Acadia - Knowledge

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used the elected "marguilliers" (wardens) of the "conseil de fabrique" to administer more than just the churches' affairs in the Parishes. The Acadians extended this system to see to the administrative needs of the community in general. The Acadians protected this structure from the priests and were "No mere subordinates to clerical authority, wardens were "always suspicious of any interference by the priests" in the life of the rural parish, an institution which was, ... , largely a creation of the inhabitants." During the British regime many of the Deputies were drawn from this

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if October 11 fell on a Sunday the elections were to take place on the immediately following Monday. Notice of the annual election was to be given in all districts thirty days before the election date. Immediately following election, deputies, both outgoing and incoming, were to report to Annapolis Royal to receive the governor's approval and instructions. Prior to 1732 deputies had complained about the time and expense of holding office and carrying out their duties. Under the new elected deputy system each district was to provide for the expenses of their elected deputies.

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tended to remain small plots of land worked by individual families rather than slave labor. The highly productive dyked marshlands and cleared uplands produced an abundance of fodder that supported significant production of cows, sheep and pigs. Farmers grew various grains: wheat, oats, barley, hops and rye; vegetables: peas, cabbage, turnips, onions, carrots, chives, shallots, asparagus, parsnips and beets; fruit: apples, pears, cherries, plums, raspberry and white strawberry. In addition they grew crops of hemp and flax for the production of cloth, rope, etc.

2393:(now Prince Edward Island) to take advantage of the fertile cropland. In 1732, the island had 347 settlers but within 25 years its population had expanded to 5000 Europeans. Much of the population surge on Île Saint-Jean took place in the 1750s, as Acadians left during the rising tensions on peninsular Nova Scotia after the settlement of Halifax in 1749. Le Loutre played a role in these removals through acts of encouragement and threats. The exodus to Île Saint-Jean became a flood with refugees fleeing British-held territory after the initial expulsions of 1755. 900: 127: 1993: 7753: 1927: 2045: 238: 7740: 6050: 5285: 100: 471: 2091: 2379:

from natural increase rather than immigration. Most Acadian women in the 18th century gave birth to living children an average of eleven times. Although these numbers are identical to those in Canada, 75% of Acadian children reached adulthood, many more than in other parts of New France. The isolation of the Acadian communities meant the people were not exposed to many of the imported epidemics, allowing the children to remain healthier.

651: 1797:. In 1964, two different deputy ministers of education were named to direct English-language and French-language school systems respectively. In the next few years, the Université de Moncton absorbed the former Saint-Joseph's College, as well as the École Normale (teacher's college) which trained French-speaking teachers for the Acadian schools. In 1977, two French-speaking colleges in Northern New Brunswick were transformed into the 2344: 1629: 2063: 116: 2290: 2410:

settlements, when the Acadian population there numbered only in the hundreds, they had "between 30 - 40 sail of vessels, built by themselves, which they employ in fishing" reported Lieutenant-Governor Thomas Caulfield to the Board of Trade. Charles Morris observed the Acadians at Minas hunting beluga whales. The Acadians also varied their diets by hunting for moose, hare, ducks and geese, and pigeon.

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there was also a growing number of cattle and sheep. The burgeoning herds and flocks, often free-ranging, necessitated the creation of the position of Overseer of Flocks. These individuals controlled where the flocks grazed, settled disputes and recorded the names of individuals slaughtering animals to ensure proper ownership. Skins and hides were inspected for brands.

1581:, which permanently ceded almost all of eastern New France to Britain. In 1763, Britain would designate lands west of the Appalachians as the "Indian Reserve", but did not respect Miꞌkmaq title to the Atlantic region, claiming title was obtained from the French. The Miꞌkmaq remain in Acadia to this day. After 1764, many exiled Acadians finally settled in 792:. In 1607, the colony received bad news as Henri IV revoked Sieur de Mons' royal fur monopoly, citing that the income was insufficient to justify supplying the colony further. Thus recalled, the last of the French left Port Royal in August 1607. Their allies, the Mi'kmaq, agreed to act as custodians of the settlement. When the former lieutenant governor, 2309:. Between 1653 and 1654, 104 men were recruited at La Rochelle. Of these, 31% were builders, 15% were soldiers and sailors, 8% were food preparers, 6.7% were farm workers, and an additional 6.7% worked in the clothing trades. Fifty-five percent of Acadia's first families came from western and southwestern France, primarily from 2413:

After 1630, the Acadians began to build dikes and drain the sea marsh above Port Royal. The high salinity of the reclaimed coastal marshland meant that the land would need to sit for three years after it was drained before it could be cultivated. The land reclamation techniques that were used closely

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Marriages were generally not love matches but were arranged for economic or social reasons. Parental consent was required for anyone under 25 who wished to marry, and both the mother's and father's consent was recorded in the marriage deed. Divorce was not permitted in New France, and annulments were

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lawyer, Marc Lescarbot, who spent just over a year in Acadia, arriving in May 1606, described the Micmac as having "courage, fidelity, generosity, and humanity, and their hospitality is so innate and praiseworthy that they receive among them every man who is not an enemy. They are not simpletons. ...

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In 1732, the governance institution was formalized. Under the formalized system the colony was divided into eight districts. Annually on October 11 free elections were to take place where each district, depending on its size, was to elect two, three, or four deputies. In observance of the Lord's Day,

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The Acadians implemented village self-rule. Even after Canada had given up its elected spokesmen, the Acadians continued to demand a say in their own government, as late as 1706 petitioning the monarchy to allow them to elect spokesmen each year by a plurality of voices. In a sign of his indifference

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The history of Acadia was significantly influenced by the great power conflict between France and England, later Great Britain, that occurred in the 17th and 18th century. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Mi'kmaq had been living in Acadia for at least two to three thousand years. Early European

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The duties of the deputies were broad and included reporting to the government in council the affairs of the districts, distribution of government proclamations, assistance in the settlement of various local disputes (primarily related to land), and ensuring that various weights and measures used in

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The Catholic parish system along with the accompanying parish priest also aided in the development Acadian self-government. Priests, given their respected position, often assisted the community in representation with the civil government at Port Royal/Annapolis Royal. Within each parish the Acadians

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In addition to deputies, several other public positions existed. Each district had a clerk who worked closely with the deputies and under his duties recorded the records and orders of government, deeds and conveyances, and kept other public records. With the rapid expansion of the Acadian populace,

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The term Acadia today refers to regions of North America that are historically associated with the lands, descendants, or culture of the former region. It particularly refers to regions of the Maritimes with Acadian roots, language, and culture, primarily in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, the Magdalen

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The Acadians were suspicious of outsiders and on occasion did not readily cooperate with census takers. The first reliable population figures for the area came with the census of 1671, which noted fewer than 450 people. By 1714, the Acadian population had expanded to 2,528 individuals, mostly

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Most of the immigrants to Acadia were poor peasants in France, making them social equals in this new context. The colony had very limited economic support or cultural contacts with France, leaving a "social vacuum" that allowed "individual talents and industry ... inherited social position as the

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agreed to their demand. This representative assembly was a direct offshoot of a government system that developed out of the seigneurial and church parish imported from Europe. The seigneurial system was a "set of legal regimes and practices pertaining to local landholding, politics, economics, and

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Britain eventually moderated its policies and allowed Acadians to return to Nova Scotia. However, most of the fertile former Acadian lands were now occupied by British colonists. The returning Acadians settled instead in more outlying areas of the original Acadia, such as Cape Breton and the areas

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From the rivers, estuaries and seas they harvested shad, smelts, gaspereau, cod, salmon, bass, etc., utilizing fish traps in the rivers, weirs in the inter-tidal zone and from the sea with lines and nets from their boats. The fishery was pursued on a commercial basis as in 1715 at the Minas Basin

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After 1710, the British military administration continued to utilize the deputy system the Acadians had developed under French colonial rule. Prior to 1732 the deputies were appointed by the governor from men in the districts of Acadian families "as ancientest and most considerable in Lands &

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The Acadians occupied a borderland region of the British and French empires. As such the Acadian homeland was subjected to the ravages of war on numerous occasions. Through experience the Acadians learned to distrust imperial authorities (British and French). This is evidenced in a small way when

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held seigneuries in Acadia. As Seigneur, in addition to the power held as governor, they held the right to grant land, collect their seigneurial rents, and act in judgement over disputes within their domain. After Acadia came under direct Royal rule under Grandfontaine the Seigneurs continued to

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In the years after the British conquest, the Acadians refused to swear unconditional oaths of allegiance to the British crown. During this time period some Acadians participated in militia operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to Fortress Louisbourg and Fort Beausejour.

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to gain ironware, fine cloth, rum, and salt. During the French administration of Acadia, this trade was illegal, but it did not stop some English traders from establishing small stores in Port Royal. Under English rule, the Acadians traded with New England and often smuggled their excess food to

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Most Acadian households were self-sufficient, with families engaged in subsistence farming only for a few years while they established their farms. Very rapidly the Acadians established productive farms that yielded surplus crops that allowed them to trade with both Boston and Louisbourg. Farms

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Among the Acadian descendants in the Canadian Maritime provinces, there was a revival of cultural awareness which is recognized as an Acadian Renaissance, with a struggle for recognition of Acadians as a distinct group starting in the mid-nineteenth century. Some Acadian deputies were elected to

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and the French priests persisted in defending Acadia, which had been conceded to the British in the Treaty of Utrecht, at its border against New England. The Miꞌkmaq refused to recognize the treaty handing over their land to the English and hostilities resumed. The Miꞌkmaq raided the new fort at

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in southern Maine. English settlers from Massachusetts (whose charter included the Maine area) had expanded their settlements into Acadia. To secure New France's claim to Acadia, it established Catholic missions (churches) among the four largest native villages in the region: one on the Kennebec

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After the purchase by the British Crown of the seigniorial rights in Acadia, various rents and fees were due to the Crown. In the Minas, Piziquid and Cobequid Districts the seigniorial fees were collected by the "Collector & Receiver of All His Majesty's Quit Rents, Dues, or Revenues". The

2371:, Acadians maintained an extended kinship system, and the large extended families assisted in building homes and barns, as well as cultivating and harvesting crops. They also relied on interfamily cooperation to accomplish community goals, such as building dikes to reclaim tidal marshes. 2607:

Fowler's analysis of census records and other primary documents reveal that most farms by 1686 were producing in livestock alone, on a per capita basis, twice as much as was needed for their own consumption. This does not include food crops and the animals harvested from the natural

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Acadians were uncooperative with census takers. Administrators complained of constant in-fighting among the population, which filed many petty civil suits with colonial magistrates. Most of these were over boundary lines, as the Acadians were very quick to protect their new lands.

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of 1967 introduced reforms of municipal structures, of health care, of education, and of the administration of justice. In general, these changes tended to reduce economic inequality between regions of the province, and therefore tended to favour the disadvantaged Acadian regions.

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on Île Royale, now Cape Breton Island. The British grew increasingly alarmed by the prospect of disloyalty in wartime of the Acadians now under their rule. French missionaries worked to maintain the loyalty of Acadians, and to maintain a hold on the mainland part of Acadia.

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Many adult sons who did not inherit land from their parents settled on adjacent vacant lands to remain close to their families. As the Acadian population expanded and available land became limited around Port Royal, new settlements took root to the northeast, in the Upper

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In contemporary Atlantic Canada, it is estimated that there are 300,000 French-speaking Acadians. In addition, there is a diaspora of over three million Acadian descendants in the world, primarily in the United States, in Canada outside the Atlantic region, and in France.

