44:
836:
503:
980:
492:
916:. These nations also had in common a matrilineal, clan-based social organization, and a political system sufficiently structured to permit confederation at times. Most of them engaged in guerrilla warfare, grew and used tobacco, and produced pottery vessels." Sunflowers were also grown for their oily seeds. Investigations at several former settlements have indicated that their most important foods were maize and fish. They hunted
812:, and likely consisted of numerous groups. Pendergast notes that while Iroquoians and topical academics have mostly reached consensus on this theory, some historians have continued to publish other theories and ignore the archaeological evidence. The St. Lawrence Iroquoians did share many cultural, historical, and linguistic aspects with other Iroquoian groups; for example, their
756:(in some cases, they also postulated Onondaga and Oneida) had migrated and settled in the St. Lawrence River valley before relocating to their historic territory of present-day New York. Pendergast says that attribution of Stadacona or Hochelaga as Mohawk, Onondaga or Oneida has not been supported by the archaeological data.
641:(Huron). However, recent archaeological finds suggest distinctly separate groups may have existed among the St. Lawrence Iroquoians as well. The name "St Lawrence Iroquoians" refers to a geographic area in which the inhabitants shared some cultural traits, including a common language, but were not politically united.
657:
885:, typical of other neighboring Iroquoian peoples. The longhouses were 18 metres (59 ft) to 41 metres (135 ft) in length and each housed several families. Archaeologists have estimated that villages had an average population of 150-250 people although a few larger villages housed considerably more.
1211:
The account of Canada's name origin reflects theories first advanced in the 18th and 19th centuries. General texts have not kept up with the discrediting of such earlier theories by the linguistic comparative studies of the later 20th century. For instance, the "Huron-Iroquois theory" of word origin
923:
In 1535, French explorer
Jacques Cartier commented on cultural differences between the people of Hochelaga (Montreal area) and Stadacona (Quebec area). Cartier described the large and productive maize fields surrounding Hochelaga, and said its inhabitants were sedentary, as compared to the people of
888:
The
Iroquoians occupied their villages for ten or more years until their longhouses deteriorated and the fertility of the soil for their crops declined. Then, they built a new village and cleared land for crops, usually only a few miles from their previous home. The frequent changes of location has
880:
Most of the St. Lawrence
Iroquoian villages were located in inland locations a few kilometers from the river itself. By the end of the 15th century they were encircled by earthworks and palisades, indicating a need for defense. The villages usually were 2 hectares (4.9 acres) to 3.25 hectares (8.0
1073:
that were associated with the St. Lawrence
Iroquoians and the tribes of the Haudenosaunee. Their use appear to have been related to diplomatic visits among the peoples, and he suggests they indicate a territory of interaction that may have preceded the Iroquois confederacy. Related design elements
594:
estimated their numbers as 120,000 people in 25 nations occupying an area of 230,000 square kilometres (89,000 sq mi). However, many scholars believe that estimate of the number of St. Lawrence
Iroquoians and the area they controlled is too expansive. The current archaeological evidence
1165:
Although historians and other scholars have been studying the St. Lawrence
Iroquoians for some time, such knowledge has been slower to be part of common historical understanding. The hypothesis about the St. Lawrence Iroquoians helps explain apparent contradictions in the historical record about
975:
fishermen may have come into contact with the St. Lawrence
Iroquoians early in the 16th century. French navigator Thomas Aubert visited the area in 1508 and sailed 80 leagues, perhaps 350 kilometres (220 mi), through the Gulf of St Lawrence and into the St. Lawrence River. He took back to
735:
Several historians combined data from early French reports, vocabulary lists, and oral histories of accounts by Native tribes to theorize the early inhabitants were
Iroquoian-speaking Huron or Mohawk, two tribes well known in later colonial history. There has not been sufficient documentation to
1140:
believes the political dynamics were such that the Huron were unlikely to enter
Iroquois territory to carry out an attack against the St. Lawrence people to the north. In the mid- to late-16th century, the St. Lawrence Valley was likely an area of open conflict among tribes closer to the river.
826:
As the historian
Pendergast argues, the determination of identity for the St. Lawrence Iroquoians is important because, "our understanding of relations between Europeans and Iroquoians during the contact era throughout Iroquoia hinges largely upon the tribe or confederacy to which Stadacona and
693:. Since the 1990s, they have concluded that there may have been as many as 25 tribes among the St. Lawrence Iroquoians, who numbered anywhere from 8,000 to 10,000 people. They lived in the river lowlands and east of the Great Lakes, including in present-day northern New York and Vermont.
800:
convention is to designate these people St Lawrence Iroquoians, all the while being aware that on-going archaeological research indicates that several discrete Iroquoian political entities were present in a number of widely dispersed geographical regions on the St Lawrence River axis."
