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709:. The rays also performs dips and jumps; in a dip the ray will dive and then come back up rapidly, perhaps as many as five times consecutively. There are two main types of jump: in one, the ray propels itself vertically out of the water, to which it returns along the same line; the other is when the ray leaps at a 45 degree angle, often repeated multiple times at high speeds. When in shallow waters or outside their normal swimming areas the rays are most commonly seen alone, but they do also congregate in schools. One form of travelling is called loose aggregation, which is when three to sixteen rays are swimming in a loose group, with occasional interactions between them. A school commonly consists of six or more rays swimming in the same direction at exactly the same speed.
743:. There have been several reported incidents of spotted eagle rays leaping out of the water onto boats and landing on people. Nevertheless, spotted eagle rays do not pose a significant threat to humans, as they are shy and generally avoid human contact. Interactions with an individual snorkeler in the Caribbean has been reported especially in Jamaica involving one, two and even three spotted eagle rays. The rays may exhibit a behavior similar to human curiosity which allows the snorkeler to observe the eagle ray who may slow down so as to share more time with the much slower human observer if the human observer appears to be unthreatening or interesting to the spotted eagle ray.
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27:
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Dulvy, N.K.; Carlson, J.; Charvet, P.; Ajemian, M.J.; Bassos-Hull, K.; Blanco-Parra, MP, Chartrain, E.; Derrick, D.; Dia, M.; Diop, M.; Doherty, P.; Dossa, J.; De Bruyne, G.; Herman, K.; Leurs, G.H.L.; MejĂa-Falla, P.A.; Navia, A.F.; Pacoureau, N.; PĂ©rez JimĂ©nez, J.C.; Pires, J.D.; Seidu, I.; Soares,
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until live birth. After a gestation period of one year the mother ray will give birth to a maximum of four pups. When the pups are first born, their discs measure from 17–35 centimeters (6.7–13.8 in) across. The rays mature in 4 to 6 years. Genetic evidence indicates that the spotted eagle ray
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has reduced the number of deaths caused by entanglement. South Africa has also placed restrictions on the number of rays that can be bought per person per day. In the U.S. state of
Florida, the fishing, landing, purchasing and trading of spotted eagle ray are outlawed. This ray is also protected in
1180:
White, W.T., P.R. Last, G.J.P. Naylor, K. Jensen & J.N. Caira (2010). Clarification of
Aetobatus ocellatus (Kuhl, 1823) as a valid species, and a comparison with Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790) (Rajiformes: Myliobatidae). Pp. 141-164 in: Last, P.R., White, W.T. & Pogonoski, J.J., eds.
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struts to help them break through the shells of mollusks, by supporting the jaws and preventing dents from hard prey. These rays have the unique behavior of digging with their snouts in the sand of the ocean. While doing this, a cloud of sand surrounds the ray and sand spews from its gills. One
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are moved rapidly up and down: the pelvic thrust and the extreme pelvic thrust. The pelvic thrust is usually performed by a solitary ray, and repeated four to five times rapidly. The extreme pelvic thrust is most commonly observed when the ray is swimming in a group, from which it will separate
515:
Spotted eagle rays have flat disk-shaped bodies, deep blue or black with white spots on top with a white underbelly, and distinctive flat snouts similar to a duck's bill. Their tails are longer than other rays and may have 2–6 venomous spines, behind the pelvic fins. The front of the wing-like
417:, and will sometimes dig with their snouts to look for food buried in the sand of the sea bed. These rays are commonly observed leaping out of the water, and on at least two occasions have been reported as having jumped into boats, in one incident resulting in the death of a woman in the
967:
as "near threatened". The rays are caught mainly in
Southeast Asia and Africa. They are also common in commercial marine life trade and are displayed in aquariums. Among the many efforts to help protect this species, South Africa's decision to deploy fewer protective
783:, thus incapacitating the ray. The shark then used its head to pin the ray to the bottom and pivoted to take the ray in its jaws, head first. Sharks have also been observed to follow female rays during the birthing season, and feed on the newborn pups.
1589:
696:; one tracking study showed that they are more active during high tides. Uniquely among rays they dig with their snouts in the sand, surrounding themselves in a cloud of sand that spews from their gills. They also exhibit two motions in which the
1163:
Schluessel, V., Broderick, D., Collin, S.P., Ovenden, J.R. (2010). Evidence for extensive population structure in the white-spotted eagle ray within the Indo-Pacific inferred from mitochondrial gene sequences. Journal of
Zoology 281:
920:. Spotted eagle rays are most commonly seen in bays and reefs. They spend much of their time swimming freely in open waters, generally in schools close to the surface, and can travel long distances in a day.
