Standardized test - Knowledge

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1970s when the graduation test began in the United States, for example, a lawsuit claimed that many Black students had not had a fair opportunity on the material they were tested on the graduation test because they had attended schools segregated by law. "The interaction of under-resourced schools and testing most powerfully hits students of color", as Neill argues, "They are disproportionately denied diplomas or grade promotion, and the schools they attend are the ones most likely to fare poorly on the tests and face sanctions such as restructuring."

1362:, Todd Morrison and Melanie Morrison examined two dozen validity studies of the test required to get into just about any Masters or PhD program in America: the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE). This study encompassed more than 5,000 test-takers over the past 30 years. The authors found that GRE scores accounted for just 6 percent of the variation in grades in graduate school. The GRE appears to be "virtually useless from a prediction standpoint," wrote the authors. Repeated studies of the Law School Admissions Test (LSAT) find the same. 1695:" at the expense of creativity and in-depth coverage of subjects not on the test. Critics say that teaching to the test disfavors higher-order learning; it transforms what the teachers are allowed to be teaching and heavily limits the amount of other information students learn throughout the years. While it is possible to use a standardized test without letting its contents determine curriculum and instruction, frequently, what is not tested is not taught, and how the subject is tested often becomes a model for how to teach the subject. 269: 1066:

categories to promote educational evaluations that are proper, useful, feasible, and accurate. In these sets of standards, validity and reliability considerations are covered under the accuracy topic. The tests are aimed at ensuring that student evaluations will provide sound, accurate, and credible information about student learning and performance, however; standardized tests offer narrow information on many forms of intelligence and relying on them harms students because they inaccurately measure a student's potential for success.

705: 290: 1657: 246: 7316: 6324: 6334: 5546: 1009:(CRT) is a style of test which uses test scores to show how well test takers performed on a given task, not how well they performed compared to other test takers. Most tests and quizzes that are written by school teachers are criterion-referenced tests. In this case, the objective is simply to see whether the student can answer the questions correctly. The teacher is not usually trying to compare each student's result against other students. 75: 412:. Inspired by the Chinese use of standardized testing, in the early 19th century, British "company managers hired and promoted employees based on competitive examinations in order to prevent corruption and favoritism." This practice of standardized testing was later adopted in the late 19th century by the British mainland. The parliamentary debates that ensued made many references to the "Chinese mandarin system". 7326: 2148: 195:

consistent, uniform method for scoring. This means that all students who answer a test question in the same way will get the same score for that question. The purpose of this standardization is to make sure that the scores reliably indicate the abilities or skills being measured, and not other things, such as different instructions about what to do if the test taker does not know the answer to a question.

1132:, as well as results which are generalizable and replicable. This is often contrasted with grades on a school transcript, which are assigned by individual teachers. When looking at individually assigned grades, it may be difficult to account for differences in educational culture across schools, the difficulty of a given teacher's assignments, differences in teaching style, the pressure for 7304: 25: 141:, in which either significantly different tests are given to different test takers, or the same test is assigned under significantly different conditions (e.g., one group is permitted far less time to complete the test than the next group) or evaluated differently (e.g., the same answer is counted right for one student, but wrong for another student). 1455:

same way) are often focused on concerns unrelated to standardization and apply equally to non-standardized tests. For example, a critic may complain that "the standardized tests are all time-limited tests", but the focus of the criticism is on the time limit, and not on everyone taking the same test and having their answers graded the same way.

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determine what students should know at different ages. In addition, teachers agree that the best test creator and facilitator are themselves. They argue that they are the most aware of students abilities, capacities, and necessities which would allow them to take a longer on subjects or proceed on with the regular curriculum.

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predictors of first-year GPA than high school grade point average." The report continues: scores are also good at predicting total college GPA and the possibility a student will graduate. While the "predictive power of test scores has gone up," the report adds, "the predictive power of high school grades has gone down."

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system on the understanding that they can be used to target specific supports and resources to schools that need them most. Teachers and schools use this information, in conjunction with other information, to determine how well their students are performing and to identify any areas of need requiring assistance.

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have lower scores in tests compared to other represented groups. A 2012 study looked at schools where admissions tests are optional for applicants and compared them to schools that use the tests, and the result shows that "recent research demonstrates that testing-optional schools have been enrolling

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Nathan Kuncel, a scholar of higher education, says that college admission tests and other standardized tests "help overwhelmed admissions officers divide enormous numbers of applicants into pools for further assessment. High scores don't guarantee admission anywhere, and low scores don't rule it out,

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was compared to both the current state standards and the A+ country standards. With the most topics covered on average, the current state standards had the lowest focus. The Common Core Standards aim to fix this discrepancy by helping educators focus on what students need to learn instead of becoming

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of testing conditions. For example, a test taker with a broken wrist might write more slowly because of the injury, and it would be more equitable, and produce a more reliable understanding of the test taker's actual knowledge, if that person were given a few more minutes to write down the answers to

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proposed educational reform in New Jersey that pressures teachers not only to "teach to the test," but also have their students perform at the potential cost of their salary and job security. The reform called for performance-based pay that depends on students' performances on standardized tests and

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Teaching to the test is a process of deliberately narrowing instruction to focus only on the material that will be measured on the test. For example, if the teacher knows that an upcoming history test will not include any questions about the history of music or art, then the teacher could "teach to

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Opponents claim that standardized tests are misused and uncritical judgments of intelligence and performance, but supporters argue that these aren't negatives of standardized tests, but criticisms of poorly designed testing regimes. They argue that testing should and does focus educational resources

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A longitudinal research in 2007 has demonstrated that major life accomplishments, such as publishing a novel or patenting technology, are also associated with test scores, even after taking into account educational opportunities. There is even a sizable body of evidence that these skills are related

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argues that students submitted to standardized testing are victims of "cognitive decapitation". Kozol comes to this realization after speaking to many children in inner city schools who have no spatial recollection of time, time periods, and historical events. This is especially the case in schools

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exist, schools rarely give standardized tests to measure "initiative, creativity, imagination...curiosity...good will, ethical reflection, or a host of other valuable dispositions and attributes". Instead, the tests given by schools tend to focus less on moral or character development, and more on

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Most tests can be classified on multiple categories. For example, a test can be both standardized and also a high-stakes test, or standardized and also a multiple-choice test. Complaints about "standardized tests" (all test takers take the same test, under reasonably similar conditions, scored the

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Regarding UC schools' intention in dropping standard tests such as the SAT and ACT in college admissions, subjective and customized tests like essays and extra-curriculars can be easily tailored and detrimental to the students who are not familiar with the process. Admissions without testing may be

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The National Academy of Sciences recommends that major educational decisions not be based solely on a single test score. The use of minimum cut-scores for entrance or graduation does not imply a single standard, since test scores are nearly always combined with other minimal criteria such as number

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Standardized tests also remove grader bias in assessment. Research shows that teachers create a kind of self-fulfilling prophecy in their assessment of students, granting those they anticipate will achieve with higher scores and giving those who they expect to fail lower grades. In non-standardized

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Though the process is more difficult than grading multiple-choice tests electronically, essays can also be graded by computer. In other instances, essays and other open-ended responses are graded according to a pre-determined assessment rubric by trained graders. For example, at Pearson, all essay

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The program presents students level reports designed to enable parents to see their child's progress over the course of their schooling life, and help teachers to improve individual learning opportunities for their students. Students and school level data are also provided to the appropriate school

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However, some critics object to "standardized tests" not because they object to giving students the same test under the reasonably similar conditions and grading the responses the same way, because they object to the type of material that is typically tested by schools. Although standardized tests

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who are more likely to earn higher grades and to graduate on time." "The original intent of the SAT was to identify students who came from outside relatively privileged circles who might have the potential to succeed in university," the report says. The SAT's maker, the Educational Testing Service

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Another criticism relating to social class and standardized testing is that only wealthy people receive test preparation and coaching. However, "Researchers have conducted a mix of experimental studies and controlled field studies to test this question. They have generally concluded that the gains

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There is a correlation between test scores and social class, but success on standardized tests and in college is not simply dependent on class. The studies show that "the tests were valid even when controlling for socioeconomic class. Regardless of their family background, students with good tests

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conducted by scientists shows that students with high test scores are more likely to take the challenging route through college. Tests also can indicate the outcomes of students beyond college, including faculty evaluations, research accomplishments, degree attainment, performance on comprehensive

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Monty Neill, the director of the National Center for Fair and Open Testing, claims that students who speak English as a second language, who have a disability, or who come from low-income families are disproportionately denied a diploma due to a test score, which is unfair and harmful. In the late

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Standardized tests are a way to measure the education level of students and schools on a broad scale. From Kindergarten to 12th grade, most American students participate in annual standardized tests. The average student takes about 10 of these tests per year (e.g., one or two reading comprehension

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criticizes standardized tests. She describes youth as "assembly line kids on an assembly line model," meaning the use of the standardized test as a part of a one-size-fits-all educational model. She also criticizes the narrowness of skills being tested and labeling children without these skills as

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Another advantage is aggregation. A well-designed standardized test provides an assessment of an individual's mastery of a domain of knowledge or skill which at some level of aggregation will provide useful information. That is, while individual assessments may not be accurate enough for practical

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The concept of testing student achievement is not new, although the current Australian approach may be said to have its origins in current educational policy structures in both the US and the UK. There are several key differences between the Australian NAPLAN and the UK and USA strategies. Schools

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The Australian National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) standardized testing was commenced in 2008 by the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority, an independent authority "responsible for the development of a national curriculum, a national assessment program

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Individual states began testing large numbers of children and teenagers through the public school systems in the 1970s. By the 1980s, American schools were assessing nationally. In 2012, 45 states paid an average of $ 27 per student, and $ 669 million overall, on large-scale annual academic tests.