1342:. Lacking heavy weapons, the Indians withdrew after a few days. Then, in mid-August, a larger French force arrived before Fort Anne, but was also unable to mount an effective attack or siege against the garrison, which had received supplies and reinforcements from 2215:, in 1710 (ceded under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713). Although France controlled the territory in the remaining periods, French monarchs consistently neglected Acadia. Civil government under the French regime was held by a series of Governors (see 1181:

On 23 June 1713, the French residents of Nova Scotia were given one year to declare allegiance to Britain or leave the region. In the meantime, the French signalled their preparedness for future hostilities by beginning the construction of

1262:. In response to the blockade of Annapolis Royal, at the end of July 1722, New England launched a campaign to end the blockade and retrieve over 86 New England prisoners taken by the natives. One of these operations resulted in the 943:

was established at the capital of Acadia, Pentagouêt. From there he worked with the Abenaki of Acadia to raid British settlements migrating over the border of Acadia. British retaliation included attacking deep into Acadia in the

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As a result of Father Rale's War, present-day central Maine fell again to the British with the defeat of Sébastien Rale at Norridgewock and the subsequent retreat of the native population from the Kennebec and Penobscot rivers.

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which made it nearly impossible for Roman Catholics and Protestant recusants to hold military and government positions. The need for effective administration and communication in many of the British colonies trumped the laws.

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declared New Brunswick officially bilingual with English and French having equal status as official languages. Residents have the right to receive provincial government services in the official language of their choice.

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Prince Edward Island provided French-language schools in 1980 in areas with a sufficient number of Acadian students, followed by a French-language school commission for the province in 1990. In 2000 a decision of the

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with 13 transports on 21 June 1749. The British quickly began to build other settlements. To guard against Miꞌkmaq, Acadian and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, they erected fortifications in Halifax

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Nova Scotia adopted Bill 65 in 1981 to give Acadian schools legal status, and also created a study program including Acadian history and culture. The Acadian schools were placed under separate management in 1996.

1716:. The third convention in 1890 created the Société nationale L'Assomption to promote the interests of the Acadian people in the Maritimes. Other Acadian national conventions continued until the fifteenth in 1972. 1739:, after a campaign lasting many years to convince the Vatican to appoint an Acadian bishop. In 1917, the premier of Prince Edward Island resigned to accept a judicial position, and his Conservative Party chose 6131: 1174:, as also all others, both in the mouth of the river of St. Lawrence, and in the gulph of the same name", and "all manner of liberty to fortify any place or places there." The French established a fortress at 1404:, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by Catholic Acadians and Miꞌkmaq. To prevent the establishment of Protestant settlements in the region, Miꞌkmaq raided the early British settlements of present-day 407:

French troops from Quebec, Acadians, the Wabanaki Confederacy, and French priests continually raided New England settlements along the border in Maine during these wars. Acadia was conquered in 1710 during

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shared some blood ties; those not related by blood shared cultural ties with the others. The number of original immigrants was very small, and only about 100 surnames existed within the Acadian community.

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Before 1654, trading companies and patent holders concerned with fishing recruited men in France to come to Acadia to work at the commercial outposts. The original Acadian population was a small number of

412:, while New Brunswick and much of Maine remained contested territory. Prince Edward Island (Île Saint-Jean) and Cape Breton (Île Royale) remained under French control, as agreed under Article XIII of the 2528:

For the 144 years prior to the founding of Halifax (1749), Port Royal (or Annapolis Royal) was the capital of Acadia for 112 of those years. The other locations that served as the capital of Acadia are:

2386:. These families had little property. But for the majority of Acadians, they could not be enticed by the French government to abandon their family lands for an area which was unknown and uncultivated. 1681:, which imposed a non-denominational school system and forbade religious instruction during school hours. This led to widespread Acadian protests and school-tax boycotts, culminating in the 1444:

Within 18 months of establishing Halifax, the British also took firm control of peninsular Nova Scotia by building fortifications in all the major Acadian communities: present-day Windsor (

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Acadia at the End of the Seventeenth Century : Letters, Journals and Memoirs of Joseph Robineau de Villebon, Commandant in Acadia, 1690-1700, and Other Contemporary Documents

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As a result of the escalating conflict, Massachusetts Governor Shute officially declared war on 22 July 1722. The first battle of Father Rale's War happened in the Nova Scotia

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Abbé Pierre Maillard claimed that racial intermixing had proceeded so far by 1753 that in fifty years it would be impossible to distinguish Amerindian from French in Acadia.

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By the early twentieth century, some Acadians were chosen for leadership positions in New Brunswick. In 1912, Monseigneur Édouard LeBlanc of Nova Scotia was named bishop of

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and the French priests participated again in defending Acadia at its border with New England. They made numerous raids on New England settlements along the border in the

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Gradually, fishermen began settling in the area as well, rather than return to France with the seasonal fishing fleet. The majority of the recruiting took place at

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is credited for originating the designation Acadia on his 16th-century map, where he applied the ancient Greek name "Arcadia" to the entire Atlantic coast north of

6569: 1347: 1520:, the British sought to neutralize any military threat Acadians posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg by deporting them. 1143:. In retaliation, Major Benjamin Church went on his fifth and final expedition to Acadia. He raided present-day Castine, Maine and continued with raids against 7816: 7714: 3132: 1228:. This breach of the border of Acadia, which had at any rate been ceded to the British, drew all of the tribes of the Wabanaki Confederacy into the conflict. 7499: 2281:

Collector was to keep a record of all rents and other fees collected, submit the rents to Annapolis Royal, and retain fifteen percent to cover his expenses.

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From 1640 to 1645, Acadia was plunged into what some historians have described as a civil war. The war was between Port Royal, where the Governor of Acadia

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in southern Maine and in present-day peninsular Nova Scotia. The latter involved preventing the British from taking the capital of Acadia, Port Royal (See

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became the first Acadian to be elected premier of a Canadian province. He was elected premier of New Brunswick in 1960 and served three terms until 1970.

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to form a political and military alliance with New France. The Confederacy remained significant military allies to New France through six wars. Until the

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since the early 1960s. In the abstract, Acadia refers to the existence of an Acadian culture in any of these regions. People living in Acadia are called

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created a blockade of Annapolis Royal, with the intent of starving the capital. The natives captured 18 fishing vessels and prisoners from present-day

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created a significant resistance to the British throughout the war. They repeatedly raided Canso, Lunenburg, Halifax, Chignecto and into New England.

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in 1720. The Confederacy made numerous raids on New England settlements along the border into New England. Towards the end of January 1722, Governor

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Any pretense that France might maintain or regain control over the remnants of Acadia came to an end with the fall of Montreal in 1760 and the 1763

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became the first Acadian premier of New Brunswick when he was chosen by the Liberal Party to complete the term of the retiring premier until 1925.

1941: 392:. Soon after, English forces of Captain Argall, an English ship's captain employed by the Virginia Company of London attacked and burned down the 7856: 6359: 3659: 7412: 5365: 2025: 7881: 4729:

Nova Scotia Archives II, A Calendar of Two Letter-Books and One Commission-Book in the Possession of the Government of Nova Scotia, 1713–1741

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citizens prior to the fall of the French in the region in 1763. Those who came for brief periods from other countries are not included (e.g.

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as successor until the next election in 1919. Arsenault thus became the first Acadian provincial premier of any province in Canada. In 1923,

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fulfill governance roles. The Acadian seignuerial system came to an end when the British Crown bought the seigneurial rights in the 1730s.

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in 1613. A new centre for Port-Royal was established nearby, and it remained the longest-serving capital of French Acadia until the British

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first, on May 3, 1744, and the forces there wasted little time in beginning hostilities. Concerned about their overland supply lines to

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The series of Acadian National Conventions from 1881 to 1972 was followed by an Acadian National Orientation Convention in 1979 at

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During the first 80 years of the French presence in Acadia, there were numerous significant battles as the English, Scottish, and

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at five-year intervals starting with 1994 in southeastern New Brunswick and 1999 in Louisiana. The most recent was centered in

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The borders of French Acadia were not clearly defined, but the following areas were at some time part of French Acadia :

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This period saw the founding of Acadian higher educational institutions: the Saint Thomas Seminary from 1854 to 1862 and then

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in early July. Annapolis had received news of the war declaration, and was somewhat prepared when the Indians began besieging

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in 1710. There were six colonial wars in a 74-year period in which British interests tried to capture Acadia, starting with

1266:. The next was a raid on Canso in 1723. Then in July 1724 a group of sixty Miꞌkmaq and Wolastoqiyik raided Annapolis Royal. 7445: 7432: 7347: 7323: 6079: 5658: 5546: 5322: 3052: 3018: 2044: 1682: 1560: 1494: 7670: 7476: 7224: 7191: 6998: 6536: 6385: 5345: 1895:

The following list includes those who were born in Acadia (yet not necessarily of Acadian ethnicity) or those who became

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were the southernmost settlements of Acadia. The French government defined the borders of Acadia as roughly between the

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and the French Priests participated in defending Acadia at its border with New England, which New France defined as the

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The French Period in Nova Scotia. A.D. 1500-1758 And Present Remains a historical, archaeological, and botanical survey

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measure of a man's worth." Acadians lived as social equals, with the elderly and priests considered slightly superior.

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Acadia was in territory disputed between France and Great Britain. England controlled the area from 1621 to 1632 (see

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in Nova Scotia. Several other provincial and federal members followed in New Brunswick and in Prince Edward Island.

427:, France and New France made significant attempts to regain mainland Nova Scotia. The British took New Brunswick in 7660: 6680: 5973: 5932: 5721: 5083: 5030: 3174: 2736: 2499: 1980: 1884: 1858: 687: 640: 858:

and virtually all of present-day Maine remained contested territory between New England and New France, until the

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in 1963 as a unilingual French-language university, corresponding to the much older unilingual English-language

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A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland

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This Acadian flag was established at the second Acadian Convention in 1884 at Miscouche, Prince Edward Island.

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Boston merchants waiting at Baie Verte for transshipment to the French at Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island.

1701: 6912: 6673: 6426: 5916: 5624: 4131: 2090: 1932: 1755: 1532: 1457: 1319: 912: 761: 526: 4158: 1947: 1524: 586:, which remained part of Nova Scotia until becoming its own colony in 1785. Lost to Great Britain in 1763. 7329: 6993: 6668: 6655: 5678: 5068: 4794:

The History of the State of Maine; from its Discovery, A.D. 1602, to the Separation, A.D. 1820, Inclusive

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was completed in 1940. The new archdiocese was expanded to include new predominantly Acadian dioceses in

1704:) that Acadians are a distinct people which should have a national holiday distinct from that of Quebec ( 1355: 1282: 1278: 1053: 923:

was stationed. There were four major battles in the war, and d'Aulnay ultimately prevailed over La Tour.

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in 1710, mainland Nova Scotia was under the control of British colonial government, but both present-day

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has shown its gradual progress northeastwards to its resting place in the Atlantic provinces of Canada.

