1130:"A man may see, and hear, and remember, and judge, and reason; he may deliberate and form purposes, and execute them, without the intervention of any other intelligent being. They are solitary acts. But when he asks a question for information, when he testifies a fact, when he gives a command to his servant, when he makes a promise, or enters into a contract, these are social acts of mind, and can have no existence without the intervention of some other intelligent being, who acts a part in them. Between the operations of the mind, which, for want of a more proper name, I have called solitary, and those I have called social, there is this very remarkable distinction, that, in the solitary, the expression of them by words, or any other sensible sign, is accidental. They may exist, and be complete, without being expressed, without being known to any other person. But, in the social operations, the expression is essential. They cannot exist without being expressed by words or signs, and known to the other party." Cf.
280:, typical instances of which are "I nominate John to be President", "I sentence you to ten years' imprisonment", or "I promise to pay you back." In these typical, rather explicit cases of performative sentences, the action that the sentence describes (nominating, sentencing, promising) is performed by the utterance of the sentence itself. J.L. Austin claimed that performative sentences could be "happy or unhappy". They were only happy if the speaker does the actions he or she talks about. They were unhappy if this did not happen. Performative speech acts also use explicit verbs instead of implicit ones. For example, stating "I intend to go." does convey information, but it does not really mean that you are
823:
forms an observable framework under a specified subject matter from the player, and the audience who are 'under-theorised remain outside of the framework itself, and would benefit from being both brought in and drawn out.' It is because the audience would not be informed of the intentions of the player, except to focus on the display of the speech act itself. Therefore, in the perspective of the player, the truth of the subject matter is irrelevant except the result produced via the audience.
416:
being cold, that being cold is an uncomfortable sensation and they wish it to be taken care of, and that Peter cares to rectify this situation by closing the window. This, of course, depends much on the relationship between the requester and Peter—he might understand the request differently if they were his boss at work than if they were his girlfriend or boyfriend at home. The more presumed information pertaining to the request, the more indirect the speech act may be considered to be.
299:
577:
667:(Illocutionary) negotiation of the two parties involved is generally much, much simpler than any model representing the world in which those parties are making claims; in short, the system tracking the status of the conversation for action need not be concerned with modeling all of the realities of the external world. A conversation for action is critically dependent upon certain stereotypical
87:, and the other uses of language tended to be ignored, as Austin states at the beginning of Lecture 1, "It was for too long the assumption of philosophers that the business of a 'statement' can only be to 'describe' some state of affairs, or to 'state some fact', which it must do either truly or falsely."
415:
An even more indirect way of making such a request would be to say, in Peter's presence in the room with the open window, "I'm cold." The speaker of this request must rely upon Peter's understanding of several items of information that is not explicit: that the window is open and is the cause of them
822:
adopts speech act as a form of felicitous speech act (or simply 'facilitating conditions'), whereby the speaker, often politicians or players, act in accordance to the truth but in preparation for the audience to take action in the directions of the player that are driven or incited by the act. This
756:
sometimes use speech act labels to express the intent of an agent when it sends a message to another agent. For example, the intent "inform" in the message "inform(content)" may be interpreted as a request that the receiving agent adds the item "content" to its knowledge-base; this is in contrast to
254:
gave an alternative to Austin's explanation of the illocutionary act saying, a "speech act" is often meant to refer to exactly the same thing as the term illocutionary act. Searle's work on speech acts is understood to further refine Austin's conception. However, some philosophers have pointed out a
653:
This transactional view of speech acts has significant applications in many areas in which (human) individuals have had different roles, for instance, a patient and a physician might meet in an encounter in which the patient makes a request for treatment, the physician responds with a counter-offer
40:
is something expressed by an individual that not only presents information but performs an action as well. For example, the phrase "I would like the mashed potatoes, could you please pass them to me?" is considered a speech act as it expresses the speaker's desire to acquire the mashed potatoes, as
434:
In other words, this means that one does not need to say the words apologize, pledge, or praise in order to show they are doing the action. All the examples above show how the actions and indirect words make something happen rather than coming out straightforward with specific words and saying it.
407:
One common way of performing speech acts is to use an expression, which indicates one speech act, and indeed performs this act, but also performs a further speech act, which is indirect. One may, for instance, say, "Peter, can you close the window?", thereby asking Peter whether he will be able to
403:
In the course of performing speech acts people communicate with each other. The content of communication may be identical, or almost identical, with the content intended to be communicated, as when a stranger asks, "What is your name?" However, the meaning of the linguistic means used may also be
649:
A key part of this analysis is the contention that one dimension of the social domain-tracking the illocutionary status of the transaction (whether individual participants claim that their interests have been met, or not) is very readily conferred to a computer process, regardless of whether the
826:
The study of speech acts is prevalent in legal theory since laws themselves can be interpreted as speech acts. Laws issue out a command to their constituents, which can be realized as an action. When forming a legal contract, speech acts can be made when people are making or accepting an offer.
650:
computer has the means to adequately represent the real world issues underlying that claim. Thus a computer instantiating the conversation for action has the useful ability to model the status of the current social reality independent of any external reality on which social claims may be based.
419:
Indirect speech acts are commonly used to reject proposals and to make requests. For example, if a speaker asks, "Would you like to meet me for coffee?" and the other replies, "I have class", the second speaker has used an indirect speech act to reject the proposal. This is indirect because the
772:
has long advocated moving away from the psychological to a social semantics of speech acts—one that would be in tune with Austin's conception. Andrew Jones has also been a critic of the psychological conception. A recent collection of manifestos by researchers in agent communication reflects a
645:
in their 1986 text "Understanding
Computers and Cognition: A New Foundation for Design". Arguably the most important part of their analysis lies in a state-transition diagram in Chapter 5, that Winograd and Flores claim underlies the significant illocutionary (speech act) claims of two parties
91:
came up with the idea of "don't ask for the meaning, ask for the use," showing language as a new vehicle for social activity. Speech act theory hails from
Wittgenstein's philosophical theories. Wittgenstein believed meaning derives from pragmatic tradition, demonstrating the importance of how
267:
are centered around the listener. Perlocutionary acts always have a 'perlocutionary effect', which is the effect a speech act has on a listener. This could affect the listener's thoughts, emotions or even their physical actions. An example of this could be if someone uttered the sentence "I'm
835:
In a sociological perspective, Nicolas
Brisset adopts the concept of speech act in order to understand how economic models participate in the making and the spreading of representations inside and outside of the scientific field. Brisset argues that models perform actions in different fields
194:: the active result of the implied request or meaning presented by the locutionary act. For example, if the locutionary act in an interaction is the question "Is there any salt?" the implied illocutionary request is "Please pass the salt to me." or at least "I wish to add salt to my meal.";
836:(scientific, academic, practical, and political). This multiplicity of fields induces a variety of felicity conditions and types of performed actions. This perspective is a criticism of the essentialism of philosophical modelling studies. This approach is largely inspired by the work of
48:, "almost any speech act is really the performance of several acts at once, distinguished by different aspects of the speaker's intention: there is the act of saying something, what one does in saying it, such as requesting or promising, and how one is trying to affect one's audience".
