42:
1270:
1260:
129:
26:
901:
49:
418:
In a study published in 2005, measurement of footprints from recorded mammoth trackways showed that only 30% of the animals were juveniles. Healthy herds of
African elephants include 50% to 70% young animals, while lower numbers are seen in connection with stresses from poaching. The study is quoting
495:
McNeil, P., Hills, L.V., Kooyman, B. and Tolman, S. (2004). Late
Pleistocene geology and fauna of the Wally's Beach site (DhPg-8), Alberta, Canada. In: J.H. Kelley and B. Kooyman, editors, Archeology on the edge: New perspectives from the northern Plains. University of Calgary Press, 270
419:
the original radiocarbon date for the footprints at 11,000 to 11,300 years B.P., but both the original and re-examined date place the footprints in the period of human spread across North
America, suggesting a correlation between human presence and local decline in herd viability.
427:
The herds of animals and the reliable supply of water attracted
Paleoindian hunters, and the artifacts recovered from the site suggest that it was a hunting locality. Most of the material consists of stone flakes and flake fragments. A stone
289:
hunters. The Wally's Beach site became submerged again when the reservoir was refilled several years later and is only exposed at times of very low water levels. Bones and artifacts from the site are housed at the
466:
200:
569:"Cheek tooth morphology and ancient mitochondrial DNA of late Pleistocene horses from the western interior of North America: Implications for the taxonomy of North American Late Pleistocene Equus"
317:). This placed it in latest Pleistocene to earliest Holocene time. Re-examined in 2015, the dating for the camel, horse, and muskox bones subsequently changed this figure to 13.1 - 13.3 ka B.P.
705:
Kooyman, B.; Newman, M.E; Cluney, C.; Lobb, M.; Tolman, S.; McNeil, P.; Hills, L.V. (2001). "Identification of horse exploitation by Clovis hunters based on protein analysis".
242:
borders its northwest side. There are camping and picnic areas at the reservoir, and it is a popular site for power boating, water skiing, windsurfing, swimming and fishing.
462:
1303:
41:
340:
of Europe and Asia. The rich open grassland and the reliable supply of water at the river supported herds of large, late
Pleistocene mammals and other animals.
567:
Orlando, Ludovic; BarrĂłn-Ortiz, Christina I.; Rodrigues, Antonia T.; Theodor, Jessica M.; Kooyman, Brian P.; Yang, Dongya Y.; Speller, Camilla F. (2017).
766:
88:
508:"Late Pleistocene horse and camel hunting at the southern margin of the ice-free corridor: Reassessing the age of Wally's Beach, Canada"
415:, in addition to those of horse, bison and caribou. Some of the trackways show evidence of browsing, herding, and social interaction.
634:
759:
752:
850:
228:
273:
in 1998. The original flooding of the reservoir had killed the vegetation and when the water level dropped,
236:
1245:
310:
remains, the assemblage preserved at St. Mary
Reservoir was dated at about 11,000 years ago (11 to 11.35
1146:
820:
1298:
1240:
1209:
1126:
930:
900:
787:
1293:
1008:
970:
890:
855:
1068:
1028:
870:
661:"Mammoth tracks indicate a declining Late Pleistocene population in southwestern Alberta, Canada"
390:. The equiid remains were originally identified as belonging to the extinct non-caballine horse
1033:
1023:
1013:
505:
1121:
1073:
1058:
1038:
1018:
998:
835:
805:
429:
405:
350:
1204:
978:
672:
580:
521:
326:
291:
8:
1003:
676:
584:
525:
506:
Michael R. Waters; Thomas W. Stafford Jr.; Brian
Kooyman; L. V. Hills (March 23, 2015).
396:; later morphological and mtDNA analysis revealed that the remains actually belonged to
1141:
1053:
840:
730:
722:
611:
568:
544:
507:
392:
303:
269:. It was found when the reservoir was partially drained for the construction of a new
1184:
1174:
1111:
1043:
734:
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598:
549:
330:
684:
1219:
1189:
1116:
845:
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680:
606:
588:
539:
529:
1136:
988:
950:
920:
825:
795:
593:
403:
Footprints and trackways preserved in silt include those of the extinct elephant
387:
70:
1235:
1214:
1194:
1156:
983:
960:
935:
875:
356:
337:
314:
239:
120:
25:
1287:
1264:
1199:
1131:
1048:
955:
815:
602:
440:
have been found associated with remains of horse and musk ox. There are also
374:
232:
103:
90:
534:
1274:
1106:
1101:
1083:
1078:
993:
860:
800:
620:
553:
441:
274:
262:
1063:
30:
The disused (right) and replacement (left) spillways of St. Mary
Reservoir
1179:
1151:
945:
940:
885:
880:
865:
830:
775:
744:
368:
286:
266:
255:
726:
437:
379:
348:
The fossil assemblage includes skeletal remains of the extinct musk ox
282:
224:
659:
McNeil, Paul; Hills, L.V.; Kooyman, B.; Tolman, Shayne M. (May 2005).
