42:
460:
necessary to disrupt dire and imminent threats... special operations leaders readily admit that they should not be the central pillar of U.S. military strategy." Instead, special operations advocates stated that grand strategy should include their "indirect approach", suggesting that "the ability to operate with a small footprint and low-visibility, invest time and resources to foster interagency and foreign partnerships, develop deep cultural expertise, and rapidly adapt emerging technologies" was vital for maintaining deterrence and countering aggression. "Special operations forces forge relationships that can last for decades with a diverse collection of groups: training, advising, and operating alongside other countries' militaries, police forces, tribes, militias or other information groups."
456:, who was both a student and practitioner of special operations, having published a thesis on them in the 1990s. McRaven's theory of special operations was that they had the potential to achieve significant operational, political, or strategic effects. This potential required such units to be organized and commanded by special operations professionals rather than being subsumed into larger military units or operations, and required that "relative superiority" be gained during the special operation in question via characteristics such as simplicity, security, rehearsals, surprise, speed, and clearly but narrowly defined purpose.
313:
393:
175:(silent and unseen) paratroopers to be deployed into Poland to help the resistance. The Cichociemni were trained similar to the early British Special Forces with each soldier receiving specialization training for their specific task of deployment to Poland through a paradrop as a special operation to sustain a Polish state through training the members of the
437:, argued that the organizational structure became flatter and cooperation with the intelligence community was stronger, allowing special operations to move at the "speed of war". Special operations appropriations are costly: Its budget went from $ 2.3 billion in 2001 to $ 10.5 billion in 2012. Some experts argued the investment was worthwhile, pointing to
827:. The formation is described as being "akin to that of the Special Forces Groups of the US Army Special Forces." The intention is that the brigade will be widely and actively deployable, including with the ability to train, advise and accompany the forces of partner countries, potentially in high-threat environments.
428:
Many more US special operation units had developed after and had fought in every major 20th-century conflict. In the 21st century, 2003–2012 saw U.S. national security strategy rely on special operations to an unprecedented degree. Identifying, hunting, and killing terrorists became a central task
459:
Others claimed that special operations' emphasis precipitated a misconception that it was a substitute for prolonged conflict. "Raids and drone strikes are rarely decisive tactics and often incur significant political and diplomatic costs for the United States. Although raids and drone strikes are
693:
which includes the unit Grom and was officially formed in early 1990 after the fall of communism in 1989, in which the Polish
Special Forces were first deployed into the conflict in Lebanon. The conflict in Lebanon was the first official battlefield experience in post-communist times.
781:. In UK law, "special forces" means those units of the armed forces of the Crown and the maintenance of whose capabilities is the responsibility of the director of special forces or which are for the time being subject to the operational command of that director.
668:, its primary roles include reconnaissance, counter-terrorism, search and evacuation, intelligence gathering combat, and the protection of key sites. The special forces group is also charged with carrying out precision strikes against critical enemy targets.
331:. Learning frontier skills from friendly Native Americans the Rangers helped carry out offensive strikes "frontier combat" against hostile Natives. Thus Ranger companies were formed to provide reconnaissance, intelligence, light infantry, and scouting.
114:
in
Victoria in early 1941 under the tutelage of British instructors. With an establishment of 17 officers and 256 men, the independent companies were trained as "stay behind" forces, a role that they were later employed in against the Japanese in the
412:
in
February 1942 after Admiral Chester Nimitz requested commando units to raid Japanese-held islands. Major General Thomas Holcomb, the Marine Commandant, chose the name "Raiders" and created two battalions. Other specialized units such as
249:, the Japanese paratroops suffered from a disproportionately high casualty rate, and the loss of men who required such extensive and expensive training limited their operations to only the most critical ones. Two regiments of
131:
squadrons and placed under the command of the divisional cavalry regiments that were re-designated as cavalry commando regiments. As a part of this structure, a total of 11 commando squadrons were raised.
