350:. De Spryngeheuse and de Chesterfield complained to de Croydon that the wine was sub-standard and asked that they be served a better drink. De Croydon refused to listen to the complaints and, according to Wood, "several snappish words passed" between the men before de Croydon gave them "stubborn and saucy language". As a result de Chesterfield threw his drink in de Croydon's face. Sources differ on what happened next: according to those sympathetic to the university, de Chesterfield threw his wooden drinking vessel at de Croydon's head; those sympathetic to the townsfolk say the student beat him around the head with the pot. A petition by the town authorities to Parliament said the students "threw the said wine in the face of John Croidon, taverner, and then with the said quart pot beat the said John".
550:
and the chancellor's jurisdiction covered both civil and religious matters in the town; it was a unique position for any university in Europe. The power of the university over the commercial aspects of the town ensured that the colleges were able to acquire much of the central areas of Oxford at the expense of merchants, and the dominance of the land ownership by the university, particularly in the Carfax environs, is as a result of the settlement following the riots. One unintended corollary of the growing power of the university was that the town's weakened authorities did not accommodate plays or theatre until the sixteenth century. The situation was exacerbated by a lack of a cathedral in the town, which meant no religious plays were performed for pilgrims.
455:
52:
399:
292:
3311:
185:
3287:
83:, in the centre of the town. The students quarrelled with the taverner; the argument quickly escalated to blows. The inn's customers joined in on both sides, and the resulting melee turned into a riot. The violence started by the bar brawl continued over three days, with armed gangs coming in from the countryside to assist the townspeople. University halls and students' accommodation were raided and the inhabitants murdered; there were some reports of clerics being
3299:
407:
barricaded themselves in. The citizens broke into five inns and hostels, where they finished off much of the food and drink; any student found there in his rented rooms or hiding place was killed or maimed. After the violence subsided that night, the authorities from the town and the university went through the streets proclaiming in the king's name "that no man should injure the scholars or their goods under pain of forfeiture".
3275:
446:, whose students had a reputation for quietness and whose hall was made of stone. There is no known figure for the number of townspeople killed, but it may have been about 30. The number of students killed in the riots is a matter of disagreement among the sources: Wood thinks it was 40; others put the number at 63.
418:, who was staying in the village. The proclamation from the King to the townsfolk had no effect. They again rang the bell at St Martin's to rally their supporters and that day fourteen more inns and halls were sacked by the rioters, who killed any scholars they found. There were reports that some of the clerics were
499:
of Oxford and the power to insist that inhabitants kept their properties in good repair. The town authorities were left with the power to take action in legal situations where it involved citizens on both sides; any action that involved a student or the university on one side was dealt with by the university.
549:
The historian C. H. Lawrence observes that the charter "was the climax of a long series of royal privileges which raised the university from the status of a protected resident to that of the dominant power in the city". Scholars were free from interference from or prosecution by the civil authorities
498:
that secured the rights of the university over those of the town. The document gave the chancellor of the university the right to tax bread and drink sold in the town, the power to assay the weights and measures used in commerce in Oxford and its environs, other rights relating to the commercial side
353:
Other customers—both locals and students—joined in the fight, which spilled out of the tavern and onto the junction at Carfax. Within half an hour the brawl had developed into a riot. To summon assistance, the locals rang the bell at St Martin's, the town's church; the students rang the bells of the
533:
The charter did not end the conflict between the town of Oxford and the university, although there was a hiatus in rioting. There were further incidents over the following centuries, although these were on a much smaller scale than the events of 1355. According to Cobban, "the St
Scholastica's Day
406:
Late in the day of 11 February, up to 2,000 people from the countryside came in the western gate of the town to join the townsfolk, waving a black banner and crying: "Havoc! Havoc! Smyt fast, give gode knocks!" The students, unable to fight against such a number, withdrew to their halls where they
266:
Often the scholars rioted among themselves, as they did in 1252, 1267, 1273 and 1333–1334. By the early fourteenth century "altercations and violence between citizens and scholars were commonplace", according to the historian
Laurence Brockliss. In a 1314 riot between the two main factions of the
381:
at the churches of St Martin and St Mary that no-one should bear arms, assault anyone or disturb the peace. He was supported by the chief magistrate of the town. At the same time, the town's bailiffs were urging townsfolk to arm themselves; the bailiffs were also paying people in the surrounding
205:
affected the town; many townspeople died or left, and a quarter of the scholars perished. The town began to recover soon afterwards, but its finances had been deeply affected. During the first part of the fourteenth century the population was aware of the decline of Oxford's fortunes, and this
578:
The historian Alan Cobban observes that the two contemporary histories of the events differ in their allocation of blame; he considers that "given that propaganda and exaggeration were involved in these accounts, the whole truth may never be found." He identifies two sources of primary
258:' courts held between 1297 and 1322 concerned murders by the students. Many of these went unpunished by the university or the law. In February 1298 a citizen was murdered by a student; one of the students was killed by townspeople. The townsfolk responsible for killing the scholar were
394:
of theology was shot at when he tried to leave the priory. The bells of both the town and university churches were rung to rally the respective supporters; students locked and barricaded some of the town's gates, to stop an influx of outsiders coming at them from a new direction.