453:"We ask that you extinguish your cigarettes at this time, and bring your tray tables and seatbacks to an upright position." This statement describes the requirements of the current location, such as an aeroplane, while also issuing the command to stop smoking and to sit up straight.
671:
about the status of the world made by the two parties. Thus a conversation for action can be readily tracked and facilitated by a device with little or no ability to model circumstances in the real world other than the ability to register claims by specific agents about a domain.
229:
is central to the concept of a speech act. Although there are several scholarly opinions regarding how to define 'illocutionary acts', there are some kinds of acts that are widely accepted as illocutionary. Examples of these widely accepted acts are commands or promises.
757:
the message "query(content)", which may be interpreted (depending on the semantics employed) as a request to see if the item content is currently in the receiving agents knowledge base. There are at least two standardisations of speech act labelled messaging
247:
something", as when someone issues an order to someone to go by saying "Go!", or when a minister joins two people in marriage saying, "I now pronounce you husband and wife." (Austin would eventually define the "illocutionary act" in a more exact manner.)
827:
Considering the theory of freedom of speech, some speech acts may not be legally protected. For example, a death threat is a type of speech act and is considered to exist outside of the protection of freedom of speech as it is treated as a criminal act.
662:
of negotiations between the patient and physician participants even in the absence of any adequate model of the illness or proposed treatments. The key insight provided by
Winograd and Flores is that the state-transition diagram representing the
654:
involving a treatment they feel is appropriate, and the patient might respond, etc. Such a conversation for action can describe a situation in which an external observer (such as a computer or health information system) may be able to track the
71:. Speech acts serve their function once they are said or communicated. These are commonly taken to include acts such as apologizing, promising, ordering, answering, requesting, complaining, warning, inviting, refusing, and congratulating.
456:"Would it be too much trouble for me to ask you to hand me that wrench?" functions to simultaneously ask two questions. The first is to ask the listener if they are capable of passing the wrench, while the second is an actual request.
427:, as it is confusing to see how the person who made the proposal can understand that his proposal was rejected. In 1975 John Searle suggested that the illocutionary force of indirect speech acts can be derived by means of a
268:
hungry." The perlocutionary effect on the listener could be the effect of being persuaded by the utterance. For example, after hearing the utterance, the listener could be persuaded to make a sandwich for the speaker.
187:: the actual utterance and its apparent meaning, comprising any and all of its verbal, social, and rhetorical meanings, all of which correspond to the verbal, syntactic and semantic aspects of any meaningful utterance;
255:
significant difference between the two conceptions: whereas Austin emphasized the conventional interpretation of speech acts, Searle emphasized a psychological interpretation (based on beliefs, intentions, etc.).
119:
Austin was by no means the first one to deal with what one could call "speech acts" in a wider sense. The term 'social act' and some of the theory of this type of linguistic action are to be found in the fifth of
284:
to go; so it does not count as "performing" an action ("such as" the action of promising to go). Therefore, it is an implicit verb; i.e., a verb that would not be suitable for use in performative speech acts.
201:: the actual effect of the locutionary and illocutionary acts, such as persuading, convincing, scaring, enlightening, inspiring, or otherwise getting someone to do or realize something, whether intended or not.
404:
different from the content intended to be communicated. One may, in appropriate circumstances, request Peter to do the dishes by just saying, "Peter ...!", or one can promise to do the dishes by saying, "Me!"
116:", occupied an important role in what was then to become the "study of speech acts". All of these three acts, but especially the "illocutionary act", are nowadays commonly classified as "speech acts".
208:
categorizes speech acts that refer to the forms and functions of the discourse itself rather than continuing the substantive development of the discourse, or to the configurational functions of
243:
published posthumously in 1962. According to Austin's preliminary informal description, the idea of an "illocutionary act" can be captured by emphasizing that "by saying something, we
1889:
3058:
1576:
459:"Well, would you listen to that?" acts as a question, requesting that a listener heed what is being said by the speaker, but also as an exclamation of disbelief or shock.
741:
that prescribe certain behaviour in order to regulate the traffic. Without these rules however, the traffic would not cease to be. In contrast: the rules of chess are
138:(1844–1918) have been both independently credited with a fairly comprehensive account of social acts as performative utterances dating to 1913, long before Austin and
443:
Speech Acts are commonplace in everyday interactions and are important for communication, as well as present in many different contexts. Examples of these include:
2141:
408:
close the window, but also requesting that he does so. Since the request is performed indirectly, by means of (directly) performing a question, it counts as an
135:
2295:
450:"I hereby appoint you as chairman" expresses both the status of the individual as chairman, and the action that promotes the individual to this position.
847:
In finance, it is possible to understand mathematical models as speech acts: in 2016 the notion of "financial Logos" was defined as the speech act of
447:"You're fired!" expresses both the employment status of the individual in question, as well as the action by which said person's employment is ended.
646:
attempting to coordinate action with one another, no matter whether the agents involved might be human–human, human–computer, or computer–computer.
2431:
716:
1584:. Proceedings of the 9th International Working Conference on the Language-Action Perspective on Communication Modelling (LAP 2004). Archived from
3987:
1645:
92:
language is used to accomplish objectives within specific situations. By following rules to accomplish a goal, communication becomes a set of
3997:
802:
ach, which "studies office activities as a series of speech acts creating, maintaining, modifying, reporting, and terminating commitments".
1515:
819:
104:, led philosophers to pay more attention to the non-declarative uses of language. The terminology he introduced, especially the notions "
3286:
3148:
762:
3760:
3248:
2240:
1585:
3010:
1242:
1829:
1556:. Bioengineering Conference, 1991., Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE Seventeenth Annual Northeast. Hartford, CT. pp. 263–264.
3253:
2261:
2230:
1933:
1108:
1064:
2424:
2071:
Walter, Christian (2016). "The financial Logos : The framing of financial decision-making by mathematical modelling".
855:. The action of the financial Logos on financial practices is the framing of financial decision-making by risk modelling.
3628:
3295:
2369:
745:
that constitute the game. Without these rules chess would not exist, since the game is logically dependent on the rules.