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There is criticism from students themselves that tests, while standardized, are unfair to the individual student. Some students claim they are "bad test takers", meaning they get nervous and unfocused on tests. Therefore, while the test is standard and should provide fair results, the test takers

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Heavy reliance on high-stakes standardized tests for decision-making is often controversial. A common concern with high-stakes tests is that they measure performance during a single event, when critics believe that a more holistic assessment would be appropriate. Critics often propose emphasizing

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is meant to increase fairness when the student's performance is evaluated. In standardized testing, measurement error (a consistent pattern of errors and biases in scoring the test) is easy to determine in standardized testing. When the score depends upon the graders' individual preferences, then

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of 2001 further tied some types of public school funding to the results of standardized testing. Under these federal laws, the school curriculum was still set by each state, but the federal government required states to assess how well schools and teachers were teaching the state-chosen material

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Because everyone gets the same test and the same grading system, standardized tests are often perceived as being fairer than non-standardized tests. Such tests are often thought of as fairer and more objective than a system in which some students get an easier test and others get a more difficult

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Many critics of standardized testing object to the multiple-choice format, which is commonly used for inexpensive, large-scale testing and which is not suitable for some purposes, such as seeing whether the test taker can write a paragraph. However, standardized testing can use any test format,

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writes "Educational standardization harms teaching and learning and, over the long term, re-stratifies education by race and class." McNeil believes that test-based education reform places higher standards for students of color. According to Miner, McNeil "shows how test-based reform centralizes

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Standardized tests are expensive to administer. It has been reported that the United States spends about US$ 1.7 billion annually on these tests. In 2001, it was also reported that only three companies (Harcourt Educational Measurement, CTB McGraw-Hill and Riverside Publishing) design 96% of the

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There are three metrics by which the best performing countries in the TIMMS (the "A+ countries") are measured: focus, coherence, and rigor. Focus is defined as the number of topics covered in each grade; the idea is that the fewer topics covered in each grade, the more focus can be given to each

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Some teachers would argue that a single standardized test only measures a student's current knowledge and it does not reflect the students progress from the beginning of the year. A result created by individuals that are not a part of the student's regular instruction, but by professionals that

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Furthermore, student's success is being tracked to a teacher's relative performance, making teacher advancement contingent upon a teacher's success with a student's academic performance. Ethical and economical questions arise for teachers when faced with clearly underperforming or under-skilled

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The validity, quality, or use of tests, particularly annual standardized tests common in education have continued to be widely both supported or criticized. Like the tests themselves, supports and criticisms of tests are often varied and may come from a variety of sources such as parents, test

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Comparing against others makes norm-referenced standardized tests useful for admissions purposes in higher education, where a school is trying to compare students from across the nation or across the world. The standardization ensures that all of the students are being tested equally, and the

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recommended that the UC system keep standardized tests as admissions requirements. The report says standardized math and reading tests are useful for predicting college performance. Based on data from the students in the UC system, the report concludes that "test scores are currently better

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Feedback or diagnosis of test taker's performance: Standardized tests allow teachers to see how their students are performing compared to others in the country. This will help them revise their teaching methods if necessary to help their students meet the standards. Students are given the

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Each publication presents and elaborates a set of standards for use in a variety of educational settings. The standards provide guidelines for designing, implementing, assessing and improving the identified form of evaluation. Each of the standards has been placed in one of four fundamental

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The definition of a standardized test has changed somewhat over time. In 1960, standardized tests were defined as those in which the conditions and content were equal for everyone taking the test, regardless of when, where, or by whom the test was given or graded. Standardized tests have a

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Most everyday quizzes and tests taken by students during school meet the definition of a standardized test: everyone in the class takes the same test, at the same time, under the same circumstances, and all of the students are graded by their teacher in the same way. However, the term

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for the community, demonstrating how well local schools are performing. Critics of the movement, however, point to various discrepancies that result from current state standardized testing practices, including problems with test validity and reliability and false correlations (see

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WWII was caused by multiple factors, including the Great Depression and the general economic situation, the rise of national socialism, fascism, and imperialist expansionism, and unresolved resentments related to WWI. The war in Europe began with the German invasion of Poland.

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A norm-referenced test is one that is designed and scored so that some test takers rank better or worse than others. The ranking provides information about the relative ranking, which is helpful when the goal is to determine who is best (e.g., in elite university admissions).

1729:, when standardized tests are the primary factor in accountability, schools use the tests to narrowly define curriculum and focus instruction. Accountability creates an immense pressure to perform and this can lead to the misuse and misinterpretation of standardized tests. 938:

movement. Criterion-referenced score interpretations are concerned solely with whether or not this particular student's answer is correct and complete. Under criterion-referenced systems, it is possible for all students to pass the test, or for all students to fail the

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power in the hands of the corporate and political elite—a particularly frightening development during this time of increasing corporate and conservative influence over education reform." Such test-based reform has dumbed down learning, especially for students of color.

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Evidence shows that black and Hispanic students score lower than whites and Asians on average. Therefore, the math and reading standard tests such as SAT have faced escalating attacks from progressives. However, an exhaustive UC faculty senate report, commissioned by

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In 1968 the Colombian Institute for the Evaluation of Education (ICFES) was born to regulate higher education. The previous public evaluation system for the authorization of operation and legal recognition for institutions and university programs was implemented.

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replaced the NCLB at the end of 2015. By that point, these large-scale standardized tests had become controversial in the United States not necessarily because all the students were taking the same tests and being scored the same way, but because they had become

1174:. The idea behind the standardized testing policy movement is that testing is the first step to improving schools, teaching practice, and educational methods through data collection. Proponents argue that the data generated by the standardized tests act like a 727:

can vary between 60 and 85 percent, depending on the test and the scoring session. For large-scale tests in schools, some test-givers pay to have two or more scorers read each paper; if their scores do not agree, then the paper is passed to additional scorers.

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Since the latter part of the 20th century, large-scale standardized testing has been shaped in part, by the ease and low cost of grading of multiple-choice tests by computer. Most national and international assessments are not fully evaluated by people.

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The testing includes all students in Years 3, 5, 7 and 9 in Australian schools to be assessed using national tests. The subjects covered in these tests include Reading, Writing, Language Conventions (Spelling, Grammar and Punctuation) and Numeracy.

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of credits, prerequisite courses, attendance, etc. Test scores are often perceived as the "sole criteria" simply because they are the most difficult, or the fulfillment of other criteria is automatically assumed. One exception to this rule is the

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Either of these systems can be used in standardized testing. What is important to standardized testing is whether all students are asked the equivalent questions, under reasonably equal circumstances, and graded according to the same standards.

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is most commonly used to refer to tests that are given to larger groups, such as a test taken by all adults who wish to acquire a license to have a particular kind of job, or by all students of a certain age. Most standardized tests are forms of

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cumulative or even non-numerical measures, such as classroom grades or brief individual assessments (written in prose) from teachers. Supporters argue that test scores provide a clear-cut, objective standard that serves as a valuable check on

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Upon leaving high school students present the "Saber 11" that allows them to enter different universities in the country. Students studying at home can take this exam to graduate from high school and get their degree certificate and diploma.

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that is administered and scored in a consistent, or "standard", manner. Standardized tests are designed in such a way that the questions and interpretations are consistent and are administered and scored in a predetermined, standard manner.

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and other tasks. The tests looked at soldiers' mental abilities, mechanical skills, ability to work with others, and other qualities. Previous methods had suffered from bias and resulted in choosing the wrong soldiers for officer training.

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British soldiers took standardized tests during the Second World War. This new recruit is sorting mechanical parts to test his understanding of machinery. His uniform shows no name, rank, or other sign that might bias the scoring of his

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is the idea that teachers should be paid more if the students perform well on the tests, and less if they perform poorly. When teachers or schools are rewarded for better performance on tests, then those rewards encourage teachers to

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No grading standards. Each teacher grades however he or she wants to, considering whatever factors the teacher chooses, such as the answer, the amount of effort, the student's academic background, language ability, or attitude.

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typically are viewed as essential elements for determining the quality of any standardized test. However, professional and practitioner associations frequently have placed these concerns within broader contexts when developing

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a ball for a certain distance. Healthcare professionals must pass tests proving that they can perform medical procedures. Candidates for driver's licenses must pass a standardized test showing that they can drive a car. The

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leaves education, and standardized testing as result, under the jurisdiction of the provinces. Each province has its own province-wide standardized testing regime, ranging from no required standardized tests for students in

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examined students who scored in the top 1% at the age of 13. Twenty years later, they were, on average, very highly accomplished, with high incomes, major awards and career accomplishments that would make any parent proud.