553:
The annual penance undertaken by the mayor continued until 1825 when the incumbent refused to take part and the practice was allowed to drop. At least one previous mayor had refused to take part in the annual event: he was fined heavily and his payment given to the
441:
By the evening of the third day the passions of the townspeople had been spent. Many of the scholars had fled Oxford, and much of the town had been burnt down. Many of the student halls had been plundered or vandalised, with one notable exception being
116:
to determine what had gone on and to advise what steps should be taken. He came down on the side of the university authorities, who were given additional powers and responsibilities to the disadvantage of the town's authorities. The town was fined 500
470:
to determine what had gone on and to advise what steps should be taken. Four days later the King restored the rights of the scholars and gave them pardons for any offences. He fined the town 500 marks and sent the town's mayor and bailiffs to the
262:
and the town was fined £200 in damages; there were no punishments given to the students. This was the first occasion that the town's bailiffs were recorded as taking part in the violence; it was a feature of several subsequent altercations.
217:
rivalry existed and relations would periodically deteriorate into violence. On the occasions when peace settlements were imposed on the two sides, the outcome favoured the university. In 1209 two Oxford scholars were
200:
it grew rapidly from 1167 and was given a royal charter in 1248, formalising some of its positions and functions. In 1334 Oxford, a town of 5,000 residents, was the ninth wealthiest settlement in
England. In 1349 the
362:, the Chancellor of the University, tried to calm both sides before things got too far out of hand, but arrows were shot at him and he retreated from the scene. Men from both sides armed themselves with
3179:
2586:
1844:
Chance, Eleanor; Colvin, Christina; Cooper, Janet; Day, C. J.; Hassall, T. G.; Jessup, Mary; Selwyn, Nesta (1979). "Medieval Oxford". In
Crossley, Alan; Elrington, C. R. (eds.).
168:
for each scholar killed. The practice was dropped in 1825; in 1955—the 600th anniversary of the riots—in an act of conciliation the mayor was given an honorary degree and the
757:
The use of "Havoc" was possibly the earliest in
English. Various sources give different spellings or representations, including "Havac! Havoc!" and "Havock and havock".
303:
Day—several university students went for a drink at the
Swindlestock Tavern. The tavern was located in the centre of Oxford, on the corner of the streets now called
526:
A series of poems, "Poems
Relating to the Riot Between Town and Gown on St. Scholastica's Day", was written; the work is in Latin. According to the historian
559:
169:
3121:
280:
2297:
558:. In an act of conciliation on 10 February 1955—the 600th anniversary of the riots—the mayor, W. R. Gowers, was given an honorary degree; the
3131:
3351:
2453:
3341:
3174:
700:, which was the largest in England and covered Lincolnshire, Bedford, Buckingham, Huntingdon, Leicester, Northampton, Rutland and Oxford.
530:, who edited the works in the nineteenth century, they could have been written between 1356 and 1357 or in the early fifteenth century.
3026:
2565:
315:; the tavern was a regular drinking spot for the students. Two of the group were Walter de Spryngeheuse and Roger de Chesterfield,
222:
by the town's locals following the death of a woman, and among those who left the town to study elsewhere were some who settled in
355:
161:
506:
on the town. Each year, on St
Scholastica's Day, the mayor, bailiffs and sixty townspeople were to attend St Mary's church for
466:
surrendered themselves and the rights of their respective entities to the king. He sent judges to the town with commissions of
21:
2360:
2262:
2238:
2173:
2152:
2087:
2068:
2045:
2026:
2005:
1965:
1944:
1923:
1904:
1885:
1866:
1834:
1788:
3361:
1684:
188:
Map of Oxford, showing some 11th-century buildings in black. Brown buildings and parish boundaries (in blue) are later.