371:
2403:
2152:
957:
343:
1949:
2211:
2171:
2131:
2117:
1621:
1408:
1340:
1307:
1260:
620:
390:
602:
509:
and D. Vandervecken attempted to give some grounds of an illocutionary logic. Other attempts have been proposed by
328:
2457:
350:
3715:
3243:
2417:
2320:
2303:
2236:
806:
730:
are prescriptions that regulate a pre-existing activity (whose existence is logically independent of the rules),
1923:
3836:
3710:
3369:
3279:
3223:
3088:
2188:
Geo
Siegwart, "Alethic Acts and Alethiological Reflection. An Outline of Constructive Philosophy of Truth." In
1806:
587:
554:
534:
324:
1499:
Searle, J.R., Vandervecken, D.: Foundations of
Illocutionary Logic. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge 1985
1432:
533:
semantics). Up to now the main basic formal applications of speech act theory are to be found in the field of
468:
In 1975 John Dore proposed that children's utterances were realizations of one of nine primitive speech acts:
3488:
3309:
2969:
2748:
2710:
2660:
1768:
1356:
Mann, Steven T. (March 2009). "'You're Fired': An
Application of Speech Act Theory to 2 Samuel 15.23—16.14".
84:
357:
3218:
3118:
981:
Ingber, Warren; Bach, Kent; Harnish, Robert M. (January 1982). "Linguistic
Communication and Speech Acts".
96:. Thus, utterances do more than reflect a meaning, they are words designed to get things done. The work of
1660:
3982:
3972:
3374:
2959:
2909:
320:
239:
2278:
276:
An interesting type of illocutionary speech act is that performed in the utterance of what Austin calls
3856:
3518:
3339:
3098:
2838:
2718:
2449:
514:
339:
93:
3861:
3811:
3573:
3462:
3272:
3183:
2783:
2690:
2530:
2137:
Bach, Kent. "Speech Acts." Speech Acts. Routledge
Encyclopedia of Philosophy, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2014.
2025:
885:
1219:
Gibbon, D., "A New Look at
Intonation Syntax and Semantics", in A. R. James & P. Westney, eds.,
431:
reasoning process; however, the process he proposes does not seem to accurately solve the problem .
3916:
3780:
3359:
3108:
2109:
1574:
983:
309:
2254:
Zu Stand und Entwicklung der Sprechakttheorie. Zu Grundsätzen der Theorie des spachlichen Handelns
1044:
3911:
3457:
2753:
2680:
2535:
2181:, ed. P. Cole & J. L. Morgan, pp. 59–82. New York: Academic Press. (1975). Reprinted in
1975:
890:
598:
538:
313:
1088:
3941:
3613:
3583:
3558:
3498:
3397:
3329:
2999:
2843:
2778:
2440:
2026:"The model (also) in the world: extending the sociological theory of fields to economic models"
1875:"Detecting deception in synchronous computer-mediated communication using speech act profiling"
1510:
1135:
920:
848:
773:
growing recognition in the multiagent systems community of the benefits of a social semantics.
277:
56:
29:
1019:"The Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition (CARLA): Pragmatics and Speech Acts"
3841:
3735:
3700:
3588:
3563:
3407:
3324:
2974:
2954:
2889:
2773:
2555:
2389:
1482:
1228:
870:
680:
In the past, philosophy has discussed rules for when expressions are used. The two rules are
209:
1874:
3826:
3633:
3412:
3138:
3048:
2847:
2808:
2540:
2101:
542:
530:
768:
KQML and FIPA are based on the Searlian, that is, psychological semantics of speech acts.
8:
3992:
3906:
3821:
3765:
3668:
3653:
3623:
3603:
3578:
3447:
3432:
3188:
3178:
3028:
2984:
2818:
2595:
2510:
1578:
Using Speech Act Theory to Model Conversations for Automated Classification and Retrieval
409:
170:
88:
364:
3977:
3951:
3876:
3851:
3816:
3796:
3725:
3705:
3643:
3638:
3548:
3538:
3523:
3467:
3038:
2934:
2929:
2853:
2828:
2630:
2615:
2580:
2340:
2312:
2053:
2006:
1856:
1639:
1534:
1474:
1381:
1000:
753:
264:
166:
113:
68:
3264:
3931:
3886:
3871:
3831:
3770:
3740:
3720:
3513:
3442:
3004:
2924:
2763:
2645:
2257:
2226:
2207:
2167:
2127:
2113:
2057:
2045:
2010:
1998:
1929:
1848:
1627:
1617:
1538:
1478:
1414:
1404:
1385:
1373:
1336:
1313:
1303:
1256:
1104:
1060:
963:
953:
915:
905:
769:
692:
518:
226:
162:
109:
64:
2316:
2126:: 'Illocutionary Acts and Sentence Meaning'. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 2000,
1860:
782:
An office can be seen as a system of speech acts. The abbreviation SAMPO stands for
594:
510:
3936:
3866:
3755:
3533:
3068:
2979:
2803:
2798:
2600:
2080:
2037:
1990:
1904:
1838:
1557:
1524:
1466:
1365:
1248:
1096:
1052:
1018:
992:
880:
734:
constitute an activity the existence of which is logically dependent on the rules.
2360:
2041:
1994:
1575:
Douglas P. Twitchell; Mark Adkins; Jay F. Nunamaker Jr.; Judee K. Burgoon (2004).
3745:
3648:
3543:
3508:
3213:
3128:
2884:
2863:
2813:
2793:
2733:
2700:
2655:
2650:
2610:
2495:
2364:
2199:
1056:
841:
837:
712:
642:
526:
158:
105:
83:
philosophy of language, language was viewed primarily as a way of making factual
60:
2192:, ed. D. Greimann & G. Siegwart, pp. 41–58. New York: Routledge. (2007)
2084:
1159:
Speech Act and Sachverhalt: Reinach and the Foundations of Realist Phenomenology
1142:
Speech Act and Sachverhalt: Reinach and the Foundations of Realist Phenomenology
3926:
3921:
3846:
3730:
3608:
3503:
3344:
2964:
2919:
2743:
2675:
2545:
2222:
2195:
2123:
1486:
1335:. Syntax and Semantics. Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press. pp. 59–82.
1131:
1100:
910:
852:
704:
638:
251:
234:
139:
2550:
2377:
2268:
1470:
146:
3966:
3618:
3593:
3427:
3208:
2823:
2728:
2723:
2685:
2605:
2585:
2560:
2525:
2049:
2002:
1908:
1852:
1561:
1418:
1377:
1369:
1252:
131:
2331:
Brock, Jarrett (1981). "An Introduction to Peirce's Theory of Speech Acts".