1009:
1233:
1069:
1360:
1312:
1337:
1038:
151:. M Special Unit was largely employed in an intelligence-gathering role, while Z Special Force undertook direct action missions. One of its most notable actions came as part of
73:, by "specially designated, organized, selected, trained, and equipped forces using unconventional techniques and modes of employment." Special operations may include
234:
airfield, while the paratroopers of the 2nd
Parachute Raiding Regiment seized the town and its important oil refinery. Paratroops were subsequently deployed in the
85:, and are typically conducted by small groups of highly trained personnel, emphasizing sufficiency, stealth, speed, and tactical coordination, commonly known as
135:
They continued to act independently and were often assigned at the brigade level during the later stages of the war, taking part in the fighting in New Guinea,
1555:
335:(c. 1639–1718) was the captain of the first Ranger force in America (1676). Several Ranger companies were established in the American colonies, including
41:
1005:
143:, where they were employed largely in long-range reconnaissance and flank protection roles. In addition to these units, the Australians also raised the
1701:
327:
Between the 17th and 18th centuries, there were wars between
American colonists and Native American tribes. The United States established specialized
1099:
805:
1225:
48:
1059:
607:. Its primary missions include obtaining strategic intelligence behind enemy lines and conducting hostage-rescue missions on foreign soil. The
510:. It is responsible for all special forces operations responding to terrorism and threats to Canadians and Canadian interests around the world.
1254:
1203:
352:
1357:
1483:
1308:
277:, and had to rely on other units for logistical support. Its men were no longer parachute-trained, but relied on aircraft for transport.
1530:
1333:
1034:
498:
176:
837:
1379:
404:
In WWII, more elite units were needed to carry out special operations, raids, and reconnaissance, especially behind enemy lines.
348:
171:
On 20 September 1940 the Polish government in exile in London formed a special military unit in
Britain with the soldiers called
1444:
1396:
801:
486:
1603:
1688:
1418:
1287:
1132:
929:
636:
900:
represents an additional option within the realm of national security when diplomacy and military action are not feasible.
1505:
874:
774:
262:
1659:
The
Transformation of Special Operations Forces in Contemporary Conflict: Strategy, Missions, Organisation and Tactics
1640:
1477:
482:
478:
258:
934:
824:
1469:
Information Rights: A Practitioner's Guide to Data
Protection, Freedom of Information and other Information Rights
820:
762:
704:
405:
351:, specifically the United States Army Rangers. These early American light infantry battalions were trained under
809:
106:, following advice from the British, Australia began raising special forces. The first units to be formed were
1579:
745:
1716:
766:
567:
under the Home
Ministry, are not under military command but rather function as paramilitary organisations.
474:
434:
127:. In all, a total of eight independent companies were raised before they were reorganized in mid-1943 into
1091:
890:
1556:"Breaking down the British elite forces: 4/73 (Sphinx) Special Observation Post Battery Royal Artillery"
1155:
Robinson, Linda (November–December 2012). "The Future of
Special Operations: Beyond Kill and Capture".
954:
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (13 December 2013). "Allied Joint Doctrine for Special Operations".
870:
732:
438:
418:
328:
20:
893:
850:
770:
378:
1258:
1175:
304:
area on Leyte. The force destroyed some planes and inflicted casualties before they were destroyed.
919:
620:
580:
527:, serving under the CANSOFCOM. JTF 2 works alongside many other special operations forces, such as
524:
433:(GWOT). Linda Robinson, Adjunct Senior Fellow for U.S. National Security and Foreign Policy at the
422:
347:
on Roger's Island, in modern-day Fort Edward, New York, is regarded as the "spiritual home" of the
332:
316:
1721:
564:
430:
227:
116:
1467:
1006:"Cichociemni – the Silent Unseen. Elite soldiers of the Polish army during the Second World War"
882:
661:
242:
215:
140:
111:
78:
714:
677:
604:
560:
507:
414:
336:
184:
136:
1658:
813:
758:
710:
657:
616:
552:
362:
107:
8:
778:
754:
690:
592:
548:
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and has distinguished itself as a highly secretive, world-class special operations unit.