1303:. Jacques Cartier made sparse records during his voyage in 1535-1536. He compiled two vocabulary lists totaling about 200 words. The St. Lawrence Iroquoians may have spoken two or more distinct languages in a territory stretching over 600 km, from Lake Ontario to east of
684:
evidence collected since the 1950s has settled some of the debate. Since the 1950s, anthropologists and some historians have used definitive linguistic and archaeological studies to reach consensus that the St. Lawrence Iroquoians were peoples distinct from nations of the
990:
was the first European definitively known to have come in contact with the St. Lawrence Iroquoians. In July 1534, during his first voyage to the Americas, Cartier met a group of more than 200 Iroquoians, men, women, and children, camped on the north shore of
1081:
arrived and founded Quebec in 1608, he found no trace of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians and settlements visited by Cartier some 75 years earlier. Historians and other scholars have developed several theories about their disappearance: devastating wars with the
948:
in the 16th century. For Stadaconans, depending on agriculture was a riskier subsistence strategy than for the people of Hochelaga and they probably relied less on agriculture and more on exploitation of sea mammals, fishing, and hunting.
725:. Since the 18th century, several theories have been proposed for the identity of the St. Lawrence River peoples. The issue is important not only for historical understanding but because of Iroquois and other indigenous land claims.
1156:
grounds, as well as a route for war parties and raiding. Neither nation had any permanent settlements upriver above Tadoussac, the trading post in the lower St. Lawrence Valley which had been important for years in the fur trade.
889:
given problems to archaeologists in estimating the numbers on the St. Lawrence Iroquoian people. Dating techniques may not be precise enough to determine whether villages were occupied simultaneously or sequentially.
859:
region of Quebec in about 1000 CE. By 1250 or 1300 maize was being grown in what would become the Quebec City area. By about 1300, four distinct subculture areas of St. Lawrence Iroquoian culture existed: (1)
1112:. Located in eastern and central New York, they had the most to gain in war against the St. Lawrence Iroquians, as they had the least advantageous territorial position in the area in relation to hunting and the
872:
basin west of Montreal with a population of 1,000; and the Montreal and Quebec city areas with a population of 2,000 to 3,000. There were also settlements in northernmost Vermont and neighboring Ontario near
595:
indicates that the largest known village had a population of about 1,000 and their total population was 8,000–10,000. The traditional view is that they disappeared because of late 16th-century warfare by the
1262:. In the early 20th century historians debated this vigorously and the reasons for its disappearance, but changing interests in the field led in other directions. In the late 20th century, First Nations
943:
in search of marine animals. Moreover, the Quebec area was the most northerly location in northeastern North America in which agriculture was practiced, especially during the cooler temperatures of the
804:
As noted, anthropologists and some historians have used definitive linguistic and archaeological studies to reach consensus that the St. Lawrence Iroquoians were a people distinct from nations of the
1141:
Because nothing remained of their settlements, the St. Lawrence Iroquoians appeared to have been overwhelmed by other groups. Some St. Lawrence Iroquoian survivors may have joined the neighbouring
952:
The St. Lawrence Iroquoians were not united politically and villages and cultural groups may have been unfriendly and competitive with each other, as well as being hostile to the neighboring
2158:
Plourde, Michel (2016). "Chapter 5: Saint Lawrence Iroquoians, Algonquians, and Europeans in the Saint Lawrence Estuary between 1500 and 1650". In Loewen, Brad; Chapdelaine, Claude (eds.).
1091:
819:
The St. Lawrence Iroquoians appear to have disappeared from the St. Lawrence valley some time prior to 1580. Champlain reported no evidence of Native habitation in the valley. By then the
2113:
Pendergast, James F., "The Significance of a Huron Archaeological Presence in Jefferson County, New York," a paper read at McMaster University, 20 February 1982, vide Trigger (1985) 351.
1966:
1045:
started to frequent the area in yearly campaigns (peaking at around 1570–80), holding friendly commercial relations with Saint Lawrence Iroquoians and other natives. The
1388:
1488:
2242:
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consistently has provided compelling evidence to demonstrate that neither the Mohawk, the Onondaga, nor the Oneida homelands originated in the St Lawrence Valley."
736:
support this conclusion according to 20th-century standards. In addition, archaeological finds and linguistic studies since the 1950s have discredited this theory.
631:
Archaeological evidence has established that the St. Lawrence Iroquoians were a people distinct from the other regional Iroquoian peoples, the Five Nations of the
1639:
1347:
1319:(Montreal Museum of Archaeology and History), opened here to preserve the archaeology and mark new understandings of the city and the St. Lawrence Iroquoians.