1631:
1317:
1095:. Vol. 2. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 919–921.
3881:
3806:
3673:
3553:
3437:
3417:
2949:
2944:
2899:
2858:
2768:
2670:
2625:
2620:
2590:
2575:
2570:
2150:
Dorschel, Andreas, 'What is it to understand a directive speech act?', in:
1792:
1144:. Nijhoff, Dordrecht/Boston/Lancaster 1987. Quote from Reid 1969, 437–438).
967:
696:
558:
97:
52:
3801:
3775:
3658:
3422:
3349:
3193:
3158:
3078:
2904:
2695:
2635:
2520:
2505:
2409:
2185:, ed. S. Davis, pp. 265–277. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (1991)
2159:
1843:
1824:
1611:
1529:
895:
720:
506:
428:
420:
literal meaning of "I have class" does not entail any sort of rejection.
213:
121:
33:
2344:
2219:
The speech act of forbidding and its realizations: A linguistic analysis
1613:
Understanding computers and cognition : a new foundation for design
1224:
3946:
3598:
3319:
3314:
3198:
2833:
2788:
2665:
2640:
2565:
2500:
1551:
1457:
Dore, John (1975). "Holophrases, Speech Acts and Language Universals".
1004:
875:
700:
522:
80:
22:
805:
Speech act profiling has been used to detect deception in synchronous
41:
well as presenting a request that someone pass the potatoes to them.
3750:
3568:
3493:
3472:
3402:
3354:
3334:
3230:
2939:
2879:
2758:
2738:
2490:
2485:
2465:
2395:
ed. M. McDonald, pp. 2–3. Warwick: University of Warwick. (2008)
708:
557:
were developed, and in 2004 speech act theory has been used to model
424:
184:
45:
2143:
Illocutionary Acts – Austin's Account and What Searle Made Out of It
1172:
How to Do Things with Tense and Aspect: Performativity before Austin
1155:
Promisings and other social acts – their constituents and structure.
996:
605:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
298:
3663:
3452:
3203:
2894:
2515:
2475:
1136:
Promisings and other social acts – their constituents and structure
900:
2204:
Understanding Computers and Cognition: A New Foundation for Design
2914:
2470:
1401:
It is hereby performed-- : explorations in legal speech acts
865:
1823:
Auramäki, Esa; Lehtinen, Erkki; Lyytinen, Kalle (1 April 1988).
1554:
A computational speech-act model of human-computer conversations
505:
There is no agreed formalization of Speech Act theory. In 1985,
3059:
An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
2994:
1297:
633:
Another highly-influential view of Speech Acts has been in the
3528:
2480:
1976:"Models as speech acts: the telling case of financial models"
2190:
Truth and Speech Acts: Studies in the philosophy of language
1769:"Social and Psychological Commitments in Multiagent Systems"
952:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
948:
Austin, J. L. (1975). Urmson, J. O.; SbisĂ , Marina. (eds.).
1174:, Newcastle upon Tyne, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011.
758:
51:
The contemporary use of the term "speech act" goes back to
2296:"Elements of Speech Act Theory in the Work of Thomas Reid"
1822:
3294:
2398:
263:
While illocutionary acts relate more to the speaker,
1552:
R. A. Morelli; J. D. Bronzino; J. W. Goethe (1991).
1221:
New Linguistic Impulses in Foreign Language Teaching
145:
The term "Speech Act" had also been already used by
1921:
513:for a treatment of the concept of assertion inside
2024:Brisset, Nicolas; Jullien, Dorian (2 April 2020).
1922:Buzan, Barry; Waever, Ole; de Wilde, Jaap (1998).
1511:"How to Do Things with Words: A Bayesian Approach"
1890:"Securitisation and the Construction of Security"
980:
128:(1788, chapter VI, Of the Nature of a Contract).
3964:
3761:Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)
2270:Securitisation and the Construction of Security.
2242:Illocutionary acts, Subordination, and Silencing
1331:Searle, John R. (1975). "Indirect Speech Acts".
1298:Vanderveken, Daniel; Kubo, Susumu, eds. (2001).
175:Speech acts can be analysed on multiple levels:
2404:Strategies for Learning Speech Acts in Japanese
233:The first of these opinions is the one held by
2293:
2073:Research in International Business and Finance
2023:
1086:
3280:
2425:
2333:Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society
2276:Barry Buzan, Ole Waever & Jaap de Wilde:
1825:"A speech-act-based office modeling approach"
1508:
537:in chatboxes and other tools. Recent work in
529:semantics) and illocutionary force (given by
525:connecting propositional content (given with
237:who coined the term "speech act" in his book
126:Essays on the Active Powers of the Human Mind
16:Utterance that serves a performative function
1807:"Research Directions in Agent Communication"
1244:Consciousness and Language by John R. Searle
561:for automated classification and retrieval.
553:In 1991, computational speech act models of
1897:European Journal of International Relations
1516:Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
1161:. Nijhoff, Dordrecht/Boston/Lancaster 1987.
776:
327:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
271:
3287:
3273:
3149:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
2439:
2432:
2418:
2399:Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents
2206:, Ablex Publishing Corp, (Norwood), 1986.
1644:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1358:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
1183:"Die Axiomatik der Sprachwissenschaften”,
748:
564:
463:
1842:
1528:
621:Learn how and when to remove this message
391:Learn how and when to remove this message
2177:John Searle, "Indirect speech acts." In
1887:
1756:Rules of Meaning and Practical Reasoning
1609:
830:
2283:Colorado Boulder: Lynne Rienner. (1998)
1973:
1830:ACM Transactions on Information Systems
1087:Littlejohn, S.; Foss, K., eds. (2009).
813:
288:
197:and under certain conditions a further
3988:Concepts in the philosophy of language
3965:
2392:Towards a History of Speech Act Theory
2294:Schuhmann, Karl; Smith, Barry (1990).
2279:Security: A New Framework for Analysis
2156:LXVII (1989), nr. 3, pp. 319–340.
2070:
1925:Security: A New Framework for Analysis
1398:
1330:
1282:
1240:
947:
548:
258:
3716:Discourse representation theory (DRT)
3268:
2413:
2330:
2108:. Cambridge (Mass.) 1962, paperback:
1915:
1202:(Jena: Fischer, 1934) where he uses "
220:
2383:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2179:Syntax and Semantics, 3: Speech Acts
1509:Gmytrasiewicz, Piotr (August 2020).