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As time progressed, the Acadian agriculture improved, and Acadians traded with the British colonies in

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The English took control of Maine by defeating the Wabanaki Confederacy and the French priests during

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Acadian Ancestral Home by Lucie LeBlanc Consentino – a repository for Acadian history & genealogy

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The expansion of Acadian influence in the Catholic church continued in 1936 with the creation of the

1649: 1528: 1498: 1473: 1445: 1413: 1383: 1006: 916: 904: 882: 839: 812: 808: 765: 428: 5212: 2219:). The government of New France was in Quebec, but it had only nominal authority over the Acadians. 1033:, on the Saint John River and in other places, joined the New France expedition against present-day 7772: 7279: 6806: 6760: 6259: 5909: 5837: 5789: 5425: 5315: 5187: 4192:. The Royal Artillery Regimental Library, Woolwich, UK – via The National Archives of Canada. 2212: 1544: 1438: 1148: 1092: 1088: 1081: 1038: 865:

The wars were fought on two fronts: the southern border of Acadia, which New France defined as the

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which formally ended conflict between France and Great Britain over control of North America (the

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There were tensions on the border between New England and Acadia, which New France defined as the

935:(1675–78), the governor was absent from Acadia (having first been imprisoned in Boston during the 7841: 7625: 6020: 5648: 5619: 5392: 5078: 3520: 3311: 3114: 3087: 2473: 2325:. Over 85% of these (47% of the total), were former residents of the La Chaussée area of Poitou. 2157: 1850: 1763: 1705: 1663: 1552: 1482: 1358:

to recover Acadia in 1746. Beset by storms, disease, and finally the death of its commander, the

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The Nova Scotia theatre of the Dummer War is named the "Miꞌkmaq-Maliseet War" by John Grenier (

2175: 1880: 1740: 1586: 1578: 1490: 1430: 1405: 1393: 1367: 1077: 859: 831: 597: 519: 487: 4388: 3391: 3356: 1371: 7504: 7214: 6892: 6622: 6416: 5988: 5899: 5884: 4219: 3233: 2976: 2861: 2835: 2795: 2542: 2188: 2143: 2133: 2124: 2100: 1966: 1771: 1692:

In the 1880s there began a series of Acadian national conventions. The first in 1881 adopted

1594: 1517: 1292: 1288: 1248: 1069: 1018: 969: 816: 432: 401: 7422: 7152: 4918: 4898: 4877: 4856: 4792: 4762: 4687: 4666: 4622: 4071: 3508: 3031: 2952:. The Atlantic Policy Congress of First Nations Chiefs. Amherst, Nova Scotia. Archived from 2920: 2756: 2702: 2654: 7724: 7620: 7575: 7538: 7533: 7489: 6030: 5998: 5894: 5751: 5668: 5574: 5269: 5192: 5161: 5023: 4291: 2504: 2479: 2443: 2161: 2050: 2017: 1865: 1834: 1697: 1638: 1571: 1303: 1208: 1166:

The 1710 conquest of the Acadian capital of Port Royal during the war was confirmed by the

1132: 1065: 1061: 1046: 1042: 1030: 1022: 965: 957: 936: 932: 878: 835: 830:

From the 1680s onward, there were six colonial wars that took place in the region (see the

824: 529: 424: 420: 374: 284: 8: 7313: 7293: 7259: 7088: 6411: 6244: 6205: 6149: 6053: 6003: 5993: 5859: 5816: 5531: 5501: 5481: 5419: 5308: 5088: 4969: 4958: 2530: 2375:

almost impossible to get. Legal separation was offered as an option but was seldom used.

2368: 2152: 1984: 1654: 1590: 1307: 1183: 1128: 870: 807:

contested the French for possession of the colony. These battles happened at Port Royal,

781: 576: 561: 557: 511: 409: 389: 243: 141: 6907: 4947: 4727: 3509: 3305: 3169: 2681: 1199:

French map of 1720 North America. Acadie extends clearly into present-day New Brunswick.

899: 99: 7585: 7580: 6753: 6663: 6612: 6518: 6505: 6436: 6234: 6185: 6177: 5506: 5437: 4820: 4529: 4252: 2322: 2299: 2139: 2032: 1540: 1461: 1409: 1335: 1327: 1244: 1213: 874: 804: 769: 757: 503: 499: 4940:

Nova Scotia's Massachusetts: A Study of Massachusetts-Nova Scotia Relations, 1630–1784

355: 7595: 7274: 7035: 6983: 6922: 6727: 6710: 6333: 6328: 6035: 5978: 5762: 5453: 5387: 5228: 4924: 4904: 4883: 4862: 4827: 4777: 4744: 4712: 4693: 4672: 4651: 4644: 4628: 4536: 4394: 4229: 3524: 3516: 3469: 3428: 3399: 3370: 3239: 3110: 2982: 2926: 2841: 2809: 2762: 2710: 2660: 2337: 2261: 2184: 2062: 1904: 1582: 1536: 1417: 1167: 1144: 1140: 1103: 894: 413: 193: 126: 7308: 7040: 5496: 4073:

The Neutral French of Mi'kma'ki: And Archaeology of Acadian Identities Prior to 1755

3559:"A Productive Dykeland and the Birth of a Symbol 1806–1907: The Acadian Renaissance" 2390: 2013: 1437:(1754). There were numerous Miꞌkmaq and Acadian raids on these villages such as the 1221: 708: 603: 525:

As an alternative theory, some historians suggest that the name is derived from the

7693: 7635: 7543: 7074: 6902: 6642: 6607: 6287: 6025: 5904: 5854: 5794: 5594: 5584: 5443: 5238: 5145: 4861:. Études Canadiennes – Canadian Studies, 18. Brussels, Belgium: P.I.E. Peter Lang. 3864: 2484: 2329: 2254: 2082: 1830: 1724: 1449: 749: 7044: 4624:

The Founding of New Acadia: The Beginnings of Acadian Life in Louisiana, 1765–1803

3357:"Indian-White Relations in Nova Scotia, 1749–61: A Study in Political Interaction" 1362:, it returned to France in tatters without reaching its objective. French officer 7821: 7645: 7370: 7297: 7093: 7064: 6829: 6722: 6705: 6239: 6217: 5746: 5741: 5288: 5243: 5151: 5114: 5093: 5016: 4758: 4738: 3133:"Acadian HeartlandRecords of the Deportation and Le Grand Dérangement, 1714-1768" 2509: 2364: 2166: 1783: 1611:

which was first used as a pejorative term until its later mainstream acceptance.

1259: 1236: 1204: 990: 553: 5569: 3971:"La CONA de 1979: le flirt de l'Acadie du Nouveau-Brunswick avec l'indépendance" 3563:

Landscape of Grand Pré - A World Heritage Site. Section: The Acadian Renaissance

3150: 3056: 2598:. He outlines his rationale for naming these conflicts as Father Le Loutre's War 1535:. Between six and seven thousand Acadians were expelled from Nova Scotia to the 7466: 7264: 7080: 7020: 6468: 6459: 6421: 6297: 6222: 6190: 6157: 5869: 5811: 5458: 5156: 5119: 3151:"Our Acadian Heritage: Oath Of Allegiance Becomes Sticking Point With Acadians" 2534: 2448: 2204: 1837:

in including the right to linguistic equality in the province as a part of the

1720: 1709: 1693: 1240: 1034: 1026: 981: 866: 820: 618: 549: 545: 475: 378: 363: 106: 52: 7014: 6617: 2949:

Storm Clouds Over Wabanaki: Confederacy Diplomacy until Dummer's Treaty (1727)

2356:

So that if we commonly call them Savages, the word is abusive and unmerited."

1708:). The second convention in 1884 adopted other national symbols including the 1456:, 1750). (A British fort already existed at the other major Acadian centre of 7805: 7787: 7774: 7757: 7570: 7069: 6975: 6942: 6862: 6717: 6310: 6227: 6200: 5784: 5604: 5579: 5259: 3676:

Voici une brève description des Conventions nationales acadiennes (1881-1972)

2208: 2068: 1854: 1841:

of 1982, so that it cannot be rescinded by any future provincial government.

1700:. The convention favored the argument of the priest Marcel-François Richard ( 1453: 1315: 972:

the Wabanaki Confederacy remained the dominant military force in the region.

855: 583: 382: 351: 347: 298: 2978:

The Road to Canada: The Grand Communications Route from Saint John to Quebec

7655: 7562: 7558: 7374: 6748: 6602: 6594: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6195: 5589: 5448: 4451: 3913:

Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages for New Brunswick (OCOLNB)

3039: 2953: 2427: 2336:

Many of the earliest French settlers in Acadia intermarried with the local

2120: 2096: 1872:

appeared in 1984, replacing L’Évangeline which ceased publication in 1982.

1744: 1539:. Some Acadians eluded capture by fleeing deep into the wilderness or into 1331: 1252: 1232: 1231:

Under potential siege by the Confederacy, in May 1722, Lieutenant Governor

1225: 1217: 986: 777: 541: 498:

in Greece, which had the extended meanings of "refuge" or "idyllic place".

2707:

Language and Politics in the United States and Canada: Myths and Realities

1689:

was reached allowing for some Catholic religious teaching in the schools.

7565: 6932: 6480: 6267: 6139: 6064: 6010: 5264: 4879:

An Unsettled Conquest: The British Campaign Against the Peoples of Acadia

3235:

An Unsettled Conquest: The British Campaign Against the Peoples of Acadia

2418: 2306: 1908: 1896: 1326:. However, French forces were delayed in departing Louisbourg, and their 1323: 1311: 1171: 961: 843: 572: 479: 270: 3425:

The Acadian Refugees in France, 1758-1785: The Impossible Reitergration?

3421:

Les Réfugiés Acadiens en France (1758–1785): L'Impossible réintégration?

3032:

Meductic Indian Village / Fort Meductic National Historic Site of Canada

3014:

Meductic Indian Village / Fort Meductic National Historic Site of Canada

2363:

Unlike the French colonists in Canada and the early English colonies in

7527: 7238: 7131: 6872: 6867: 6454: 6393: 5937: 5599: 5331: 5166: 5058: 3096: 3090:

Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between France and Great Britain

2796:"An International Region of the Northeast: Rise and Decline, 1635–1762" 2584:

The framework "Father Le Loutre's War" is developed by John Grenier in

2538: 2431: 2414:

resembled the enclosures near La Rochelle that helped make solar salt.

2129: 1876: 1798: 1767: 1667: 1175: 847: 675: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 343: 84: 6882: 5889: 1853:

obliged the provincial government to build French schools at least in

1652:. This was followed by the founding of Acadian newspapers: the weekly 1102:

At the end of the war England returned the territory to France in the

7650: 7360: 7137: 5947: 5942: 5849: 5799: 5768: 5731: 2318: 2314: 1802: 1339: 753: 506:

between the 40th and 46th parallels in 1603, and he recognized it as

470: 447: 19:

This article is about the land in North America. For other uses, see

6315: 4668:

The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814

2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2596:

The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814

650: 431:, and they took Île Royale and Île Saint-Jean in 1758 following the 6627: 6444: 5864: 5141: 4986: 2453: 2224: 1869: 491: 455: 451: 42: 6464: 5874: 4740:

La Nouvelle France: The Making of French Canada—A Cultural History

3359:. In Buckner, Phillip A.; Campbell, Gail G.; Frank, David (eds.). 2837:

From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604-1755

2798:. In Buckner, Phillip A.; Campbell, Gail G.; Frank, David (eds.). 131:

Approximate map of the most commonly accepted definition of Acadia

7204: 7125: 6877: 6513: 6449: 6305: 6249: 5756: 2627: 2343: 2228:

jurisprudence." Many of the French Governors of Acadia prior to

2211:), with control permanently regained by its successor state, the 1628: 1598: 776:

in 1604. The following year, the settlement was moved across the

158: 153: 6490: 6210: 5233: 5129: 4426: 2683:

A Collection of Treaties Between Great Britain and Other Powers

2458: 2310: 2260:

possessions,". This appears to be in contravention of various

1585:, which had been transferred by France to Spain as part of the 1306:

began when the war declarations from Europe reached the French

1170:

of 1713. The British conceded to the French "the island called

1159:, while the Wabanaki Confederacy were successful in the nearby 785: 459: 6584: 5003: 2289: 1239:

to prevent the capital from being attacked. In July 1722, the

1147:, Pisiquid, and Chignecto. A few years later, defeated in the 435:. The territory was eventually divided into British colonies. 115: 7182: 6632: 6523: 5300: 5124: 2562:

Until 1784, New Brunswick was considered part of Nova Scotia.