1243:
of the region. Cartier noted the word in his journal. On a later expedition when Champlain asked for the same remedy, the natives he met did not know the word
531:
428:
95:
2247:
1337:, Pointe à Callière, Montreal Museum of Archaeology and History, Montreal, Quebec. (The exhibition catalogue was published as a book under the same name.)
2262:
696:
Before this, some scholars argued that the people were the ancestors or direct relations of historic Iroquoian groups in the greater region, such as the
152:
2023:
892:
In addition to the characteristic villages, the St. Lawrence Iroquoian peoples had "a mixed economy, in which they drew their subsistence from growing
478:
1410:
1132:. The Mohawk wanted to get more control of the St. Lawrence trade routes connecting to the Europeans. During this period, Champlain reported that the
1053:
probably derived from the Iroquoian word "kanata" which means settlement or village. Basques and American natives of the Labrador-Saint Lawrence area
453:
357:
1650:
St-Pierre, C. Gates (2015), "Horticulture on the Edge: The Northernmost Evidence for Plant Cultivation in Pre-Contact Northeastern North America,"
749:
1588:
327:
664:
For years historians, archeologists and related scholars debated the identity of the Iroquoian cultural group in the St. Lawrence valley which
322:
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to conclude that "a wholly indigenous and discrete Iroquoian people were present in the St Lawrence Valley when Cartier arrived. The current
124:
1463:
241:
90:
1952:
Roland Tremblay. (1999). "Regards sur le passé: réflexions sur l'identité des habitants de la vallée du Saint-Laurent au XVIe siècle",
524:
1251:
who, although related, did not speak the same language dialects as the St. Lawrence Iroquoians—thus, they did not know the word
2257:
1611:
Jones, Eric E. (2008), "Iroquois Population History and Settlement Ecology, 1500-1700," Dissertation: Pennsylvania State University,
1315:
Extensive archaeological work in Montreal has revealed the 1,000-year history of human habitation on the site. In 1992 a new museum,
496:
221:
112:
2090:
Faunal Resource Exploitation Among the St. Lawrence Iroquoians: the Zooarchaeology of the Steward (BfFt-2) Site, Morrisburg, Ontario
1175:, from which the nation derived its name, offers an example of the changes in historical understanding required by new evidence. By
1108:
evidence and the historical context of the time point most strongly to wars with the neighbouring Iroquois tribes, particularly the
2252:
1381:
Warrick, Gray and Lesagel, Louis (2016), "The Huron-Wendat and the St. Lawrence Iroquoians: New Findings of a Close Relationship,"
1283:
studies indicate that the St. Lawrence Iroquoians probably spoke several distinct dialects of their language, often referred to as
2232:
1802:"Effigy Pipes, Diplomacy, and Myth: Exploring Interaction between St. Lawrence Iroquoians and Eastern Iroquois in New York State"
1266:, as well as increased interest in history of indigenous peoples renewed attention to the early St. Lawrence Iroquoian villages.
231:
107:
1046:
337:
246:
211:
175:
1457:
517:
458:
352:
269:
236:
201:
17:
1994:
Juan Francisco Maura. “Nuevas aportaciones al estudio de la toponimia ibérica en la América Septentrional en el siglo XVI”.
1627:
1386:
1742:
Cahill, Donald and Ouellet, Martin (Autumn 2015), "An Analysis of Jacques Cartier's Exploration of the Gaspé Coast, 1534,"
216:
1889:
Mark Abley, "Where was Hochelaga? Debate simmers over the location and fate of the Indian village Cartier visited in 1535"
1680:
1888:
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In 1998 James F. Pendergast, a Canadian archeologist, summarized the four major theories with an overview of evidence:
1200:(1985) and various publications of the Government of Canada, such as "The Origin of the Name Canada" published by the
2132:
1861:
274:
85:
473:
463:
186:
2039:
Engelbrecht, William; Jamieson, Bruce (2016). "St. Lawrence Iroquoian Projectile Points: A Regional Perspective".
1011:. The Stadaconians met the French "very familiarly" probably indicating previous trading contacts with Europeans.