156:
was imposed on the town: each year, on St
Scholastica's Day, the mayor, bailiffs and sixty townspeople were to attend a
3156:
2206:
The
Historical Handbook and Guide to Oxford: Embracing a Succinct History of the University and City from the Year 912
1448:
2661:
795:
684:
2824:
1759:
2717:
625:
511:
410:
In the early hours of the following morning de Cherlton and other senior members of the university left for nearby
165:
3371:
3126:
3093:
2558:
1699:
1761:
The Beauties of England and Wales; or, Delineations, Topographical, Historical and Descriptive, of each County
990:
3136:
2776:
2859:
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countryside to come to aid the citizens. About eighty townsmen, armed with bows and other weapons, went to
1802:
538:; subsequent grievances were settled in the courts or by appealing to the government. During the reign of
3336:
3315:
3041:
2834:
383:
268:
2513:
2431:
3366:
3265:
2686:
2060:
68:
426:, according to Wood. Other student corpses were buried in dunghills, left in the gutters, dumped into
251:
118:
3346:
3252:
3196:
2968:
2885:
2618:
2551:
2454:"On this day in 1355: University fracas ends with 93 dead and the birth of a 600-year-long tradition"
608:
377:
The following morning, in an attempt to stop any recurrence of the violence, the Chancellor issued a
2125:
Handbook to the Cathedrals of England: Eastern Division. Oxford, Peterborough, Norwich, Ely, Lincoln
3331:
3046:
2829:
2761:
2691:
2481:
2327:
343:
2864:
267:
university—the Northernmen and the Southernmen—39 students were known to have committed murder or
141:
on the town for one year, which banned all religious practices, including services (except on key
3237:
3001:
2844:
2123:
1976:
374:. When night fell the violence died down; at this stage no-one had been killed or badly wounded.
346:, among others, describe him as a friend of John de Bereford, who was the tavern's owner and the
324:
227:
99:
2378:
2204:
3376:
3356:
3232:
3146:
3098:
2839:
2671:
2252:
2016:
745:
443:
411:
304:
276:
202:
3151:
3016:
3247:
3186:
3088:
3011:
2953:
2946:
2931:
2854:
2101:
2097:
1856:
592:
415:
109:
2350:
2163:
2142:
1995:
1955:
1934:
1824:
1778:
3105:
2975:
2963:
2900:
2890:
2819:
2781:
515:
359:
308:
247:
197:
72:
2497:
487:
on the townspeople, and banned all religious practices, including services (except on key
386:
in the north part of the town, where they knew some scholars were, and chased them to the
8:
3191:
3083:
3073:
2941:
2809:
2771:
2601:
2591:
2464:
2248:
1755:
1690:
620:
567:
555:
272:
173:
1845:
3303:
3291:
3141:
3021:
2980:
2936:
2921:
2916:
2895:
2766:
2749:
2727:
2644:
2411:
2291:
2183:
697:
563:
336:
320:
231:
2512:
2496:
1454:
801:
3078:
3036:
3006:
2958:
2926:
2880:
2744:
2722:
2666:
2634:
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2331:
2315:
2279:
2258:
2234:
2227:
2210:
2191:
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2148:
2141:
Lawrence, C. H. (1984). "The University in State and Church". In Catto, J. I. (ed.).
2129:
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2001:
1982:
1961:
1940:
1919:
1900:
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1830:
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1765:
637:
631:
467:
454:
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priory, killing at least one student and badly injuring several others on the way. A
300:
235:
134:
113:
1994:
Hackett, M. B. (1984). "The University as a Corporate Body". In Catto, J. I. (ed.).
1829:. Vol. 1: The Early Oxford Schools. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 151–192.
2849:
2712:
2639:
2606:
2403:
642:
476:
391:
291:
1850:. Vol. 4, the City of Oxford. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–73.
3031:
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1798:
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604:
463:
371:
347:
243:
210:
2309:
95:
3279:
3216:
2996:
2442:
2305:
1954:
Glasscock, R. E. (1976). "England circa 1334". In Darby, Henry Clifford (ed.).
1705:
584:
527:
507:
312:
259:
157:
87:. Around 30 townsfolk were killed, as were up to 63 members of the university.
80:
2480:
2283:
2195:
2188:
A History of the University of Oxford from the Earliest Times to the Year 1530
996:
402:
The plaque commemorating the site of the Swindlestock Tavern from 1250 to 1709
398:
3325:
2737:
2319:
2133:
2111:
1986:
1812:
1769:
885:
543:
535:
510:
for those killed; the town was also made to pay the university a fine of one
502:
When the interdict was lifted by the Bishop of Lincoln, he imposed an annual
495:
214:
209:
Although co-operation between the university's senior members and the town's
184:
164:
for those killed; the town was also made to pay the university a fine of one
91:
36:
23:
2341:
2275:
On the History of Oxford During the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries, (912-1100)
3286:
3180:
Actions against memorials in Great Britain during the George Floyd protests
2786:
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2613:
2214:
1820:
596:
480:
435:
378:
367:
130:
51:
2756:
2732:
2538:
Poems Relating to the Riot Between Town and Gown on St. Scholastica's Day
340:
491:), burials and marriages; only baptisms of young children were allowed.