1593:
1151:
Richards, V.P., M. Henning, W. Witzell & M.S. Shivji (2009). Species delineation and evolutionary history of the globally distributed spotted eagle ray (Aetobatus narinari). J Hered. 100(3): 273-83.
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Mature spotted eagle rays can be up to 5 meters (16 ft) in length; the largest spotted eagle rays have a wingspan of up to 3 meters (10 ft) and a mass of 230 kilograms (507 lb).
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in Poland is the new studbook keeper. Burgers' Zoo was also the first place in Europe to breed with the species and in 2018 was the most successful breeder worldwide with over 55 births.
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it can be found near Japan and north of
Australia. In the Central Pacific Ocean, it can be found throughout the Hawaiian Islands. In the Eastern-Pacific Ocean, it is found in the
1692:
1984:
1458:
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The spotted eagle ray has many different common names, including white-spotted eagle ray, bonnet skate, bonnet ray, duckbill ray and spotted duck-billed ray.
476:
Although traditionally considered to have a circumglobal distribution in tropical oceans throughout the world, recent authorities have restricted the true
1195:
White, W.T. (2014): A revised generic arrangement for the eagle ray family
Myliobatidae, with definitions for the valid genera. Zootaxa 3860(2): 149–166.
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study has shown that there are no differences in the feeding habits of males and females or in rays from different regions of
Australia and Taiwan.
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2312:
429:. They are fished mainly in Southeast Asia and Africa, the most common market being in commercial trade and aquariums. They are protected in the
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and bays, in depths down to 80 meters (262 ft). Spotted eagle rays are found in warm and temperate waters worldwide. In the western
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One male, or sometimes several, will pursue a female. When one of the males approaches the female, he uses his upper jaw to grab her
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779:. A great hammerhead shark has been observed attacking a spotted eagle ray in open water by taking a large bite out of one of its
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The dorsal spots make the spotted eagle ray an aquarium attraction, although because of its large size it is likely kept only at
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Spotted eagle rays prefer to swim in waters of 24 to 27 °C (75 to 81 °F). Their daily movement is influenced by the
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1991:
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for spotted eagle rays to reduce the amount of wild caught individuals needed by public aquaria. From the start until 2018
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1411:
Harmon TS, Kamerman TY, Corwin AL, Sellas AB (February 2016). "Consecutive parthenogenetic births in a spotted eagle ray
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739:. There are no target fisheries for the spotted eagle ray, but it is often eaten after being caught unintentionally as
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2575:
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in 1790 from a specimen collected at an unknown location (possibly the coast of Brazil) during a trip he made to the
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1966:
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44:
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1181:(2010). Descriptions of new sharks and rays from Borneo. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper no. 32.
931:. As a consequence, recent authorities have split it into three: This restricts the true spotted eagle ray (
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surface covered in white spots or rings. Near the base of the ray's relatively long tail, just behind the
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family, Aetobatidae. As traditionally recognized, it is found globally in tropical regions, including the
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2260:
1948:
2265:
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Moravec, F. & Justine, J.-L. (2006). "Three nematode species from elasmobranchs off New
Caledonia".
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36:
149:
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tooth structure helps it to crush the mollusks' hard shells. The jaws of these rays have developed
473:. Most rays in the family Myliobatidae swim in the open ocean rather than close to the sea floor.
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1131:(in German). Berolini : Fratres Borntraeger ; Parisiis : Paul Klincksieck. 1898
398:, the female retaining the eggs then releasing the young as miniature versions of the parent.
394:). Spotted eagle rays are most commonly seen alone, but occasionally swim in groups. They are
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1308:. Vol. 3. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 1511, 1516.
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1064:
985:
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As traditionally defined, spotted eagle rays are found globally in tropical regions from the
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264:
2408:
1816:
Marie, A. D. & Justine, J.-L. (2005). "Monocotylids (Monogenea: Monopisthocotylea) from
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Spotted eagle rays, in common with many other rays, often fall victim to sharks such as the
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47:. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
8:
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469:(ray). The spotted eagle ray belongs to the Myliobatidae, which includes the well known
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421:. The spotted eagle ray is hunted by a wide variety of sharks. The rays are considered
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1883:, with a comparison of specimens from Australia, French Polynesia and New Caledonia".