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Barbara Miner explicates the drawbacks of standardized testing by analyzing three different books. As the co-director of the Center for Education at Rice University and a professor of education, Linda M. McNeil in her book

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Immigration in the mid-19th century contributed to the growth of standardized tests in the United States. Standardized tests were used when people first entered the US to test social roles and find social power and status.

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Todd Morrison and Melanie Morrison. "A Meta-Analytic Assessment of the Predictive Validity..." Journal of Educational and Psychological Measurement. 1995. Componentshttp://epm.sagepub.com/content/55/2/309.abstract.

1713:" instead of providing a rich and broad curriculum. In 2007 a qualitative study done by Au Wayne demonstrated that standardized testing narrows the curriculum and encourages teacher-centered instruction instead of 361:

which included music, archery, horsemanship, arithmetic, writing, and knowledge of the rituals and ceremonies of both public and private parts. These exams were used to select employees for the state bureaucracy.

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Hedges, Larry V.; Laine, Richard D.; Greenwald, Rob (1994). "Hedges LV (1994) An Exchange: Part I*: Does Money Matter? A Meta-Analysis of Studies of the Effects of Differential School Inputs on Student Outcomes".

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There is debate whether the test will indicate the long-term success in work and life since there are many other factors, but fundamental skills such as reading, writing, and math are related to job performance.

529:(American College Testing) for the first time. As of 2020, the ACT includes four main sections with multiple-choice questions to test English, mathematics, reading, and science, plus an optional writing section. 3228: 481:

in 1901, covering nine subjects. This test was implemented with the idea of creating standardized admissions for the United States in northeastern elite universities. Originally, the test was also meant for top

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Later, sections on military strategies, civil law, revenue and taxation, agriculture and geography were added to the testing. In this form, the examinations were institutionalized for more than a millennium.

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Miner, Barbara (August 2000). "Standardized Minds: The High Price of America's Testing Culture and what we can do to Change it / Contradictions of School Reform: Educational Costs of Standardized Testing.".

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claim that they are at a disadvantage and have no way to prove their knowledge otherwise, as there is no other testing alternative that allows students to prove their knowledge and problem-solving skills.

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a time-limited test. Changing the testing conditions in a way that improves fairness with respect to a permanent or temporary disability, but without undermining the main point of the assessment, is called

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The need for the federal government to make meaningful comparisons across a highly de-centralized (locally controlled) public education system encouraged the use of large-scale standardized testing. The

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where due to shortages in funding and strict accountability policies, schools have done away with subjects like the arts, history and geography; in order to focus on the content of the mandated tests.

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purposes, the mean scores of classes, schools, branches of a company, or other groups may well provide useful information because of the reduction of error accomplished by increasing the sample size.

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Standardized testing has been a part of United States education since the 19th century, but the widespread reliance on standardized testing in schools in the US is largely a 20th-century phenomenon.

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Human scoring is relatively expensive and often variable, which is why computer scoring is preferred when feasible. For example, some critics say that poorly paid employees will score tests badly.

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FairTest says that negative consequences of test misuse include pushing students out of school, driving teachers out of the profession, and undermining student engagement and school climate.

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Enlisted members of the military take a paper-based, multiple-choice standardized test, in the hope of earning a promotion. All of them answer the same questions and get graded the same way.

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on the most important aspects of education—imparting a pre-defined set of knowledge and skills—and that other aspects are either less important, or should be added to the testing scheme.

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when taking a test. This phenomenon is more common for high-stakes tests than for low-stakes tests. High-stakes tests (whether standardized or non-standardized) can cause anxiety.

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opportunity to reflect on their scores and see where their strengths as well as weaknesses are. The scores can allow parents to get an idea about how their child is doing academically.

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Any test in which the same test is given in the same manner to all test takers, and graded in the same manner for everyone, is a standardized test. Standardized tests do not need to be

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One of the main advantages of larger-scale standardized testing is that the results can be empirically documented; therefore, the test scores can be shown to have a relative degree of

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which yields an estimate of the position of the tested individual in a predefined population. The estimate is derived from the analysis of test scores and other relevant data from a

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with standardized tests. Students' results on large-scale standardized tests were used to allocate funds and other resources to schools, and to close poorly performing schools. The

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tests, one or two math tests, a writing test, a science test, etc.). The average amount of testing takes about 2.3% of total class time (equal to about four school days per year).

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Harris, Smith and Harris The Myths of Standardized Tests: Why They Don't Tell You What You Think They Do, Rowman & Littlefield 2011* Huddleston, Mark W. Boyer, William W.

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tests were developed to help place new recruits in appropriate assignments based upon their assessed intelligence levels. The first edition of a modern standardized test for

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Kuczynski-Brown, Alex. "Standardized Testing Costs States $ 1.7 Billion A Year, Study Finds." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 29 November 2012. Web. 7 April 2014.

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Since grading varies across schools, and even for two students in the same school, the common measure provided by the test score is more useful as a way to compare students.

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uses criterion-referenced testing, because it is more important to determine whether the local water is safe to drink than to compare it against water from a different place.

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Grading rubric: Answers must be marked correct if they mention at least one of the following: Germany's invasion of Poland, Japan's invasion of China, or economic issues.

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norm-referencing identifies which are better or worse. Examples of such international benchmark tests include the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (

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The teacher gives different questions to different students: an easy test for poor students, another test for most students, and a difficult test for the best students.

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Park, Gregory; Lubinski, David; Benbow, Camilla P. (October 1, 2008). "Ability Differences Among People Who Have Commensurate Degrees Matter for Scientific Creativity".

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distracted by extraneous topics. They encourage educational materials to go from covering a vast array of topics in a shallow manner to a few topics in much more depth.

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Canadian Association of Sports Sciences; Fitness Appraisal Certification and Accreditation Program; Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology; Fitness Canada (1987).

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Each musician chooses a different piece of music to play. Judges choose the musician they like best. One judge gives extra points to musicians who wear a costume.

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Kuncel, Nathan; Sackett, Paul; Beatty, Adam S. (August 2, 2012). "The Role of Socioeconomic Status in SAT-Grade Relationships and in College Admissions Decisions".

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Students in third grade, fifth grade and ninth grade take the "Saber 3°5°9°" exam. This test is currently presented on a computer in controlled and census samples.

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Connelly, Brian S.; Kuncel, Nathan (November 3, 2012). "Balancing Treatment and Control Groups in Quasi-Experiments: An Introduction to Propensity Scoring".

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topic. The definition of coherence is adhering to a sequence of topics covered that follows the natural progression or logical structure of mathematics. The

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Some driving students have to drive on a highway, but others only have to drive slowly around the block. One employee takes points off for "bad attitude".

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laws, decreased the use of open-ended assessment, which was harder to mass-produce and assess objectively due to its intrinsically subjective nature.

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and creative achievements at work. Being able to read texts and make sense of them and having strong quantitative reasoning are crucial in the modern

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drawn from the population. This type of test identifies whether the test taker performed better or worse than other students taking this test.

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that are found to be under-performing in the Australian context will be offered financial assistance under the current federal government policy.

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written by students. It is because of this, that the first European implementation of standardized testing did not occur in Europe proper, but in

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test. Standardized tests are designed to permit reliable comparison of outcomes across all test takers, because everyone is taking the same test.

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compare test-takers to a criterion (a formal definition of content), regardless of the scores of other examinees. These may also be described as

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All musicians play the same piece of music. The judges agreed in advance how much factors such as timing, expression, and musicality count for.

513:(Scholar Aptitude Test) in 1926. The first SAT test was based on the Army IQ tests, with the goal of determining the test taker's intelligence, 4224: 2930: 920:. The goal is to rank students as being better or worse than other students. Norm-referenced test score interpretations are associated with 6962: 6837: 2343: 207:. However, if the purpose of the test were to see how quickly the student could write, then giving the test taker extra time would become a 2379:

Horowitz, M. R.; Montgomery, D. L. (January 1993). "Physiological profile of fire fighters compared to norms for the Canadian population".

2264: 655:(rules or guidelines) and benchmark papers (examples of papers for each possible score) to determine the grade to be given to a response. 3670:"Rethinking Standardized Testing From An Access, Equity And Achievement Perspective: Has Anything Changed For African American Students?" 2098:

Garrison, Mark J. A Measure of Failure: The Political Origins of Standardized Testing. Albany: State University of New York, 2009. Print.

1193:

Critics of standardized tests in education often provide the following reasons for revising or removing standardized tests in education:

708:

Some standardized testing uses multiple-choice tests, which are relatively inexpensive to score, but any form of assessment can be used.

1725:

Critics contend that overuse and misuse of these tests harms teaching and learning by narrowing the curriculum. According to the group

5794: 3988: 1977: 397:. Meadows warned of the collapse of the British Empire if standardized testing was not implemented throughout the empire immediately. 7145: 6957: 5634: 4217: 2504: 1664:

A multiple-choice test provides the test taker with questions paired with a pre-determined list of possible answers. It is a type of

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Claiborn, Charles. "High Stakes Testing". Encyclopedia of Giftedness, Creativity, and Talent. SAGE Publications, 2009. 9 April 2014.

