
616:
95:
90:
85:
80:
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1994:
1229:
1215:
949:
703:
621:
499:
323:
1536:
2586:
2453:
1210:
1165:
1120:
929:
924:
919:
286:
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1936:
697:
291:
281:
163:
2614:
1180:
991:
708:
51:
1831:
2208:"Charter 77 - The 30th anniversary of the petition that gave a voice to opposition in Czechoslovakia"
1656:
1093:
308:
1901:
1411:
The treatment of
Charter 77 signatories prompted the creation in April 1978 of a support group, the
302:
1911:
1861:
1716:
1491:
2654:
2118:"Charter 77: An original signatory on Communist Czechoslovakia's most important protest movement"
1896:
1175:
148:
902:
2025:
1836:
1696:
1397:
1034:
934:
143:
1951:
1881:
1796:
1641:
1486:
914:
1886:
1731:
1581:
1280:
1205:
1190:
1068:
823:
804:
467:, many of the members of the initiative played important roles in Czech and Slovak politics.
1781:
1651:
1546:
444:
2540:
2244:
1761:
1711:
1571:
1566:
1541:
1516:
1135:
1130:
1110:
876:
2467:
1726:
1686:
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1631:
432:
8:
2461:
2431:
2403:
1956:
1741:
1681:
1439:
1369:
1272:
1261:
1170:
2152:
1966:
1531:
971:
60:
2180:
1981:
1961:
1856:
1671:
1661:
1611:
1521:
1401:
1327:
1160:
866:
813:
2338:
2310:
1851:
1846:
1751:
1606:
1596:
1591:
1576:
1276:
448:
2528:
2187:
2138:
2077:
1791:
1786:
1561:
1443:
1318:
1314:
1088:
1014:
871:
464:
2370:
1916:
1756:
1476:
1393:, who later claimed he was misled about the nature of the document he was signing.
2592:
1866:
1766:
1691:
1601:
1586:
1347:
1322:
881:
28:
1891:
1801:
1746:
1481:
1471:
1368:
Many of the organization's activists and members gathered on 29 March 2007 at the
452:
2552:
2546:
2534:
1971:
1906:
1073:
976:
460:
420:
1921:
1826:
1816:
1806:
1636:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1496:
1268:
436:
428:
2558:
2516:
2047:
1976:
1646:
1511:
1506:
1351:
1185:
996:
416:
2099:
1811:
440:
2608:
2576:
2566:
2562:
1501:
1195:
1058:
986:
939:
723:
1771:
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1931:
1821:
1706:
1701:
1551:
1436:
1335:
652:
478:
456:
39:
1396:
Several means of retaliation were used against the signatories, including
2570:
2070:"Zemřel Jaroslav Kořán, překladatel a první polistopadový primátor Prahy"
1926:
1876:
1736:
1556:
1455:
1382:
1295:
and on 7 January were published in several western newspapers, including
1115:
1105:
755:
714:
692:
2412:
Text and signatures of the declaration of
Charter 77 (scanned originals)
1721:
1466:
There are 1,882 known signatories of
Charter 77. Notable names include:
459:, and Ladislav Lis. Spreading the text of the document was considered a
2266:
2018:
2012:
2006:
1941:
1776:
1526:
1447:
1390:
1386:
1078:
332:
1309:
966:
768:
1325:. Almost three weeks later, on 27 January, it was also published in
1946:
1841:
1297:
1292:
1140:
838:
1334:
Charter 77 criticized the government for failing to implement the
1291:, and the original document was confiscated, copies circulated as
1338:
provisions of a number of documents it had signed, including the
818:
762:
719:
1313:, and transmitted within Czechoslovakia by Czechoslovak-banned
631:
2267:"Czech Republic/Slovakia: Charter 77 Marks 20th Anniversary"
1256:
Motivated in part by the arrest of members of the rock band
2497:
677:
642:
505:
1385:" movement that included Czechoslovakia's foremost singer
2416:
Libri Prohibiti. Library of Samizdat and Exile Literature
1405:
2015:– a Belarusian movement inspired in part by Charter 77
1264:'s apartment, and initial signatures were collected.