1518:"Life History, Population Genetics and Sensory Biology of the White Spotted Eagle Ray
601:
to venter, with both undersides together. The mating process lasts for 30–90 seconds.
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2009:
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2056:"A further observation of the prey-handling behavior of the great hammerhead shark,
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2039:. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes. Vol. 3. pp. 1511, 1516.
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608:; the eggs are retained in the female and hatch internally, feeding off a
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1522:(Euphrasen, 1790) with Emphasis on the Relative Importance of Olfaction"
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649:
414:
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370:. Recent authorities have restricted it to the Atlantic (including the
2132:. New Haven,Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale Univ. pp.
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838:
413:, barbed stingers. Spotted eagle rays commonly feed on small fish and
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2170:
Species
Description of Aetobatus narinari at www.shark-references.com
1239:
Daley, R K; Stevens, J D; Last, P R; Yearsley, G. K. (October 2002).
1128:
Symbolae
Antillanae : seu fundamenta florae Indiae Occidenttalis
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589:, which are located on either side of her body. Once he is on her
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585:. The male will then roll the female over by grabbing one of her
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Sharks, rays, chimaeras: The status of the Chondrichthyan fishes
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Range of spotted eagle ray as traditionally recognized, but see
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653:
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1016:
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The spotted eagle ray was first described by Swedish botanist
2161:
White-spotted Eagle Ray, Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasén, 1790)
2033:
Carpenter, Kent E.; Niem, Volker H. (1999). "Batoid fishes".
1024:
A.-L.; Tamo, A.; VanderWright, W.J.; Williams, A.B. (2021) .
626:
410:
1695:. Cable News Network. A Time Warner Company. Archived from
1672:. Cable News Network. A Time Warner Company. March 20, 2008
1005:
822:
785:
As other rays, spotted eagle rays are host to a variety of
755:
The silvertip shark is a predator of the spotted eagle ray.
693:
657:
2036:
The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific
1870:
1815:
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from Queensland, Australia and the Penghu Islands, Taiwan"
1410:
1305:
The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific
923:
Within these regions, there are significant variations in
688:. Spotted eagle rays are social and often occur in groups.
2100:(Euphrasen, 1790), in Bimini, Bahamas; an Interim Report"
1767:
1927:"Descriptions and articles about the Spotted Eagle Ray (
1640:
1638:
1238:
1650:
1749:
1564:"Diet and reproduction in the white-spotted eagle ray
1470:
The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago
1105:"Ichthyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History"
1711:
1635:
980:
In Europe there is a breeding program managed by the
1561:
2122:Tee-Van, John (1953). "Family Myliobatidae, Genus
1511:
1509:
1049:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T42564343A201613657.en
2156:Information and pictures of the spotted eagle ray
39:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
2542:
1247:. Australia: CSIRO Marine Research. p. 44.
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721:Watercolor of a spotted eagle ray from 1865 by
2129:Fishes of the western North Atlantic, part two
2096:"Behavioral Biology of the Spotted Eagle Ray,
1368:
1366:
1209:
1147:
1145:
837:An eagle ray searching the bottom for food at
1875:Hargis, 1955 (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from
1562:Schluessel, V; Bennett, M. B.; Collin, S. P.
1301:
1210:Fowler, Sarah L; Cavanagh, Rachael D (2005).
1154:
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300:
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1302:Carpenter, Kent E.; Niem, Volker H. (1999).
1205:
1203:
1201:
1069:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
705:itself before vigorously thrusting with its
520:disk has five small gills in its underside.
2094:Silliman, William R.; Gruber, S.H. (1999).
1871:Marie, A. D. & Justine, J.-L. (2006). "
1363:
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864:They are found in shallow coastal water by
828:
378:) with other populations recognized as the
1273:
746:
290:
123:
101:
74:
1969:[Cartilaginous fish collection].
1824:off New Caledonia, with a description of
1804:
1693:"Ray slams woman on boat in Florida Keys"
1662:
1588:SeaWorld; Discovery Cove; Busch Gardens.
1245:Field guide to Australian sharks and rays
1198:
1047:
963:The spotted eagle ray is included in the
613:can undergo consecutive parthenogenesis.
2093:
2060:: predation upon the spotted eagle ray,
2054:Chapman, D.D.; Gruber, S.H. (May 2002).