1456:
1355:
1187:38 (1933), 43, where he discusses a
1093:Encyclopedia of communication theory
1049:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1042:
943:
941:
939:
937:
570:
325:adding citations to reliable sources
292:
3998:Formal semantics (natural language)
3629:Quantificational variability effect
3296:Formal semantics (natural language)
2370:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2166:, Cambridge University Press 1969,
1974:Brisset, Nicolas (2 January 2018).
1950:"Legal Theory Lexicon: Speech Acts"
1603:
1403:. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co.
1302:. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co.
545:approach to formalize speech acts
13:
2287:
2153:Australasian Journal of Philosophy
1658:
1227:: Gunter Narr Verlag, 1981), esp.
14:
4009:
2358:
2352:
1285:Blackwell Textbook In Linguistics
934:
575:
500:
297:
2304:History of Philosophy Quarterly
2237:Robert Maximilian de Gaynesford
2095:
2064:
2030:Journal of Economic Methodology
2017:
1983:Journal of Economic Methodology
1967:
1942:
1881:
1867:
1816:
1799:
1785:
1761:
1754:Kathrin GlĂĽer and Peter Pagin:
1748:
1735:
1730:The Stratification of Behaviour
1722:
1709:
1696:
1683:
1670:
1652:
1568:
1545:
1502:
1493:
1450:
1425:
1392:
1349:
1324:
1291:
1287:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 187.
1276:
1234:
1213:
1193:
807:computer-mediated communication
737:For example: traffic rules are
79:For much of the history of the
3711:Combinatory categorial grammar
3089:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
1433:"Speech Acts and Conversation"
1177:
1170:Matejka Grgic, Igor Z. Žagar,
1164:
1147:
1124:
1080:
1036:
1011:
974:
521:, with a proposal of a formal
1:
3489:Antecedent-contained deletion
2970:Principle of compositionality
2273:University of Warwick. (2008)
2140:Doerge, Friedrich Christoph.
2042:10.1080/1350178X.2019.1680857
1995:10.1080/1350178X.2018.1419105
1241:Searle, John R. (July 2002).
703:, and has been elaborated by
3119:Philosophical Investigations
1928:. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
1189:Theorie der Sprechhandlungen
1057:10.4324/9780415249126-U043-1
921:Relevance theory#Speech acts
7:
2960:Modality (natural language)
2106:How to Do Things With Words
2085:10.1016/j.ribaf.2016.01.022
1300:Essays in speech act theory
950:How to do things with words
858:
601:the claims made and adding
555:human–computer conversation
438:
240:How to Do Things with Words
152:
102:How to Do Things with Words
10:
4014:
3370:Syntax–semantics interface
3099:Language, Truth, and Logic
2839:Theological noncognitivism
2724:Contrast theory of meaning
2719:Causal theory of reference
2450:Index of language articles
2256:. AkademikerVerlag. 2012.
1101:10.4135/9781412959384.n356
818:In political science, the
535:human–computer interaction
515:intuitionistic type theory
156:
74:
20:
3899:
3862:Question under discussion
3812:Conversational scoreboard
3789:
3693:
3686:
3589:Intersective modification
3574:Homogeneity (linguistics)
3481:
3390:
3383:
3302:
3239:
3184:Philosophy of information
3171:
3020:
2872:
2784:Mediated reference theory
2709:
2456:
2447:
1471:10.1017/S0305000900000878
1459:Journal of Child Language
1283:Birner, Betty J. (2013).
886:Discourse-completion task
423:This poses a problem for
3917:Distributional semantics
3109:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
2110:Harvard University Press
1909:10.1177/1354066108097553
1610:Winograd, Terry (1986).
1562:10.1109/NEBC.1991.154675
1370:10.1177/0309089209102499
1253:10.1017/cbo9780511606366
1157:in Mulligan, K., editor
1140:in Mulligan, K., editor
984:The Philosophical Review
927:
777:Other uses in technology
675:
272:Performative speech acts
183:: the performance of an
3912:Computational semantics
3654:Subsective modification
3458:Propositional attitudes
2910:Use–mention distinction
2754:Direct reference theory
1888:McDonald, Matt (2008).
1661:"What is a Speech Act?"
1399:Kurzon, Dennis (1986).
891:Entailment (pragmatics)
749:In multiagent universes
635:conversation for action
566:Conversation for action
539:artificial intelligence
464:In language development
278:performative utterances
57:performative utterances
3942:Philosophy of language
3584:Inalienable possession
3564:Free choice inferences
3559:Faultless disagreement
3330:Generalized quantifier
2844:Theory of descriptions
2779:Linguistic determinism
2441:Philosophy of language
1208:Theorie der Sprechakte
1051:. Taylor and Francis.
849:mathematical modelling
30:philosophy of language
21:For the U.S. law, see
3842:Plural quantification
3736:Inquisitive semantics
3701:Alternative semantics
2955:Mental representation
2890:Linguistic relativity
2774:Inquisitive semantics
2223:VDM Verlag Dr. MĂĽller
2112:, 2nd edition, 2005,
1678:Two Concepts of Rules
871:Cooperative principle
831:In economic sociology
3827:Function application
3634:Responsive predicate
3624:Privative adjectives
3139:Naming and Necessity
3049:De Arte Combinatoria
2848:Definite description
2809:Semantic externalism
2183:Pragmatics: A Reader
2102:John Langshaw Austin
1844:10.1145/45941.214328
1793:"Andrew J. I. Jones"
1704:Models and Metaphors
1530:10.1613/jair.1.11951
814:In political science
695:finds its origin in
321:improve this section
289:Indirect speech acts
3907:Cognitive semantics
3822:Existential closure
3766:Situation semantics
3669:Temperature paradox
3639:Rising declaratives
3604:Modal subordination
3579:Hurford disjunction
3539:Discourse relations
3189:Philosophical logic
3179:Analytic philosophy
2985:Sense and reference
2864:Verification theory
2819:Situation semantics
1089:"Speech act theory"
1043:Bach, Kent (1998).
754:Multi-agent systems
549:In computer science
484:requesting (answer)
481:requesting (action)
410:indirect speech act
265:perlocutionary acts
259:Perlocutionary acts
206:metalocutionary act
171:metalocutionary act
100:, particularly his
69:perlocutionary acts
3983:Oral communication
3973:Discourse analysis
3952:Semantics of logic
3877:Strict conditional
3852:Quantifier raising
3817:Downward entailing
3797:Autonomy of syntax
3726:Generative grammar
3706:Categorial grammar
3644:Scalar implicature
3549:Epistemic modality
3524:De dicto and de re
3039:Port-Royal Grammar
2935:Family resemblance
2854:Theory of language
2829:Supposition theory
2406:by Noriko Ishihara
2252:Outi, Malmivuori:
1247:. Cambridge Core.
