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603:– both could not have been in Halifax in 1758 as indicated. Laurent was not seeking peace in 1758. Throughout the war Laurent fought the British and did not surrender until 29 February 1760 at Fort Cumberland. The only evidence of Chief Paul being in Halifax after 1755 is when he travels there over the following weeks to sign a peace treaty on March 10, 1760 (See
364:
Hubbard, Rev. William. "History of the Indian Wars in New
England ... 1677." b. ii 154 St. Aspinquid is usually associated with Mt. Agamenticus, where local legends claim he is buried under a great pile of stones. There is another possibility near Saco and the sea, Hubbard relates; "the other Town is
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Paul
Laurent's party included Halifax Chief Saylen Paul's two sons. While one of the Chief Paul's sons killed Cope, another of Chief Paul's sons was killed. Chief Paul and Chief Cope were brothers-in-law. Chief Paul indicated he was not part of his sons' battle against Chief Cope and to prove his
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in
Llowell Massachusetts that is erroneously labeled St. Aspinquid. Because of this confusion, the story states that he died aged 117. Because they had not found any reference to St. Aspinquid prior to the 19th century, some Maine antiquarians asserted that St. Aspinguid did not exist and was simply
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Shortly after Cope's death, Mi'kmaq chiefs signed a peace treaty in
Halifax on 10 March 1760. Chief Laurent signed on behalf of the Lahave tribe and a new chief, Claude Rene, signed on behalf of the Shubenacadie tribe. (During this time of surrender and treaty making, tensions among the various
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and five others to St. Aspinquid's Chapel to negotiate peace with the
British. Chief Paul Laurent had just arrived in Halifax after surrendering to the British at Fort Cumberland on 29 February 1760. In early March 1760, the two parties met and engaged in armed conflict. Chief Larent's party
135:
Tradition indicates Thury celebrated Easter with the Mi'kmaq to coincide with their ancient spring festival. He renamed the Old Spring Feast the Feast of St. Aspinquid. Historically the feast was the great social event of the year in the Mi’kmaq community, attracting various tribes of different
607:; also see March 10, 1750. Chief Paul and Governor Lawrence. Andrew Browns Manuscripts. British Museum. Nova Scotia Archives as cited by Daniel Paul. We were not the Savages). Further, Cope could not have died before the Siege of Louisbourg because French Officer
678:
arrived in 1699 to obtain plants for the royal gardens. At his arrival at
Chebucto on the ship La Royale Paix, three Mi'kmaq chiefs greeted him in canoes, declared themselves Christians and showed him Father Thury's grave at the St. Aspinquid's chapel burial
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Some of the notable people interred in the burial ground are Thury (3 June 1699), the first recorded burial in
Halifax; Shubenacadie Chief Jean Baptiste Cope (1760); and Halifax Chief Paul the last Mi’kmaq chief of the Chebucto tribe. The
698:
699:
Diereville, sieur de. Relation of the Voyage to Port Royal in Acadia of New France (1708). Translated by Mrs. Clarence
Webster, edited by John Clarence Webster. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1933, pp. 77–78
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called York, formerly known by the name of
Agamenticus, from a high Hill of that Name." Thury and his native flock, including possibly Aspinquid, were involved the attack on York.
309:; John Ried. International Region of the Northeast. In Buckner, Campbell, and Frank (eds). The Acadiensis Reader: Volume One: Atlantic Canada Before Confederation. 1998. p. 40
73:
Tradition indicates Thury named the chapel after a Mi’kmaq Chief
Aspinquid (Aspenquid), who converted to Catholicism and drew many others into the faith. Thury arrived at
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None of the oral accounts give the exact date of the battle. Awalt is left to speculate about the date of the battle, which he asserts might be in May 1758 just before
456:
In 1770, the Feast was held on May 31 and was hosted by two fishermen of European descent and attended by 12 tribes across the North including Mohawk and Penobscot (See
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native groups from all over the northeast region. The festival was celebrated on or immediately after the first quarter of the moon in the month of May. Throughout
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officially became the missionary to the Mi'kmaq people at Shubenacadie and Chibouctou (Halifax) (1698). Thury was the first missionary assigned to Halifax.
599:. The evidence contradicts this assertion and suggests that the date was more likely March 1760. The two main players of the conflict – Paul Laurent and
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in 1684 and travelled with St. Aspinquid throughout the region, including present-day Nova Scotia. (During much of the 17th and early 18th centuries,
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erroneously asserts that "the record shows Cope was still alive in the 1760s, which indicates he may have lived to a ripe old age" (See
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Paul Laurent's biographer Michael Johnston notes that another chief from La Heve signed another treaty with the English on 9 Nov. 1761.
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643:). The last record of Cope is by Johnstone (1758). The Chief of the Shebenacadie was replaced in 1760, indicating that Cope was dead.