1717:
1684:
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1644:
1329:
1184:
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832:
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137:)(in central and northern South America)
43:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2121:
2053:
1755:
1670:"Woman dies after stingray strikes her"
1614:
1340:
1267:
1232:
1119:
401:This ray can be identified by its dark
2543:
2014:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1967:"Collectie kraakbeenvissen uitgebreid"
1515:
2556:IUCN Red List near threatened species
2186:
2185:
1690:
884:, and down past the southern part of
872:it is found off the eastern coast of
1951:[Eagle Ray Triplets Born!].
712:
663:The spotted eagle ray's specialized
621:Spotted eagle ray preys mainly upon
20:
1387:"Fun facts about spotted eagle ray"
1295:
1107:. Florida Museum of Natural History
1035:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
977:on the eastern coast of Australia.
616:
13:
1691:Segal, Kimberly (March 29, 2011).
1486:
1102:
14:
2607:
2149:
1543:"Aetobatus narinari (Bishop ray)"
803:. External parasites include the
789:. Internal parasites include the
597:into the female, connecting them
2551:IUCN Red List endangered species
644:) and crustaceans, particularly
564:
552:
540:
528:
148:
25:
2032:
2025:
1977:
1959:
1949:"Adelaarsrog drieling geboren!"
1941:
1919:
1864:
1761:
1723:
1535:
1480:
1451:
1404:
1379:
958:
949:Pacific white-spotted eagle ray
604:The spotted eagle ray develops
576:
480:to the Atlantic Ocean based on
461:, derived from the Greek words
388:Pacific white-spotted eagle ray
1873:Thaumatocotyle pseudodasybatis
947:) and the East Pacific is the
819:Thaumatocotyle pseudodasybatis
453:, and was later classified as
1:
1489:"Eagle Ray Spotted Eagle Ray
999:
935:) to the Atlantic, while the
510:
2074:(3): 947–952. Archived from
1376:". Elasmodiver. 3 June 2007.
988:in the Netherlands kept the
916:, an area that includes the
656:, octopuses, and some small
457:. Its current genus name is
7:
1955:(in Dutch). March 26, 2018.
1241:"Northern demersal species"
675:
436:
10:
2612:
2571:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean
2068:Bulletin of Marine Science
1973:(in Dutch). March 7, 2016.
648:, as well as echinoderms,
2581:Fish of the Pacific Ocean
2445:
2194:
1931:) – Encyclopedia of Life"
1897:10.1007/s11230-005-9017-3
1842:10.1007/s11230-004-6345-7
1782:10.1007/s11230-006-9034-x
1282:"White-Spotted Eagle Ray"
1218:. UK: IUCN. p. 354.
1042:: e.T42564343A201613657.
313:
306:
298:
289:
270:
263:
145:Scientific classification
143:
121:
99:
90:
82:
73:
68:
2586:Marine fish of Nicaragua
2576:Fish of the Indian Ocean
1344:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
874:United States of America
849:region from the western
829:Distribution and habitat
498:and the East Pacific is
1885:Systematic Parasitology
1830:Systematic Parasitology
1770:Systematic Parasitology
1212:"Species status report"
892:, it is found from the
797:Echinocephalus sinensis
747:Predators and parasites
2591:Fish described in 1790
1615:Summers, Adam (2001).
842:
841:, Netherlands Antilles
777:great hammerhead shark
756:
732:
689:
684:Three individuals off
593:side, the male puts a
443:Bengt Anders Euphrasén
324:Myliobatis macroptera
316:Aetobatis latirostris
2417:Paleobiology Database
2178:on Sealife Collection
1358:. April 2007 version.
1280:Australian Wildlife.
836:
754:
720:
683:
328:Raia quinqueaculeata
326:Myliobatus punctatus
322:Myliobatis eeltenkee
83:Spotted eagle ray at
1935:Encyclopedia of Life
1731:"Spotted Eagle Ray,
1623:. Digital Morphology
1548:Animal Diversity Web
1463:(Spotted Eagle Ray)"
900:and eastward to the
636:. They also feed on
559:Close up of the head
320:Aetomylus maculatus
1590:"Spotted Eagle Ray"
1429:2016JFBio..88..741H
941:ocellated eagle ray
495:Aetobatus ocellatus
380:ocellated eagle ray
318:Aetobatis narinari
93:Conservation status
2566:Ovoviviparous fish
2253:aetobatus-narinari
2240:Aetobatus_narinari
2226:Aetobatus narinari
2196:Aetobatus narinari
2098:Aetobatus narinari
2062:Aetobatus narinari
1929:Aetobatus narinari
1733:Aetobatus narinari
1619:Aetobatus narinari
1566:Aetobatus narinari
1520:Aetobatus narinari
1516:Schluessel, Vera.