2061:
1201:
776:
Laurentian Iroquoian and Laurentian Iroquois Identity: based on language studies, with material added since 1940;
196:
147:
2203:
1034:. Archaeologists in the 20th century have unearthed similar villages further southwest, near the eastern end of
1417:, vol. 2, Montreal and London: Mcgill-Queen's University Press, 1976, pp. 214-218, 220-224, accessed 2 Feb 2010
375:
2267:
1665:
Jacques Cartier and his four voyages to Canada; an essay with historical, explanatory and philological notes,
591:
400:
395:
347:
157:
102:
2139:
2123:
Pendergast, James F., Claude Chapdelaine, and J. V. Wright. "Essays in St. Lawrence Iroquoian Archaeology",
1054:
552:
390:
342:
33:
2176:
1700:
Gates St-Pierre, Christian (2016), "Iroquoians in the St. Lawrence River Valley before European Contact,"
1369:
1227:
also shows how historical understanding has been changed by recent research. When Cartier's crew suffered
869:
1587:
Abel, Timothy, "The Iroquoian Occupations of Northern New York: A summary of Current Research," pp. 66,
1231:
during their first winter in Canada, the St. Lawrence Iroquoians provided them with a remedy, an herbal
1152:
By the time Champlain arrived, the Algonquins and Mohawks were both using the Saint-Lawrence Valley for
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languages were part of the Iroquoian family and aspects of culture and societal structure were similar.
1070:
861:
793:
284:
1783:
1600:
1426:
1214:
1963:
Montréal, Qc, Les Éditions de l'Homme (Published in association with exhibit by same name, 2006-2007)
1567:
1042:
865:
332:
2096:
Loewen, Brad (2016). "Chapter 3: Intertwined Enigmas". In Loewen, Brad; Chapdelaine, Claude (eds.).
2018:
310:
2006:
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In his follow-up expedition of 1535 and 1536, Cartier visited several Iroquoian villages north of
142:
54:
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which abounded in the area. They were more than 600 kilometres (370 mi) from their home of
1945:
James F. Pendergast. (1998). "The Confusing Identities Attributed to Stadacona and Hochelaga",
1316:
1280:
608:
Knowledge about the St. Lawrence Iroquoians has been constructed from the studies of surviving
1612:
1447:
2116:
Pendergast, James F. "The St.Lawrence Iroquoians: Their Past, Present and Immediate Future,"
1784:
James F. Pendergast. (1998). "The Confusing Identities Attributed to Stadacona and Hochelaga"
1427:
James F. Pendergast. (1998). "The Confusing Identities Attributed to Stadacona and Hochelaga"
1304:
1204:, suggest instead the former theory that the word "Canada" stems from a Huron-Iroquois word,
1196:
1016:
745:
1931:
1770:
805:
686:
43:
1322:
Major exhibits have displayed the increasing knowledge about the St. Lawrence Iroquoians:
8:
2069:
1562:
Jamison, Thomas (2005), "Filling the Void Saint Lawrence Iroquoians in Alburg, Vermont,"
1288:
1284:
1275:
1078:
1058:
1026:
996:
936:) of the lower St. Lawrence River and the Gulf of St Lawrence and ranged widely in their
813:
722:
676:
580:
555:
who existed until about the late 16th century. They concentrated along the shores of the
2204:"The Huron-Wendat and the St. Lawrence Iroquoians: New Findings of a Close Relationship"
1247:. This fact confused many historians. Given new evidence, it appears that Champlain met
315:
2048:
1821:
1717:
1240:
1133:
953:
924:
Stadacona who were migratory. The Stadaconans were closer to the salt-water resources (
835:
612:
of the historical past from the current Native people, writings of the French explorer
556:
1549:
Warrick, Gary (Dec 2000), "The Precontact Iroquoian Occupation off Southern Ontario,"
759:"Since the 1950s a vast accumulation of archaeological material from Ontario, Quebec,
68:
2237:
2128:
1857:
1850:
1453:
1300:
1000:
917:
852:
549:
206:
1069:
The archaeologist Anthony Wonderley found 500-year-old ceramic pipes in present-day
2163:
2101:
1913:
1813:
1296:
1171:
1146:
1137:
1102:
traded furs for European weapons and used these to push the farming Indians south.
1038:
and are finding evidence of additional discrete groups of St. Lawrence Iroquoians.
976:
France seven natives, possibly Iroquoians, whom he had captured during his voyage.
572:
1980:
Bruce G. Trigger and James F. Pendergast. (1978). "Saint Lawrence Iroquoians", in
1187:(they call a village 'Canada')". Cartier applied the word to both the region near
1392:
1292:
987:
797:
705:
665:
613:
405:
380:
117:
1987:
Bruce G. Trigger. (1976) "The Disappearance of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians", in
847:
agriculture in Canada is first detected by archaeologists in 500 CE at the
605:
or Iroquois League, which wanted to control trade with Europeans in the valley.
1123:
1087:
972:
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897:
874:
856:
848:
809:
789:
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302:
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Examines the relationship between the Basques and the St. Lawrence Iroquoians.