397:
281:
219:
124:
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797:
723:
515:
453:
356:
344:
1684:
1636:
1473:
1436:
1199:
1128:
382:
374:
340:
180:
152:
27:
1404:
1187:
914:
897:
576:
293:
203:
82:
1422:
1279:
1191:
265:. Although structured as a division, its capabilities were much lower, as its six
188:
1383:
1364:
1122:
1064:
909:
878:
853:
charged with overseeing the various special operations component commands of the
686:
641:
442:
370:
320:
254:
192:
160:
120:
1531:"Breaking down the British elite forces: 148 (Meiktila) Battery Royal Artillery"
230:, on 14 February 1942. The 425 men of the 1st Parachute Raiding Regiment seized
886:
653:
623:. It is assigned to maritime hostage-rescue missions and is a component of the
600:
409:
235:
148:
144:
86:
74:
45:
35:
1710:
862:
789:
532:
386:
1633:
SAS: Phantoms of the Jungle: A History of the Australian Special Air Service
1604:"New British Army brigade: reshaping UK special operations for the better?"
958:. AJP-3.5 (Edition A, Version 1). Brussels: NATO Standardization Agency: 1.
785:
718:
665:
624:
366:
103:
16:
Specially designated military operations that are considered unconventional
1662:. Canberra, ACT: Land Warfare Studies Centre, Working Paper No. 127, 2005.
339:, an elite corps of Rangers who supplied reconnaissance and espionage for
312:
1674:
Spec Ops: Case Studies of Special Operations Warfare; Theory and Practice
1060:"Silent, unseen but not forgotten: Poland's resistance fighters honoured"
612:
596:
536:
528:
246:
172:
31:
547:
There are numerous special operation units in India, each branch of the
446:
896:
Special Operations Group also conducts special operations missions as
1681:
One Hundred Victories: Special Ops and the Future of American Warfare
274:
270:
231:
156:
1124:
The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814
463:
297:
266:
253:
were formed into the 1st Raiding Group, commanded by Major General
128:
52:
953:
924:
608:
392:
301:
223:
1506:"Breaking down the British elite forces: The Pathfinder Platoon"
1334:"Everything you need to know about the Polish Special Unit GROM"
1035:"Everything you need to know about the Polish Special Unit GROM"
1226:"Past as Prelude? Envisioning the Future of Special Operations"
858:
854:
556:
56:
19:
For the Russian government euphemism for invading Ukraine, see
284:, of this group were assigned to attack American air bases on
159:
Harbour in 1943. A second raid on Singapore in 1944, known as
119:
during 1942–43, most notably fighting a guerrilla campaign in
866:
551:
having its own unique SOF unit. The Indian Air Force has the
289:
285:
1665:
Colin S. Gray, "Part III: Strategy and Special Operations",
1358:
Special Reconnaissance Regiment, publications.parliament.uk
1247:
199:
70:
1176:"The Abbottabad raid and the theory of special operations"
823:
was formed in 2021 and consists of four battalions of the
26:"Spec Ops" redirects here. For the video game series, see
1440:
485:
are among the Army's special forces under the command of
396:
Marine Raiders gathered in front of a Japanese dugout on
1669:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996, pp. 139–232.
877:
and is the only unified combatant command created by an
355:, which is considered the first known manual of modern
241:
However, as with similar airborne units created by the
796:
forces that do not form part of the UKSF, such as the
601:
General Staff Reconnaissance Unit 269 - Sayeret Matkal
1580:"Brigade Reconnaissance Force | Brigade Patrol Troop"
717:. Unit is particularly active in battle against PKK.
1472:(5th ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 633.
296:, but most of the aircraft were shot down. Some 300
292:
on the night of 6 December 1944. They were flown in
218:
first deployed army paratroops in combat during the
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1708:
1635:(1st ed.). St Leonards: Allen & Unwin.
1465:
1141:
1092:"How Poland Rescued CIA Spies From Iraq in 1990"
464:Countries and units with special operation focus
452:That raid was organized and overseen by Admiral
179:in fighting the German occupants. This included
69:are military activities conducted, according to
793:
269:had manpower equivalent to a standard infantry
155:, in which several Japanese ships were sunk in
664:. Founded on April 15, 1963 on the orders of
359:tactics used in modern special operations.
1309:"Silent killers: Secrecy, security and JTF2"
947:
34:. For the forces that perform spec ops, see
1114:
889:, Florida. Outside of the US military, the
1397:"JSFAW – Responsibilities and Composition"
1127:. Cambridge University Press. p. 35.
