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the institution in a state of limbo. The school lowered entrance requirements in an attempt to gain more paying students, but that simply eroded the already declining standards. In the 1950s, the school offered training in handicrafts for the first time. Though for many years the government had given grants and scholarships to the school, they had no part in the administration of the school until 1954. At that time, the school board was revised with only two members representing the
Moravian Church and the other four members as representatives of the government. In 1955, Spring Gardens opened its courses to male students for the first time. When Spring Gardens closed in 1958, it had the distinction of having been the longest operating training institution founded by missionaries in the region. The government announced that at the end of the term, it would no longer support the school financially, choosing instead to found a new training college. In 1960, students from Spring Garden were moved to the Leeward Islands Teachers' Training College (LITTC) which opened in Golden Grove, in St. John's Parish. LITTC operated until 1977, when it was absorbed into
112:, and the conditions of facilities deplorable. Arthur Mayhew, the chief adviser on education in the colonies to Britain, and F. C. Marriott, director of Trinidad's education programs, wrote in their report that Spring Gardens had a low standard both academically and professionally. They went on to report that staff was inadequately trained in the techniques of teaching and had no understanding of the relationship between schooling and community needs. But their assessment was similar for all of the schools not located in Barbados or Trinidad. They made no recommendations to improve the conditions at the school and their attempts to redirect students to distant Trinidad were ineffective. Then in the late 1930s through the mid-1940s, the
60:
others to learn a trade. The school was a
Moravian institution and received very little financial support from the government. The intent of the organization was to train women, who were indigenous to the region, to teach students throughout the Caribbean. The class of 1855 included ten pupils, which increased to sixteen students by 1858. Westerby retired in 1873 and was replaced by Reverend Romig. In 1887, the school had the largest enrollment of any school in the region, though attendance was often half of enrollment, in the
93:, the Moravian Church lost all of its German investments and discussion turned to whether the school should be closed. In 1918, the Leeward Island Government decided that it was less expensive to utilize the facilities at Spring Gardens than to build their own schools, giving new life to the school. In the years following the war, the school operated as a hybrid institution, partially a secondary education facility and partially a teacher training college.
88:
to teach general knowledge in addition to providing professional training. In 1900, the name was changed to Spring
Gardens Teacher Training College in an effort to refocus on professional training. Always a financial struggle to stay afloat, the depression caused by falling sugar prices in 1906, and
67:
For the first thirty-eight years of the school's existence, the majority of its funding came from the
Mission Board in Germany, but in 1892, the Government of the Leeward Islands agreed to pay for the education of eight girls for a cost of £25 annually. The contract effectively meant that the school
123:
Though the school adopted numerous survival strategies, including accepting paying students, it limped through the next few decades. Lack of will on the part of government authorities to invest in teacher training, or address organizational issues put forth by the
Antigua Teachers Association, kept
72:
extended scholarships as well. Until 1894, the director of the school was always an ordained minister who reported to the German
Mission Board. Other staff consisted of a principal and a female full-time tutor, who also served as house matron. Staff was traditionally secured in England until 1892,
55:
Bishop George
Westerby as an exclusively female training academy providing an education for five girls who wanted to become teachers. The missionary goal to prepare women to be good wives and mothers for the male teachers expanded to train women to be teachers themselves. Westerby and his wife's
59:
The school was one of the earliest educational organizations in the region and was moved to Spring
Gardens, when it was officially organized in 1854. It offered classroom instruction along with industrial education and manual work and was geared to training teachers who would be able to instruct
56:
success with their initial trainees, led them to seek "black and coloured" girls between the ages of ten and fifteen to be trained to teach others about cleanliness, industry and order. Students were boarded and provided with clothing and lodging, as well as training.
89:
the government's decision to cut education grants in 1913, caused further hardship. In 1914, the
Barbadian government withdrew its grants and students, as well, making plans to build its own facilities. Then during
39:. The private school's goal was to train Caribbean women to teach other Caribbean women. It operated for 118 years, until 1958, and was the longest-lived training institution founded by missionaries in the region.