1100:
De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania
1413:
Committee for the Defense of the Unjustly Prosecuted
2254:. American Universities Field Staff Inc. p. 3.
2021:– a Chinese movement inspired in part by Charter 77
2009:– a British movement inspired in part by Charter 77
2179:
2606:
1458:) failed and in 1992, the initiative dissolved.
1344:Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
2346:Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes
2318:Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes
2135:"Charta 77 – seznam podpisů: – Libri prohibiti"
463:by the Czechoslovak government. After the 1989
2226:"Editorial: Recalling Vaclav Havel, liberator"
470:
2483:
2182:Charter 77 and human rights in Czechoslovakia
2120:. Radio Prague International. 6 January 2017.
1375:
1237:
389:
2186:. London ; Boston: Allen & Unwin.
1365:, which made organized opposition illegal.
2490:
2476:
2245:"Some Observations Regarding "Chapter 77""
1244:
1230:
423:) was an informal civic initiative in the
396:
382:
2339:"Seznam všech zveřejněných signatářů M–Ž"
2311:"Seznam všech zveřejněných signatářů A–M"
1283:while trying to bring the charter to the
2177:
38:
2581:Committee for the Prevention of Torture
2264:
2242:
2171:
1993:In 1984, Charter 77 received the first
1417:Výbor na obranu nespravedlivě stíhaných
34:1977 civic initiative in Czechoslovakia
14:
2607:
2443:, translation, George Mason University
2243:Rusinow, Dennison I. (February 1977).
2129:
2127:
2045:
1461:
1389:, as well as prominent comedic writer
2635:Organizations based in Czechoslovakia
2471:
2404:Text of the declaration of Charter 77
779:World Federation of Democratic Youth
2124:
1340:1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia
24:
2265:Naegele, Jolyon (9 January 1997).
1258:the Plastic People of the Universe
853:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
25:
2671:
2389:
2291:(in Czech). ČTK. 11 December 2016
1450:), they met with mixed success.
2454:Dissent and Independent Activity
774:World Federation of Trade Unions
487:
59:
2359:
2331:
2303:
2277:
2273:. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.
2258:
2236:
2214:. Czech Centres. 29 March 2007.
425:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
297:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
2218:
2200:
2145:
2110:
2092:
2062:
2039:
1304:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
13:
1:
2660:January 1977 events in Europe
2499:Andrei Sakharov Freedom Award
2032:
1995:Andrei Sakharov Freedom Award
1359:economic, and cultural rights
1355:covenants on political, civil
1216:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
43:Charter 77 memorial in Prague
2640:Anti-communist organizations
2587:Hungarian Helsinki Committee
2178:Skilling, H. Gordon (1981).
1872:Gertruda Sekaninová-Čakrtová
1426:
1342:, the Final Act of the 1975
1211:Fall of communism in Albania
1166:Polish Round Table Agreement
1121:Cuban intervention in Angola
287:Second Czechoslovak Republic
7:
2630:Counterculture of the 1980s
2625:Counterculture of the 1970s
2153:"Charter 77 After 30 Years"
2000:
599:Allied and satellite states
471:Founding and political aims
292:Third Czechoslovak Republic
282:First Czechoslovak Republic
10:
2676:
2230:The Orange County Register
1435:In the late 1980s, as the
1376:Reaction of the government
52:Politics of Czechoslovakia
26:
2506:
2441:Declaration of Charter 77
1402:educational opportunities
1136:1984 Los Angeles Olympics
309:Slovak Socialist Republic
2367:"Sakharov Freedom Award"
1988:
957:Czechoslovakia 1976–1990
303:Czech Socialist Republic
268:Administrative divisions
2458:Czechoslovakia (Former)
2428:Czechoslovakia (Former)
1289:Czechoslovak government
1201:End of the Soviet Union
1176:Fall of the Berlin Wall
736: (until 1948)
711: (until 1977)
700: (until 1989)
634: (until 1961)
613: (until 1961)
354:Communist foreign trade
149:Slovak National Council
2650:1977 in Czechoslovakia
2620:Charter 77 signatories
2212:london.czechcentres.cz
2026:The Two Thousand Words
890:Protests and uprisings
144:Czech National Council
44:
2100:"Charta 77: TOTALITA"
2046:Blažek, Petr (2006).