979:
644:
The name of the country of Canada is probably derived from the Iroquoian word
2226:
1248:
1142:
1109:
964:
753:
714:
701:
681:
633:
621:
601:
596:
568:
507:
410:
226:
191:
2167:
2140:"An In-Situ Hypothesis to Explain the Origin of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians"
2120:(Journal of the New York State Archaeological Association), 102:47-74, 1991.
1916:, Montreal Museum of Archaeology and History website, accessed 14 March 2012
1838:
Harold A Innis, "The Fur Trade in Canada", 1956 revision of 1930, Chapter 1.
2105:
1493:
Wrapped in the Colours of the Earth. Cultural Heritage of the First Nations
1328:
Wrapped in the Colours of the Earth: Cultural Heritage of the First Nations
1035:
764:
709:
279:
162:
2198:(Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1985) 144-8, 351
2160:
Contact in the 16th Century: Networks Among Fishers, Foragers and Farmers
2098:
Contact in the 16th Century: Networks Among Fishers, Foragers and Farmers
1128:
1105:
1095:
1008:
625:
385:
2085:, Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS, No.5:385-404, 1990.
2052:
1825:
1801:
1372:, 2006-2007 Exhibit, Pointe-à-Callière, Montreal, accessed 14 March 2012
656:
2001:
Juan Francisco Maura. “Sobre el origen hispánico del nombre ‘Canadá’”.
1984:, Volume 15, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 357–361.
937:
882:
168:
1074:
and long recounting in Iroquois oral histories have been significant.
881:
acres) in area. Inside the palisades the St. Lawrence people lived in
2062:"Iroquoians in the St. Lawrence River Valley before European Contact"
1817:
1239:. The French recorded this as the St. Lawrence Iroquoian name of the
1118:
1113:
1099:
1004:
992:
670:
584:
264:
181:
1411:
Bruce G. Trigger, "The Disappearance of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians"
1876:
1263:
1232:
1083:
1031:
929:
913:
719:
1935:. Paris: Tross (1863 edition). (Vocabulary list on pages 46 to 48)
1136:
peoples were fearful of the powerful Iroquois. The anthropologist
27:
Indigenous people of east-central North America (c. 1300s to 1580)
2081:
Jamieson, J.B. "The Archaeology of the St. Lawrence Iroquoians."
1989:
The Children of Aataentsic: a History of the Huron People to 1660
1975:
Canadian Journal of Archaeology / Journal Canadien d’Archéologie,
1879:, American Anthropological Association, 1927, accessed 3 Feb 2010
1415:
The Children of Aataenstic: A History of the Huron People to 1660
1153:
968:
909:
905:
760:
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and his crew recorded encountering in 1535–36 at the villages of
576:
564:
2162:. Mercury Series. University of Ottawa Press. pp. 119–148.
839:
An artists conception of the interior of an Iroquoian longhouse.
788:
Since the 1950s, anthropologists, archaeologists, linguists and
2177:"St. Lawrence Iroquoians among the Wendat: Linguistic Evidence"
2007:
http://parnaseo.uv.es/Lemir/Revista/Revista20/02_Maura_Juan.pdf
1445:
1228:
1116:
along the St. Lawrence River. French trading was then based at
560:
2100:. Mercury Series. University of Ottawa Press. pp. 57–76.
1747:
1475:
1473:
1223:
940:
933:
901:
893:
844:
660:
Territory occupied by the St. Lawrence Iroquoians, circa 1535
61:
1441:
1439:
925:
1470:
784:
St. Lawrence Iroquoian and St. Lawrence Iroquois Identity:
2196:
Native and Newcomers: Canada's 'Heroic Age' Reconsidered,
2003:
Lemir (Revista de literatura medieval y del Renacimiento)
1877:
W. J. Wintemberg, "Was Hochelaga Destroyed or Abandoned?"
1553:, Vol. 14, No. 4, p. 415, 454-457. Downloaded from JSTOR.
1489:
Claude Chapdelaine, "The St. Lawrence Iroquoians, 1500CE"
1436:
1258:
Archaeologists have not determined the exact location of
1098:. Innis guessed that the northern hunting Indians around
1041:
At just about the period Jacques Cartier contacted them,
823:
used it as a hunting ground and avenue for war parties.
1094:, or their migration westward toward the shores of the
1531:
Pendergast (1998), "Confusing Identities", pp. 158-159
1522:
Pendergast (1998), "Confusing Identities", pp. 155-156
1513:
Pendergast (1998), "Confusing Identities", pp. 153-154
1504:
Pendergast (1998), "Confusing Identities", pp. 150-153
1479:
Pendergast (1998), "Confusing Identities", pp. 156-157
1348:
Iroquois settlement of the north shore of Lake Ontario
999:. They had traveled in 40 canoes to Gaspé to fish for
1020:(near present-day Quebec), including the villages of
1718:
http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/aubert_thomas_1E.html
1663:
Stephens, Hiram B. and Saville, Marshall H. (1890),
1057:
for the mutual understanding, but it shows a strong
2047:. Eastern States Archaeological Federation: 81–98.