98:
held in Oxford between 1297 and 1322 concerned murders by students. The
2814:
2415:
2222:
732:
722:
The names are also given as Walter Springehouse and Roger Chesterfield.
676:
539:
488:
472:
206:
coincided with disturbance and unrest between the town and university.
142:
126:
3298:
680:
534:
riot was ... the last of the extreme bloody encounters" between
518:
was sworn in, he had to swear to uphold all the university's rights.
484:
387:
223:
138:
2407:
1918:. Vol. 4, the City of Oxford. London: Victoria County History.
462:
After the rioting ended, both the university hierarchy and the town
230:
that year. In 1248 a Scottish scholar was murdered by the citizens;
3242:
2649:
2543:
2394:
Robertson, Roderick (March 1969). "Oxford Theatre in Tudor Times".
427:
328:
316:
239:
103:
1878:
The Medieval English Universities: Oxford and Cambridge to c. 1500
458:
Ending the St Scholastica Day riot, as depicted on a 1907 postcard
102:
was established in 1209 by scholars who left Oxford following the
2144:
The History of the University of Oxford: The Early Oxford Schools
1997:
The History of the University of Oxford: The Early Oxford Schools
1823:(1984). "Citizens, Scholars and Masters". In Catto, J. I. (ed.).
503:
431:
423:
419:
332:
331:. They were served wine by John de Croydon, who was the tavern's
255:
219:
153:
146:
122:
84:
279:
rioted to have John Wylliot, their preferred candidate, elected
254:. Violence continued to break out periodically and 12 of the 29
1070:
731:
Hall observes that a practice common in cheaper taverns was to
363:
193:
64:
1372:
1331:
1329:
1248:
1246:
1960:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 136–185.
1648:
76:
1660:
1588:
1495:
1493:
1480:
1478:
1005:
965:
963:
815:
813:
666:
The figure is based on the taxable wealth of the citizens.
542:, both the university and the town authorities petitioned
79:
served to them in the Swindlestock Tavern, which stood on
1714:
1612:
1600:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1510:
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1412:
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1258:
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1231:
1176:
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1116:
1114:
1112:
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978:
914:
912:
2311:
Oxford City Documents, Financial and Judicial, 1258–1665
1624:
1561:
1559:
931:
929:
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581:
Oxford City Documents, Financial and Judicial, 1258–1665
2333:
The History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford
1636:
1544:
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1316:
1314:
1270:
1048:
1046:
1044:
960:
950:
948:
946:
944:
810:
570:
of the city, at a commemoration of the events of 1355.
55:
St Scholastica Day riot, as depicted on a 1907 postcard
2355:. Vol. 1. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers.
2057:
The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500–1670
1571:
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1207:
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1203:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1029:
975:
909:
94:
had arisen several times previously, and 12 of the 29
3263:
1843:
1726:
1672:
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1532:
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1395:
1393:
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1387:
1166:
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1135:
1133:
1131:
1082:
1058:
924:
897:
891:
849:
837:
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1311:
1219:
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861:
783:
589:
Medieval Archives of the University of Oxford: Vol 1
2352:
John Wyclif; A Study of the English Medieval Church
1520:
1436:
1424:
1341:
1282:
1200:
1188:
1094:
1017:
873:
771:
71:. The disturbance began when two students from the
2226:
1764:. Vol. 12, part 2. London: Longman & Co.
1384:
1157:
1128:
1957:A New Historical Geography of England Before 1600
825:
339:, although the scholar Louis Brewer Hall and the
3323:
2165:A Concise History of the University of Cambridge
1880:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
514:for each scholar killed. When each new mayor or
546:about who held jurisdiction on various points.
271:; seven were arrested and the remainder sought
422:, possibly "in scorn of the clergy" and their
2559:
2161:
1011:
2182:
2147:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 97–150.
1076:
112:sent judges to the town with commissions of
3175:George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom
2000:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 37–96.
2566:
2552:
2484:. University of Cambridge. 28 January 2013
2296:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2096:
1897:English University Life in the Middle Ages
1378:
1366:
1335:
1305:
1264:
1252:
1237:
1182:
2393:
2370:
2168:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2080:Oxford: A Cultural and Literary Companion
2040:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1953:
1776:
1666:
1550:
969:
819:
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2140:
1913:
1854:
1654:
1642:
1582:
1514:
1499:
1418:
1122:
1052:
984:
918:
453:
397:
290:
183:
106:of two students by the town's citizens.