743:constitutive rules
732:constitutive rules
693:constitutive rules
586:possibly contains
225:The concept of an
221:Illocutionary acts
199:perlocutionary act
167:perlocutionary act
114:perlocutionary act
59:and his theory of
55:'s development of
3960:
3959:
3932:Logic translation
3895:
3894:
3887:Universal grinder
3872:Squiggle operator
3832:Meaning postulate
3771:Supervaluationism
3741:Intensional logic
3721:Dynamic semantics
3682:
3681:
3514:Crossover effects
3463:Tense–aspect–mood
3443:Lexical semantics
3262:
3261:
2764:Dynamic semantics
2359:Green, Mitchell.
2326:on 5 August 2019.
2262:978-3-639-44043-0
2231:978-3-639-23275-2
2147:. Tuebingen 2006.
2124:William P. Alston
1954:Legal Theory Blog
1935:978-1-55587-784-2
1728:David Schwayder:
1715:G.H. von Wright:
1437:www.sas.upenn.edu
1110:978-1-4129-5937-7
1066:978-0-415-25069-6
916:Politeness theory
906:Phatic expression
820:Copenhagen School
770:Munindar P. Singh
631:
630:
623:
588:original research
519:Carlo Dalla Pozza
401:
400:
393:
375:
227:illocutionary act
192:illocutionary act
163:illocutionary act
136:Stanislav Ĺ krabec
110:illocutionary act
4005:
3937:Linguistics wars
3867:Semantic parsing
3756:Montague grammar
3691:
3690:
3534:Deontic modality
3388:
3387:
3375:Truth conditions
3310:Compositionality
3303:Central concepts
3289:
3282:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3224:Formal semantics
3172:Related articles
3164:
3154:
3144:
3134:
3124:
3114:
3104:
3094:
3084:
3074:
3064:
3054:
3044:
3034:
2804:Relevance theory
2799:Phallogocentrism
2434:
2427:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2374:
2365:Zalta, Edward N.
2348:
2327:
2325:
2319:. Archived from
2300:
2089:
2088:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1980:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1894:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1846:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1759:
1752:
1746:
1739:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1694:
1691:Linguistic Rules
1689:G.C.J. Midgley:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1635:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1591:on 30 March 2007
1590:
1583:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1238:
1232:
1217:
1211:
1197:
1191:
1181:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1151:
1145:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1015:
1009:
1008:
978:
972:
971:
945:
881:Direction of fit
790:ct-based office
739:regulative rules
728:regulative rules
686:regulative rules
658:(or speech act)
626:
619:
615:
612:
606:
603:inline citations
579:
578:
571:
396:
389:
385:
382:
376:
374:
333:
301:
293:
204:Additionally, a
134:(1883–1917) and
4013:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3891:
3785:
3746:Lambda calculus
3678:
3649:Sloppy identity
3609:Opaque contexts
3544:Donkey anaphora
3509:Counterfactuals
3477:
3379:
3298:
3293:
3263:
3258:
3235:
3214:School of Names
3167:
3162:
3152:
3142:
3132:
3129:Of Grammatology
3122:
3112:
3102:
3092:
3082:
3072:
3062:
3052:
3042:
3032:
3016:
2868:
2814:Semantic holism
2794:Non-cognitivism
2734:Conventionalism
2705:
2452:
2443:
2438:
2355:
2323:
2298:
2290:
2288:Further reading
2267:Matt McDonald:
2221:. SaarbrĂĽcken:
2200:Fernando Flores
2098:
2093:
2092:
2069:
2065:
2022:
2018:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1920:
1916:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1717:Norm and Action
1714:
1710:
1701:
1697:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1637:
1636:
1624:
1616:. Norwood, NJ.
1608:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1550:
1546:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1411:
1397:
1393:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1329:
1325:
1310:
1296:
1292:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1239:
1235:
1218:
1214:
1198:
1194:
1182:
1178:
1169:
1165:
1152:
1148:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1012:
997:10.2307/2184680
979:
975:
960:
946:
935:
930:
925:
861:
853:financial risks
842:Quentin Skinner
838:Pierre Bourdieu
833:
816:
779:
751:
713:G.H. von Wright
691:The concept of
678:
643:Fernando Flores
627:
616:
610:
607:
592:
580:
576:
569:
551:
503:
466:
441:
397:
386:
380:
377:
334:
332:
318:
302:
291:
274:
261:
223:
181:locutionary act
173:
159:locutionary act
157:Main articles:
155:
106:locutionary act
77:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4011:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3927:Inferentialism
3924:
3922:Formal grammar
3919:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3847:Possible world
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3731:Glue semantics
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3694:Formal systems
3688:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3619:Polarity items
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3504:Conservativity
3501:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3468:Quantification
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3345:Presupposition
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3145:
3135:
3125:
3115:
3105:
3095:
3085:
3075:
3065:
3055:
3045:
3035:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2965:Presupposition
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2744:Deconstruction
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2396:
2387:
2385:, by Kent Bach
2375:
2354:
2353:External links
2351:
2350:
2349:
2339:(4): 319–326.
2328:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2274:
2265:
2250:
2234:
2217:Birgit Erler:
2215:
2196:Terry Winograd
2193:
2186:
2175:
2157:
2148:
2138:
2135:
2121:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2063:
2036:(2): 130–145.
2016:
1966:
1941:
1934:
1914:
1903:(4): 563–587.
1880:
1866:
1837:(2): 126–152.
1815:
1798:
1784:
1760:
1747:
1734:
1721:
1708:
1695:
1682:
1669:
1659:Searle, John.
1651:
1622:
1602:
1567:
1544:
1501:
1492:
1449:
1424:
1409:
1391:
1364:(3): 315–334.
1348:
1341:
1323:
1308:
1290:
1275:
1261:
1233:
1212:
1204:Sprechhandlung
1192:
1176:
1163:
1146:
1123:
1109:
1079:
1065:
1035:
1010:
973:
959:978-0674411524
958:
932:
931:
929:
926:
924:
923:
918:
913:
911:Presupposition
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
862:
860:
857:
832:
829:
815:
812:
811:
810:
803:
778:
775:
750:
747:
717:David Shwayder
705:G.C.J. Midgley
677:
674:
639:Terry Winograd
629:
628:
583:
581:
574:
568:
563:
550:
547:
531:intuitionistic
511:Per Martin-Löf
502:
499:
498:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
465:
462:
461:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
440:
437:
399:
398:
305:
303:
296:
290:
287:
273:
270:
260:
257:
252:John R. Searle
235:John L. Austin
222:
219:
218:
217:
202:
195:
188:
154:
151:
94:language games
76:
73:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4010:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:Performatives
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3594:Logophoricity
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:Evidentiality
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3278:
3276:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3209:Scholasticism
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:Structuralism
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:Descriptivism
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2729:Contrastivism
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2390:Barry Smith,
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2361:"Speech Acts"
2357:
2356:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:0-89391-050-3
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2172:0-521-09626-X
2169:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:0-8014-3669-9
2129:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2118:0-674-41152-8
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1808:
1802:
1794:
1788:
1770:
1764:
1757:
1751:
1744:
1738:
1731:
1725:
1718:
1712:
1705:
1699:
1692:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1662:
1655:
1647:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1623:0-89391-050-3
1619:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1587:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1505:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1410:9789027279293
1406:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1344:
1342:0-12-785423-1
1338:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1309:9789027298157
1305:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1279:
1264:
1262:9780511606366
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1237:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:Sprachtheorie
1196:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1160:
1156:
1153:Mulligan, K.