2038:
1991:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press, pp. 214–228.
1495:
Exhibition Catalogue, Montreal: McCord Museum, 1992
1849:
1183:meant "village" in their language. Cartier wrote,
1904:Pendergast (1998), "Confusing Identities", p. 150
1852:Facts about Canada, Its Provinces and Territories
1540:Pendergast (1998), "Confusing Identities", p. 149
744:Based in part on material from the 18th century,
2243:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
2224:
2083:The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650
2059:
1942:Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1972.
1652:Revista de Antropologia del Museo de Entre Rios,
1365:
1363:
2127:no. 8. Dundas, Ontario: Copetown Press, 1993.
2125:Occasional Papers in Northeastern Archaeology,
1191:and the St. Lawrence River that flows nearby.
2201:
1623:"The St. Lawrence Iroquoians: who are they?"
1449:Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism
1360:
1166:French encounters with natives in this area.
525:
1733:London: Richard Bentley and Son, pp. 298-299
1731:The Discoveries of America to the year 1525,
1667:Montreal: W. Drysdale and Company, pp. 61,63
2248:Native American history of New York (state)
2027:— a virtual exhibit on the people's culture
1961:The Saint Lawrence Iroquoians: Corn People,
1938:Pendergast, James F, and Bruce G. Trigger.
1847:
1746:Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 90-94. Downloaded from
1452:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 109.
1212:appeared in the article on "Canada" in the
1208:, that also meant "village" or settlement.
2263:Native American tribes in New York (state)
2217:. Ontario Archaeological Society: 133–143.
2137:
1969:The Saint Lawrence Iroquoians: Corn People
1777:
1482:
1446:James Stuart Olson; Robert Shadle (1991).
1335:The Saint Lawrence Iroquoians: Corn People
830:
532:
518:
1799:
1625:Cartier-Brebeuf National Historical Site,
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1149:tribes, by force or by mutual agreement.
2190:. Ontario Archaeological Society: 17–25.
2174:
2153:. Ontario Archaeological Society: 47–55.
2077:. Ontario Archaeological Society: 47–64.
1940:Cartier's Hochelaga and the Dawson Site.
1433:, Volume 32, p. 149, accessed 3 Feb 2010
1287:. It is one of several languages of the
1090:to the west, the impact of epidemics of
978:
834:
655:
2157:
2092:. Toronto: University of Toronto, 1984.
1678:Cartier-Brebeuf National Historic Site,
855:. Iroquoian culture is detected in the
14:
2225:
2095:
1967:"Book Review: Roland Tremblay. (2006)
1638:St-Pierre, C. Gates, "Fish and Corn,"
1397:
1370:"St. Lawrence Iroquoians: Corn People"
176:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
2202:Warrick, Gary; Lesage, Louis (2016).
1932:Relation originale de Jacques Cartier
1771:Relation originale de Jacques Cartier
1676:"The Iroquoians of the Quebec Area,"
1310:
1160:
202:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
2060:Gates-St. Pierre, Christian (2016).
2041:Archaeology of Eastern North America
1466:from the original on April 12, 2016.
1185:"lz (sic) appellent une ville Canada
959:
651:
1954:Recherches amérindiennes au Québec,
648:which means village or settlement.
24:
2031:
1982:Handbook of North American Indians
864:with a population of about 2,500;
843:Prehistoric Iroquoian culture and
25:
2279:
2012:
1895:, 1 Nov 1994, accessed 3 Feb 2010
1715:Dictionary of Canadian Biography,
1330:, McCord Museum, Montreal, Quebec
1179:, the St. Lawrence Iroquoians of
1122:, downstream at the mouth of the
2258:First Nations history in Ontario
1956:Volume 29, No.1, pp. 41–52.
1086:tribes to the south or with the
868:with a population of 2,500; the
620:' and other scholars' work with
501:
490:
42:
2253:First Nations history in Quebec
1907:
1898:
1882:
1870:
1841:
1832:
1793:
1762:
1753:
1736:
1723:
1707:
1694:
1685:
1670:
1657:
1644:
1632:
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1572:
1564:Journal of Vermont Archaeology,
1556:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1202:Department of Canadian Heritage
1055:developed a simplified language
148:British Columbia Treaty Process
2233:Extinct Native American tribes
1507:
1498:
1420:
1375:
1126:, within the territory of the
1030:in the vicinity of modern-day
13:
1:
1923:
1774:. Paris: Tross (1863 edition)
1007:, on the site of present day
983:Jacques Cartier at Hochelaga.