651:. Some standardized tests have short-answer or essay writing components that are assigned a score by independent evaluators who use 4330: 595:

Colombia has several standardized tests that assess the level of education in the country. These exams are performed by the ICFES.

106:, academic tests, or tests given to large numbers of test takers. A standardized test may be any type of test: a written test, an 3756: 1155:

Supporters of large-scale standardized tests in education often provide the following reasons for promoting testing in education:

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Johnson, Robert. "Standardized Tests." Encyclopedia of Educational Reform and Dissent. SAGE Publications, INC. 2010. 853–856.Web.

1347:

Research shows that the tests predict more than just first-year grades and the level of courses a student is likely to take. The

1691:

the test" by skipping the material in the textbook about music and art. Critics also charge that standardized tests encourage "

885:

This answer is wrong, but this student tried hard and the sentence is grammatically correct, so I'll give one point for effort.

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examinations, through the advocacy of British colonial administrators, the most "persistent" of which was Britain's consul in

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due to test prep are more on the order of 5 to 20 points and not the 100 to 200 points claimed by some test prep companies."

562:

In recent years, many US universities and colleges have abandoned the requirement of standardized test scores by applicants.

1528:

around the world, are high-stakes tests. Most standardized tests, such as ordinary classroom quizzes, are low-stakes tests.

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and released in 2020, found the tests are not discriminatory and play an important role in protecting educational quality.

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Standardized tests are reviewed by universities as part of the application, along with other supporting evidence such as

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is more common and more practical when the goal is to know whether the test takers have learned the required material.

1565:. The point of the race is to see who runs the fastest, rather than to see whether everyone can run at a certain speed. 1148:

Standardized testing is a very common way of determining a student's past academic achievement and future potential.

816:

This answer is correct, but this good student should be able to do better than that, so I'll only give partial credit.

571:

and a national data collection and reporting program that supports 21st century learning for all Australian students".

474: 43: 4013: 3624:"Does socioeconomic status explain the relationship between admissions tests and post-secondary academic performance?" 3157:

Schmidt, William H.; Houang, Richard T. (2012). "Curricular Coherence and the Common Core Standards for Mathematics".

1676:, so long as all test takers take the same test, under reasonably similar conditions, and get evaluated the same way. 82:. The Matura is standardized so that universities can easily compare results from students across the entire country. 7267: 7150: 7009: 3886: 3856: 3812: 3367: 2423: 2074: 1935: 1524:

is a test with a desired reward for good performance. Some standardized tests, including many of the tests used for

61: 4118: 4006: 1273:, which has allowed many people to have their skills recognized even though they did not meet traditional criteria. 749:

assessment, graders have more individual discretion and therefore are more likely to produce unfair results through

716:

People are used to score items that are not able to be scored easily by computer (such as essays). For example, the

7360: 6842: 6737: 3313: 1836: 1525: 1496: 935: 506: 478: 3046: 924:. Students who perform better than others pass the test, and students who perform worse than others fail the test. 7329: 6892: 6710: 6608: 6421: 4908: 4674: 4136: 4014:"Goswami U (1991) Put to the Test: The Effects of External Testing on Teachers. Educational Researcher 20: 8-11" 3288: 3192:

Porter, A.; McMaken, J.; Hwang, J.; Yang, R. (2011). "Common Core Standards: The New U.S. Intended Curriculum".

6847: 6669: 6446: 6048: 5669: 4434: 4414: 2673:

Morgan, Hani (2016). "Relying on High-Stakes Standardized Tests to Evaluate Schools and Teachers: A Bad Idea".

4189: 3254: 2581: 2416:

Canadian Standardized Test of Fitness (CSTF): for 15 to 69 years of age: interpretation and counselling manual

400:

Prior to their adoption, standardized testing was not traditionally a part of Western pedagogy. Based on the

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scores and high-school grades do better in college than students with lower scores and weaker transcripts."

6684: 6636: 6533: 6528: 6253: 6158: 4815: 3904:"Test Anxiety and a High-Stakes Standardized Reading Comprehension Test: A Behavioral Genetics Perspective" 3774: 2733:

Kuncel, N. R.; Hezlett, S. A. (2007). "ASSESSMENT: Standardized Tests Predict Graduate Students' Success".

1827: 1030:

and making overall judgments about the quality of any standardized test as a whole within a given context.

717: 3464: 671:

in Taiwan. Every person who wants a driver's license takes the same test and gets scored in the same way.

198:

By the beginning of the 21st century, the focus shifted away from a strict sameness of conditions towards

7350: 7095: 5099: 4653: 4648: 2563: 2263:"History and Background of No Child Left Behind". Bright Hub Education9 June 2015. Web. 12 October 2015. 2005: 1818: 1238:

failures or as students with disabilities. Widespread and organized cheating has been a growing culture.

1213: 643:

A standardized test can be composed of multiple-choice questions, true-false questions, essay questions,

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http://www.brighthubeducation.com/student-assessment-tools/3140-history-of-the-no-child-left-behind-act/

7272: 6493: 5709: 5232: 4848: 4716: 4706: 4455: 3060: 2536:

Lee, Jussim (1989). "Teacher expectations: Self-fulfilling prophecies, perceptual bias, and accuracy".

2193: 1785: 1446:(ETS), now claims the SAT is not an "aptitude" test but rather an assessment of "developed abilities". 1337: 1105: 931: 551: 522: 423:. The increase in number of school students during and after the Industrial Revolution, as a result of 274:

Each driving student is asked to do the same things, and they are all evaluated by the same standards.

1702:

for students in their area, encourage teachers to narrow the curricular format and teach to the test.

6208: 6173: 6128: 5944: 5819: 5809: 5614: 5284: 5194: 5179: 4928: 4471: 2111:

Moller, Stephanie; Potochnick, Stephanie (2008). "Standardized Tests". In Darity, William Jr. (ed.).

1714: 1579: 1325: 1006: 906: 720:

is a computer-adaptive assessment that requires no scoring by people except for the writing portion.

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graders have four-year university degrees, and a majority are current or former classroom teachers.

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Au, Wayne (2007-06-01). "High-Stakes Testing and Curricular Control: A Qualitative Metasynthesis".

3623: 1434: 1129: 1022: 546: 208: 204: 4097: 3959: 3118:

Now You See It: How the Brain Science of Attention Will Transform the Way We Live, Work, and Learn

2811: 2470:"Temps spend just minutes to score state test A WASL math problem may take 20 seconds; an essay, 2 6917: 6907: 6762: 6563: 6523: 6503: 6483: 6386: 6218: 6193: 6108: 6088: 6038: 6008: 5998: 5884: 5804: 5769: 5754: 5739: 5694: 5629: 5499: 5139: 4873: 4758: 4605: 4574: 4360: 1699: 1604: 724: 154:(assessments that measure the learning of the participants at the end of an instructional unit). 3442:"The Predictive Power of Personal Statements in Admissions: A Meta-Analysis and Cautionary Tale" 2974:"They can't read, can't write, keep time or be tidy: Tesco director's verdict on school-leavers" 2562:

Where We Stand: Standards-Based Assessment and Accountability (American Federation of Teachers)

1402:

More importantly, many people hold the opinion that tests prevent diversity in admissions since

314: 7244: 7189: 6989: 6902: 6817: 6792: 6674: 6498: 6304: 6183: 6178: 6058: 5759: 5506: 5189: 5184: 4823: 4793: 4788: 4773: 4748: 4689: 4684: 4424: 4370: 4365: 4350: 2301:"It looks like the beginning of the end of America's obsession with student standardized tests" 1807: 1754: 1442: 1043: 1027: 968: 648: 640:

Most commonly, a major academic test includes both human-scored and computer-scored sections.

7234: 7224: 7209: 7004: 6867: 6802: 6772: 6747: 6679: 6578: 6573: 6548: 6406: 6198: 6153: 6133: 6123: 6023: 5859: 5834: 5684: 5679: 5659: 5624: 5609: 5174: 5154: 4993: 4898: 4868: 4768: 4743: 4569: 4345: 4153: 3400: 2118: 1665: 1592: 1386: 1125: 921: 917: 502: 420: 394: 386: 6664: 3802: 2066:

Behavior, Technology, and Organizational Development: Eric Trist and the Tavistock Institute

1915: 1407:

increasingly diverse student bodies. But the same is true of schools that require testing."

256:

The teacher asks each student a different question. Some questions are harder than others.

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inherited from Ancient Greece, Western academia favored non-standardized assessments using

401: 354: 340: 171: 151: 103: 5222: 3075:"Standardized Tests Not A Good Indication of Fluid Intelligence According to New Research" 430: 8: 7255: 7219: 7199: 7130: 7049: 6822: 6812: 6757: 6752: 6689: 6631: 6598: 6588: 6568: 6558: 6543: 6538: 6518: 6488: 6456: 6441: 6416: 6352: 6278: 6268: 6203: 6168: 6103: 6083: 6073: 6033: 6018: 6013: 5854: 5849: 5789: 5744: 5704: 5599: 5580: 5294: 5206: 5159: 5109: 5057: 5052: 5031: 4953: 4863: 4843: 4833: 4723: 4559: 1885: 1673: 1521: 1464: 1375: 1167: 976: 652: 131: 3919: 2173:

Fletcher, Dan. "Standardized Testing." Time. Time Inc., 11 Dec. 2009. Web. 09 Mar. 2014.

