Spanish missions in the Americas

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infiltrate living areas and spread disease more rapidly. Some of the most common diseases were typhus, measles and smallpox. Many natives were living in cramped spaces with poor hygiene and poor nutrition. This led not only to high mortality rate, but to low fertility rates as well. In specific areas where natives were dispersed in various regions, friars created new villages to divide the natives from Europeans and simultaneously systemize their teachings. It is estimated that every 20 years or so, a new epidemic wiped out the adult population of natives in many missions, giving no chance for recovery. It is imperative, at this moment, to illustrate the loss of life in the Native population by using the example of the small province known as Jemez in New Mexico. Scientists say that upon the arrival of the Spanish missionaries in 1541, approximately 5,000 to 8,000 natives lived in Jemez. Through examination of plants within the village, scientists were able to determine the age gap of plant life to better understand the loss of human interaction with vegetation. By 1680, scientists concluded that the Jemez village was populated by approximately 850 natives. This 87% decrease in population size illustrates the tragic effects of diseases of the time, combined with the introduction of a new culture influenced by the Spanish missionaries.

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and Acapistla. Pedro De Gante was recorded to have the largest class of approximately 600 natives in Mexico City. The first missionaries to arrive in the New World were Franciscan friars from the observant faction, which believed in a strict and limited practice of religion. Because the friars believed teaching and practicing can only be done through "meditation and contemplation," Franciscans were not able to convert as many people as quickly as the Spanish wanted. This caused strain between colonial governments and Franciscan friars, which eventually led to several friars fleeing to present day western Mexico and the dissolution of Franciscan parishes. Other issues also contributed to the dissolution of Franciscan parishes, including the vow of poverty and accusations from colonial governments. However, Spanish missions often used money from the King to fund missions. Having friars taking money was controversial within the church. In addition, the colonial government claimed missionaries were mistreating indigenous people working on the missions. On the other hand, the Franciscan missionaries claimed that the Spanish government enslaved and mistreated indigenous people. Present day efforts are to show where Franciscan missionaries protected the indigenous people from Spanish cruelties and supported empowering the native peoples.

558:, in 1523 also known as Mexico. A missionary, Pedro de Gante, wanted to spread the Christian faith to his native brothers and sisters. During this time, the mentality of the Spanish people proscribed empowering the indigenous people with knowledge, because they believed that would motivate them to retaliate against the Spanish rulers. Nevertheless, Pedro de Gante saw the ritualistic practices of the indigenous, which traditionally involved human sacrifices (specially from enemy tribes), and as a missionary, saw the need for a change in faith. He decided the best approach was to adapt to their way of life. He learned their language and participated in their conversations and games. Despite having a stutter, he was a successful translator of Nahuatl and Spanish. Additionally, Pedro de Gante was a big advocate of education of the youth, where he established schools throughout Mexico to cater to the indigenous communities. His influence spanned so wide, others like him followed by example. Of the future missionaries to come to America, at least three of his compatriots came. 601:" to concentrate the widespread native populations in order to better rule, Christianize, exploit their labor, and protect the native populace. The Jesuit Reductions were socialist societies in which each family had a house and field, and individuals were clothed and fed in return for work. Additionally, the communities included schools, churches, and hospitals, and native leaders and governing councils overseen by two Jesuit missionaries in each reduction. Like the Franciscans, the Jesuit missionaries learned the local languages and trained the adults in European methods of construction, manufacturing, and, to a certain extent, agriculture. By 1732, there were thirty villages populated by approximately 140,000 Indians located from Northern Mexico down to Paraguay. Spanish settlers were prohibited from living or working in reductions. This led to a strained relationship between Jesuit missionaries and the Spanish because in surrounding Spanish settlements people were not guaranteed food, shelter, and clothing. 872:

many of which were in the pursuit of wealth, land and nobility titles. The missionaries goal was to convert natives to Christianity, because diffusion of Christianity was deemed to be a requirement of the religion. Spanish Vice-royalties in America had the same structure as the Vice-Royalties in Spanish provinces. The Catholic church depended on the Kings administratively, but in doctrine was subjected, as always, to Rome. Spain had a long battle with the Moors, and Catholicism was an important factor unifying the Spaniards against the Muslims. Further, the religious practices of American natives alarmed the Spanish, so they banned and prosecuted those practices. The role of missionaries was primarily to replace indigenous religions with Christianity, which facilitated integration of the native populations into the Spanish colonial societies. One symbolic example of this was the practice of constructing churches and cathedrals, such as