499:Canadian Special Operations Forces Command
421:, the predecessors of the Navy's current
385:during D-day, Ranger companies landed at
1389:
1154:
838:United States Special Operations Command
707:(Tur.: Özel Kuvvetler Komutanlığı – ÖKK)
391:
323:, father of American Ranging and Rangers
311:
40:
1120:
709:is the main special forces unit of the
371:North Africa campaign "Operation Torch"
349:United States Special Operations Forces
1709:
1630:
1411:
1029:
1027:
956:NATO Standard Allied Joint Publication
691:Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland
579:is the special operations unit of the
1447:from the original on 14 February 2008
1421:. Ministry of Defence. Archived from
1377:Elite special forces unit set up, BBC
1223:
1173:
1072:from the original on 13 February 2023
1012:from the original on 30 December 2022
930:List of military special forces units
721:also have a special operations unit,
637:King Abdullah II Special Forces Group
204:rescued six CIA, DIA and NSA officers
1702:List of US Special Operations Forces
1553:
1528:
1503:
1370:
353:Robert Rogers' 28 "Rules of Ranging"
191:and 91 operators taking part in the
1683:, New York: Public Affairs, 2013.
1429:
1351:
1102:from the original on 14 August 2022
1024:
645:
13:
1650:
830:
775:Joint Special Forces Aviation Wing
753:) is a directorate comprising the
419:Underwater Demolition Teams (UDTs)
14:
1733:
1695:
1437:"The secretive sister of the SAS"
1284:Canadian Foreign Policy Institute
738:
731:). They have participated in the
563:. Other special forces, like the
379:Sicily campaign "Operation Husky"
259:Southern Expeditionary Army Group
198:Previous to the formation of the
30:. For the Indian web series, see
935:Long-range reconnaissance patrol
816:and commando unit recce troops.
646:العمليات الخاصة ورد الفعل السريع
603:is the main Sayeret unit in the
307:
1596:
1572:
1547:
1522:
1497:
1486:from the original on 2023-02-13
1459:
1340:from the original on 2022-08-12
1326:
1315:from the original on 2021-04-25
1301:
1290:from the original on 2021-05-18
1272:
1236:from the original on 2022-02-10
1217:
1206:from the original on 2021-10-16
1167:
1041:from the original on 2022-08-12
821:Army Special Operations Brigade
763:Special Reconnaissance Regiment
406:President Franklin D. Roosevelt
202:unit Polish special operations
1624:
1084:
1052:
998:
989:
980:
971:
962:
881:. USSOCOM is headquartered at
713:, under the direct command of
559:, and the Indian Army has the
468:
206:from Iraq on 25 October 1990.
1:
1676:. Novato, CA: Presidio, 1995.
1386:. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
1255:"Canadian government website"
1192:10.1080/01402390.2021.1933953
940:
873:. The command is part of the
746:United Kingdom Special Forces
613:13th Flotilla, or Shayetet 13
415:Naval Combat Demolition Units
1367:. Retrieved 21 February 2014
1180:Journal of Strategic Studies
777:, as well as the supporting
767:Special Forces Support Group
617:British Special Boat Service
475:Special Air Service Regiment
435:Council on Foreign Relations
273:, and it lacked any form of
97:
7:
903:
671:
593:British Special Air Service
10:
1738:
1554:Read, Jamie (2019-03-30).
1529:Read, Jamie (2019-03-25).
1504:Read, Jamie (2019-04-02).
871:United States Armed Forces
794:special operations-capable
733:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
697:
570:
555:, the Indian Navy has the
513:Canada's tier one unit is
487:Special Operations Command
365:were essential to several
110:, which began training at
92:
25:
21:Special military operation
18:
1466:Philip Coppel QC (2020).
851:unified combatant command
771:18 (UKSF) Signal Regiment
648:), commonly known as the
630:
586:
492:
425:, were formed in 1943.
257:under the control of the
166:
1667:Explorations in Strategy
1174:Wirtz, James J. (2021).
920:Foreign internal defense
581:Defence Forces (Ireland)
542:
525:special operations force
441:in May 2011 that killed
209:
123:, as well as actions in
1656:Capt. Malcolm Brailey,
615:, is comparable to the
565:National Security Guard
431:Global War on Terrorism
333:Colonel Benjamin Church
317:Colonel Benjamin Church
300:managed to land in the
228:Netherlands East Indies
117:South West Pacific Area
1631:Horner, David (1989).