1093:
925:
912:
810:
311:
212:
718:
660:
566:
411:
329:
had recently retreated from the area and the site was a windswept,
278:
270:
259:
1166:
779:
383:
362:
216:
74:
336:
covered with grasses and low shrubby vegetation, similar to the
433:
220:
134:
333:
307:
512:
658:
254:(DhPg-8) at the reservoir is an important site for late
704:
560:
277:
removed layers of unprotected sand and silt, exposing
444:with preserved residue of horse and bison protein.
1285:
81:
1304:Pre-Clovis archaeological sites in the Americas
760:
635:"Mammoth footprints track their extinction"
774:
767:
753:
48:
610:
592:
543:
533:
281:and bones of extinct mammals, as well as
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
1286:
748:
480:
460:
454:
320:
231:, which was completed in 1951. The
164:37.5 km (14.5 sq mi)
13:
899:
14:
1315:
1268:
1258:
245:
127:
47:
40:
24:
685:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.08.019
343:
227:purposes by the damming of the
698:
652:
627:
499:
422:
325:Eleven thousand years ago the
1:
447:
594:10.1371/journal.pone.0183045
188:1,100 m (3,600 ft)
7:
1246:Whooping Crane Summer Range
904:Rivers and lakes in Alberta
10:
1320:
665:Quaternary Science Reviews
1255:
1228:
1165:
1127:Little Bow Lake Reservoir
1092:
969:
911:
897:
786:
196:
192:
184:
180:56.4 m (185 ft)
176:
168:
160:
156:9.9 km (6.2 mi)
152:
148:7.9 km (4.9 mi)
144:
140:
119:
80:
66:
35:
23:
18:
463:"Atlas of Alberta Lakes"
172:10.4 m (34 ft)
535:10.1073/pnas.1420650112
905:
409:and the extinct camel
297:
104:49.32083°N 113.21167°W
1241:Peace–Athabasca Delta
903:
406:Mammuthus primigenius
360:, the extant caribou
351:Bootherium bombifrons
315:before present (B.P.)
223:. It was created for
671:(10–11): 1253–1259.
372:, the extant badger
354:, the extinct bison
327:Laurentide Ice Sheet
292:Royal Alberta Museum
109:49.32083; -113.21167
677:2005QSRv...24.1253M
585:2017PLoSO..1283045B
526:2015PNAS..112.4263W
436:fragment and a few
100: /
1054:North Wabasca Lake
906:
891:South Saskatchewan
856:North Saskatchewan
707:American Antiquity
412:Camelops hesternus
393:Equus conversidens
304:radiocarbon dating
252:Wally's Beach site
209:St. Mary Reservoir
201:St. Mary Reservoir
55:St. Mary Reservoir
19:St. Mary Reservoir
1281:
1280:
1265:Rivers portal
1236:Hay-Zama Wetlands
1185:Columbia Icefield
520:(14): 4263–4267.
363:Rangifer tarandus
206:
205:
185:Surface elevation
1311:
1299:Lakes of Alberta
1275:Lakes portal
1273:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1220:Waputik Icefield
1147:Milk River Ridge
769:
762:
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465:. Archived from
458:
388:ground squirrels
321:Paleoenvironment
215:in southwestern
133:
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28:
16:
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1294:Cardston County
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719:10.2307/2694181
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579:(8): e0183045.
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346:
338:mammoth steppes
323:
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123: countries
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71:Cardston County
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5:
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713:(4): 686–691.