2352: 1606: 1155:, Port Royal (1707). British forces were successful with the 614: 443: 359: 1487:

A View of the Plundering and Burning of the City of Grimross

4971:

Acadia: Missing Links of a Lost Chapter in American History

4960:

Acadia: Missing Links of a Lost Chapter in American History

4812:

New England's Outpost; Acadia Before the Conquest of Canada

4322: 4320: 3362:

The Acadiensis Reader: Atlantic Canada Before Confederation

3273: 2881:

Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (June 29, 2023).

2801:

The Acadiensis Reader: Atlantic Canada Before Confederation

1429:(1749), Dartmouth (1750), Bedford (Fort Sackville) (1751), 6381: 4995: 4307: 4305: 4221:

In Search of Empire: The French in the Americas, 1670-1730

2248: 1400:

Despite the British capture of the Acadian capital in the

1251:

to Canso. They also seized prisoners and vessels from the

5008: 4087: 4085: 4083: 3468:] (in French). Éditions du Septentrion. p. 270. 3462:

Histoire populaire du Québec, Tome 1, des origines à 1791

3203: 3201: 3119:

The Acadian exiles: a chronicle of the land of Evangeline

2995: 2900: 369:

The population of Acadia included the various indigenous

4689:

The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760

4597: 4573: 4469: 4317: 3764:"Aubin-Edmond Arsenault Served as Premier: 1917 to 1919" 2703:"Demographic Considerations in Canadian Language Policy" 2589:

The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760

1052:

In response, the New Englanders retaliated by attacking

850:, and their respective native allies. After the British 4481: 4302: 4042: 4040: 3770:. Government of Prince Edward Island. February 25, 2020 1497:

in 1758. This is the only contemporaneous image of the

1029:

in southern Maine. Toward this end, the members of the

784:

after a difficult winter on the island and deaths from

439:

Islands and Prince Edward Island, as well as in Maine.

388:

The first capital of Acadia was established in 1605 as

4549: 4201: 4199: 4080: 3466:

Folk History of Quebec, Volume 1: From origins to 1791

3338: 3336: 3323: 3321: 3213: 3198: 1677:

In New Brunswick the 1870s saw a struggle against the

1615:

which are now New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island.

1178:, Cape Breton, to guard the sea approaches to Quebec. 4627:. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. 4585: 4561: 4368: 4356: 4344: 4332: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3252: 3186: 1890: 1377: 462:, the more common, rural American, name of Acadians. 4493: 4037: 4025: 3441: 1712:

4900:

The Acadians: A People's Story of Exile and Triumph

4407: 4271: 4196: 3333: 3318: 3285: 3055:. Northeast Archaeological Research. Archived from 2880: 2302:and soldiers brought by the fur-trading companies. 862:of 1763 confirmed British control over the region. 4822:Acadia: the geography of early Nova Scotia to 1760 4819: 4643: 4531:Acadia: the geography of early Nova Scotia to 1760 4528: 4013: 3988: 2705:. In Ricento, Thomas K.; Burnaby, Barbara (eds.). 2656:A History of Port-Royal-Annapolis Royal, 1605-1800 794:Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt et de Saint-Just 540:During much of the 17th and early 18th centuries, 16:Colony of New France in northeastern North America 4920:The Cajuns: A People's Story of Exile and Triumph 1346:. In 1745, British colonial forces conducted the 760:. The first French settlement was established by 748:settlers were French subjects primarily from the 7803: 3238:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 78. 3053:"Mission Sainte-Anne: Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia" 2829: 2827: 2825: 1777: 1551:, a second wave of the expulsion began with the 5198:Collège de Technologie forestière des Maritimes 3396:The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History 2293:Main Acadian communities before the deportation 1543:. The Quebec town of L'Acadie (now a sector of 1097:siege of the Capital of Acadia at Fort Nashwaak 7715:Areas disputed by Canada and the United States 4732:. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Herald Printing House. 3178:. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). 2922:Fortune & La Tour: the Civil War in Acadia 2328:Many of the families who arrived in 1632 with 1637:legislative assemblies, starting in 1836 with 1547:) was founded by expelled Acadians. After the 1523:This process began in 1755, after the British 1467: 1220:chose to launch a punitive expedition against 1163:and continued raids along the Maine frontier. 579:as its capital. Lost to Great Britain in 1713. 7817:States and territories disestablished in 1713 7168: 6814: 6570: 6367: 6125: 6080: 5316: 5024: 4456:Assemblée nationale de l'Acadie (anacadie.ca) 4431:Assemblée nationale de l'Acadie (anacadie.ca) 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 3394:. In Buckner, Phillip; Reid, John G. (eds.). 3365:(third ed.). Acadiensis Press. pp. 2822: 2740:. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). 2382:In 1714, a few Acadian families emigrated to 1879:. Since 1994, there has been a new series of 1106:and the borders of Acadia remained the same. 756:regions of southwestern France, now known as 7720:Proposed provinces and territories of Canada 4974:. Vol. II. New York: Home Book Company. 3968: 3427:] (in French). Editions du Septentrion. 3398:. University of Toronto Press. p. 144. 3139:. April 20, 2020. pp. 263–267 footnote. 3076:. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 264–266. 2804:(third ed.). Acadiensis Press. p. 1719:In 1885, the author, historian and linguist 1354:after a siege of six weeks. France launched 915:de Charnisay was stationed, and present-day 73: 6964: 4963:. Vol. I. New York: Home Book Company. 3490:"Ville de Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu history" 3459: 2758:Nova Francia: A Description of Acadia, 1606 1818:New Brunswick Official Languages Act (1969) 1366:also arrived from Quebec and conducted the 1318:on May 23, and then organized an attack on 1087:In retaliation, the New Englanders, led by 907:(1645) – d'Aulnay defeats La Tour in Acadia 7812:States and territories established in 1604 7175: 7161: 6821: 6807: 6577: 6563: 6374: 6360: 6132: 6118: 6094: 6087: 6073: 5323: 5309: 5183:Collège communautaire du Nouveau-Brunswick 5031: 5017: 4949:Acadia: A Lost Chapter in American History 4849:The Contexts of Acadian History, 1686–1784 4790: 4706: 4052: 3654: 3652: 3310:. Nova Scotia Historical Society. p. 3036:Directory of Federal Heritage Designations 2789: 2787: 2640: 2273:trade were "Conformable to the Standard". 1730: 964:, the native peoples in Acadia joined the 768:, under the authority of the French King, 125: 114: 7184:Former colonies and territories in Canada 6841: 4992:– Acadian history, genealogy and folklore 4725: 4620: 4603: 4579: 4555: 4516:. Wolfville, Nova Scotia: Self Published. 4487: 4475: 4386: 4326: 4311: 4217: 4183: 4181: 4172: 4145: 4118: 4091: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3389: 3354: 2918: 2833: 2754: 2469:Former colonies and territories in Canada 735:Learn how and when to remove this message 350:which included parts of what are now the 4942:(McGill-Queen's University Press, 1973). 4851:(McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992). 4641: 3699:. University of Toronto/Université Laval 3664:l'Histoire acadienne, au bout des doigts 3447: 3279: 3167: 2974: 2906: 2870:. The New Brunswick Museum. p. 121. 2679: 2342: 2288: 1864:The new French-language daily newspaper 1627: 1504: 1477: 1396:, 1751; earliest known image of Acadians 1387: 1316:raided the British fishing port of Canso 1277: 1194: 1113: 898: 469: 4967: 4956: 4757: 4685: 4664: 4511: 3690: 3660:"Historique des conventions nationales" 3649: 3506: 3500: 3342: 3327: 3258: 3219: 3207: 3192: 3109: 3001: 2860: 2784: 2700: 2646: 2592: 2585: 2572: 2249:Governance under the British after 1710 2201:William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling 1839:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1810:New Brunswick Equal Opportunity program 1805:campuses of the Université de Moncton. 1723:became the first Acadian member of the 951: 532:, in which Cadie means "fertile land". 514:fixed its present orthography with the 7857:Pre-Confederation Prince Edward Island 7804: 4854: 4771: 4707:Landry, Nicolas; Lang, Nicole (2001). 4289: 4178: 4069: 3686: 3684: 3546: 3418: 3392:"Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples" 2729: 2203:) and again from 1654 until 1670 (see 1623: 1072:. Two years later, New France, led by 941:Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin 637:Military history of the Miꞌkmaq people 7156: 6963: 6840: 6802: 6558: 6355: 6113: 6068: 5565:List of French forts in North America 5304: 5012: 4945: 4875: 4817: 4767:. Vol. I. Halifax: James Barnes. 4736: 4591: 4567: 4526: 4499: 4413: 4374: 4362: 4350: 4338: 4277: 4205: 4046: 4031: 4019: 4007: 3859: 3857: 3303: 3231: 3069: 2945: 1789:The Robichaud government created the 1760:Cathédrale Notre-Dame de l’Assomption 1364:Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Roch de Ramezay 1151:, Captain March made an unsuccessful 1012: 478:formed the border between Acadia and 7882:1713 disestablishments in New France 4952:. Pawling, New York: Self Published. 4916: 4896: 4882:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 3601:Landry and Lang, p.133 and p.159-162 3291: 3121:. Brook and Company. pp. 28–46. 3019:Canadian Register of Historic Places 2793: 2652: 1918: 1273: 1203:During the escalation that preceded 975: 926: 888: 673:adding citations to reliable sources 644: 6828: 6537:French colonization of the Americas 5346:French colonization of the Americas 4915:(published in the United States as 4764:A History of Nova-Scotia, Or Acadie 4743:. Michigan State University Press. 4393:. Les Editions Fides. p. 114. 3681: 2981:. Goose Lane Editions. p. 21. 2840:. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2734:. In Brown, George Williams (ed.). 2114:Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour 2001:, last governor of Acadia 1706–1710 1122: 921:Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour 13: 4917:Jobb, Dean W. (January 14, 2010). 4842:The Acadians: Creation of a People 4814:(Columbia University Press, 1927). 4803: 4726:MacMechan, Archibald, ed. (1900). 4187: 3854: 2946:Prins, Harald E. L. (March 1999). 1891:Notable military figures of Acadia 1683:1875 riots in the town of Caraquet 1632:Modern flag of Acadia adopted 1884 1378:Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755) 842:). These wars were fought between 14: 7893: 7877:1604 establishments in New France 4980: 4826:. University of Wisconsin Press. 4535:. University of Wisconsin Press. 3095:. 1713. Article XIII – via 2430:, including Mines, Pisiquid, and 2389:Some Acadians migrated to nearby 2230:Hector d'Andigné de Grandfontaine 796:, returned in 1610, he found the 7751: 7739: 7738: 7710:Territorial evolution after 1867 6049: 6048: 5974:Military history of the Acadians 5722:Seigneurial system of New France 5284: 5283: 4858:The Quest for Autonomy in Acadia 4774:The rise of French New Brunswick 4692:. University of Oklahoma Press. 4520: 4505: 4444: 4419: 4380: 4283: 4076:(PhD Thesis). Oxford University. 3969:Marc Poirier (January 3, 2020). 3697:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 3175:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 2975:Campbell, William Edgar (2005). 2737:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 2601: 2500:Military history of the Acadians 2089: 2075: 2061: 2043: 2024: 2006: 1991: 1981:Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville 1973: 1955: 1940: 1925: 1885:Summerside, Prince Edward Island 1829:The New Brunswick government of 1392:Acadians at Annapolis Royal, by 1207:(1722–1725), some Acadians, the 1078:naval battle in the Bay of Fundy 788:. There, they constructed a new 649: 641:Military history of the Acadians 621:. Lost to Great Britain in 1763. 610:. Lost to Great Britain in 1763. 600:. Lost to Great Britain in 1763. 502:chartered a colony south of the 494:. "Arcadia" is derived from the 458:, which in Louisiana changed to 317: 303: 289: 275: 261: 236: 98: 7872:History of Prince Edward Island 7847:Pre-Confederation New Brunswick 7837:Culture of Prince Edward Island 7031:French domains of the Holy Land 5398:History of the French-Americans 4791:Williamson, William D. (1832). 4245: 4211: 4151: 4124: 4097: 3962: 3953: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3909:"History of Official Languages" 3901: 3892: 3883: 3865:"Historique - Notre université" 3845: 3836: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3800: 3791: 3782: 3756: 3747: 3738: 3729: 3720: 3711: 3640: 3631: 3622: 3613: 3604: 3595: 3586: 3577: 3537: 3511:The French–Indian War 1754–1760 3482: 3453: 3412: 3383: 3348: 3297: 3264: 3225: 3161: 3143: 3125: 3103: 3080: 3063: 3045: 3025: 3007: 2968: 2939: 2912: 2874: 2854: 2730:Morley, William F. E. (1979) . 2578: 2565: 2556: 2495:Military history of Nova Scotia 1861:, the two largest communities. 1618: 1537:lower British American colonies 1190: 1109: 660:needs additional citations for 630: 450:, a region also referred to as 442:"Acadia" can also refer to the 7026:French domains of Saint Helena 6143:in Africa and the Indian Ocean 5727:Criminal justice in New France 5356:Timeline of New France history 5330: 4671:. Cambridge University Press. 4296:Early Nova Scotians: 1600-1867 3419:Mouhot, Jean-Francois (2009). 3390:Patterson, Stephen E. (1994). 3355:Patterson, Stephen E. (1998). 3073:The Border Wars of New England 2775: 2761:. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 1. 2748: 2723: 2694: 2673: 2659:. Nimbus Publishing, Limited. 2522: 1833:(1970–87) cooperated with the 1153:siege on the Capital of Acadia 1021:(1688–97), some Acadians, the 946:Battle off Port La Tour (1677) 873:), establishing themselves at 257:Province of Quebec (1763–1791) 1: 7852:Pre-Confederation Nova Scotia 5717:Custom of Paris in New France 4190:A Brief Survey of Nova Scotia 3460:Lacoursière, Jacques (1995). 2615: 2284: 2194: 2149:Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste 2083:Joseph (Beausoleil) Broussard 1824: 1778:Government of Louis Robichaud 1561:Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign 1161:Battle of Bloody Creek (1711) 482:, seen here on a map of Maine 313:Province of Massachusetts Bay 7616:British Columbia (1866–1871) 7611:British Columbia (1858–1866) 6761:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa) 4946:Smith, Philip Henry (1884). 4844:(McGraw Hill-Ryerson, 1973). 4642:Faragher, John Mack (2005). 3691:LeBlanc, Phyllis E. (2003). 3070:Drake, Samuel Adams (1897). 1756:Louis-Joseph-Arthur Melanson 1597:in the United States),. The 1458:Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia 1412:(1720). A generation later, 1352:captured Fortress Louisbourg 989:); one further north on the 881:) and founding Halifax (see 811:, Cap de Sable (present-day 535: 474:The French claimed that the 465: 7: 7001: and Antarctic Lands 4818:Clark, Andrew Hill (1968). 4621:Brasseaux, Carl A. (1987). 4527:Clark, Andrew Hill (1968). 3768:Historical Premiers Gallery 3717:Landry and Lang, pp.190-192 3610:Landry and Lang, pp.167-172 3180:University of Toronto Press 2742:University of Toronto Press 2490:List of governors of Acadia 2476:(from 1604 to 21st century) 2437: 2217:List of governors of Acadia 1999:Daniel d'Auger de Subercase 1795:University of New Brunswick 1754:whose first archbishop was 1468:Deportation of the Acadians 1235:took 22 Miꞌkmaq hostage at 1074:Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville 919:, where Governor of Acadia 10: 7898: 7523:British Arctic Territories 5664:Governor of Trois-Rivières 5099:Royal Proclamation of 2003 5038: 4996:National Society of Acadia 4797:. Vol. II. Hallowell. 4711:(in French). Septentrion. 4226:Cambridge University Press 3824:Landry and Lang, p.269-271 3693:"RICHARD, MARCEL-FRANÇOIS" 3168:Charland, Thomas (1979) . 2834:Griffiths, N.E.S. (2005). 2547:Fredericton, New Brunswick 2400: 2252: 1679:Common Schools Act of 1871 1557:Petitcodiac River Campaign 1549:siege of Louisbourg (1758) 1510:Siege of Louisbourg (1758) 1471: 1402:siege of Port Royal (1710) 1381: 1370:on Île Saint-Jean and the 1224:, a Jesuit missionary, at 1157:siege of Port Royal (1710) 937:Dutch occupation of Acadia 892: 634: 625: 518:omitted, and cartographer 18: 7733: 7702: 7679: 7498: 7475: 7454: 7431: 7398: 7346: 7223: 7190: 7114: 7053: 7009: 6992: 6974: 6970: 6959: 6931: 6918:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6891: 6851: 6847: 6836: 6795: 6779:French East India Company 6769: 6741: 6689: 6641: 6593: 6554: 6542:French West India Company 6532: 6504: 6435: 6392: 6351: 6324: 6296: 6258: 6176: 6148: 6109: 6102: 6044: 6016:Expulsion of the Acadians 5961: 5925: 5830: 5807:Company of 100 Associates 5777: 5709: 5633: 5620:Fort St. Louis (Illinois) 5557: 5467: 5406: 5338: 5278: 5252: 5221: 5203:UNI Financial Cooperation 5175: 5107: 5046: 4968:Richard, Édouard (1895). 