1426:, especially at wealthy high schools, makes a standard assessment especially important. 297:

Each student is given the same questions, and their answers are scored in the same way.

253:

Each student is given the same questions, and their answers are scored in the same way.

7319: 7204: 7044: 7034: 7024: 7014: 6872: 6797: 6583: 6508: 6478: 6309: 6228: 6188: 6163: 6143: 6078: 6053: 6043: 6028: 5829: 5779: 5734: 5719: 5699: 5689: 5664: 5604: 5299: 5242: 5087: 4938: 4888: 4838: 4783: 4728: 4640: 4598: 4529: 4401: 4391: 4340: 4194: 4056: 3936: 3903: 3724: 3604: 3561: 3511: 3209: 3174: 3009: 2758: 2690: 2216: 1941: 1348: 1109: 199: 187: 3533: 3483: 3133:"Cheating scandal: Feds say teachers hired stand-in to take their certification tests" 2870: 2868: 1093: 994: 7229: 7125: 7077: 6999: 6767: 6333: 6148: 6113: 6068: 6063: 5972: 5839: 5749: 5639: 5545: 5477: 5289: 5271: 5149: 5119: 5092: 5082: 5072: 5067: 5036: 4968: 4958: 4943: 4903: 4694: 4355: 4154:

The Role and Importance of Standardized Testing in the World of Teaching and Training

4048: 3941: 3923: 3882: 3860: 3852: 3832: 3808: 3716: 3681: 3596: 3592: 3565: 3553: 3515: 3503: 3363: 3178: 2880: 2788: 2762: 2750: 2708: 2694: 2512: 2429: 2419: 2396: 2388: 2352: 2220: 2070: 1985: 1945: 1931: 1812: 1791: 1748: 1710: 1317: 1104:. The third and final major topic covers standards related to testing applications, 741: 556: 518: 268: 99: 91: 3851:

To teach: the journey of a teacher, by William Ayers, Teachers College Press, 1993,

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The teacher asks each student to share something they remember from their homework.

675:

Not all standardized tests involve answering questions. An authentic assessment for

5549: 5465: 5406: 5169: 5164: 5134: 5021: 5016: 4978: 4883: 4858: 4763: 4320: 4279: 4209: 4162: 4040: 3931: 3915: 3708: 3650: 3608: 3588: 3545: 3495: 3201: 3166: 3001: 2865: 2742: 2682: 2630: 2609:

The Personnel Evaluation Standards: How to Assess Systems for Evaluating Educators.

2608: 2545: 2208: 1923: 1743: 1489: 1416: 1218: 1018: 750: 693: 448: 127: 4060: 2686: 2493:"In a matter of minutes, a $ 10-an-hour temp assigns a score to your child's test" 951:

A norm-referenced test may be designed to find where the test taker falls along a

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Definition of Standardized Test from National Council on Measurement in Education

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Phelps, Richard P., Standardized Testing Primer. (New York, NY: Peter Lang, 2007)

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Murphy, Sara C; Klieger, David M; Borneman, Matthew J; Kuncel, Nathan R. (2009).

2659: 2637: 2615: 2569: 2486: 2453: 2064: 1865:

Popham, W.J. (1999). "Why standardized tests don't measure educational quality".

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Many arguments suggest that skills from tests are useful—but only up to a point.

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Confirmed: Standardized testing has taken over our schools. But who’s to blame?

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takers, instructors, business groups, universities, or governmental watchdogs.

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It was from Britain that standardized testing spread, not only throughout the

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The Case Against Standardized Testing: Rising the Scores, Ruining the Schools

3712: 3685: 3668:

Couch, Michael; Frost, Marquisha; Santiago, J.; Hilton, Adriel (2021-09-09).

3205: 3170: 2516: 2392: 2133: 1771: 1763: – Systematic determination of a subject's merit, worth and significance 1083: 998: 627:

to exams worth 40% of final high school grades in Newfoundland and Labrador.

409: 5237: 4199: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3549: 3499: 2746: 2433: 5322: 5252: 5114: 4299: 3945: 3720: 3600: 3557: 3507: 3103:"Observations: Standardized test scores do not reflect students' abilities" 2754: 2318: 1845: 1639: 1622: 952: 846:

I feel like this answer is correct and complete, so I'll give full credit.

758: 668: 624: 444: 245: 123: 115: 5247: 3879:

The Shame of the Nation: The Restoration of Apartheid Schooling in America

2400: 2345:

TESTING CANADIAN K-12 STUDENTS: Regional Variability, Room for Improvement

1384:

However, a remarkable longitudinal study published in 2008 in the journal

1296:

Contradictions of School Reform: Educational Costs of Standardized Testing

6337: 5104: 4294: 4284: 3754: 3735: 3362:. Detroit: Farmington Hills, MI : Greenhaven Press. pp. 28–35. 3255:"Obama plan limits standardized testing to no more than 2% of class time" 3229:"Study says standardized testing is overwhelming nation's public schools" 2675:

The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas

2653:

The Student Evaluation Standards: How to Improve Evaluations of Students.

1175: 490: 350: 74: 3804:

Measuring Success: Testing, Grades, and the Future of College Admissions

3317: 1830: – electromechanical test scoring machine introduced by IBM in 1937 5077: 4419: 3654: 2277:"Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) | U.S. Department of Education" 1760: 1596: 1371: 1101: 1039: 972: 898: 526: 494: 369:

Today, standardized testing remains widely used, most famously in the

79: 38:

for Writing becomes slightly informal and essay-like in some sections.

5315: 4878: 4621: 1656: 1305: 1171: 684: 498: 390: 239: 107: 3421:

Holloway, J. H. (2001). "The Use and Misuse of Standardized Tests".

2955:"Fears for state pupils as top universities insist on A* at A-level" 1660:

Multiple-choice tests can be standardized or non-standardized tests.

860:

WWII was caused by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in 1914.

4753: 3757:"Report of the UC Academic Council Standardized Testing Task Force" 2585: 2182:"What's on the ACT." ACT Test Sections. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 May 2014 1726: 1555: 1511: 358: 308: 1170:

strategy to establish stronger accountability measures for public

867:

This answer does not mention any of the required items. No points.

833:

This answer mentions one of the required items, so it is correct.

4948: 4549: 4544: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2628:

Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation. (1994).

2606:

Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation. (1988).

2418:. Gloucester, Ontario: Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. 1628: 1449: 811:

I feel like this answer is good enough, so I'll mark it correct.

798:

This answer mentions one of the required items, so it is correct.

680: 4144:

Correcting Fallacies about Educational and Psychological Testing

2276: 757:

Sample scoring for the open-ended history question: What caused

16:

Test administered and scored in a predetermined, standard manner

4130:

The higher civil service in the United States: quest for reform

1780: – Paradigm for the design, analysis, and scoring of tests 1333: 619: 419:, but to Europe and then America. Its spread was fueled by the 382: 370: 2769: 190:

with the correct speed and pressure, they will pass this exam.

1668:. The test taker chooses the correct answer from the list. 1441:

Test scores enable UC schools "to select those students from

405: 346: 4590: 4146:. (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2008) 2650:

Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation. (2003).

1166:

Promotes accountability: Standardized testing is used as a

987:) and the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study ( 605:

Students leaving university must take the "Saber Pro" exam.

3439: 2194:"Assessment Crisis: The Absence Of Assessment FOR Learning" 1358:

However, in an April 1995 "meta-analysis" published in the

1092:

place standards about validity and reliability, along with

3807:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 344, 3755:

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, ACADEMIC SENATE (January 2020).

3089:"Standardized Tests Don't Measure Intelligence or Ability" 2505:"Grading the Common Core: No Teaching Experience Required" 1982:

Pedagogy and Content in Middle and High School Mathematics

1774: – Theory and technique of psychological measurement 1573: 545:

required some standardized testing in public schools. The

3527: 3525: 3032: 2915:"Standardized tests not always best indicator of success" 2709:"The Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing" 2582:"Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation" 2239:"Five Reasons Standardized Testing Isn't Going to Let Up" 1645: 1329: 1321: 1270: 510: 3667: 1328:. Different countries have different tests, such as the 509:, appeared in 1916. The College Board then designed the 4200:

The Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing

4190:

Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation

4137:

The Effect of Testing on Student Achievement, 1910–2010

4125:

Fact Sheet. (New York: Basic Books, 1985), pp. 172–181.

3800: 3534:"Standardized Tests Predict Graduate Students' Success" 3484:"Standardized Tests Predict Graduate Students' Success" 1841:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1823:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1796:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1136:, and other techniques and biases that affect grading. 1050:

has published three sets of standards for evaluations.

1048:

Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation

791:

WWII was caused by Hitler and Germany invading Poland.