1582:Vratislav Effenberger
1400:from work, denial of
1206:Post-Soviet conflicts
1191:Breakup of Yugoslavia
1094:Albanian–Soviet split
805:Anti-Soviet partisans
748:Related organizations
42:
1186:Barricades in Latvia
1131:1980 Moscow Olympics
1111:Cuban Missile Crisis
2462:Library of Congress
2432:Library of Congress
2395:Text of the Charter
2232:. 23 December 2011.
2141:on 14 January 2007.
1462:List of signatories
1440:Revolutions of 1989
1370:Orange Tree Theatre
1346:(Basket III of the
1171:Revolutions of 1989
2645:Political charters
2424:Text of Charter 77
2157:nsarchive2.gwu.edu
1832:Vladimír Príkazský
1662:Ivan Martin Jirous
1652:Ludmila Jankovcová
1547:Vlasta Chramostová
1522:Vratislav Brabenec
1328:The New York Times
1315:radio broadcasters
1161:Singing Revolution
935:Novocherkassk 1962
45:
27:For the band, see
2615:Velvet Revolution
2602:
2601:
2078:Czech News Agency
1937:Vlastimil Třešňák
1902:Petruška Šustrová
1837:Lenka Procházková
1727:František Kriegel
1697:Vladimír Klokočka
1687:Svatopluk Karásek
1667:Juliana Jirousová
1632:Ladislav Hejdánek
1444:Velvet Revolution
1406:Státní bezpečnost
1319:Radio Free Europe
1254:
1253:
1089:Sino-Soviet split
1069:Tito–Stalin split
1064:Czechoslovak coup
1042:
1041:
982:Ukraine 1989–1991
920:East Germany 1953
862:Soviet occupation
465:Velvet Revolution
433:Ladislav Hejdánek
406:
405:
347:Foreign relations
257:Political parties
16:(Redirected from
2667:
2593:Yury A. Dmitriev
2492:
2485:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2439:
2422:
2410:
2402:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2369:. Archived from
2363:
2357:
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2354:
2352:
2343:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2315:
2307:
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2262:
2256:
2255:
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2240:
2234:
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2222:
2216:
2215:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2159:. 6 January 2007
2149:
2143:
2142:
2137:. Archived from
2131:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2043:
1887:Vladimír Škutina
1867:Jaroslav Seifert
1862:Vojtěch Sedláček
1717:Božena Komárková
1692:Alexandr Kliment
1532:František Bublan
1492:Jarmila Bělíková
1363:Czechoslovak law
1350:), and the 1966
1348:Helsinki Accords
1323:Voice of America
1285:Federal Assembly
1246:
1239:
1232:
1155:
1102:
1053:
898:Poland 1944–1989
882:Operation Jungle
801:
800:
797:
795:
749:
600:
510:
508:
502:
491:
490:
481:
475:
474:
398:
391:
384:
139:Federal Assembly
63:
47:
46:
29:Charta 77 (band)
21:
18:Stanislav Milota
2675:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2502:
2496:
2464:Country Studies
2448:Further reading
2437:
2434:Country Studies
2420:
2408:
2400:
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2278:
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2224:
2223:
2219:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2003:
1991:
1986:
1972:Alexandr Vondra
1907:Dominik Tatarka
1852:Jaroslav Šabata
1847:Pavel Rychetský
1762:František Lízna
1752:Pavel Landovský
1657:Zdeněk Jičínský
1577:Bohumil Doležal
1572:Luboš Dobrovský
1567:Jiří Dienstbier
1542:Mikoláš Chadima
1517:Tereza Boučková
1464:
1429:
1378:
1277:Pavel Landovský
1250:
1221:
1220:
1156:
1153:
1146:
1145:
1098:
1074:Berlin Blockade
1054:
1052:Cold War events
1051:
1044:
1043:
967:Kazakhstan 1986
798:
793:
791:
784:
783:
750:
747:
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739:
601:
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511:
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479:
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461:political crime
402:
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369:Other countries
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359:
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348:
340:
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335:
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134:Prime Ministers