4957:Richard, Édouard (1895). 4923:. John Wiley & Sons. 4512:Erskine, John S. (1975). 4218:Pritchard, James (2004). 4070:Fowler, Jonathan (2009). 3941:Landry and Lang p.280-281 3932:Landry and Lang p.271-272 3815:Landry and Lang, p.249-50 3304:Akins, Thomas B. (1895). 3172:. In Hayne, David (ed.). 2732:"Verrazzano, Giovanni da" 2701:Beaujot, Roderic (1998). 2680:Chalmers, George (1790). 2551:Saint John, New Brunswick 2464:Expulsion of the Acadians 2107: 1948:Françoise-Marie Jacquelin 1933:Charles de Menou d'Aulnay 1650:Memramcook, New Brunswick 1529:expulsion of the Acadians 1499:Expulsion of the Acadians 1474:Expulsion of the Acadians 1080:before moving on to raid 917:Saint John, New Brunswick 913:Charles de Menou d'Aulnay 813:Port La Tour, Nova Scotia 215: 211: 207: 203: 190: 180: 176: 168: 164: 152: 135: 124: 120:Acadia Extension in 1754. 113: 95: 90: 82: 70: 58: 48: 38: 30: 7862:History of New Brunswick 7827:Culture of New Brunswick 7057: the Indian Ocean 6011:French and Iroquois Wars 4876:Plank, Geoffrey (2001). 4772:Wilbur, Richard (1989). 4387:Arsenault, Bona (2004). 3666:(in French). CyberAcadie 3507:Marston, Daniel (2002). 3232:Plank, Geoffrey (2001). 3115:"The Oath of Allegiance" 2919:MacDonald, M.A. (1983). 2755:Lescarbot, Marc (1928). 2686:. J. Stockdale. p. 2643:, pp. 27, 266, 293. 2515: 2213:Kingdom of Great Britain 1881:Acadian World Congresses 1698:Acadian national holiday 1545:Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu 1541:French-controlled Canada 1525:captured Fort Beauséjour 1439:Raid on Dartmouth (1751) 1283:Duc d'Anville Expedition 1149:siege of Pemaquid (1696) 1137:Northeast Coast Campaign 1093:Raid on Chignecto (1696) 1076:, returned and fought a 1039:siege of Pemaquid (1689) 1009:(Saint Anne's Mission). 613:The part of present-day 7626:North-Western Territory 7601:Queen Charlotte Islands 6965:Uninhabited territories 6476:Saint Kitts & Nevis 6021:Great Peace of Montreal 5822:Compagnie de l'Occident 5393:History of the Acadians 4987:Acadian Heritage Portal 4290:Landry, Peter (2015) . 4253:"Acadian National Flag" 3735:Landry and Lang, pp.196 3726:Landry and Lang p.192-3 3619:Landry and Lang, pp.167 3307:History of Halifax City 3270:Benjamin Church, p. 289 2474:History of the Acadians 2158:Charles Morris (jurist) 1851:Supreme Court of Canada 1764:Bathurst, New Brunswick 1731:20th century and beyond 1706:Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day 1565:Île Saint-Jean Campaign 1553:St. John River Campaign 1483:St. John River Campaign 1452:, 1749) and Chignecto ( 1350:(St. Peter's) and then 564:on the Atlantic coast. 21:Acadia (disambiguation) 7867:History of Nova Scotia 7832:Culture of Nova Scotia 6895: collectivities 6733:Sanjak of Alexandretta 6586:Former French colonies 6383:Former French colonies 6141:Former French colonies 6096:French overseas empire 5969:Military of New France 5895:Gens de couleur libres 5625:Fort St. Louis (Texas) 5610:Fortress of Louisbourg 5434:(1682–1763, 1801–1803) 5351:French colonial empire 5213:Université Sainte-Anne 5137:Acadian World Congress 4897:Jobb, Dean W. (2005). 4855:Magord, André (2008). 4686:Grenier, John (2008). 4665:Grenier, John (2005). 3842:Landry and Lang, p.284 3788:Landry and Lang, p.232 3744:Landry and Lang, p.208 3592:Landry and Lang, p.133 3583:Landry and Lang, p.157 3543:Landry and Lang, p.128 2862:Webster, John Clarence 2794:Reid, John G. (1998). 2348: 2294: 2180:Father Le Loutre's War 2176:Joseph-Nicolas Gautier 2171:Father Le Loutre's War 2055:Father Le Loutre's War 2037:Father Le Loutre's War 1752:Archdiocese of Moncton 1741:Aubin-Edmond Arsenault 1658:in 1867 and the daily 1646:Saint Joseph's College 1633: 1512: 1502: 1491:Arcadia, New Brunswick 1414:Father Le Loutre's War 1397: 1384:Father Le Loutre's War 1368:Battle at Port-la-Joye 1348:siege of Port Toulouse 1322:, then the capital of 1308:fortress at Louisbourg 1300: 1200: 1119: 908: 883:Father Le Loutre's War 840:Father Le Loutre's War 832:French and Indian Wars 598:Fortress of Louisbourg 520:William Francis Ganong 488:Giovanni da Verrazzano 483: 429:Father Le Loutre's War 339: 74: 6842:Inhabited territories 6774:France–Asia relations 6329:Somaliland (Djibouti) 5208:Université de Moncton 4737:Moogk, Peter (2000). 4390:Histoire des Acadiens 3959:Landry and Lang p.289 3950:Landry and Lang p.283 3898:Landry and Lang p.271 3869:Université de Moncton 3851:Landry and Lang p.279 2653:Dunn, Brenda (2004). 2543:Jemseg, New Brunswick 2346: 2292: 2189:French and Indian War 2116:– Civil War in Acadia 2101:French and Indian War 1963:Baron de Saint-Castin 1950:– Civil War in Acadia 1935:– Civil War in Acadia 1791:Université de Moncton 1772:Yarmouth, Nova Scotia 1631: 1595:French and Indian War 1570:The Acadians and the 1533:Bay of Fundy Campaign 1518:French and Indian War 1508: 1481: 1420:arrived to establish 1391: 1281: 1198: 1131:, some Acadians, the 1117: 1070:Durham, New Hampshire 970:French and Indian War 902: 800:just as it was left. 798:Port Royal habitation 473: 433:French and Indian War 7725:Population of Canada 7576:Prince Edward Island 7120:overseas departments 7055:Scattered Islands in 6936: collectivity 6394:French North America 5669:Governor of Montreal 5575:Fort Michilimackinac 5383:1763 Treaty of Paris 5270:Prince Edward Island 5162:National Acadian Day 4709:Histoire de l'Acadie 3137:Nova Scotia Archives 3059:on October 11, 2012. 2883:"Indigenous culture" 2781:Landry and Lang, p.9 2505:Acadian architecture 2480:History of Aquitaine 2444:Acadia National Park 2051:Jean-Louis Le Loutre 1835:Government of Canada 1685:. Finally in 1875 a 1572:Wabanaki Confederacy 1448:, 1750); Grand Pre ( 1209:Wabanaki Confederacy 1133:Wabanaki Confederacy 1066:Raid on Oyster River 1064:participated in the 1062:Wabanaki Confederacy 1031:Wabanaki Confederacy 1023:Wabanaki Confederacy 966:Wabanaki Confederacy 952:Wabanaki Confederacy 762:Pierre Dugua de Mons 669:improve this article 608:Prince Edward Island 394:fortified habitation 375:Wabanaki Confederacy 285:Prince Edward Island 107:Flag adopted in 1884 7784: / 7518:Newfoundland (1583) 7089:Juan de Nova Island 6976:North Pacific Ocean 6588:in Asia and Oceania 5817:Mississippi Company 5054:Acadia (New France) 4776:. Halifax: Formac. 3496:on October 5, 2011. 3282:, pp. 164–165. 3155:Les Doucet du Monde 2531:LaHave, Nova Scotia 2300:indentured servants 1666:), named after the 1655:Le Moniteur Acadien 1648:from 1864, both in 1624:Acadian Renaissance 1372:Battle of Grand Pré 1336:attack on their own 1184:Fortress Louisbourg 852:siege of Port Royal 527:indigenous Canadian 512:Samuel de Champlain 398:siege of Port Royal 373:that comprised the 244:Canada (New France) 182:• Established 34:Acadien / Acadienne 7549:Nova Scotia (1710) 7413:Nova Scotia (1621) 7215:L'Anse aux Meadows 6994:Overseas territory 6519:France Antarctique 6506:Equinoctial France 6469:Dominican Republic 5989:King William's War 5984:Intercolonial Wars 5108:People and culture 4938:Rawlyk, George A. 4847:Griffiths, Naomi. 4840:Griffiths, Naomi. 3637:Wilbur, chaps. 2-3 3111:Doughty, Arthur G. 3004:, pp. 51, 54. 2349: 2295: 2262:British penal laws 2144:King William's War 2140:Louis-Pierre Thury 2134:King William's War 2125:King William's War 2033:Jean-Baptiste Cope 1634: 1513: 1503: 1462:siege of Grand Pre 1398: 1356:a major expedition 1334:allies decided to 1301: 1214:Canso, Nova Scotia 1201: 1120: 1019:King William's War 1013:King William's War 909: 774:Saint Croix Island 766:Governor of Acadia 758:Nouvelle-Aquitaine 594:Cape Breton Island 552:at the end of the 504:St. Lawrence River 500:Henry IV of France 484: 402:King William's War 352:Maritime provinces 342:) was a colony of 7767: 7766: 7758:Canada portal 7596:Columbia District 7423:Port Royal Colony 7390:Pacific Northwest 7200:Named territories 7150: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7110: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7045:Amsterdam Islands 7036:Kerguelen Islands 6984:Clipperton Island 6955: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6923:Wallis and Futuna 6791: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6691:Mandate for Syria 6681:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan 6643:Indochinese Union 6550: 6549: 6347: 6346: 6260:Equatorial Africa 6062: 6061: 5999:King George's War 5979:Acadian Civil War 5926:Missionary groups 5917:Intellectual life 5654:Sovereign Council 5388:History of Quebec 5298: 5297: 5229:Acadian Peninsula 5193:L'Acadie Nouvelle 4930:978-0-470-73961-7 4910:978-0-470-15772-5 4868:978-90-5201-476-0 4699:978-0-8061-8566-8 4678:978-1-139-44470-5 4657:978-0-393-24243-0 4400:978-2-7621-2613-6 4235:978-0-521-82742-3 4188:Morris, Charles. 3517:Osprey Publishing 3475:978-2-8944-8739-6 3434:978-2-8944-8513-2 3405:978-1-4875-1676-5 3376:978-0-9191-0744-1 3170:"Rale, Sébastien" 2988:978-0-86492-426-1 2909:, pp. 17–19. 2847:978-0-7735-2699-0 2815:978-0-9191-0744-1 2768:978-0-415-34468-5 2716:978-1-135-68104-3 2666:978-1-55109-740-4 2549:(1691–1694), and 2185:Pierre II Surette 2162:King George's War 2018:Father Rale's War 1919:17th–18th century 1905:Edward Cornwallis 1866:L'Acadie Nouvelle 1639:Simon d'Entremont 1418:Edward Cornwallis 1304:King George's War 1274:King George's War 1264:Battle at Jeddore 1168:Treaty of Utrecht 1141:Raid on Deerfield 1104:Treaty of Ryswick 976:Catholic missions 958:King Philip's War 933:King Philip's War 927:King Philip's War 895:Acadian Civil War 889:Acadian Civil War 879:Father Rale's War 836:Father Rale's War 745: 744: 737: 719: 425:King George's War 421:Father Rale's War 414:Treaty of Utrecht 333: 332: 329: 328: 325: 324: 249: 248: 66: 65: 7889: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7780: 7777: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7742: 7741: 7694:Sverdrup Islands 7690: 7642: 7606:Vancouver Island 7514: 7486: 7463: 7442: 7419: 7409: 7381: 7367: 7357: 7290: 7234: 7211: 7201: 7177: 7170: 7163: 7154: 7153: 7075:Glorioso Islands 7056: 7007: 7006: 7000: 6996: 6972: 6971: 6961: 6960: 6935: 6908:Saint Barthélemy 6903:French Polynesia 6894: 6854: 6849: 6848: 6838: 6837: 6823: 6816: 6809: 6800: 6799: 6608:Coromandel Coast 6579: 6572: 6565: 6556: 6555: 6437:French Caribbean 6417:Terre Neuve 6376: 6369: 6362: 6353: 6352: 6134: 6127: 6120: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6066: 6065: 6052: 6051: 6031:Schenectady Raid 6004:Seven Years' War 5994:Queen Anne's War 5860:King's Daughters 5812:Crozat's Company 5795:Coureur des bois 5737:Superior Council 5659:Bishop of Quebec 5644:Governor General 5585:Fort de Chartres 5444:Illinois Country 5325: 5318: 5311: 5302: 5301: 5287: 5286: 5239:French Canadians 5188:Collège de l'Île 5084:Military history 5033: 5026: 5019: 5010: 5009: 5000: 4991: 4975: 4964: 4953: 4934: 4914: 4893: 4872: 4837: 4825: 4798: 4787: 4768: 4759:Murdoch, Beamish 4754: 4733: 4722: 4703: 4682: 4661: 4650:. W. W. Norton. 4649: 4638: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4534: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4315: 4309: 4300: 4299: 4292:"Marc Lescarbot" 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4194: 4193: 4185: 4176: 4175:, p. 248, . 4170: 4163: 4162: 4155: 4149: 4148:, p. 190, . 4143: 4136: 4135: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4109: 4108: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4078: 4077: 4067: 4050: 4044: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3966: 3960: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3942: 3939: 3933: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3905: 3899: 3896: 3890: 3889:Wilbur, p.212-13 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3861: 3852: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3789: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3688: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3656: 3647: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3611: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3555: 3544: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3514: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3492:. Archived from 3486: 3480: 3479: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3331: 3325: 3316: 3315: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3094: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3049: 3043: 3029: 3023: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2956:on July 19, 2011 2943: 2937: 2936: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2831: 2820: 2819: 2791: 2782: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2582: 2576: 2569: 2563: 2560: 2554: 2526: 2485:List of Acadians 2330:Isaac de Razilly 2255:Deputy (Acadian) 2153:Queen Anne's War 2093: 2079: 2065: 2047: 2028: 2010: 1995: 1985:Queen Anne's War 1977: 1959: 1944: 1929: 1831:Richard Hatfield 1725:Senate of Canada 1714:Ave maris stella 1696:(Aug.15) as the 1591:Seven Years' War 1450:Fort Vieux Logis 1129:Queen Anne's War 1123:Queen Anne's War 1056:and present-day 1045:and present-day 999:Saint John River 871:Queen Anne's War 750:Poitou-Charentes 740: 733: 729: 726: 720: 718: 677: 653: 645: 530:Miꞌkmaq language 496:Arcadia district 444:Acadian diaspora 410:Queen Anne's War 346:in northeastern 321: 320: 307: 306: 293: 292: 279: 278: 265: 264: 253: 252: 240: 239: 233: 232: 217: 216: 194:British conquest 129: 118: 102: 77: 71:Colony of Acadia 68: 67: 28: 27: 7897: 7896: 7892: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7887: 7886: 7802: 7801: 7792: 7790: 7786: 7783: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7763: 7752: 7750: 7729: 7698: 7688: 7675: 7641:Important sites 7640: 7512: 7503: 7494: 7484: 7471: 7461: 7450: 7446:Russian America 7440: 7427: 7417: 7407: 7394: 7379: 7371:Fort San Miguel 7366:Important sites 7365: 7355: 7342: 7298:Annapolis Royal 7289:Important sites 7288: 7232: 7219: 7209: 7199: 7186: 7181: 7151: 7142: 7124:Claimed by the 7098: 7094:Tromelin Island 7065:Bassas da India 7049: 6999:French Southern 6988: 6966: 6947: 6927: 6887: 6855: regions 6843: 6832: 6830:Overseas France 6827: 6783: 6765: 6737: 6723:Greater Lebanon 6693:and the Lebanon 6692: 6685: 6637: 6589: 6583: 6546: 6528: 6500: 6431: 6388: 6386:in the Americas 6380: 6343: 6320: 6292: 6254: 6172: 6144: 6138: 6098: 6093: 6063: 6058: 6040: 5957: 5933:Jesuit missions 5921: 5870:Casquette girls 5826: 5773: 5742:Admiralty court 5705: 5629: 5553: 5470: 5463: 5402: 5361:Beginnings–1533 5334: 5329: 5299: 5294: 5274: 5248: 5244:French diaspora 5217: 5171: 5152:Acadian cuisine 5115:Acadia (region) 5103: 5094:Robert Monckton 5079:General history 5042: 5037: 4998: 4989: 4983: 4978: 4931: 4911: 4890: 4869: 4834: 4810:Brebner, J. B. 4806: 4804:Further reading 4801: 4784: 4751: 4719: 4700: 4679: 4658: 4635: 4611: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4525: 4521: 4510: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4486: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4460: 4458: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4318: 4310: 4303: 4288: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4216: 4212: 4204: 4197: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4166: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4144: 4139: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4121:, p. 59, . 