1949:Volume 32, pp. 149–167.
1947:Journal of Canadian Studies,
1729:Weise, Arthur James (1884),
956:and other Iroquoian groups.
752:developed a theory that the
153:Crown and Indigenous peoples
7:
2088:Junker-Andersen, Christen.
2024:The St. Lawrence Iroquoians
1996:Bulletin of Spanish Studies
1800:Wonderley, Anthony (2005).
1788:Journal of Canadian Studies
1551:Journal of World Prehistory
1431:Journal of Canadian Studies
1341:
1269:
827:Hochelaga are attributed."
712:of the Five Nations of the
391:Indigenous English Dialects
10:
2284:
2138:Pendergast, J. F. (1975).
1273:
1071:Jefferson County, New York
862:Jefferson County, New York
794:multidisciplinary research
680:. An increasing amount of
1959:Roland Tremblay. (2006).
1929:Jacques Cartier. (1545).
1914:"About Pointe-à-Callière"
1768:Jacques Cartier. (1545).
1289:Iroquoian language family
1077:By the time the explorer
1064:
866:Grenville County, Ontario
628:studies since the 1950s.
616:, earlier histories, and
497:Indigenous North Americas
2019:Virtual Museum of Canada
1353:
1169:The origins of the word
741:Mohawk Identity Option:
592:Pointe-à-Callière Museum
275:Indigenous personalities
2175:Steckley, John (2016).
2168:10.2307/j.ctt22zmcgk.11
1856:. H.W. Wilson Company.
1691:St-Pierre (2015), p. 20
1221:The earlier mystery of
1215:Encyclopædia Britannica
831:Culture and subsistence
546:St. Lawrence Iroquoians
2106:10.2307/j.ctt22zmcgk.9
1998:86. 5 (2009): 577-603.
1720:, accessed 31 Jul 2019
1682:, accessed 11 Aug 2019
1641:, accessed 14 Aug 2019
1614:, accessed 12 Aug 2019
1602:, accessed 12 Aug 2019
1569:, accessed 7 Aug 2019.
984:
840:
661:
1629:, accessed 9 Aug 2019
1590:, accessed 7 Aug 2019
1249:Five Nations Iroquois
1197:Canadian Encyclopedia
982:
838:
732:Huron-Mohawk Option:
718:encountered by later
659:
567:, Canada, and in the
18:St. Lawrence Iroquois
2268:Saint Lawrence River
1848:Weihs, Jean (1995).
1702:Ontario Archaeology,
1599:"A Mohawk Village,"
1578:Warrick, pp. 454-457
1383:Ontario Archaeology,
1049:referred to them as
806:Iroquois Confederacy
687:Iroquois Confederacy
581:Laurentian languages
401:Aboriginal syllabics
376:Indigenous languages
2211:Ontario Archaeology
2194:Trigger, Bruce G.,
2184:Ontario Archaeology
2147:Ontario Archaeology
2070:Ontario Archaeology
1893:Canadian Geographic
1276:Laurentian language
1255:and its reference.
1079:Samuel de Champlain
997:Gulf of St Lawrence
723:Samuel de Champlain
429:Traditional beliefs
270:Indigenous cultures
113:Residential schools
103:Settler colonialism
2005:20 (2016): 17-52.
1806:American Antiquity
1391:2018-09-20 at the
1311:Legacy and honours
1161:Historical debates
1092:Old World diseases
985:
954:Algonquian peoples
841:
746:Mark Cleland Baker
662:
583:, a branch of the
557:St. Lawrence River
34:Indigenous peoples
1713:"Thomas Aubert,"
1654:Vol. 1, pp. 20-23
1459:978-0-313-26257-9
1317:Pointe-à-Callière
1291:, which includes
1001:Atlantic mackerel
960:European contacts
918:white-tailed deer
853:Hamilton, Ontario
652:Historical issues
575:and northernmost
553:Indigenous people
542:
541:
508:Canada portal
454:Index of articles
207:Numbered Treaties
16:(Redirected from
2275:
2218:
2208:
2191:
2181:
2171:
2154:
2144:
2109:
2078:
2066:
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1917:
1911:
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1896:
1886:
1880:
1874:
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1829:
1818:10.2307/40035702
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1138:Bruce G. Trigger
920:and other game.
870:Lake St. Francis
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212:Royal Commission
118:Indian hospitals
91:Pre-colonization
46:
30:
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2179:
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2064:
2034:
2032:Further reading
2015:
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1920:
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1864:
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1763:
1759:Parmenter, p. 7
1758:
1754:
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1708:
1704:Vol. 96, p. 54.