1491:Aetobatus narinari
1487:Bester, Cathleen.
1461:Aetobatus narinari
1413:Aetobatus narinari
1348:Aetobatus narinari
1103:Bester, Cathleen.
1028:Aetobatus narinari
975:Great Barrier Reef
939:population is the
910:Gulf of California
857:, and the western
843:
757:
733:
723:Jacques Burkhardt.
690:
501:Aetobatus laticeps
478:Aetobatus narinari
455:Stoasodon narinari
431:Great Barrier Reef
352:cartilaginous fish
347:Aetobatus narinari
332:Stoasodon narinari
274:Aetobatus narinari
69:Spotted eagle ray
2538:
2537:
2404:Open Tree of Life
2188:Taxon identifiers
2176:Spotted eagle ray
2165:Australian Museum
1971:www.burgerszoo.nl
1953:www.burgerszoo.nl
1826:Decacotyle elpora
1437:10.1111/jfb.12819
1374:Spotted Eagle Ray
1315:978-92-5-104302-8
918:Galapagos Islands
904:. In the Western
815:Decacotyle elpora
811:Decacotyle octona
713:Human interaction
342:spotted eagle ray
338:
337:
138:
116:
62:
61:
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2215:
2214:
2213:
2183:
2182:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2102:. Archived from
2090:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2058:Sphyrna mokarran
2050:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1990:. Archived from
1989:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1813:
1802:
1801:
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1753:
1747:
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1727:
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1715:
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1704:
1699:on 11 March 2012
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1648:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1592:. Archived from
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1389:. Archived from
1383:
1377:
1370:
1361:
1359:
1338:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1207:
1196:
1193:
1182:
1178:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1100:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1020:
801:spiral intestine
773:silver tip shark
737:public aquariums
731:
652:, hermit crabs,
650:polychaete worms
617:Feeding and diet
568:
556:
544:
532:
294:
276:
256:A. narinari
153:
152:
132:
127:
126:
110:
105:
104:
85:Turks and Caicos
78:
66:
65:
57:
54:
48:
37:factual accuracy
29:
28:
21:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2526:
2521:
2513:
2508:
2500:
2495:
2487:
2482:
2474:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2441:
2433:
2428:
2420:
2415:
2407:
2402:
2394:
2389:
2381:
2378:Observation.org
2376:
2368:
2363:
2355:
2350:
2342:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2298:
2290:
2285:
2277:
2272:
2264:
2259:
2251:
2246:
2238:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2190:
2152:
2147:
2139:
2137:
2112:
2110:
2109:on 31 July 2013
2106:
2084:
2082:
2081:on 31 July 2013
2078:
2047:
2028:
2023:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1985:"Archived copy"
1983:
1982:
1978:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1869:
1865:
1814:
1805:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1737:. marinebio.org
1729:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1659:, pp. 5–6.
1655:
1651:
1643:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1596:on 31 July 2013
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1560:
1556:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1514:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1485:
1481:
1465:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1371:
1364:
1339:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1208:
1199:
1194:
1185:
1179:
1168:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1101:
1078:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1021:
1006:
1002:
965:IUCN's Red List
961:
831:
784:
749:
725:
715:
678:
619:
606:ovoviviparously
579:
572:
569:
560:
557:
548:
545:
536:
533:
513:
439:
423:near threatened
331:
329:
327:
325:
323:
321:
319:
317:
285:
278:
272:
259:
222:Myliobatiformes
147:
139:
130:Near Threatened
128:
124:
117:
106:
102:
95:
58:
52:
49:
42:
34:This article's
30:
26:
17:
16:Species of fish
12:
11:
5:
2609:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2519:
2506:
2493:
2480:
2467:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2426:
2413:
2400:
2387:
2374:
2361:
2348:
2335:
2322:
2309:
2296:
2283:
2270:
2257:
2244:
2231:
2216:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2167:
2158:
2151:
2150:External links
2148:
2146:
2145:
2119:
2091:
2051:
2045:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:
1976:
1958:
1940:
1918:
1863:
1803:
1760:
1758:, p. 949.