4117: 4112: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4090: 4081: 4068: 4053: 4045: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4006: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3975:Acadie Nouvelle 3967: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3863: 3862: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3689: 3682: 3669: 3667: 3658: 3657: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3557: 3556: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3505: 3501: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3334: 3326: 3319: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3206: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3166: 3162: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3108: 3104: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3068: 3064: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3030: 3026: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2944: 2940: 2933: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2891: 2889: 2887:parks.canada.ca 2879: 2875: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2832: 2823: 2816: 2792: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2753: 2749: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2699: 2695: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2651: 2647: 2641:Williamson 1832 2639: 2628: 2618: 2613: 2612: 2606: 2602: 2583: 2579: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2510:Acadian culture 2440: 2403: 2287: 2257: 2251: 2223:to the colony, 2197: 2167:Pierre Maillard 2110: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2080: 2071: 2066: 2057: 2048: 2039: 2029: 2020: 2011: 2002: 1996: 1987: 1978: 1969: 1960: 1951: 1945: 1936: 1930: 1921: 1893: 1827: 1784:Louis Robichaud 1780: 1733: 1626: 1621: 1604:developed into 1593:, known as the 1587:Treaty of Paris 1579:Treaty of Paris 1476: 1470: 1386: 1380: 1320:Annapolis Royal 1287:Action between 1276: 1237:Annapolis Royal 1193: 1139:and the famous 1125: 1112: 1091:, engaged in a 1089:Benjamin Church 1068:at present-day 1060:. In 1694, the 1047:Portland, Maine 1015: 991:Penobscot River 978: 956:In response to 954: 929: 897: 891: 860:treaty of Paris 741: 730: 724: 721: 678: 676: 666: 654: 643: 635:Main articles: 633: 628: 554:Penobscot River 538: 468: 383:French settlers 356:Gaspé Peninsula 318: 304: 290: 276: 262: 237: 196: 183: 140: 130: 119: 109: 104: 103: 78: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7895: 7885: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7842:New Netherland 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7761: 7747: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7706: 7704: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7685: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7509: 7507: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7487: 7481: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7467:Oregon Country 7464: 7458: 7456: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7443: 7437: 7435: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7404: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7352: 7350: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7340: 7333: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7309:Trois-Rivières 7306: 7301: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7275:Pays d'en Haut 7272: 7267: 7265:Domaine du roy 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7235: 7229: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7196: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7180: 7179: 7172: 7165: 7157: 7148: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7140: 7134: 7128: 7122: 7118:Also known as 7115: 7112: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7085: 7084: 7081:Banc du Geyser 7072: 7067: 7061: 7059: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7047: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7021:Crozet Islands 7018: 7010: 7004: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6980: 6978: 6968: 6967: 6957: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6939: 6937: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6899: 6897: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6859: 6857: 6845: 6844: 6834: 6833: 6826: 6825: 6818: 6811: 6803: 6797: 6793: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6757: 6756: 6745: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6728:Jabal al-Druze 6725: 6720: 6715: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6701:State of Syria 6697: 6695: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6677: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6658: 6653: 6647: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6599: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6582: 6581: 6574: 6567: 6559: 6552: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6510: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6498: 6496:Virgin Islands 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6460:Saint-Domingue 6457: 6455:The Grenadines 6452: 6447: 6441: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6422:French Florida 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6379: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6356: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6339:Isle de France 6336: 6331: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6302: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6264: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6220: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6182: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6154: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6137: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6114: 6104: 6100: 6099: 6092: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6069: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6036:Deerfield Raid 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5787: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5497:Trois-Rivières 5494: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5475: 5473: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5459:Domaine du roy 5456: 5454:Pays d'en Haut 5451: 5446: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5353: 5348: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5335: 5328: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5305: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5139: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5120:Acadian French 5117: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5036: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4993: 4982: 4981:External links 4979: 4977: 4976: 4965: 4954: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4909: 4894: 4888: 4873: 4867: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4832: 4815: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4788: 4782: 4769: 4755: 4749: 4734: 4723: 4717: 4704: 4698: 4683: 4677: 4662: 4656: 4639: 4633: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4604:Brasseaux 1987 4596: 4594:, p. 178. 4584: 4580:Brasseaux 1987 4572: 4570:, p. 174. 4560: 4556:MacMechan 1900 4548: 4541: 4519: 4504: 4492: 4488:Brasseaux 1987 4480: 4476:Brasseaux 1987 4468: 4443: 4418: 4406: 4399: 4379: 4377:, p. 219. 4367: 4365:, p. 229. 4355: 4353:, p. 180. 4343: 4341:, p. 270. 4331: 4327:Brasseaux 1987 4316: 4312:Brasseaux 1987 4301: 4282: 4270: 4244: 4234: 4228:. p. 36. 4210: 4195: 4177: 4173:MacMechan 1900 4164: 4150: 4146:MacMechan 1900 4137: 4123: 4119:MacMechan 1900 4110: 4096: 4092:Brasseaux 1987 4079: 4051: 4049:, p. 175. 4036: 4034:, p. 176. 4024: 4012: 3987: 3961: 3952: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3900: 3891: 3882: 3853: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3817: 3808: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3755: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3680: 3648: 3639: 3630: 3621: 3612: 3603: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3545: 3536: 3529: 3499: 3481: 3474: 3452: 3440: 3433: 3411: 3404: 3382: 3375: 3347: 3332: 3317: 3296: 3294:, p. 123. 3284: 3272: 3263: 3251: 3244: 3224: 3222:, p. 398. 3212: 3210:, p. 399. 3197: 3185: 3160: 3142: 3124: 3102: 3079: 3062: 3044: 3024: 3006: 2994: 2987: 2967: 2938: 2931: 2911: 2899: 2873: 2853: 2846: 2821: 2814: 2783: 2774: 2767: 2747: 2722: 2715: 2693: 2672: 2665: 2645: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2600: 2593:Grenier (2005) 2586:Grenier (2008) 2577: 2564: 2555: 2535:Castine, Maine 2533:(1632–1636 ), 2520: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2449:Acadian French 2446: 2439: 2436: 2402: 2399: 2391:Île Saint-Jean 2286: 2283: 2253:Main article: 2250: 2247: 2205:William Crowne 2196: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2182: 2173: 2164: 2155: 2146: 2136: 2127: 2117: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2095: 2088: 2086: 2081: 2074: 2072: 2067: 2060: 2058: 2049: 2042: 2040: 2030: 2023: 2021: 2014:Sébastien Rale 2012: 2005: 2003: 1997: 1990: 1988: 1979: 1972: 1970: 1961: 1954: 1952: 1946: 1939: 1937: 1931: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1892: 1889: 1826: 1823: 1779: 1776: 1770:(1944) and in 1732: 1729: 1721:Pascal Poirier 1710:flag of Acadia 1694:Assumption Day 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1527:and began the 1472:Main article: 1469: 1466: 1427:(Citadel Hill) 1382:Main article: 1379: 1376: 1275: 1272: 1222:Sébastien Rale 1192: 1189: 1124: 1121: 1118:Acadia in 1757 1111: 1108: 1082:Bristol, Maine 1035:Bristol, Maine 1027:Kennebec River 1014: 1011: 1005:); and one at 997:); one on the 982:Kennebec River 977: 974: 953: 950: 928: 925: 893:Main article: 890: 887: 867:Kennebec River 743: 742: 657: 655: 648: 632: 629: 627: 624: 623: 622: 619:Kennebec River 611: 604:Île Saint-Jean 601: 587: 580: 562:46th parallels 546:Kennebec River 537: 534: 476:Kennebec River 467: 464: 379:Acadian people 364:Kennebec River 331: 330: 327: 326: 323: 322: 315: 309: 308: 301: 295: 294: 287: 281: 280: 273: 267: 266: 259: 250: 247: 246: 241: 229: 228: 223: 213: 212: 209: 208: 205: 204: 201: 200: 197: 191: 188: 187: 184: 181: 178: 177: 174: 173: 170: 166: 165: 162: 161: 156: 150: 149: 139:Undetermined; 137: 133: 132: 122: 121: 111: 110: 105: 97: 96: 93: 92: 88: 87: 80: 79: 72: 64: 63: 60: 56: 55: 50: 46: 45: 40: 36: 35: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7894: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7800: 7797: 7760: 7759: 7748: 7746: 7745: 7736: 7735: 7732: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7701: 7695: 7692: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7651:Avalon (1620) 7649: 7647: 7644: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7631: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7591:New Caledonia 7589: 7587: 7586:United Canada 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7571:New Brunswick 7569: 7567: 7564: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7544:Rupert's Land 7542: 7540: 7539:New Yorkshire 7537: 7535: 7532: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7488: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7474: 7468: 7465: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7453: 7447: 7444: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7430: 7424: 7421: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7397: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7378: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7337:List of forts 7334: 7332: 7331: 7330:List of towns 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7299: 7295: 7292: 7287: 7286: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7236: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7222: 7216: 7213: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7178: 7173: 7171: 7166: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7155: 7139: 7135: 7133: 7129: 7127: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7116: 7113: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7082: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7070:Europa Island 7068: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7008: 7005: 7002: 6995: 6991: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6962: 6958: 6944: 6943:New Caledonia 6941: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6863:French Guiana 6861: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6850: 6846: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6824: 6819: 6817: 6812: 6810: 6805: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6794: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6768: 6762: 6759: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6718:Alawite State 6716: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6679: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6592: 6587: 6580: 6575: 6573: 6568: 6566: 6561: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6531: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6486:Saint Vincent 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6377: 6372: 6370: 6365: 6363: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6350: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6311:Grande Comore 6309: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6228:Four Communes 6226: 6225: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6212: 6211:Arguin Island 6209: 6208: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6186:Côte d'Ivoire 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6142: 6135: 6130: 6128: 6123: 6121: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6090: 6085: 6083: 6078: 6076: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6055: 6047: 6046: 6043: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5785:Chemin du Roy 5783: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5605:Fort Duquesne 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5595:Fort Carillon 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5580:Fort de Buade 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5326: 5321: 5319: 5314: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5291: 5290: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5260:New Brunswick 5258: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5029: 5027: 5022: 5020: 5015: 5014: 5011: 5005: 5002: 4997: 4994: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4973: 4972: 4966: 4962: 4961: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4944: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4912: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4895: 4891: 4889:0-8122-1869-8 4885: 4881: 4880: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4833:0-299-05080-7 4829: 4824: 4823: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4796: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4783:0-88780-070-X 4779: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4750:0-87013-528-7 4746: 4742: 4741: 4735: 4731: 4730: 4724: 4720: 4718:2-89448-177-2 4714: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4691: 4690: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4648: 4647: 4640: 4636: 4634:0-8071-1296-8 4630: 4626: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4612: 4606:, p. 12. 