1150:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:"Speech Acts"
1039:
1024:
1023:carla.umn.edu
1020:
1014:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
985:
977:
969:
965:
961:
955:
951:
944:
942:
940:
938:
933:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
863:
856:
854:
850:
845:
843:
839:
828:
824:
821:
808:
804:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:
774:
771:
766:
764:
760:
755:
746:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
673:
670:
666:
661:
657:
656:illocutionary
651:
647:
644:
640:
637:developed by
636:
625:
622:
614:
604:
600:
596:
590:
589:
584:This section
582:
573:
572:
567:
562:
560:
559:conversations
556:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
501:Formalization
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
470:
469:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
445:
444:
436:
432:
430:
426:
421:
417:
413:
411:
405:
395:
392:
384:
373:
370:
366:
363:
359:
356:
352:
349:
345:
342: –
341:
337:
336:Find sources:
330:
326:
322:
316:
315:
311:
306:This section
304:
300:
295:
294:
286:
283:
279:
269:
266:
256:
253:
249:
246:
242:
241:
236:
231:
228:
215:
211:
207:
203:
200:
196:
193:
189:
186:
182:
178:
177:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
150:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
132:Adolf Reinach
129:
127:
123:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
86:
82:
72:
70:
66:
65:illocutionary
62:
58:
54:
49:
47:
44:According to
42:
39:
35:
31:
24:
19:
3882:Type shifter
3857:Quantization
3807:Continuation
3674:Veridicality
3554:Exhaustivity
3519:Cumulativity
3438:Indexicality
3418:Definiteness
3413:Conditionals
3364:
3340:Logical form
3157:
3147:
3137:
3127:
3117:
3107:
3097:
3087:
3067:
3057:
3047:
3037:
3027:
3009:
2989:
2950:Metalanguage
2945:Logical form
2900:Truth-bearer
2859:Unilalianism
2769:Expressivism
2596:Wittgenstein
2541:von Humboldt
2458:Philosophers
2391:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2336:
2332:
2321:the original
2308:
2302:
2277:
2269:
2253:
2249:, July 2009.
2246:
2241:
2218:
2203:
2189:
2182:
2178:
2163:
2151:
2142:
2105:
2096:Bibliography
2076:
2072:
2066:
2033:
2029:
2019:
1989:(1): 21–41.
1986:
1982:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1953:
1944:
1924:
1917:
1900:
1896:
1883:
1869:
1834:
1828:
1818:
1801:
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1763:
1755:
1750:
1742:
1737:
1729:
1724:
1716:
1711:
1703:
1698:
1690:
1685:
1677:
1676:John Rawls:
1672:
1654:
1612:
1605:
1593:. Retrieved
1586:the original
1577:
1570:
1553:
1547:
1520:
1514:
1504:
1495:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1436:
1427:
1400:
1394:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1332:
1326:
1299:
1293:
1284:
1278:
1266:. Retrieved
1243:
1236:
1220:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1185:Kant-Studien
1184:
1179:
1171:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1134:
1132:Mulligan, K.
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1092:
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1048:
1038:
1026:. Retrieved
1022:
1013:
988:
982:
976:
949:
846:
834:
825:
817:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
767:
752:
742:
738:
736:
731:
727:
725:
697:Wittgenstein
690:
685:
682:constitutive
681:
679:
668:
664:
659:
655:
652:
648:
634:
632:
617:
611:January 2022
608:
585:
565:
552:
504:
467:
442:
433:
422:
418:
414:
406:
402:
387:
378:
368:
361:
354:
347:
340:"Speech act"
335:
319:Please help
307:
281:
275:
262:
250:
244:
238:
232:
224:
205:
198:
191:
180:
174:
144:
130:
125:
118:
101:
98:J. L. Austin
89:Wittgenstein
78:
53:J. L. Austin
50:
43:
37:
27:
18:
3802:Context set
3776:Type theory
3659:Subtrigging
3423:Disjunction
3350:Proposition
3194:Linguistics
3159:Limited Inc
3079:On Denoting
2905:Proposition
2556:de Saussure
2521:Ibn Khaldun
2381:entry from
2379:Speech Acts
2164:Speech Acts
2160:John Searle
2079:: 597–604.
1743:Speech Acts
1702:Max Black:
1523:: 753–776.
1333:Speech Acts
1028:20 February
896:Implicature
721:John Searle
541:proposes a
507:John Searle
214:punctuation
147:Karl BĂĽhler
122:Thomas Reid
61:locutionary
34:linguistics
3993:Pragmatics
3967:Categories
3947:Pragmatics
3599:Mirativity
3365:Speech act
3320:Entailment
3315:Denotation
3254:Discussion
3249:Task Force
3199:Pragmatics
2990:Speech act
2920:Categories
2834:Symbiosism
2789:Nominalism
2701:Watzlawick
2581:Bloomfield
2501:Chrysippus
991:(1): 134.
876:Dialog act
701:John Rawls
595:improve it
523:pragmatics
496:practicing
493:protesting
351:newspapers
85:assertions
81:positivist
38:speech act
23:SPEECH Act
3978:Semantics
3751:Mereology
3687:Formalism
3569:Givenness
3494:Cataphora
3482:Phenomena
3473:Vagueness
3403:Ambiguity
3355:Reference
3335:Intension
3325:Extension
3231:Semiotics
3219:Semantics
3069:Alciphron
3005:Statement
2940:Intension
2880:Ambiguity
2759:Dramatism
2739:Cratylism
2491:Eubulides
2486:Aristotle
2466:Confucius
2311:: 47–66.
2058:210479183
2050:1350-178X
2011:148612438
2003:1350-178X
1853:1046-8188
1640:cite book
1539:221324549
1479:145758149
1465:: 21–40.