3901: 3522: 3191: 1217:

If a teacher knows that a particular subject, such as

1143: 963:

compares each test-taker against other test-takers. A

3801:

Buckley, Jack; Letukas, Lynn; Wildavsky, Ben (2017),

1839: – Educational system based on the desired goals 1698:

Externally imposed tests, such as tests created by a

345:

The earliest evidence of standardized testing was in

4239: 2990: 1832:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1360:

Journal of Educational and Psychological Measurement

1312:

List of admission tests to colleges and universities

1280: 745:students' grades depend upon who grades the test. 692:

has been used in medical research, to determine how

215:

Examples of standardized and non-standardized tests

3772: 3698: 2149:"International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences" 1848: – Term for a critique of standardized testing 1089:

Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing

851:This answer is correct, so I'll give full points. 615:

List of Canadian primary and secondary examinations

211:of the content, and no longer a standardized test. 3989:"Standardized Testing Is Harming Student Learning" 3578: 3314:"Browse All Topics – The National Academies Press" 3036:, October 16, 2013. Retrieved on October 17, 2013. 2929: 2378: 1306:Use of standardized tests in university admissions 385:in the early 19th century, modeled on the Chinese 2114:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 1591:individual identifiable academic skills, such as 1430:even more tilted in favor of the well-connected. 7342: 4139:, International Journal of Testing, 10(1), 2012. 2341: 2110: 4500:List of standardized tests in the United States 4445:Principles and Standards for School Mathematics 3463:Kuncel, Nathan; Sackett, Paul (March 8, 2018). 2931:"Universities criticise exam 'grade inflation'" 2877:The Schools We Need: And Why We Don't Have Them 1914:Olson, Amy M.; Sabers, Darrell (October 2008). 1788: – Assessment based on specified standards 1767:List of standardized tests in the United States 892: 462:List of standardized tests in the United States 7174: 6724: 3640: 3061:"Standardized Tests Don't Show What Kids Know" 3047:"The Neuroscience of Standardized Test-Taking" 2631:The Program Evaluation Standards, 2nd Edition. 1450:Testing issues not specific to standardization 735: 543:Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 4606: 4225: 3621: 3531: 3481: 3462: 3156: 3020: 2732: 1976:Allen, G. Donald; Ross, Amanda (2017-11-10). 7279:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 2538:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1920:21st Century Education: A Reference Handbook 699: 402:skeptical and open-ended tradition of debate 288: 244: 3982: 3980: 3416: 3414: 1913: 1514:to determine who will get a starring role. 1433:In January 2020, the faculty senate at the 443:were developed for the British Army during 4613: 4599: 4232: 4218: 3532:Kuncel, Nathan; Hezlett, Sarah A. (2007). 3482:Kuncel, Nathan; Hezlett, Sarah A. (2007). 2232: 2230: 1209:Poor indicator of intelligence or ability. 928:Criterion-referenced score interpretations 313: 267: 3935: 3881:. Print: Random House. pp. 118–119. 3359:Standardized Tests Are Unfair and Harmful 3253:Doering, Christopher (October 25, 2015). 3130: 2806: 2804: 2342:Cowley, Peter; MacPherson, Paige (2022). 2058: 2056: 1975: 1200:Grade inflation of test scores or grades. 1058:(2nd edition) was published in 1994, and 667:Poster showing the standards for passing 381:Standardized testing was introduced into 62:Learn how and when to remove this message 6976: 4132:. (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996) 3986: 3977: 3420: 3411: 3345:. Columbia University. 21 November 2017. 3115: 2464: 2462: 2191: 2153:Encyclopedias for Background Information 2050:Kazin, Edwards, and Rothman (2010), 142. 1655: 1586:for non-academic attributes such as the 1549: 1539: 1263: 1212: 1073: 993: 946: 703: 662: 477:began offering standardized testing for 429: 165: 137:The opposite of standardized testing is 73: 6351: 5579: 5568: 4116:"What's Wrong With Standardized Tests," 3340:"Pros and Cons of Standardized Testing" 3252: 2952: 2837:"Pros and Cons of Standardized Testing" 2812:"Pros & Cons of Standardized Tests" 2319:"Home – The Australian Curriculum v8.1" 2298: 2236: 2227: 2062: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1922:. SAGE Publications. pp. 423–430. 1909: 1907: 1905: 1821: – High school leaving examination 1815: – Adage about perverse incentives 1679: 1574:Disagreement with educational standards 1344:but schools take the tests seriously." 1203:Culturally or socioeconomically biased. 1119: 1033: 7343: 4505:Standardized testing and public policy 3226: 2874: 2801: 2782: 2672: 2053: 1864: 1646:Multiple-choice tests and test formats 7173: 6975: 6723: 6350: 5971: 5970: 5578: 5567: 5269: 4632: 4594: 4213: 3902:Wood; Hart; Little; Phillips (2016). 3876: 3389: 3355: 2971: 2927: 2459: 2106: 2104: 2046: 2044: 1877: 1858: 1757: – Educational evaluation method 914:Norm-referenced score interpretations 690:Canadian Standardized Test of Fitness 658: 630: 559:for the school systems and teachers. 78:Young adults in Poland sit for their 4430:National Science Education Standards 4336:Developmentally appropriate practice 4073: 3964:Harvard Graduate School of Education 3826: 3773:The Editorial Board (May 17, 2020). 3227:Layton, Lyndsey (October 24, 2015). 2666: 2641:Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. 2619:Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. 2502: 2131:Gould, S. J., "A Nation of Morons", 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 1952: 1902: 1458: 1422:The report suggested that worsening 1069: 18: 7325: 4076:"Christie Education Speech in Iowa" 3920:10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.62.3.0233 3028:Bright poor 'held back for decades' 2535: 2237:Strauss, Valerie (March 11, 2015). 1588:Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking 1144:Annual standardized tests at school 182:standardized test. If they perform 13: 4482:High school graduation examination 4108: 4030: 2953:Vasagar, Jeevan (August 2, 2010). 2299:Valerie, Strauss (June 21, 2020). 2146: 2101: 2041: 1886:"Role & Importance of Testing" 1883: 1499:to determine university admission 1352:exams and professional licensure. 1226:students and a standardized test. 1052:The Personnel Evaluation Standards 475:College Entrance Examination Board 14: 7372: 4183: 3775:"California Defines Testing Down" 3465:"The Truth About the SAT and ACT" 3289:"The Testing Industry's Big Four" 2468:Houtz, Jolayne (August 27, 2000) 2381:Canadian Journal of Public Health 2023: 1751: – Knowledge assessment tool 1281:Effects on disadvantaged students 1250: 880:This answer is wrong. No points. 872:This answer is wrong. No credit. 7324: 7315: 7314: 7302: 6838:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6332: 6323: 6322: 5880:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 5650:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5544: 4241:Standards-based education reform 3622:Kuncel, Nathan; Arneson (2009). 3593:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02182.x 2942:from the original on 2022-01-12. 1837:Standards-based education reform 1497:educational entrance examination 1260:tests taken at the state level. 1060:The Student Evaluation Standards 1056:The Program Evaluation Standards 936:standards-based education reform 507:Stanford–Binet Intelligence Test 479:university and college admission 455: 23: 4163:"The Uses and Misuses of Tests" 4067: 4024: 3952: 3895: 3870: 3845: 3820: 3794: 3785: 3766: 3692: 3674:Journal of Research Initiatives 3661: 3634: 3615: 3572: 3475: 3456: 3433: 3383: 3349: 3332: 3306: 3281: 3272: 3246: 3220: 3185: 3150: 3124: 3109: 3095: 3081: 3067: 3053: 3039: 2984: 2972:Finch, Julia (March 10, 2010). 2965: 2946: 2921: 2907: 2903:. fairtest.org. 20 August 2007. 2901:"FairTest criticism of the SAT" 2893: 2829: 2726: 2701: 2663:Newbury Park, CA: Corwin Press. 2644: 2622: 2600: 2574: 2556: 2529: 2496: 2440: 2407: 2372: 2335: 2323:www.australiancurriculum.edu.au 2311: 2292: 2283: 2269: 2257: 2185: 2176: 2167: 2140: 2125: 2092: 2063:Trahair, Richard (2015-06-01). 1801: 1737: 1616: 934:, as they are aligned with the 439:Standardized tests such as the 6995:Federated States of Micronesia 6290:British Indian Ocean Territory 4435:National Skill Standards Board 4415:Certificate of Initial Mastery 4195:Standardized Testing in School 2928:Paton, Graeme (July 6, 2010). 2785:Defending standardized testing 2083: 1998: 1794: – Educational assessment 1: 4620: 3831:. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. 2846:. Spring 2013. Archived from 2687:10.1080/00098655.2016.1156628 1978:"Low-stakes Tests and Labels" 1852: 184:cardiopulmonary resuscitation 161: 6963:United States Virgin Islands 4633: 4074:Arco, Matt (June 12, 2015). 2787:. London: Psychology Press. 2038:Mark and Boyer (1996), 9–10. 1918:. In Good, Thomas L. (ed.). 1828:IBM 805 Test Scoring Machine 1012: 893:Using scores for comparisons 683:for a set amount of time or 565: 7: 6725:Education in North America 2503:Rich, Motoko (2015-06-22). 1819:High school graduation exam 1732: 1324:, previous coursework, and 932:standards-based assessments 736:Use of rubrics for fairness 586: 441:War Office Selection Boards 10: 7377: 7175:Education in South America 5270: 3356:Neill, Monty (Fall 2009). 2550:10.1037/0022-3514.57.3.469 2213:10.1177/003172170208301010 2192:Stiggins, Richard (2002). 2069:. Transaction Publishers. 1786:Standards-based assessment 1683: 1649: 1620: 1543: 1462: 1338:Joint Entrance Examination 1309: 1096:and issues related to the 905:score interpretation or a 612: 552:Every Student Succeeds Act 459: 338: 329: 7356:Standards-based education 7296: 7253: 7180: 7086: 7063: 6982: 6938:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6856: 6730: 6703: 6655: 6617: 6359: 6318: 6277: 6237: 5979: 5893: 5868: 5587: 5574: 5563: 5539: 5493: 5459: 5418: 5400: 5361: 5343: 5309: 5285:Early childhood education 5278: 5265: 5215: 5045: 4992: 4814: 4667: 4639: 4628: 4513: 4490: 4472:Criterion-referenced test 4453: 4400: 4379: 4308: 4247: 3006:10.3102/0013189X023003005 2875:Hirsch, Eric Jr. (1999). 