1748:
1722:
1710:
1683:
1661:
1649:
1634:
1607:
1580:
1554:
1534:
1505:
1479:
1450:
1403:
1378:
1362:
1342:Froese, Rainer
1328:
1314:
1294:
1272:
1260:
1253:
1231:
1224:
1197:
1183:
1166:
1153:
1141:
1118:
1076:
1003:
1001:
998:
992:. Since 2018,
960:
957:
914:Puerto Pizarro
870:Atlantic Ocean
859:Atlantic Ocean
830:
827:
791:gnathostomatid
748:
745:
714:
711:
677:
674:
665:chevron-shaped
646:malacostracans
618:
615:
578:
575:
574:
573:
570:
563:
561:
558:
551:
549:
546:
539:
537:
534:
527:
512:
509:
492:population is
488:evidence. The
438:
435:
409:, are several
376:Gulf of Mexico
336:
335:
330:Raja narinari
311:
310:
304:
303:
296:
295:
287:
286:
279:
268:
267:
261:
260:
253:
251:
247:
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239:
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229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
202:Elasmobranchii
199:
195:
194:
192:Chondrichthyes
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
141:
140:
122:
119:
118:
115:) (as a whole)
100:
97:
96:
91:
88:
87:
80:
79:
71:
70:
60:
59:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2608:
2597:
2596:Fish of Aruba
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
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2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
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2548:
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2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2447:Raja narinari
2444:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
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2206:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2092:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2048:
2046:92-5-104302-7
2042:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2017:
2011:
1997:on 2018-04-06
1993:
1986:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1836:(3): 175–85.
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:(2): 131–45.
1775:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1719:
1718:Silliman 1999
1714:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1671:
1665:
1658:
1657:Silliman 1999
1653:
1646:
1645:Silliman 1999
1641:
1639:
1622:
1620:
1611:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1569:
1567:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1538:
1523:
1521:
1512:
1510:
1494:
1492:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1393:on 2019-07-03
1392:
1388:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1283:
1276:
1270:, p. 453
1269:
1264:
1256:
1254:1-876996-10-2
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1225:2-8317-0700-5
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1160:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1072:
1066:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1004:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
976:
971:
966:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
912:down through
911:
907:
906:Pacific Ocean
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
851:Pacific Ocean
848:
840:
835:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
809:
806:
802:
798:
795:
792:
788:
782:
781:pectoral fins
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
753:
744:
742:
738:
729:
724:
719:
710:
708:
707:pectoral fins
703:
702:pectoral fins
699:
695:
687:
682:
673:
670:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
640:(such as the
639:
635:
632:
628:
624:
614:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:pectoral fins
584:
567:
562:
555:
550:
543:
538:
531:
526:
525:
524:
521:
519:
508:
505:
503:
502:
497:
496:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:Raja narinari
444:
434:
432:
428:
427:IUCN Red List
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
396:ovoviviparous
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:Indian Oceans
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:
343:
334:
333:
312:
309:
305:
302:
297:
293:
288:
283:
277:
275:
269:
266:
265:Binomial name
262:
258:
257:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:
240:
237:
236:
233:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
151:
146:
142:
136:
131:
120:
114:
109:
98:
94:
89:
86:
81:
77:
72:
67:
64:
56:
46:
40:
38:
32:
23:
22:
19:
2446:
2195:
2138:. Retrieved
2128:
2123:
2111:. Retrieved
2104:the original
2097:
2083:. Retrieved
2076:the original
2071:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2035:
2026:Bibliography
1999:. Retrieved
1992:the original
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1921:
1891:(1): 47–55.
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1756:Chapman 2002
1751:
1739:. Retrieved
1732:
1725:
1720:, p. 2.
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1697:the original
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1664:
1652:
1647:, p. 5.
1625:. Retrieved
1618:
1610:
1598:. Retrieved
1594:the original
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1565:
1557:
1546:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1519:
1496:. Retrieved
1490:
1482:
1469:
1460:
1453:
1423:(2): 741–5.