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Unaware of the Nova Scotia connection to St. Aspinquid, New England tradition has erroneously asserted that St. Aspinquid was Chief
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celebration of the Feast of St. Aspinquid (St. Aspinquid's Day), which was conducted through much of the 18th century. During the
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Chief Joseph Labrador of Lunenburg supported Chief Cope. He survived the battle and continued his raids on British settlers (See
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The Mi'Kmaq and Wabanaki recognize Aspinquid as a Saint but he has not been officially canonized by the Roman Catholic Church.
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Halifax Gazette, 1770. Journalism of Nova Scotia. Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, Volume 6, pp. 116–117
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from elders who heard the story in the 19th century (See Ruth Whitehead. The Old Man Told Us. Nimbus Press. 1991. p. 140).
213:, which spread to and devastated the Mi’kmaq who were at Chebucto, many of whom are interred at the burial ground (1746).
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57:. There are numerous notable people interred in the burial grounds around the chapel and it is also the location of the
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Chief Aspinquid was the "Chief Sacham of all the Tribes of Indians in the Northern District of North America." During
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Awalt bases his account on stories from 17 separate Mi'kmaq accounts from 11 different locations in Nova Scotia (See
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Raddall, Thomas H. "The Feast of St. Aspinquid": Nova Scotia Historical Quarterly, Vol. 1, no. 1, March 1971, p. 1–9
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quarter, however, the evidence of the dates from the contemporaneous newspapers always fall on the evening of the
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factions who were allied against the British were evident. For example, a few months after the death of Cope, the
738:
Saint Aspenquid of Agamenticus. Samuel Drake New England Legends and Folk lore in Prose and Poetry, 1901, p. 359
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indicated that he saw Cope at Miramichi after the Siege of Louisbourg when Johnstone was en route to Quebec (See
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Biography and History of the Indians of North America: From Its First Discovery By Samuel Gardner Drake, p. 121
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Whitehead, Ruth Holmes. "The Old Man Told Us" Nimbus Publishing Limited, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1991.
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killed Cope and two others, while Chief Cope's party killed five of the British supporters.
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quarter of the moon. Raddall indicates the feast is seven days after the new moon. See
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alarmed the local authorities and further celebration of the old feast was forbidden.
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Memoir of Michael Francklin Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, p. 38
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despite losing the support of the French priests who were encouraging surrender.)
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An old Indian Feast, Sketches and traditions of the Northwest Arm (1908), p. 165
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and others of the Wabanki Confederacy exacted revenge a few months later in the
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Nova Scotia Chronicle and Weekly Advertiser, No. 32, Vol. 2, June 5, 1770, p. 8
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Nova Scotia Chronicle and Weekly Advertiser, No. 32, Vol. 2, June 5, 1770, p. 8
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he was also a political figure who signed a treaty with Massachusetts Governor
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Ancient Pemaquid. Collections of the Maine Historical Society, Vol. 5, p. 292
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convinced the Mi’kmaq to continue their tradition at St. Aspinquid's Chapel.
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St. Aspinquid Chapel (Chain Rock Battery, Point Pleasant Park, Nova Scotia)
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two Mi'kmaw chiefs fought each other in a battle near the chapel (1760).
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Eckstrom, Fannie Hardy. “History of Maine, Chapter III”: Bangor, 1919
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From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604–1755
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Charles Beal. Passaconaway in the White Mountains. 1916. pp. 47–48
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murdered Chief Aspinquid at Pemaquid in February 1696. Thury, a
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Franklin is also said to have died in Chief Paul's arms (See
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Akins indicates that the date is on or immediately after the
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But in 1786, evidence of Mi’kmaq support for patriots in the
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Raddall, Thomas H. "Halifax, Warden of the North": pp. 94–95
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Early newspaper texts related to St. Aspinuid, Nova Scotia
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Beamish Murdoch. History of Nova Scotia. Vol. 1, p. 217
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Tradition indicates that at St. Aspinquid's Chapel in
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the feast is reported to have ceased until after the
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J. Dennis Robinson. White man invented St. Aspinquid
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J. Dennis Robinson. White man invented St. Aspinquid
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an invention of Americans of European descent. (See
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made the rare decisions to continue to fight in the
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Don Awalt.The Mi’kmaq and Point Pleasant Park. 2004
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Don Awalt.The Mi’kmaq and Point Pleasant Park. 2004
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Don Awalt.The Mi’kmaq and Point Pleasant Park. 2004
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Don Awalt.The Mi’kmaq and Point Pleasant Park. 2004
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175:and a party of eleven invited Shubenacadie Chief
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297:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 61.
538:Akins. History of Halifax, footnote 94, p. 225
406:Journal d'une expédition de d'Iberville, p. 26
89:were the southernmost settlements of Acadia.)
559:). This oral tradition was also recorded by
479:Akins, Thomas History of Halifax, footnote 94
428:Acadia at the end of the 17th Century, p. 199
417:Acadia at the end of the 17th Century, p. 198
387:. Dictionary of Canadian Biographies Online
506:Akins, Thomas B. "History of Halifax City"
489:For other references see Halifax Gazette,
689:innocence chose to be buried beside Cope.
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