50:
2451:
2348:
2054:
2035:
1993:
1936:The University of Oxford: A New History
1826:The History of the University of Oxford
1797:
1594:
1430:
1088:
1035:
903:
843:
789:
648:
356:University Church of St Mary the Virgin
162:University Church of St Mary the Virgin
3324:
2429:
2304:
2271:
2247:
2221:
1894:
1875:
1754:
1732:
1720:
1678:
1618:
1606:
1565:
1538:
1320:
1151:
1064:
935:
867:
831:
777:
192:Academic teaching has been ongoing at
2547:
2452:Selwood, Dominic (10 February 2017).
2377:Musgrave, L. Curtis (February 1972).
2202:
2077:
1974:
1932:
1819:
1630:
1469:
1225:
1194:
954:
879:
855:
2573:
2432:"Rioting over wine led to 90 deaths"
2326:
2118:
2014:
1526:
1484:
1442:
1401:
1354:
1293:
1276:
1213:
1170:
1139:
1103:
1023:
713:equivalent to two-thirds of a pound.
483:, the Bishop of Lincoln, imposed an
3352:History of the University of Oxford
2662:1768 Massacre of St George's Fields
2233:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1783:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1780:The University of Oxford: A History
13:
3342:Riots and civil disorder in Oxford
3047:1999 Carnival Against Capital riot
2336:. Oxford: Printed for the editor.
2018:The Perilous Vision of John Wyclif
696:The Bishop of Lincoln oversaw the
675:Oxford was a town until 1542 when
275:or escaped. In 1349 scholars from
14:
3388:
2530:
2038:England in the Thirteenth Century
1916:A History of the County of Oxford
1847:A History of the County of Oxford
573:
323:; de Spryngeheuse was the former
3309:
3297:
3285:
3273:
3127:2011 Stokes Croft riot (Bristol)
2443:"Oxford Recalls a Day in 1355".
2430:Koenig, Chris (17 August 2011).
2209:. London: T. Shrimpton and Son.
1706:"Oxford Recalls a Day in 1355".
626:University of Paris strike, 1229
494:On 27 June 1355 Edward issued a
414:, having been summoned there by
250:fined the town's authorities 80
149:of young children were allowed.
75:complained about the quality of
67:, England, on 10 February 1355,
3132:2011 UK anti-austerity protests
3094:2009 G20 London summit protests
3027:1994 Criminal Justice Bill riot
2587:1189–1190 Massacres of the Jews
2469:. 11 February 1955. p. 16.
2447:. 11 February 1955. p. 10.
2423:
1455:"The St Scholastica Day Riot".
751:
738:
725:
716:
709:A medieval English mark was an
703:
690:
295:Site of the Swindlestock Tavern
145:), burials and marriages; only
3017:1992 Hartcliffe riot (Bristol)
2886:1974 Red Lion Square disorders
2830:1932 Old Market riot (Bristol)
2254:Oxford Life in Oxford Archives
2106:. London: Hurst and Blackett.
1978:Oxford During the Last Century
744:The priory was situated where
669:
660:
90:Violent disagreements between
1:
3137:2011 London anti-cuts protest
2762:1838 Battle of Bossenden Wood
2718:1816 Ely and Littleport riots
2692:1795 Revolt of the housewives
2514:"The St Scholastica Day Riot"
2162:Leedham-Green, E. S. (1996).
764:
449:
179:
3002:1990 Strangeways Prison riot
2860:1958 Notting Hill race riots
2845:1943 Battle of Bamber Bridge
2777:1866 Hyde Park demonstration
2597:1355 St Scholastica Day riot
2465:"Town and Gown Make it up".
2349:Workman, Herbert B. (2012).
1981:. Oxford: Slatter and Rose.
1975:Green, John Richard (1859).
1777:Brockliss, L. W. B. (2016).
1691:"Town and Gown Make it up".
802:"Introduction and history".
683:, including one for Oxford.
521:
475:prison in London. While the
281:Chancellor of the University
7:
3362:Student protests in England
3042:1996 Trafalgar Square riots
2840:1936 Battle of Cable Street
2672:1776 Nottingham cheese riot
2474:
2396:Educational Theatre Journal
2314:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2257:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2015:Hall, Louis Brewer (1983).
1807:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
735:drinks with lime and water.
614:
10:
3393:
2835:1932 National Hunger March
2825:1919 Luton Peace Day riots
2498:"Introduction and history"
2379:"Medieval University Life"
2061:Cambridge University Press
1742:
687:came with the new diocese.