4605: 4600: 4593: 4588: 4582:, p. 16. 4581: 4576: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4552: 4544: 4542:9780299050801 4538: 4533: 4532: 4523: 4515: 4508: 4502:, p. 12. 4501: 4496: 4489: 4484: 4478:, p. 10. 4477: 4472: 4457: 4453: 4452:"La diaspora" 4447: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4415: 4410: 4402: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4383: 4376: 4371: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4335: 4329:, p. 11. 4328: 4323: 4321: 4313: 4308: 4306: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4280:, p. 18. 4279: 4274: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4214: 4208:, p. 92. 4207: 4202: 4200: 4191: 4184: 4182: 4174: 4169: 4160: 4154: 4147: 4142: 4133: 4127: 4120: 4115: 4106: 4100: 4093: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4075: 4074: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4048: 4043: 4041: 4033: 4028: 4021: 4016: 4009: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3956: 3947: 3938: 3929: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3895: 3886: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3858: 3848: 3839: 3833:Wilbur, p.200 3830: 3821: 3812: 3806:Wilbur, p.146 3803: 3794: 3785: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3750: 3741: 3732: 3723: 3714: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3685: 3677: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3653: 3643: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3589: 3580: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3540: 3532: 3530:0-415-96838-0 3526: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3512: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3477: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3449: 3448:Faragher 2005 3444: 3436: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3407: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3378: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3351: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3329: 3324: 3322: 3313: 3309: 3308: 3300: 3293: 3288: 3281: 3280:Faragher 2005 3276: 3267: 3261:, p. 62. 3260: 3255: 3247: 3245:0-8122-1869-8 3241: 3237: 3236: 3228: 3221: 3216: 3209: 3204: 3202: 3195:, p. 56. 3194: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3083: 3075: 3074: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3021: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3003: 2998: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2971: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2942: 2934: 2932:9780458958009 2928: 2924: 2923: 2915: 2908: 2907:Faragher 2005 2903: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2869: 2868: 2863: 2857: 2849: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2817: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2790: 2788: 2778: 2770: 2764: 2760: 2759: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2726: 2718: 2712: 2709:. Routledge. 2708: 2704: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2676: 2668: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2649: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2604: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2581: 2574: 2568: 2559: 2552: 2548: 2545:(1690–1691), 2544: 2541:(1678–1684), 2540: 2537:(1670–1674), 2536: 2532: 2525: 2521: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2398: 2394: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2345: 2341: 2339: 2334: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2291: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2256: 2246: 2242: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2226: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2209:Thomas Temple 2206: 2202: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2078: 2073: 2070: 2069:Thomas Pichon 2064: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1994: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1971: 1968: 1967:Castine's War 1964: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1923: 1922: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1868:published in 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1855:Charlottetown 1852: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1822: 1819: 1814: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1630: 1616: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1511: 1507: 1500: 1496: 1495:Thomas Davies 1492: 1489:(present-day 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454:Fort Lawrence 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1360:Duc d'Anville 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344:Massachusetts 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1314:, they first 1313: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1290: 1284: 1280: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1197: 1188: 1185: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1116: 1107: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 983: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 949: 947: 942: 938: 934: 924: 922: 918: 914: 906: 901: 896: 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 863: 861: 857: 856:New Brunswick 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 739: 736: 728: 717: 714: 710: 707: 703: 700: 696: 693: 689: 686: – 685: 681: 680:Find sources: 674: 670: 664: 663: 658:This section 656: 652: 647: 646: 642: 638: 620: 616: 612: 609: 605: 602: 599: 595: 591: 588: 585: 584:New Brunswick 581: 578: 574: 570: 569: 568: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 533: 531: 528: 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 481: 477: 472: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 440: 436: 434: 430: 426: 422: 417: 415: 411: 405: 403: 399: 395: 391: 386: 384: 380: 376: 372: 371:First Nations 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 348:North America 345: 341: 337: 316: 314: 311: 310: 302: 300: 299:New Brunswick 297: 296: 288: 286: 283: 282: 274: 272: 269: 268: 260: 258: 255: 254: 251: 245: 242: 235: 234: 231: 230: 227: 224: 222: 219: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 195: 189: 185: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 160: 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 138: 134: 128: 123: 117: 112: 108: 101: 94: 89: 86: 81: 76: 69: 61: 57: 54: 51: 47: 44: 41: 37: 33: 29: 26: 22: 7769: 7749: 7737: 7671:Fort Langley 7656:York Factory 7646:Cuper's Cove 7385:Newfoundland 7375:Nootka Sound 7335: 7328: 7250:Isle St-Jean 7244: 7237: 7079: 7013: 6913:Saint Martin 6749:New Hebrides 6603:Chandernagor 6595:French India 6427:French Texas 6401: 6283:Ubangi-Shari 6278:Middle Congo 6245:James Island 6150:North Africa 6026:Lachine Raid 5763:Maréchaussée 5761: 5685:Terre-Neuve 5590:Fort Detroit 5570:Fort Rouillé 5543:Terre-Neuve 5449:Ohio Country 5413: 5282: 5176:Institutions 5053: 5039: 4970: 4959: 4948: 4939: 4919: 4899: 4878: 4857: 4848: 4841: 4821: 4811: 4793: 4773: 4763: 4739: 4728: 4708: 4688: 4667: 4645: 4623: 4614:Bibliography 4599: 4587: 4575: 4563: 4551: 4530: 4522: 4513: 4507: 4495: 4490:, p. 9. 4483: 4471: 4459:. Retrieved 4455: 4446: 4434:. Retrieved 4430: 4421: 4416:, p. 6. 4409: 4389: 4382: 4370: 4358: 4346: 4334: 4314:, p. 3. 4295: 4285: 4273: 4261:. Retrieved 4257:The Acadians 4256: 4247: 4239: 4220: 4213: 4189: 4167: 4153: 4140: 4126: 4113: 4099: 4094:, p. 8. 4072: 4027: 4022:, p. 9. 4015: 4010:, p. 7. 3978:. Retrieved 3974: 3964: 3955: 3946: 3937: 3928: 3916:. Retrieved 3912: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3873:. Retrieved 3868: 3847: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3811: 3802: 3797:Wilbur p.123 3793: 3784: 3772:. Retrieved 3767: 3758: 3753:Wilbur, p.78 3749: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3713: 3701:. Retrieved 3696: 3675: 3668:. Retrieved 3663: 3646:Wilbur, p.38 3642: 3633: 3628:Wilbur, p.13 3624: 3615: 3606: 3597: 3588: 3579: 3567:. Retrieved 3562: 3539: 3510: 3502: 3494:the original 3484: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3443: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3395: 3385: 3361: 3350: 3343:Grenier 2008 3328:Grenier 2005 3306: 3299: 3287: 3275: 3266: 3259:Grenier 2008 3254: 3234: 3227: 3220:Murdoch 1865 3215: 3208:Murdoch 1865 3193:Grenier 2008 3188: 3173: 3163: 3154: 3145: 3136: 3127: 3118: 3105: 3089: 3082: 3072: 3065: 3057:the original 3047: 3040:Parks Canada 3035: 3027: 3017: 3009: 3002:Grenier 2008 2997: 2977: 2970: 2958:. Retrieved 2954:the original 2948: 2941: 2921: 2914: 2902: 2892:December 10, 2890:. Retrieved 2886: 2876: 2866: 2856: 2836: 2800: 2777: 2757: 2750: 2735: 2725: 2706: 2696: 2682: 2675: 2655: 2648: 2608:environment. 2603: 2595: 2588: 2580: 2573:Grenier 2008 2567: 2558: 2553:(1695–1699). 2524: 2428:Bay of Fundy 2424: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2395: 2388: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2335: 2327: 2304: 2296: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2258: 2243: 2238: 2235: 2221: 2198: 2121:Madockawando 2097:Joseph Godin 1894: 1874: 1863: 1847: 1843: 1828: 1815: 1807: 1788: 1781: 1758:, and whose 1749: 1745:Peter Veniot 1734: 1718: 1691: 1676: 1660:L'Évangéline 1659: 1653: 1643: 1635: 1619:19th century 1613: 1605: 1601: 1576: 1569: 1522: 1514: 1486: 1443: 1435:Lawrencetown 1399: 1394:Samuel Scott 1302: 1298:and the Mars 1297: 1294: 1286: 1268: 1257: 1253:Bay of Fundy 1233:John Doucett 1230: 1226:Norridgewock 1218:Samuel Shute 1205:Dummer's War 1202: 1191:Dummer's War 1180: 1165: 1126: 1110:18th century 1101: 1086: 1051: 1043:Salmon Falls 1016: 1007:Shubenacadie 987:Norridgewock 979: 955: 930: 910: 864: 829: 802: 778:Bay of Fundy 746: 731: 722: 712: 705: 698: 691: 679: 667:Please help 662:verification 659: 631:17th century 617:east of the 607: 593: 582:Present-day 571:Present-day 566: 542:Norridgewock 539: 524: 515: 507: 485: 446:in southern 441: 437: 418: 406: 387: 368: 335: 334: 226:Succeeded by 225: 220: 145: 83:Division of 25: 7791: / 7581:Cape Breton 7534:New Britain 7380:Expeditions 7280:Terre Neuve 7136:Claimed by 7130:Claimed by 7015:Adélie Land 6933:Sui generis 6664:Cochinchina 6481:Saint Lucia 6235:Upper Volta 6178:West Africa 5880:Amerindians 5843:1666 census 5752:Officiality 5747:Provostship 5634:Governments 5615:Castle Hill 5537:New Orleans 5513:Île Royale 5492:Quebec City 5440:(1713–1763) 5428:(1662–1713) 5426:Terre-Neuve 5422:(1608–1763) 5416:(1604–1713) 5265:Nova Scotia 4999:(in French) 4990:(in French) 4461:January 10, 4436:January 10, 3871:(in French) 3519:. pp. 2960:January 22, 2925:. Methuen. 2419:New England 2307:La Rochelle 2239:marguillier 1909:James Wolfe 1901:John Gorham 1897:naturalized 1766:(1938), in 1516:During the 1446:Fort Edward 1433:(1753) and 1416:began when 1408:(1715) and 1324:Nova Scotia 1172:Cape Breton 1058:Guysborough 962:New England 844:New England 834:as well as 596:, with the 573:Nova Scotia 480:New England 271:Nova Scotia 221:Preceded by 7806:Categories 7528:New Albion 7490:Nova Dania 7319:Louisbourg 7294:Port Royal 7255:Île Royale 7239:New France 7132:Madagascar 7041:Saint Paul 6873:Martinique 6868:Guadeloupe 6623:Pondichéry 6334:Madagascar 6206:Mauritania 5953:Sulpicians 5910:card money 5838:Population 5732:Intendancy 5695:Louisiane 5600:Fort Condé 5523:Louisiane 5517:Louisbourg 5482:Port Royal 5438:Île Royale 5332:New France 5167:Tintamarre 5089:Port-Royal 5059:Evangeline 4592:Moogk 2000 4568:Moogk 2000 4500:Moogk 2000 4427:"L'Acadie" 4414:Moogk 2000 4375:Moogk 2000 4363:Moogk 2000 4351:Moogk 2000 4339:Moogk 2000 4298:. Blupete. 4278:Moogk 2000 4206:Moogk 2000 4047:Moogk 2000 4032:Moogk 2000 4020:Moogk 2000 4008:Moogk 2000 3980:August 16, 3703:August 22, 3670:August 14, 3097:Wikisource 2616:References 2539:Beaubassin 2432:Beaubassin 2384:Île Royale 2285:Population 2195:Government 2130:John Gyles 1913:Boishébert 1877:Edmundston 1859:Summerside 1825:After 1970 1799:Edmundston 1768:Edmundston 1737:Saint John 1687:compromise 1672:Longfellow 1332:Wolastoqey 1293:Nottingham 1176:Louisbourg 1054:Port Royal 905:Saint John 848:New France 809:Saint John 790:habitation 782:Port Royal 695:newspapers 590:Île-Royale 577:Port Royal 390:Port-Royal 381:and other 344:New France 142:Port-Royal 85:New France 7788:46°N 64°W 7681:Norwegian 7636:Red River 7630:districts 7361:New Spain 7324:Plaisance 7270:Louisiana 7138:Mauritius 6997: ( 6407:Louisiana 6288:Cameroons 5948:Ursulines 5943:Grey Nuns 5938:Récollets 5855:Canadiens 5850:Habitants 5800:Voyageurs 5790:Fur trade 5769:Code Noir 5649:Intendant 5547:Plaisance 5469:Towns and 5432:Louisiana 5376:1663–1759 5371:1608–1662 5366:1534–1607 5253:Provinces 5074:Grand-Pré 5069:Governors 5064:Expulsion 4903:. 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