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eyes of the Spanish mission. The missionaries began educating the native youth by separating the children from their families and placing them in Christian-based schooling systems. To reach their audience, the Spanish missionaries devoted much time to learning the native culture. This cultural shift can best be seen in the very first trilingual dictionary dating back to 1540 in Mexico. This book that was uncovered took the printed version of author Antonio Nebrija’s dictionary titled Grammar and Dictionary (focused on spanish and Latin translations), and added handwritten translations of Nahuatl language within the document. Although the author of these edits is unknown, it is a tangible example of how Spanish missionaries began the process of catholic transformation in Native territories. Missionaries introduced

710:, among other orders, became extremely wealthy as a result. The Jesuits gained landholdings in the 17th century, becoming prominent property owners throughout the colonies. Unlike other methods used for property accumulation, like land seizure or royal grant, the Jesuits gained property from purchase and donation. The Jesuits also amassed wealth from tithes and clerical fees, as well as from profits made from the production of agricultural and other commercial products. The Jesuits, along with the other religious orders, fully participated in and profited off of the internal trade economy of the Americas. 531:

Americans to Catholicism, as well as total authority over the Church, educational, and charitable institutions. It authorized the Crown’s control over the Church’s tithe income, the tax levied on agricultural production and livestock, and the sustenance of the ecclesiastical hierarchies, physical facilities, and activities. It provided the Crown with the right to approve or veto Papal dispatches to the Americas, to ensure their adherence to the Patronato Real. It determined the founding of churches, convents, hospitals, and schools, as well as the appointment and payment of secular clergy.

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the Crown an increasing income from the levied taxes and control over tithe income. That economic interest—along with the Crown’s control over the Church’s educational and charitable institutions, which directly interacted with and deeply influenced a large swath of the indigenous populations they were colonizing—provided an argument for the Crown’s interest in incorporating the Catholic Church into their colonization of the Americas.

246: 677:. These conversions were often public. Once the caciques were converted, the clergy collaborated with the elites to construct a chapel, often atop the destroyed temple for the indigenous spirituality. This chapel played a role in bringing the rest of the people of the town to the Church. The Franciscans in particular wanted an indigenous priesthood, and built schools to teach indigenous elite about humanistic studies. 562: 670:

territories were separate from the jurisdictions of the Crown, with separate laws and structures. The papacy sent multiple religious orders to set up towns in areas along the borderlands to prevent a single order from becoming too powerful. First the Franciscans set up parishes, then the Dominicans, Augustinians, and Jesuits followed. These orders are discussed in more detail previously in this article.

914:, were already similar to the Nahuatl rituals during birth, usually performed by a midwife. Many missionaries even allowed for natives to keep some aspects of their original ritual in place, like giving the child or newborn a small arrowhead or broom to represent their future roles in society, as long as it complied with Catholic beliefs. Other sacraments, like 698:

Catholic holidays. That said, the creation of the parish also depended on the labor of the recently converted indigenous people to build schools, offices, houses, and other infrastructure for economic production. This need for labor led to conflict with the encomenderos, who were charged by the Crown with the exclusive task of exploiting indigenous labor.

918:, were fairly different from native practices. Many natives were polygamous. To perform the sacrament of marriage, Franciscan friars had a husband bring his many wives to the church, and had each state her reasons for being the one true wife. The friars then decided who was the wife, and performed the sacrament. 898:

keeping them separate, and protected from the European society. The indigenous Americans were considered by the Crown and the Church to be legal minors, so much of the motivation for this paternalism comes from the desire of the Church to protect their “children” from the harsh and corrupt Europeans.

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By 1532, approximately 5,000 native children were educated by the Franciscan missionaries in newly built monasteries spread throughout central Mexico. Many of these children resided in cities such as Cholula, Tlalmanalco, Texcoco, Huejotzingo, Tepeaca, Cuautitlán, Tula, Cuernavaca, Coyoacán, Tlaxcala

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to concentrate indigenous people into Spanish-style settlements in which they were instructed in Christianity and Spanish customs. In general and over centuries, the reductions succeeded in achieving the widespread adoption by indigenous people of Christianity and Spanish customs. Spanish authorities

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In addition to the encomienda system, the aggressive implementation of missions and their forcible establishment of reductions and congregations led to resistance and sometimes revolt in the native populations being colonized. Many natives agreed to join the reductions and congregations out of fear,

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for nomadic natives and domesticated animals for meat rather than wild game. The Spanish colonists also brought more foods and plants from Europe and South American to regions that initially had no contact with nations there. Natives began to dress in European-style clothing and adopted the Spanish

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and other European settlers. The Church and its clergy were meant to be advocates for the interests of the indigenous, as well as to provide them with social services. To do this, the indigenous parishes had different laws, different economies, different government styles, all with the intention of

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and drove the Spanish colonists of New Mexico with heavy casualties on the Spanish side, including the killing of 21 of the 33 Franciscan missionaries in New Mexico. The region remained independent under native control until 1692 when it was reconquered by the Spanish whose regime thereafter became