591:, edited by the historian
583:, edited by the historian
286:
3253:Territorial Support Group
3225:
3209:
3197:2024 United Kingdom riots
3167:
3114:
3066:
3059:
2989:
2969:Murder of Keith Blakelock
2964:1985 Broadwater Farm riot
2909:
2901:1979 Death of Blair Peach
2873:
2820:1919 Battle of Bow Street
2802:
2795:
2700:
2627:
2579:
609:Oxford Historical Society
479:of inquiry was in place,
3122:2010 UK student protests
2772:1865 Leeds dripping riot
2687:1793 Bristol Bridge riot
2082:. Oxford: Signal Books.
2021:. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
1748:
653:
92:townspeople and students
2896:1977 Battle of Lewisham
2728:1821 Cinderloo Uprising
2467:The Manchester Guardian
2128:. London: John Murray.
1914:Crossley, Alan (1979).
1693:The Manchester Guardian
999:University of Cambridge
595:in 1920. The historian
100:University of Cambridge
69:Saint Scholastica's Day
61:St Scholastica Day riot
3372:Alcohol-related crimes
3147:Killing of Mark Duggan
3099:Death of Ian Tomlinson
3007:1991 Meadow Well riots
2881:1970 Garden House riot
2723:1819 Peterloo Massacre
2667:1769 Spitalfield riots
2635:1710 Sacheverell riots
2619:1668 Bawdy House riots
2500:. University of Oxford
2371:Journals and magazines
2272:Parker, James (1871).
2098:Jeaffreson, John Cordy
2036:Harding, Alan (1993).
1939:. London: I.B.Tauris.
1855:Cheetham, Hal (1971).
459:
403:
296:
189:
56:
3248:Public Order Act 1986
3187:2022 Leicester unrest
3089:2005 Birmingham riots
3012:1991 Handsworth riots
2954:1985 Handsworth riots
2947:1981 Handsworth riots
2932:1981 Chapeltown riots
2850:1944 Park Street riot
2713:1816 Spa Fields riots
2640:1714 Coronation riots
2602:1381 Peasants' Revolt
2203:Moore, James (1878).
2190:. London: Macmillan.
2078:Horan, David (1999).
1933:Evans, G. R. (2010).
1899:. London: Routledge.
1895:Cobban, Alan (2002).
1876:Cobban, Alan (1992).
593:Herbert Edward Salter
457:
401:
294:
187:
54:
3316:University of Oxford
3152:House of Reeves fire
3106:2009 Upton Park riot
3032:1995 Manningham riot
2976:1987 Chapeltown riot
2891:1975 Chapeltown riot
2810:1907 Brown Dog riots
2708:1809 Old Price riots
2682:1791 Priestley riots
2055:Harding, V. (2002).
804:University of Oxford
649:Notes and references
360:Humphrey de Cherlton
299:On 10 February 1355—
246:on the culprits and
73:University of Oxford
37:51.75194°N 1.25722°W
16:1355 riot in England
3217:1981 Scarman report
3192:2024 Harehills riot
3084:2001 Harehills riot
3074:2001 Bradford riots
2997:1990 Poll Tax riots
2942:1981 Moss Side riot
2855:1945 Aldershot riot
2580:12th–17th centuries
2516:. University Church
2458:The Daily Telegraph
2184:Maxwell Lyte, Henry
1723:, pp. 193–194.
1657:, pp. 138–139.
1633:, pp. 133–134.
1621:, pp. 268–269.
1609:, pp. 262–263.
1597:, pp. 165–166.
1487:, pp. 461–462.
1381:, pp. 234–235.
1279:, pp. 457–458.
1079:, pp. 124–125.
621:Medieval university
556:Radcliffe Infirmary
434:or thrown into the
273:religious sanctuary
33: /
3337:14th-century riots
3142:2011 England riots
3022:1993 Welling riots
2981:1989 Dewsbury riot
2937:1981 Toxteth riots
2922:1981 England riots
2917:1980 St Pauls riot
2865:1968 student riots
2782:1887 Bloody Sunday
2767:1842 Pottery Riots
2750:1831 Bristol riots
2645:1715 England riots
2592:The revolt of 1196
1858:Portrait of Oxford
1012:Leedham-Green 1996
892:Chance et al. 1979
698:diocese of Lincoln
564:Alic Halford Smith
460:
404:
321:South West England
297:
232:Robert Grosseteste
190:
129:prison in London.