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452:
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357:Bison antiquus
345:
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240:Indian reserve
229:St. Mary River
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690:September 10,
686:
682:
678:
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662:
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640:
639:New Scientist
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541:
536:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:
509:
502:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
469:on 2014-12-01
468:
464:
457:
453:
445:
443:
442:Clovis points
439:
435:
431:
420:
416:
414:
413:
408:
407:
401:
399:
395:
394:
389:
385:
382:, as well as
381:
377:
376:
375:Taxidea taxus
371:
370:
365:
364:
359:
358:
353:
352:
341:
339:
335:
332:
328:
318:
316:
313:
312:kiloanna (ka)
309:
305:
295:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
261:
257:
253:
246:Wally's Beach
243:
241:
238:
234:
233:Kainai Nation
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
202:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
169:Average depth
167:
163:
159:
155:
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147:
143:
139:
136:
125:
122:
118:
113:
85:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
43:
34:
27:
22:
17:
1205:Saskatchewan
1044:Lesser Slave
710:
706:
700:
688:. Retrieved
668:
664:
654:
643:. Retrieved
641:. 2004-02-07
638:
629:
576:
572:
562:
517:
511:
501:
471:. Retrieved
467:the original
456:
426:
417:
410:
404:
402:
397:
391:
378:, and other
373:
367:
361:
355:
349:
347:
344:Paleontology
324:
301:
275:wind erosion
263:paleontology
251:
249:
208:
207:
161:Surface area
1117:Chestermere
931:Bridal Veil
776:Hydrography
461:Anonymous.
438:flake tools
423:Archaeology
398:Equus ferus
369:Equus ferus
287:Paleoindian
283:stone tools
267:archaeology
256:Pleistocene
145:Max. length
107: /
95:113°12′42″W
82:Coordinates
1288:Categories
1248:(wetlands)
1137:Minnewanka
1122:Kananaskis
1094:Reservoirs
989:Beaverhill
913:Waterfalls
846:Little Bow
821:Clearwater
645:2017-09-10
473:2014-02-01
448:References
225:irrigation
197:References
177:Max. depth
153:Max. width
92:49°19′15″N
1175:Athabasca
1157:Gleniffer
1069:Ste. Anne
1009:Crowsnest
984:Athabasca
951:Lundbreck
921:Athabasca
826:Crowsnest
796:Athabasca
735:161413530
603:1932-6203
380:mustelids
331:semi-arid
302:Based on
279:trackways
258:to early
237:Blood 148
213:reservoir
1190:Crowfoot
1167:Glaciers
1142:Glenmore
1132:McGregor
1049:Miquelon
1034:La Biche
1029:Jackfish
1014:Des Arcs
961:Sunwapta
936:Crescent
876:Red Deer
621:28817644
573:PLOS ONE
554:25831543
285:used by
271:spillway
260:Holocene
67:Location
1210:Vulture
1112:Brazeau
1107:Barrier
1102:Abraham
1084:Wabamun
1079:Utikuma
1039:St. Cyr
1024:Hubbles
994:Bistcho
956:Panther
871:Pembina
816:Brazeau
780:Alberta
727:2694181
673:Bibcode
612:5560644
581:Bibcode
545:4394292
522:Bibcode
430:chopper
217:Alberta
75:Alberta
1195:Hector
1152:Sikome
1074:Sylvan
1059:Pigeon
1019:Garner
999:Claire
861:Oldman
806:Beaver
801:Battle
788:Rivers
733:
725:
619:
609:
601:
552:
542:
434:biface
384:canids
308:faunal
221:Canada
135:Canada
132:
1229:Other
1215:Wapta
1200:Peyto
1064:Santé
979:Amisk
971:Lakes
946:Elbow
941:Crypt
886:Smoky
881:Slave
866:Peace
836:Ghost
831:Elbow
731:S2CID
723:JSTOR
334:plain
211:is a
121:Basin
1004:Cold
851:Milk
692:2017
617:PMID
599:ISSN
550:PMID
513:PNAS
432:, a
386:and
265:and
250:The
1180:Bow
926:Bow
841:Hay
811:Bow
778:of
715:doi
681:doi
607:PMC
589:doi
540:PMC
530:doi
518:112
306:of
298:Age
235:'s
1290::
729:.
721:.
711:66
709:.
679:.
669:24
667:.
663:.
637:.
615:.
605:.
597:.
587:.
577:12
575:.
571:.
548:.
538:.
528:.
516:.
510:.
496:p.
482:^
400:.
366:,
294:.
219:,
73:,
768:e
761:t
754:v
737:.
717::
694:.
683::
675::
648:.
623:.
591::
583::
556:.
532::
524::
476:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