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1393:Wayback Machine
1380:
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1368:
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1163:
1067:
988:Jacques Cartier
962:
833:
798:anthropological
790:ethnohistorians
666:Jacques Cartier
654:
618:anthropologists
614:Jacques Cartier
559:in present-day
538:
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424:
416:
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381:Inuit languages
371:
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303:Indian reserves
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222:Specific claims
217:Self-government
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1106:Archaeological
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1043:Basque whalers
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875:Lake Champlain
857:Saguenay River
849:Princess Point
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769:New York State
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610:oral accounts
606:
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579:. They spoke
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464:First Nations
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411:Inuit grammar
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2118:The Bulletin
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1235:made of the
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1036:Lake Ontario
1025:
1021:
1015:
1013:
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825:
820:
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765:Pennsylvania
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600:
589:
545:
543:
297:Demographics
280:Country food
167:
163:Idle No More
67:
60:
53:
1790:, Volume 32
1744:Acadiensis,
1333:2006-2007,
1241:white cedar
1096:Great Lakes
1009:Quebec City
406:Chinuk pipa
386:Chinuk Wawa
370:Linguistics
353:Territories
323:Atlantic CA
187:Land claims
2227:Categories
1924:References
1285:Laurentian
1281:Linguistic
1134:Algonquian
1051:Canaleses,
938:birch bark
883:longhouses
814:Laurentian
626:linguistic
571:states of
459:Indigenous
197:Land title
169:Indian Act
1260:Hochelaga
1218:of 1996.
1194:Both the
1189:Stadacona
1181:Stadacona
1147:Algonquin
1119:Tadoussac
1114:fur trade
1100:Tadoussac
1061:imprint.
1027:Hochelaga
1022:Stadacona
1005:Stadacona
993:Gaspe Bay
914:gathering
677:Hochelaga
671:Stadacona
585:Iroquoian
550:Iroquoian
423:Religions
182:Land Back
36:in Canada
2238:Iroquois
2053:44808365
1826:40035702
1566:Vol. 6,
1464:Archived
1389:Archived
1385:p. 137,
1342:See also
1301:Cherokee
1270:Language
1264:activism
1233:infusion
1084:Iroquois
1032:Montreal
851:site in
720:explorer
706:Onondaga
637:and the
587:family.
573:New York
569:American
548:were an
247:Politics
237:Case law
232:Genocide
137:Politics
108:Genocide
96:Genetics
86:Timeline
1253:annedda
1245:annedda
1237:annedda
1224:annedda
1154:hunting
1059:Mi'kmaq
1047:Basques
995:in the
973:English
910:fishing
906:hunting
808:or the
761:Vermont
689:or the
646:kanata,
577:Vermont
565:Ontario
259:Culture
80:History
2131:
2051:
1860:
1824:
1456:
1326:1992,
1293:Mohawk
1229:scurvy
1206:kanata
1177:canada
1172:canada
1143:Mohawk
1110:Mohawk
1088:Hurons
1065:Demise
971:, and
969:Basque
965:Breton
941:canoes
934:whales
932:, and
912:, and
900:, and
898:squash
754:Mohawk
710:Oneida
702:Mohawk
639:Wendat
597:Mohawk
561:Quebec
2207:(PDF)
2180:(PDF)
2143:(PDF)
2065:(PDF)
2049:JSTOR
1977:2007.
1822:JSTOR
1748:JSTOR
1413:, in
1354:Notes
930:seals
902:beans
894:maize
845:maize
810:Huron
698:Huron
691:Huron
479:Stubs
474:Métis
469:Inuit
448:Index
316:Métis
285:Music
69:Métis
62:Inuit
2129:ISBN
1858:ISBN
1454:ISBN
1299:and
1145:and
1129:Innu
1024:and
926:fish
780:and
767:and
748:and
674:and
624:and
590:The
563:and
544:The
396:NAPA
2164:doi
2102:doi
1814:doi
708:or
700:or
307:AB
265:Art
2229::
2215:96
2213:.
2209:.
2188:96
2186:.
2182:.
2151:25
2149:.
2145:.
2075:96
2073:.
2067:.
2045:44
2043:.
2021:,
1973:,
1891:,
1820:.
1810:70
1808:.
1804:.
1786:,
1491:,
1472:^
1462:.
1438:^
1429:,
1399:^
1362:^
1307:.
1295:,
967:,
928:,
908:,
904:,
896:,
877:.
763:,
704:,
348:SK
343:QC
338:ON
333:MB
328:BC
311:FN
2170:.
2166::
2108:.
2104::
2055:.
1971:"
1866:.
1828:.
1816::
1750:.
533:e
526:t
519:v
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