121:and its mayor and
57:
42:51.75194; -1.25722
3367:Conflicts in 1355
3261:
3260:
3205:
3204:
3079:2001 Oldham riots
3055:
3054:
3037:1995 Brixton riot
2959:1985 Brixton riot
2927:1981 Brixton riot
2787:1896 Newlyn riots
2745:1831 reform riots
2677:1780 Gordon riots
2614:1517 Evil May Day
2362:978-1-62032-569-8
2264:978-0-1982-2351-1
2240:978-0-19-280136-4
2175:978-0-521-43978-7
2154:978-0-19-951011-5
2089:978-1-902669-05-2
2070:978-0-52181-126-2
2047:978-0-521-31612-5
2028:978-0-8304-1006-4
2007:978-0-19-951011-5
1967:978-0-521-29144-6
1946:978-0-85773-025-1
1925:978-0-1972-2714-5
1906:978-1-135-36395-6
1887:978-0-5200-6244-3
1868:978-0-7091-2415-3
1836:978-0-19-951011-5
1790:978-0-19-924356-3
1669:, pp. 41–42.
1457:University Church
1077:Maxwell Lyte 1886
997:"Early records".
858:, pp. 34–35.
638:Benefit of clergy
632:Authentica habita
468:oyer and terminer
301:Saint Scholastica
236:Bishop of Lincoln
135:Bishop of Lincoln
125:were sent to the
114:oyer and terminer
3384:
3347:Events in Oxford
3314:
3313:
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3302:
3301:
3290:
3289:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3269:
3064:
3063:
2800:
2799:
2757:1832 Days of May
2733:1830 Swing riots
2607:Treason Act 1381
2574:Riots in England
2568:
2561:
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2158:
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2115:
2103:Annals of Oxford
2093:
2074:
2051:
2032:
2011:
1990:
1971:
1950:
1929:
1910:
1891:
1872:
1861:. London: Hale.
1851:
1840:
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1799:Burrows, Montagu
1794:
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694:
688:
679:founded six new
673:
667:
664:
643:Battle of Carfax
568:honorary freeman
477:royal commission
384:St Giles' Church
335:or possibly the
174:honorary freeman
96:coroners' courts
48:
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3238:Riots in London
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2815:1919 Epsom riot
2791:
2696:
2657:1766 food riots
2623:
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2503:
2501:
2487:
2485:
2482:"Early records"
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2408:10.2307/3205776
2373:
2363:
2306:Rogers, Thorold
2289:
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1379:Jeaffreson 1871
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1367:Jeaffreson 1871
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1336:Jeaffreson 1871
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656:
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605:Montagu Burrows
579:documentation,
576:
560:vice-chancellor
524:
452:
372:bows and arrows
348:mayor of Oxford
319:clergymen from
289:
244:excommunication
196:since 1096; as
182:
170:vice-chancellor
110:King Edward III
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3233:Riots in Leeds
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1555:
1551:Brockliss 2016
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820:Glasscock 1976
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528:Henry Furneaux
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444:Merton College
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260:excommunicated
228:the university
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2059:. Cambridge:
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1596:
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1585:, p. 76.
1584:
1583:Cheetham 1971
1579:
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1562:
1560:
1553:, p. 18.
1552:
1547:
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1528:
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1516:
1515:Cheetham 1971
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1500:Lawrence 1984
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1420:
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1403:
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1196:
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1172:
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1153:
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1142:, p. 56.
1141:
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1125:, p. 72.
1124:
1123:Cheetham 1971
1119:
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1100:
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1053:Musgrave 1972
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986:
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971:
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951:
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920:
919:Crossley 1979
915:
913:
906:, p. 83.
905:
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893:
888:
882:, p. 24.
881:
876:
870:, p. 84.
869:
864:
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852:
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840:
833:
828:
821:
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791:
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779:
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586:
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544:Thomas Wolsey
541:
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536:town and gown
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3060:21st century
2796:20th century
2701:19th century
2628:18th century
2596:
2518:. Retrieved
2502:. Retrieved
2486:. Retrieved
2466:
2457:
2444:
2435:
2424:News sources
2402:(1): 41–50.
2399:
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2037:
2017:
1996:
1977:
1956:
1935:
1915:
1896:
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1857:
1846:
1825:
1821:Catto, J. I.
1803:
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1692:
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1595:Burrows 1896
1590:
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1431:Selwood 2017
1426:
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1190:
1178:
1147:
1089:Workman 2012
1084:
1072:
1060:
1036:Harding 2002
1031:
1019:
1014:, p. 3.