1419:637671814
1386:170553371
1378:0309-0892
1229:pp. 88–93
709:Max Black
599:verifying
527:classical
517:, and by
478:answering
475:repeating
472:labelling
425:linguists
381:June 2024
308:does not
282:promising
185:utterance
46:Kent Bach
3900:See also
3790:Concepts
3664:Telicity
3499:Coercion
3453:Negation
3448:Modality
3398:Anaphora
3244:Category
3204:Rhetoric
3029:Cratylus
3000:Sentence
2975:Property
2895:Language
2873:Concepts
2711:Theories
2676:Strawson
2661:Davidson
2651:Hintikka
2646:Anscombe
2591:Vygotsky
2546:Mauthner
2516:Averroes
2506:Zhuangzi
2496:Diodorus
2476:Cratylus
2345:40319937
2317:18906253
2247:Analysis
2225:, 2010,
1959:15 April
1861:16952302
1777:24 April
1741:Searle:
1632:11727403
1595:8 August
1487:85490541
1483:ProQuest
1318:70766237
1225:TĂĽbingen
1116:11 March
1072:11 March
901:Metaphor
859:See also
794:deling a
726:Whereas
543:Bayesian
490:greeting
439:Examples
153:Overview
112:", and "
3408:Binding
3011:more...
2915:Concept
2656:Dummett
2631:Gadamer
2626:Chomsky
2611:Derrida
2601:Russell
2586:Bergson
2571:Tillich
2531:Leibniz
2471:Gorgias
2367:(ed.).
1442:4 March
1268:4 March
1206:" and "
1005:2184680
968:1811317
866:Analogy
593:Please
487:calling
429:Gricean
365:scholar
329:removed
314:sources
210:prosody
75:History
28:In the
3837:Monads
3384:Topics
3163:(1988)
3153:(1982)
3143:(1980)
3133:(1967)
3123:(1953)
3113:(1951)
3103:(1936)
3093:(1921)
3083:(1905)
3073:(1732)
3063:(1668)
3053:(1666)
3043:(1660)
3033:(n.d.)
2995:Symbol
2696:Searle
2686:Putnam
2636:Kripke
2621:Austin
2606:Carnap
2551:Ricœur
2536:Herder
2526:Hobbes
2343:
2315:
2260:
2229:
2210:
2198:&
2170:
2130:
2116:
2056:
2048:
2009:
2001:
1932:
1859:
1851:
1758:(1998)
1745:(1969)
1732:(1965)
1719:(1963)
1706:(1962)
1693:(1959)
1680:(1955)
1630:
1620:
1537:
1485:
1477:
1417:
1407:
1384:
1376:
1339:
1316:
1306:
1259:
1107:
1063:
1003:
966:
956:
786:peech-
719:, and
669:claims
665:social
660:status
367:
360:
353:
346:
338:
169:, and
140:Searle
67:, and
3529:De se
3433:Focus
3391:Areas
3360:Scope
3021:Works
2930:Class
2691:Lewis
2681:Quine
2666:Grice
2616:Whorf
2576:Sapir
2561:Frege
2511:Xunzi
2481:Plato
2363:. In
2341:JSTOR
2324:(PDF)
2313:S2CID
2299:(PDF)
2054:S2CID
2007:S2CID
1979:(PDF)
1893:(PDF)
1857:S2CID
1810:(PDF)
1772:(PDF)
1664:(PDF)
1589:(PDF)
1582:(PDF)
1535:S2CID
1475:S2CID
1382:S2CID
1001:JSTOR
928:Notes
676:Rules
372:JSTOR
358:books
2980:Sign
2885:Cant
2671:Ryle
2641:Ayer
2566:Boas
2258:ISBN
2227:ISBN
2208:ISBN
2168:ISBN
2128:ISBN
2114:ISBN
2046:ISSN
1999:ISSN
1961:2018
1930:ISBN
1849:ISSN
1779:2013
1646:link
1628:OCLC
1618:ISBN
1597:2008
1444:2019
1415:OCLC
1405:ISBN
1374:ISSN
1337:ISBN
1314:OCLC
1304:ISBN
1270:2019
1257:ISBN
1118:2024
1105:ISBN
1074:2024
1061:ISBN
1030:2019
964:OCLC
954:ISBN
840:and
763:FIPA
761:and
759:KQML
699:and
684:and
641:and
344:news
312:any
310:cite
212:and
108:", "
36:, a
32:and
3781:TTR
2925:Set
2245:in
2081:doi
2038:doi
1991:doi
1905:doi
1839:doi
1558:doi
1525:doi
1467:doi
1366:doi
1249:doi
1097:doi
1053:doi
993:doi
851:of
597:by
323:by
190:an
124:'s
3969::
3081:"
2337:17
2335:.
2307:.
2301:.
2239::
2202:,
2145:.
2104::
2077:37
2075:.
2052:.
2044:.
2034:27
2032:.
2028:.
2005:.
1997:.
1987:25
1985:.
1981:.
1952:.
1901:14
1899:.
1895:.
1855:.
1847:.
1833:.
1827:.
1642:}}
1638:{{
1626:.
1533:.
1521:68
1519:.
1513:.
1481:.
1473:.
1461:.
1435:.
1413:.
1380:.
1372:.
1362:33
1360:.
1312:.
1255:.
1103:.
1091:.
1059:.
1047:.
1021:.
999:.
989:91
987:.
962:.
936:^
844:.
798:pr
792:Mo
765:.
723:.
715:,
711:,
707:,
688:.
412:.
245:do
179:A
165:,
161:,
149:.
142:.
63:,
3288:e
3281:t
3274:v
3077:"
2850:)
2846:(
2433:e
2426:t
2419:v
2373:.
2347:.
2309:7
2281:.
2264:.
2233:.
2214:.
2174:.
2162:,
2134:.
2120:.
2087:.
2083::
2060:.
2040::
2013:.
1993::
1963:.
1938:.
1911:.
1907::
1877:.
1863:.
1841::
1835:6
1812:.
1795:.
1781:.
1666:.
1648:)
1634:.
1599:.
1564:.
1560::
1541:.
1527::
1489:.
1469::
1463:2
1446:.
1421:.
1388:.
1368::
1345:.
1320:.
1272:.
1251::
1231:.
1223:(
1210:"
1138:.
1120:.
1099::
1076:.
1055::
1032:.
1007:.
995::
970:.
809:.
800:o
796:p
788:A
784:S
624:)
618:(
613:)
609:(
591:.
394:)
388:(
383:)
379:(
369:·
362:·
355:·
348:·
331:.
317:.
216:.
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.