1420:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1395:. Retrieved
1391:the original
1381:
1353:
1347:
1319:. Retrieved
1304:
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
1275:
1268:Tee-Van 1953
1263:
1244:
1234:
1215:
1133:. Retrieved
1127:
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1065:cite journal
1053:. Retrieved
1039:
1033:
1027:
986:Burgers' Zoo
979:
962:
959:Conservation
952:
945:A. ocellatus
944:
937:Indo-Pacific
932:
922:
898:South Africa
890:Indian Ocean
863:
855:Indian Ocean
847:Indo-Pacific
844:
818:
814:
810:
796:
758:
734:
691:
662:
620:
603:
580:
577:Reproduction
522:
514:
506:
499:
493:
490:Indo-Pacific
477:
475:
466:
465:(eagle) and
462:
458:
454:
446:
440:
419:Florida Keys
400:
391:
384:A. ocellatus
383:
346:
345:
341:
339:
315:
314:
273:
271:
255:
254:
242:
208:Superorder:
63:
50:
35:
18:
2352:NatureServe
2300:iNaturalist
2220:Wikispecies
1417:J Fish Biol
1055:18 November
994:Wroclaw Zoo
953:A. laticeps
933:A. narinari
902:Andaman Sea
878:Gulf Stream
866:coral reefs
808:monogeneans
805:monocotylid
765:lemon shark
761:tiger shark
726: [
642:queen conch
547:Bottom view
486:morphologic
415:crustaceans
407:pelvic fins
392:A. laticeps
232:Aetobatidae
2545:Categories
2462:Q106445275
2174:Photos of
2140:2011-10-27
2113:31 October
2085:31 October
2001:2018-08-31
1741:9 November
1703:30 October
1676:30 October
1627:1 November
1600:1 November
1573:1 November
1527:18 October
1498:18 October
1397:2019-07-03
1321:30 October
1287:29 October
1135:2011-10-27
1111:21 October
1000:References
970:shark nets
929:morphology
775:, and the
769:bull shark
629:and other
511:Appearance
198:Subclass:
108:Endangered
2561:Aetobatus
2124:Aetobatus
1877:Aetobatus
1818:Aetobatus
888:. In the
882:Caribbean
787:parasites
669:calcified
625:, crabs,
471:manta ray
459:Aetobatus
372:Caribbean
356:eagle ray
282:Euphrasén
250:Species:
243:Aetobatus
168:Kingdom:
162:Eukaryota
53:June 2013
45:talk page
2502:11320848
2456:Wikidata
2357:2.102730
2344:42564343
2318:10571448
2274:FishBase
2205:Wikidata
2163: –
2010:cite web
1913:11743736
1905:16612660
1881:narinari
1850:15864455
1828:n. sp".
1822:narinari
1790:16773474
1445:26563982
1355:FishBase
990:studbook
925:genetics
896:down to
794:nematode
700:and the
676:Behavior
638:mollusks
623:bivalves
610:yolk sac
535:Top view
518:pectoral
451:Antilles
437:Taxonomy
411:venomous
360:Atlantic
308:Synonyms
228:Family:
212:Batoidea
182:Chordata
178:Phylum:
172:Animalia
158:Domain:
135:IUCN 3.1
113:IUCN 3.1
2489:5215766
2292:2419231
2211:Q655565
1858:8096884
1798:2436786
1425:Bibcode
894:Red Sea
839:Curaçao
821:on the
799:in the
741:bycatch
698:abdomen
634:infauna
631:benthic
595:clasper
591:ventral
482:genetic
425:on the
364:Pacific
354:of the
350:) is a
284:, 1790)
238:Genus:
218:Order:
188:Class:
133: (
111: (
2528:298978
2515:621024
2435:217426
2422:154700
2409:759551
2396:217426
2331:160978
2248:ARKive
2043:
1911:
1903:
1856:
1848:
1796:
1788:
1443:
1312:
1251:
1222:
1164:46–55.
886:Brazil
880:, the
876:, the
853:, the
771:, the
767:, the
763:, the
686:Belize
654:shrimp
627:whelks
599:venter
583:dorsum
403:dorsal
386:) and
2523:WoRMS
2497:IRMNG
2476:793LZ
2430:WoRMS
2383:79886
2370:87140
2313:IRMNG
2305:49297
2266:12693
2107:(PDF)
2079:(PDF)
1995:(PDF)
1988:(PDF)
1909:S2CID
1854:S2CID
1794:S2CID
1466:(PDF)
823:gills
730:]
694:tides
467:batis
463:aetos
2510:ITIS
2484:GBIF
2391:OBIS
2365:NCBI
2339:IUCN
2326:ITIS
2287:GBIF
2279:1250
2261:BOLD
2136:–263
2115:2011
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