1928:10.4135/9781412964012.n46 1722:their educational gains. 1715:student-centered learning 1580:criterion-referenced test 1326:letters of recommendation 1206:Psychologically damaging. 1007:criterion-referenced test 967:(NRT) is a type of test, 916:compare test-takers to a 803:This answer is correct. 772:Non-standardized grading 725:Agreement between scorers 700:Machine and human scoring 649:computer-adaptive testing 635: 608: 447:to choose candidates for 7146:Northern Mariana Islands 6958:Turks and Caicos Islands 6039:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 5635:Central African Republic 4440:No Child Left Behind Act 4410:Adequate Yearly Progress 4142:Phelps, Richard P., Ed. 4045:10.3102/0013189X07306523 3908:Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 3877:Kozol, Jonathan (2005). 3713:10.1177/0956797612438732 3206:10.3102/0013189x11405038 3171:10.3102/0013189x12464517 3131:U.S. News (2 May 2015). 3116:Davidson, Cathy (2011). 2783:Phelps, Richard (2005). 2568:August 24, 2006, at the 1890:nonpartisaneducation.org 1435:University of California 1197:Poor predictive quality. 1186:Prediction and selection 838:This answer is correct. 547:No Child Left Behind Act 334: 139:non-standardized testing 110:, or a practical skills 7361:Statistics of education 7111:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6300:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 4575:Traditional mathematics 4361:Outcome-based education 3987:Williams, Mary (2015). 3960:"Tests and Stress Bias" 3779:The Wall Street Journal 3550:10.1126/science.1136618 3500:10.1126/science.1136618 3469:The Wall Street Journal 2747:10.1126/science.1136618 2155:. Gale Cengage Learning 2010:Encyclopædia Britannica 2006:"Chinese civil service" 1700:department of education 1605:The Shame of the Nation 1443:underrepresented groups 1062:was published in 2003. 1054:was published in 1988, 897:There are two types of 679:could take the form of 134:, or other attributes. 6888:British Virgin Islands 6402:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4425:National Reading Panel 4371:Small schools movement 4366:Problem-based learning 4351:Inquiry-based learning 4174:The Schools We Deserve 4033:Educational Researcher 3628:Psychological Bulletin 3446:College and University 3423:Educational Leadership 3194:Educational Researcher 3159:Educational Researcher 2994:Educational Researcher 2456:about scoring the GRE. 2137:(6 May 1982), 349–352. 1867:Educational Leadership 1808:Alternative assessment 1755:Educational assessment 1717:. New Jersey Governor 1661: 1566: 1504:Non-standardized test 1222: 1079: 1044:educational evaluation 1017:The considerations of 1002: 956: 909:score interpretation. 709: 672: 436: 293: 249: 231:Non-standardized test 191: 102:, time-limited tests, 83: 7089:and other territories 6828:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5795:São Tomé and Príncipe 5655:Republic of the Congo 4570:Traditional education 3701:Psychological Science 3581:Psychological Science 2245:. The Washington Post 2119:Gale Cengage Learning 1706:Performance-based pay 1666:closed-ended question 1659: 1593:reading comprehension 1553: 1540:Norm-referenced tests 1526:university admissions 1510:The theater holds an 1387:Psychological Science 1349:longitudinal research 1264:Educational decisions 1216: 1094:errors of measurement 1077: 997: 950: 922:traditional education 769:Standardized grading 707: 696:the test takers are. 666: 645:authentic assessments 460:Further information: 433: 421:Industrial Revolution 395:Thomas Taylor Meadows 376: 355:imperial examinations 292: 248: 169: 152:summative assessments 104:multiple-choice tests 77: 6977:Education in Oceania 6353:Education in Europe 6214:United Arab Emirates 5581:Education in Africa 4804:Instructional design 4565:Tracking (education) 4477:Norm-referenced test 4467:Authentic assessment 4176:* Strauss, Valerie. 3827:Kohn, Alfie (2000). 3643:Personnel Psychology 3091:. 27 September 2016. 2879:. New York: Anchor. 2351:. Fraser Institute. 2147:Darity, William Jr. 1916:"Standardized Tests" 1778:Item response theory 1693:teaching to the test 1686:Teaching to the test 1680:Teaching to the test 1674:open-ended questions 1652:Multiple choice test 1563:norm-referenced test 1546:Norm-referenced test 1189:Improves performance 1120:Statistical validity 1100:of individuals with 1042:, and in particular 1034:Evaluation standards 965:norm-referenced test 961:normative assessment 907:criterion-referenced 901:interpretations: a 718:Graduate Record Exam 425:compulsory education 417:British Commonwealth 341:Imperial examination 180:criterion-referenced 6843:Trinidad and Tobago 6738:Antigua and Barbuda 6618:States with limited 6241:limited recognition 5870:States with limited 5569:Education by region 5295:Secondary education 5207:Teaching philosophy 5110:Pedagogical pattern 5053:21st century skills 5032:Religious education 4675:Aims and objectives 4560:Standard algorithms 4152:Phelps, Richard P. 4135:Phelps, Richard P. 3544:(5815): 1080–1081. 3233:The Washington Post 3120:. New York: Viking. 2936:The Daily Telegraph 2844:Columbia University 2305:The Washington Post 2243:The Washington Post 1884:Phelps, Richard P. 1638:Some students have 1627:Some people become 1471: 1465:High-stakes testing 1376:information economy 1318:personal statements 762: 216: 132:professional ethics 7351:Standardized tests 7309:Schools portal 6778:Dominican Republic 5973:Education in Asia 5300:Tertiary education 5238:Learning resources 4729:Education sciences 4530:Direct instruction 4492:Standardized tests 4402:Learning standards 4392:Educational equity 4341:Discovery learning 4168:2017-10-18 at the 4121:2019-10-18 at the 3966:. 12 February 2019 3655:10.1111/peps.12020 3077:. 11 January 2014. 2658:2006-05-24 at the 2636:2006-02-22 at the 2614:2005-12-12 at the 2588:on 15 October 2009 2509:The New York Times 2485:2007-03-10 at the 2452:2009-06-18 at the 1662: 1567: 1485:Standardized test 1469: 1336:in China, and the 1322:high school grades 1223: 1163:Fair and efficient 1110:program evaluation 1108:, plus testing in 1080: 1003: 957: 756: 710: 673: 659:Any subject matter 631:Design and scoring 437: 294: 250: 228:Standardized test 214: 192: 84: 42:You can assist by 7338: 7337: 7292: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7260:other territories 7169: 7168: 7161:Wallis and Futuna 7106:Clipperton Island 7064:Associated states 6971: 6970: 6860:other territories 6719: 6718: 6346: 6345: 6283:other territories 5966: 5965: 5897:other territories 5670:Equatorial Guinea 5559: 5558: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5438: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5290:Primary education 5261: 5260: 5150:Dialogic learning 5120:Teacher retention 5073:Critical thinking 5068:Class arrangement 5037:Special education 4712:Standardized test 4695:Course evaluation 4588: 4587: 4356:Open-space school 3865:978-0-8077-3985-3 2917:. 20 August 2007. 2886:978-0-385-49524-0 2794:978-0-8058-4912-7 2741:(5815): 1080–81. 2358:978-0-88975-694-6 1991:978-94-6351-137-7 1792:Test (assessment) 1749:Concept inventory 1711:teach to the test 1518: 1517: 1480:High-stakes test 1459:High-stakes tests 1181:Simpson's paradox 1070:Testing standards 890: 889: 557:high-stakes tests 523:Everett Lindquist 519:critical thinking 327: 326: 264:Practical skills 147:standardized test 100:high-stakes tests 88:standardized test 72: 71: 64: 7368: 7328: 7327: 7318: 7317: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7280: 7268:Falkland Islands 7182:Sovereign states 7171: 7170: 7151:Pitcairn Islands 7121:French Polynesia 7101:Christmas Island 7030:Papua New Guinea 7010:Marshall Islands 6983:Sovereign states 6973: 6972: 6928:Saint Barthélemy 6858:Dependencies and 6731:Sovereign states 6721: 6720: 6656:Dependencies and 6360:Sovereign states 6348: 6347: 6336: 6326: 6325: 6295:Christmas Island 5981:Sovereign states 5968: 5967: 5958: 5957:(United Kingdom) 5953:Tristan da Cunha 5949:Ascension Island 5941: 5928: 5919: 5895:Dependencies and 5588:Sovereign states 5576: 5575: 5565: 5564: 5548: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5466:Higher education 5462: 5461: 5457: 5456: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5407:Secondary school 5403: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5346: 5345: 5341: 5340: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5281: 5280: 5267: 5266: 5195:Student-centered 5180:Phenomenon-based 5170:Peer instruction 5135:Blended learning 5058:Bloom's taxonomy 5022:Gifted education 5017:Education reform 4849:Computer science 4630: 4629: 4615: 4608: 4601: 4592: 4591: 4321:Block scheduling 4280:Maria Montessori 4234: 4227: 4220: 4211: 4210: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4016:. 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take an 112:performance test 67: 60: 56: 53: 47: 27: 26: 19: 7376: 7375: 7371: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7334: 7303: 7301: 7284: 7278: 7261: 7259: 7249: 7176: 7165: 7088: 7082: 7065: 7059: 7040:Solomon Islands 6978: 6967: 6861: 6859: 6852: 6726: 6715: 6699: 6657: 6651: 6637:Northern Cyprus 6619: 6613: 6534:North Macedonia 6355: 6342: 6314: 6282: 6273: 6254:Northern Cyprus 6240: 6233: 5975: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5939: 5926: 5917: 5898: 5896: 5889: 5873: 5871: 5864: 5583: 5570: 5555: 5554: 5535: 5526: 5517: 5509: 5502: 5480: 5468: 5449: 5440: 5432: 5427: 5409: 5390: 5381: 5373: 5368: 5352: 5333: 5325: 5318: 5274: 5257: 5211: 5130:Active learning 5125:Teaching method 5100:Learning theory 5041: 5007:Autodidacticism 5002:Adult education 4988: 4929:Performing arts 4810: 4717:Teacher quality 4707:Standards-based 4663: 4635: 4624: 4619: 4589: 4584: 4518: 4516: 4509: 4486: 4460: 4457: 4456:Standards-based 4449: 4396: 4387:Achievement gap 4375: 4316:Active learning 4304: 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2835: 2834: 2830: 2821: 2819: 2816:Oxford Learning 2810: 2809: 2802: 2795: 2781: 2770: 2731: 2727: 2717: 2715: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2671: 2667: 2660:Wayback Machine 2649: 2645: 2638:Wayback Machine 2627: 2623: 2616:Wayback Machine 2605: 2601: 2591: 2589: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2570:Wayback Machine 2561: 2557: 2534: 2530: 2521: 2519: 2501: 2497: 2487:Wayback Machine 2476: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2460: 2454:Wayback Machine 2445: 2441: 2426: 2412: 2408: 2377: 2373: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2327: 2325: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2248: 2246: 2235: 2228: 2207:(10): 758–765. 