1007:
998:
992:
904:Workman 2012
899:
887:
875:
863:
851:
844:Harding 1993
839:
827:
803:
797:
790:Hackett 1984
785:
773:
753:
740:
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718:
705:
692:
671:
662:
630:
603:, edited by
600:
597:Jeremy Catto
588:
580:
577:
552:
548:
532:
525:
501:
493:
481:John Gynwell
461:
440:
436:River Thames
409:
405:
379:proclamation
376:
352:
344:Anthony Wood
309:Queen Street
298:
269:manslaughter
265:
208:
198:a university
191:
172:was made an
151:
131:John Gynwell
108:
89:
60:
58:
18:
3304:Oxfordshire
3292:Middle Ages
2803:1900s–1960s
2504:15 November
2488:18 November
2436:Oxford Mail
2223:Morris, Jan
2120:King, R. J.
1804:Collectanea
1733:Cobban 2002
1721:Cobban 2002
1679:Rogers 1891
1619:Rogers 1891
1607:Cobban 1992
1566:Cobban 1992
1539:Cobban 2002
1321:Morris 2001
1152:Pantin 1972
1065:Cobban 1992
936:Cobban 1992
868:Brewer 1813
832:Koenig 2011
778:Parker 1871
748:now stands.
685:City status
601:Collectanea
341:antiquarian
327:of Hamden,
305:St Aldate's
238:, enforced
203:Black Death
40: /
3326:Categories
2520:3 December
2284:1051525769
2278:. Oxford.
2196:1071824539
1631:Evans 2010
1470:Horan 1999
1226:Catto 1984
1195:Green 1859
955:Catto 1984
880:Moore 1878
856:Moore 1878
765:References
733:adulterate
681:bishoprics
677:Henry VIII
540:Henry VIII
489:feast days
473:Marshalsea
450:Resolution
416:Edward III
180:Background
152:An annual
143:feast days
127:Marshalsea
2445:The Times
2320:969494526
2292:cite book
2134:886346587
2112:844210940
1987:262536606
1813:832219035
1770:650428540
1708:The Times
1527:Wood 1792
1485:Wood 1792
1443:Wood 1792
1402:Hall 1983
1355:Wood 1792
1294:Wood 1792
1277:Wood 1792
1214:Wood 1792
1171:Hall 1983
1140:Hall 1983
1104:Wood 1792
1024:King 1862
611:in 1896.
522:Aftermath
485:interdict
412:Woodstock
388:Augustine
317:beneficed
248:Henry III
226:to start
224:Cambridge
211:burgesses
139:interdict
28:1°15′26″W
25:51°45′7″N
3243:Riot Act
3157:Timeline
2650:Riot Act
2475:Websites
2342:22265745
2330:(1792).
2308:(1891).
2251:(1972).
2225:(2001).
2186:(1886).
2122:(1862).
2100:(1871).
1758:(1813).
615:See also
464:burghers
432:cesspits
424:tonsures
337:landlord
329:Somerset
256:coroners
147:baptisms
123:bailiffs
104:lynching
3280:England
3266:Portals
3226:Related
3210:Reports
2540:", 1896
2416:3205776
2215:3772483
1743:Sources
607:of the
516:sheriff
504:penance
428:privies
420:scalped
364:cudgels
333:vintner
287:Dispute
220:lynched
160:at the
154:penance
85:scalped
2414:
2359:
2340:
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2282:
2261:
2237:
2229:Oxford
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2194:
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2132:
2110:
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2004:
1985:
1964:
1943:
1922:
1903:
1884:
1865:
1833:
1811:
1787:
1768:
392:master
368:staves
325:rector
313:Carfax
234:, the
194:Oxford
133:, the
81:Carfax
65:Oxford
3168:2020s
3115:2010s
3067:2000s
2990:1990s
2910:1980s
2874:1970s
2412:JSTOR
1749:Books
654:Notes
599:adds
512:penny
311:, at
252:marks
240:a ban
166:penny
119:marks
2522:2019
2506:2019
2490:2019
2389:(2).
2357:ISBN
2338:OCLC
2316:OCLC
2298:link
2280:OCLC
2259:ISBN
2235:ISBN
2211:OCLC
2192:OCLC
2170:ISBN
2149:ISBN
2130:OCLC
2108:OCLC
2084:ISBN
2065:ISBN
2042:ISBN
2023:ISBN
2002:ISBN
1983:OCLC
1962:ISBN
1941:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1901:ISBN
1882:ISBN
1863:ISBN
1831:ISBN
1809:OCLC
1785:ISBN
1766:OCLC
508:mass
370:and
307:and
158:Mass
77:wine
59:The
2404:doi
430:or
242:of
3328::
2456:.
2434:.
2410:.
2400:21
2398:.
2387:22
2385:.
2381:.
2294:}}
2290:{{
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812:^
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366:,
358:.
283:.
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2010:.
1989:.
1970:.
1949:.
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1909:.
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807:.
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