124:
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107:
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54:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
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11:
5:
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2657:
2655:1977 documents
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2647:
2642:
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2627:
2622:
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2390:External links
2388:
2385:
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2373:on 11 May 2018
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1957:Ludvík Vaculík
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1952:Růžena Vacková
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1917:Zdena Tominová
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1757:Miroslav Lehký
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1682:Eva Kantůrková
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1647:Jaroslav Hutka
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1642:Vladimír Hučín
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1512:Ivan Bierhanzl
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1507:Pavel Bergmann
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1487:Otta Bednářová
1484:
1479:
1477:Jaroslav Bašta
1474:
1468:
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1425:
1377:
1374:
1352:United Nations
1273:Ludvík Vaculík
1262:Jaroslav Kořán
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1234:
1226:
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1181:January Events
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2080:. 2 June 2017
2079:
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2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1983:
1982:Pavel Zajíček
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1962:Jan Vodňanský
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
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1948:
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1892:Otakar Slavík
1890:
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1857:Anna Šabatová
1855:
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1802:Martin Palouš
1800:
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1782:Zdeněk Mlynář
1780:
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1747:Miroslav Kusý
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1672:Pavel Juráček
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1612:Jiří Hanzelka
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1502:Rudolf Bereza
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1482:Rudolf Battěk
1480:
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1472:Milan Balabán
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1196:Yugoslav Wars
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1084:Secret Speech
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1062:
1060:
1059:Marshall Plan
1057:
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724:North Vietnam
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485:
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477:
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468:
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458:
454:
453:Martin Palouš
450:
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445:Zdeněk Mlynář
442:
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19:
2579: /
2569: /
2565: /
2561: /
2510:
2457:
2447:
2446:
2438:(in English)
2427:
2421:(in English)
2415:
2394:
2393:
2375:. Retrieved
2371:the original
2361:
2349:. Retrieved
2344:(in Czech).
2333:
2321:. Retrieved
2316:(in Czech).
2305:
2293:. Retrieved
2289:České noviny
2288:
2279:
2270:
2260:
2251:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2181:
2173:
2161:. Retrieved
2156:
2147:
2139:the original
2112:
2103:
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2073:
2064:
2055:
2054:(in Czech).