68:
had to meet government standards with regard to curricula, staffing, and student make-up, expanding the citizenship and religious affiliation of the students. Around the same time, the
Government of
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again. Recommendations from that report caused the Leeward Island Government to pressure the Moravians to expand the school and improve conditions, or face government withdrawal of support.
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The Development of Teacher Education in the Caribbean, with Special Reference to Antigua, Grenada and the United States Virgin Islands
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during 1931, wrote a scathing report on education in the area in general, calling the education provided backward, except in
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programs widely in use in the region. As a general rule, its students had low academic preparation causing the under-funded
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Because Antigua is located in the center of the Leeward Islands it is easily accessible to all of the islands of the
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it was opened as an informal women's training school in 1840, by Bishop George Westerby of the
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Education as and for Legitimacy: Developments in West Indian Education Between 1846 and 1895
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580:. St. John’s, Antigua: The Moravian Church Eastern West Indies Province. Archived from
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and Spring Gardens was well known throughout the region. Students typically came from
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Created in Their Image: Evangelical Protestantism in Antigua and Barbados, 1834-1914
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669:(Ph.D.). Kingston upon Hull, England: University of Hull – via Core, UK.
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when for the first time teachers trained locally were secured as instructors.
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The Marriot-Mayhew Commission, which investigated the school systems in the
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645:. Vol. 1: A - L. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
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64:. In the period between 1840 and 1891, 161 students had graduated.
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A History of Education in the British Leeward Islands, 1838-1945
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557:. Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press.
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The Female Teachers' Training School opened in Lebanon,
681:. St. John’s, Antigua. 11 February 2010. Archived from
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714:Educational institutions established in 1840
639:Taylor, Patrick; Case, Frederick I. (2013).
621:The Birth of the Village of Liberta, Antigua
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624:. Coral Springs, Florida: Llumina Press.
116:investigated education conditions in the
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603:. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse.
660:Wright, John Alexander (June 1989).
572:Jarvis, Cortroy (25 February 2007).
21:The Female Teachers' Training School
597:Kirton-Roberts, Winelle J. (2015).
13:
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709:Education in Antigua and Barbuda
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1:
618:Samuel, Hewlester A. (2007).
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724:Women in Antigua and Barbuda
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551:Fergus, Howard A. (2003).
530:Bacchus, M. Kazim (1994).
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19:which initially was named
51:, in 1840 at the home of
23:was one of the earliest
675:"Whose responsibility?"
382:Taylor & Case 2013
355:Taylor & Case 2013
126:Antigua State College
584:on 24 September 2015
514:Kirton-Roberts 2015
432:, pp. 174–175.
331:Kirton-Roberts 2015
321:, pp. 129–130.
319:Kirton-Roberts 2015
307:Kirton-Roberts 2015
292:Kirton-Roberts 2015
277:Kirton-Roberts 2015
253:Kirton-Roberts 2015
216:, pp. 137–139.
166:Kirton-Roberts 2015
118:British West Indies
679:The Daily Observer
458:The Daily Observer
685:on 8 January 2017
652:978-0-252-09433-0
631:978-1-59526-725-2
610:978-1-5049-0099-7
564:978-976-640-131-3
543:978-0-88920-231-3
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25:normal schools
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31:. Located in
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687:. Retrieved
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523:Bibliography
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214:Bacchus 1994
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202:Bacchus 1994
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58:
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20:
16:
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502:Wright 1989
487:Samuel 2007
472:Fergus 2003
445:Fergus 2003
430:Fergus 2003
418:Fergus 2003
406:Fergus 2003
394:Fergus 2003
367:Samuel 2007
343:Fergus 2003
265:Fergus 2003
241:Jarvis 2007
229:Fergus 2003
190:Wright 1989
178:Wright 1989
149:Fergus 2003
91:World War I
703:Categories
132:References
689:8 January
588:6 January
578:Moravians
137:Citations
110:Trinidad
106:Barbados
70:Barbados
53:Moravian
98:Leeward
49:Antigua
43:History
33:Antigua
27:in the
649:
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561:
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667:(PDF)
691:2017
647:ISBN
626:ISBN
605:ISBN
590:2017
559:ISBN
538:ISBN
460:2010
108:and
100:and
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