2196: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2158: 2156: 2145: 2141: 2130: 2126: 2109: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2077: 2061: 2054: 2049: 2042: 2037: 2024: 2014: 2012: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1974: 1953: 1938: 1912: 1903: 1894: 1892: 1882: 1878: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1840: 1831: 1822: 1804: 1795: 1740: 1735: 1688: 1682: 1654: 1648: 1625: 1619: 1576: 1548: 1542: 1534:grade inflation 1470:Types of tests 1467: 1461: 1452: 1424:grade inflation 1332:in the US, the 1314: 1308: 1289:In the journal 1283: 1266: 1253: 1146: 1134:grade inflation 1122: 1072: 1036: 1015: 918:sample of peers 903:norm-referenced 895: 881: 868: 847: 834: 812: 799: 738: 702: 677:athletic skills 661: 638: 633: 617: 611: 589: 568: 515:problem-solving 464: 458: 379: 343: 337: 332: 164: 68: 57: 51: 48: 41: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7374: 7364: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7322: 7312: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7282: 7275: 7270: 7264: 7262: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7186: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7141:Norfolk Island 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7096:American Samoa 7092: 7090: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7075: 7069: 7067: 7066:of New Zealand 7061: 7060: 7058: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6979: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6948:Sint Eustatius 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6893:Cayman Islands 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6864: 6862: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6727: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6711:European Union 6707: 6705: 6704:Other entities 6701: 6700: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6661: 6659: 6658:other entities 6653: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6623: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6611: 6609:United Kingdom 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6422:Czech Republic 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6356: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6330: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6286: 6284: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6245: 6243: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5985: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5964: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5942: 5929: 5920: 5906:Canary Islands 5902: 5901: 5899: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5887: 5882: 5876: 5874: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5572: 5571: 5561: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5504: 5494: 5487: 5486: 5475: 5470: 5460: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5419: 5412: 5411: 5401: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5362: 5355: 5354: 5350:Primary school 5344: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5320: 5310: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5263: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5063:Cognitive load 5060: 5055: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4998: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4820: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4734:Evidence-based 4731: 4726: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4682: 4677: 4671: 4669: 4668:By perspective 4665: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4645: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4626: 4625: 4618: 4617: 4610: 4603: 4595: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4580:Whole language 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4540:Guided reading 4537: 4532: 4527: 4525:Decodable text 4521: 4519: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4496: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4463: 4461: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4331:Constructivism 4328: 4326:Cognitive load 4323: 4318: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4270:Caleb Gattegno 4267: 4262: 4257: 4255:Benjamin Bloom 4251: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4237: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4185: 4184:External links 4182: 4181: 4180: 4159:Ravitch, Diane 4156: 4150: 4147: 4140: 4133: 4126: 4110: 4107: 4093: 4092: 4066: 4039:(5): 258–267. 4023: 4020:on 2013-02-02. 4005: 3976: 3951: 3914:(3): 233–251. 3894: 3887: 3869: 3844: 3838:978-0325003252 3837: 3819: 3813: 3793: 3784: 3765: 3734: 3691: 3660: 3649:(2): 407–442. 3633: 3614: 3571: 3521: 3474: 3455: 3432: 3410: 3382: 3368: 3348: 3331: 3305: 3280: 3271: 3245: 3219: 3200:(7): 103–116. 3184: 3165:(8): 294–308. 3149: 3123: 3108: 3094: 3080: 3066: 3052: 3038: 3019: 2983: 2964: 2945: 2920: 2906: 2892: 2885: 2864: 2828: 2800: 2793: 2768: 2725: 2700: 2665: 2643: 2621: 2599: 2573: 2555: 2544:(3): 469–480. 2528: 2495: 2458: 2439: 2424: 2406: 2371: 2357: 2334: 2310: 2291: 2282: 2268: 2256: 2226: 2184: 2175: 2166: 2139: 2124: 2100: 2091: 2082: 2075: 2052: 2040: 2022: 1997: 1990: 1951: 1936: 1901: 1876: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1843: 1834: 1825: 1816: 1813:Campbell's law 1810: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1769: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1719:Chris Christie 1684:Main article: 1681: 1678: 1650:Main article: 1647: 1644: 1621:Main article: 1618: 1615: 1610:Jonathan Kozol 1575: 1572: 1544:Main article: 1541: 1538: 1516: 1515: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1493: 1486: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1463:Main article: 1460: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1307: 1304: 1282: 1279: 1265: 1262: 1252: 1251:Time and money 1249: 1235:Cathy Davidson 1231:Now You See It 1211: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1164: 1161: 1145: 1142: 1121: 1118: 1071: 1068: 1035: 1032: 1014: 1011: 941: 940: 925: 894: 891: 888: 887: 874: 861: 854: 853: 840: 827: 819: 818: 805: 792: 785: 784: 780: 777: 774: 773: 770: 767: 737: 734: 701: 698: 694:physically fit 660: 657: 637: 634: 632: 629: 613:Main article: 610: 607: 588: 585: 567: 564: 535:indirect costs 457: 454: 378: 375: 339:Main article: 336: 333: 331: 328: 325: 324: 321: 318: 311: 306: 302: 301: 298: 295: 286: 283: 279: 278: 275: 272: 265: 262: 258: 257: 254: 251: 242: 237: 233: 232: 229: 226: 224: 221: 200:equal fairness 163: 160: 70: 69: 52:September 2023 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7373: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7331: 7323: 7321: 7313: 7311: 7310: 7299: 7298: 7295: 7281: 7276: 7274: 7273:French Guiana 7271: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7257: 7252: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7172: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7136:New Caledonia 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7116:Easter Island 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6974: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6855: 6849: 6848:United States 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6722: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6670:Faroe Islands 6668: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6642:South Ossetia 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6616: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6494:Liechtenstein 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6349: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6329: 6321: 6320: 6317: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6280: 6276: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6264:South Ossetia 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5924: 5921: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5900: 5892: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5867: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5710:Guinea-Bissau 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5566: 5562: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5513: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5500:Undergraduate 5498: 5497: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5455: 5436: 5430: 5426: 5425:Middle school 5423: 5422: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5396: 5377: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5339: 5329: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5190:Project-based 5188: 5186: 5185:Problem-based 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5145:Demonstration 5143: 5141: 5140:Contemplative 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5027:Homeschooling 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4874:Environmental 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4799:Instructional 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4702:Psychometrics 4700: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4616: 4611: 4609: 4604: 4602: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4555:Rote learning 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4452: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 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