1584:www.eliteukforces.info
1121:Grenier, John (2005).
995:Horner 1989, pp. 26–7.
977:Horner 1989, pp. 22–6.
883:MacDill Air Force Base
705:Special Forces Command
678:Special Troops Command
662:Jordanian Armed Forces
506:) is a command of the
401:
324:
280:Some 750 men from the
216:Imperial Japanese Army
79:unconventional warfare
59:
1280:"JTF2/Special Forces"
1224:Bilms, Kevin (2021).
1098:. 15 September 2014.
875:Department of Defense
715:Turkish General Staff
597:US Army's Delta Force
508:Canadian Armed Forces
483:2nd Commando Regiment
479:1st Commando Regiment
395:
343:'s Continental Army.
319:(1639–1718) from the
315:
108:independent companies
55:uniforms training in
44:
1672:William H. McRaven,
1443:. 16 November 2001.
1407:on 27 February 2014.
1008:. 15 February 2022.
814:Brigade Patrol Troop
802:148 Meiktila Battery
759:Special Boat Service
711:Turkish Armed Forces
658:Royal Jordanian Army
652:are strategic-level
553:Garud Commando Force
263:Philippines campaign
163:, was unsuccessful.
1717:Military operations
1230:The Strategy Bridge
986:Horner 1989, p. 26.
968:Horner 1989, p. 21.
806:4/73 Sphinx Battery
755:Special Air Service
729:Sualtı Taaruz – SAT
621:United States SEALs
609:naval commando unit
549:Indian Armed Forces
282:2nd Raiding Brigade
220:Battle of Palembang
112:Wilson's Promontory
1382:2022-03-26 at the
1363:2010-04-25 at the
798:Pathfinder Platoon
724:Underwater Offence
516:Joint Task Force 2
454:William H. McRaven
402:
369:campaigns such as
357:asymmetric warfare
337:Knowlton's Rangers
325:
63:Special operations
60:
1689:978-1-61039-149-8
1134:978-1-139-44470-5
383:Normandy landings
375:Tunisian campaign
341:George Washington
183:and uprisings in
181:Operation Tempest
153:Operation Jaywick
28:Spec Ops (series)
1729:
1679:Linda Robinson,
1646:
1618:
1617:
1615:
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1600:
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1463:
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1408:
1403:. Archived from
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1387:
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1321:
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1295:
1276:
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1267:
1266:
1257:. Archived from
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1186:(6–7): 972–992.
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1111:
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1068:. 10 June 2016.
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1021:
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996:
993:
987:
984:
978:
975:
969:
966:
960:
959:
951:
915:Covert operation
810:Mountain Leaders
685:) is the fourth
683:Wojska Specjalne
647:
577:Army Ranger Wing
408:established the
294:Ki-57 transports
83:counterterrorism
1737:
1736:
1732:
1731:
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1651:Further reading
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1401:Royal Air Force
1395:
1394:
1390:
1384:Wayback Machine
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1371:
1365:Wayback Machine
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1157:Foreign Affairs
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1065:TheGuardian.com
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910:Airborne forces
906:
879:Act of Congress
833:
825:Ranger Regiment
779:No. 47 Squadron
741:
700:
687:military branch
674:
633:
589:
573:
545:
495:
471:
466:
443:Osama bin Laden
345:Rogers' Rangers
321:Plymouth Colony
310:
255:Rikichi Tsukada
212:
193:Warsaw Uprising
169:
161:Operation Rimau
100:
95:
49:Special Tactics
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1724:
1722:Special forces
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1697:
1696:External links
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1425:on 2018-01-02.
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173:Cichociemni
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32:Special OPS
1711:Categories
1613:2024-02-12
1589:2024-02-12
1565:2024-02-12
1540:2024-02-12
1515:2024-02-12
1490:2023-03-22
1344:2022-08-14
1319:2021-05-18
1294:2021-05-18
1265:2010-10-08
1240:2022-02-10
1210:2021-10-16
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941:References
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