2051:
2041:
2024:
1992:
1932:Jan Trefulka
1922:Jáchym Topol
1827:Hana Ponická
1822:Petr Pithart
1817:Jan Petránek
1807:Radim Palouš
1792:Dana Němcová
1787:Ján Mlynárik
1707:Pavel Kohout
1702:Milan Kohout
1637:Josef Hiršal
1627:Zbyněk Hejda
1622:Olga Havlová
1617:Václav Havel
1562:Ľudovít Didi
1552:Petr Cibulka
1537:Václav Černý
1497:Václav Benda
1465:
1452:
1437:Eastern Bloc
1434:
1430:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1395:
1383:anti-charter
1379:
1367:
1336:human rights
1333:
1326:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1269:Václav Havel
1266:
1255:
1030:to Hong Kong
1025:East Germany
977:Tbilisi 1989
962:Romania 1977
956:
930:Hungary 1956
925:Georgia 1956
761:
754:
653:East Germany
480:Eastern Bloc
457:Pavel Kohout
437:Václav Havel
429:Václav Benda
412:
408:
407:
74:Constitution
36:
2541:Gannushkina
2351:24 November
2323:24 November
2104:totalita.cz
2084:24 November
2074:Aktuálně.cz
1967:Dáša Vokatá
1927:Josef Topol
1877:Karol Sidon
1812:Jan Patočka
1767:Václav Malý
1737:Andrej Krob
1732:Jiří Křižan
1602:Miloš Hájek
1587:Anna Fárová
1557:Ivan Dejmal
1456:Civic Forum
1116:Vietnam War
1106:Berlin Wall
1035:North Korea
972:Brașov 1987
940:Prague 1968
903:Poznań 1956
756:Warsaw Pact
715:South Yemen
693:North Korea
606:Afghanistan
526:Byelorussia
441:Jan Patočka
324:Dissolution
120:Legislative
2609:Categories
2535:Bialiatski
2409:(in Czech)
2401:(in Czech)
2193:0043210260
2033:References
2019:Charter 08
2013:Charter 97
2007:Charter 88
1942:Milan Uhde
1777:Ivan Medek
1772:Ivan Mašek
1712:Jiří Kolář
1677:Petr Kabeš
1607:Jiří Hanák
1597:Jiří Hájek
1592:Jiří Gruša
1527:Toman Brod
1448:capitalism
1391:Jan Werich
1387:Karel Gott
1126:Afghan War
1079:Korean War
915:Plzeň 1953
794:Opposition
734:Yugoslavia
688:Mozambique
586:Uzbekistan
571:Tajikistan
541:Kazakhstan
521:Azerbaijan
449:Jiří Hájek
409:Charter 77
333:Hyphen War
129:Presidents
2553:Shibanova
2511:Charta 77
2501:laureates
2377:6 October
2295:9 January
2271:rferl.org
1977:Jiří Wolf
1912:Jan Tesař
1897:Jan Sokol
1427:Influence
1398:dismissal
1310:The Times
997:Riga 1991
987:Baku 1990
877:Lithuania
769:Cominform
673:Kampuchea
576:Turkmenia
556:Lithuania
546:Kirghizia
501:Republics
413:Charta 77
164:Elections
117:Executive
2571:Yunusova
2567:Mammadli
2252:icwa.org
2001:See also
1947:Petr Uhl
1842:Jan Ruml
1722:Jan Křen
1298:Le Monde
1293:samizdat
1287:and the
1281:detained
1141:Gulf War
945:Invasion
819:Bulgaria
683:Mongolia
658:Ethiopia
627:Bulgaria
561:Moldavia
2563:Jafarov
2547:Zhovtis
2529:Mašović
2523:Musaeva
2517:Kovalev
1006:Dissent
908:1980–89
867:Estonia
844:Ukraine
834:Romania
824:Croatia
814:Albania
763:Comecon
720:Vietnam
709:Somalia
704:Romania
668:Hungary
663:Grenada
611:Albania
581:Ukraine
536:Georgia
531:Estonia
516:Armenia
504:of the
2595:(2021)
2589:(2019)
2583:(2017)
2573:(2014)
2559:Aliyev
2555:(2012)
2549:(2010)
2543:(2007)
2537:(2006)
2531:(2002)
2525:(2002)
2519:(1996)
2513:(1984)
2456:, in:
2426:, in:
2190:
2163:4 June
1307:, and
1275:, and
1020:Poland
1015:Soviet
950:Moscow
872:Latvia
839:Serbia
829:Poland
698:Poland
617:Angola
566:Russia
551:Latvia
421:Slovak
276:States
2342:(PDF)
2314:(PDF)
2248:(PDF)
1989:Award
1317:like
1279:were
638:Congo
632:China
622:Benin
417:Czech
2379:2014
2353:2022
2325:2022
2297:2017
2188:ISBN
2165:2024
2086:2022
2058:(1).
2052:PWSV
1321:and
1154:Fall
678:Laos
643:Cuba
507:USSR
419:and
247:1992
242:1990
237:1986
232:1981
227:1976
222:1971
217:1964
212:1960
207:1954
202:1948
197:1946
192:1935
187:1929
182:1925
177:1920
101:1968
96:1960
91:1948
86:1920
81:1918
2414:at
1408:).
728:PRG
415:in
2611::
2460:,
2430:,
2287:.
2269:.
2250:.
2228:.
2210:.
2155:.
2126:^
2102:.
2076:.
2072:.
1997:.
1357:,
1331:.
1301:,
1271:,
726:,
455:,
451:,
447:,
443:,
439:,
435:,
431:,
2491:e
2484:t
2477:v
2381:.
2355:.
2327:.
2299:.
2196:.
2167:.
2106:.
2088:.
2056:3
1415:(
1245:e
1238:t
1231:v
730:)
722:(
411:(
397:e
390:t
383:v
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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