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Early into the existence of the community, the European clergy formed a cofradía, which is a lay brotherhood meant to raise funds to construct and support the parish church, provide aid to the poor, aged, or infirmed and to widows and orphans, and to organize religious processions and festivals for

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constructed in the 15th and early 16th Century that set the secular relationship between the Spanish Crown and the Catholic Church, effectively pronouncing the Spanish King’s control over the Church in the Americas. It clarified the Crown’s responsibility to promote the conversion of the indigenous

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With resistance and revolts, the native population dropped drastically with the introduction of Spanish missions. However, the main factor for the overwhelming losses were due to epidemics in the missions. Despite being affected before the introduction of missions, the buildings allowed rodents to

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It is clear that the Patronato Real provided the Spanish Crown with an unprecedented level of authority over the Catholic Church. It demonstrates the intricate relationship the political expansion of the colonies had with Catholicism. The expansion of Catholic missions around the Americas afforded

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was viewed as crucial for colonization. The missions created by members of the Catholic orders were often located on the outermost borders of the colonies. The missions facilitated the expansion of the Spanish empire through the religious conversion of the indigenous peoples occupying those areas.

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In addition to religious changes, Spanish missionaries also brought about secular changes. With each generation of natives, there was a gradual shift in what they ate, wore and how the economy within the missions worked. Therefore, the younger generation of natives were the most imperative in the

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Catholic missions were installed throughout the Americas in an effort to integrate native populations as part of the Spanish culture; from the point of view of the Monarchy, naturals of America were seen as Crown subjects in need of care, instruction and protection from the military and settlers,

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was a Flemish Franciscan missionary who desired assimilation of Native American communities to further educational discourse amongst indigenous communities. He was so influential in his work, he became known as "The first teacher of the Americas". Originally, Peeter Van der Moere, Pedro de Gante,

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The clergy were most interested in converting the souls of the indigenous, by any means possible. Therefore, in many instances, the clergy used indigenous religions to gain trust and legitimacy. In fact, many members of the clergy learned indigenous languages so they could be more accessible and

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missionaries were the first to arrive in New Spain, in 1523, following the Cortes expeditions in Mexico, and soon after began establishing missions across the continents. The Franciscan missionaries were split evenly and sent to Mexico, Texcoco, and Tlaxcala. In addition to their primary goal of

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To promote conversions, the Catholic Missionaries in the Americas received Royal approval to create provinces, or parishes. These parishes echoed the structures of European towns—created with the explicit intention of converting the indigenous peoples who constructed and lived in them. These

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Much of the expressed goals of the spread of Catholicism was to bring salvation to the souls of the indigenous peoples. The Church and the Crown alike viewed the role and presence of the Church in the Americas as a buffer against the corrupt

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to indigenous Americans who had not spoken it prior, as a way of establishing a common language. They translated hymns, prayers, and religious texts into Nahuatl to make Catholicism more widely spread and understood. The clergy in Peru used

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had a wide-spread impact from their arrival in the New World about 1570 until their expulsion in 1767. The Jesuits, especially in the southeastern part of South America, followed a widespread Spanish practice of creating settlements called

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understandable to those wanted to convert. They even selected indigenous languages to be used as lingua franca in areas that had linguistic diversity. In New Spain, which is modern-day Mexico and Central America, the friars taught

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but many were initially still allowed to quietly continue some of their religious practices. However, as treatment of natives grew worse and suppression of native customs increased, so did the resistance of the natives.

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and missionaries forced the indigenous people to live in the reductions. Resistance to and revolts against the missionaries were frequent. The missionaries helped, with varying success, to protect indigenous people from

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Yunes Vincke, E. "Books and Codices. Transculturation, Language Dissemination and Education in the Works of Friar Pedro De Gante." Doctoral Thesis (2015): Doctoral Thesis, UCL (University College London).

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and miners. The revolt caused heavy casualties on both sides. During the conflict, the Spanish abandoned their policy of "peace by purchase (tribute)" in favor of "war of fire and blood."

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from 1616 to 1620 was likewise stirred by hostilities against the missionaries, which arose due to the concurrent and explosive rise in disease that accompanied their arrival. The

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Schwaller, John F. (October 2016). "Franciscan Spirituality and Mission in New Spain, 1524–1599: Conflict Beneath the Sycamore Tree (Luke 19:1–10) by Steven E. Turley (review)".

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The Catholic orders profited tremendously from the expansion of the parishes and from the conversion of the indigenous peoples, along with the exploitation of their labor. The

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were centralized in the Caribbean and Mexico and, despite a much smaller representation in the Americas, had one of the most notable histories of native rights activism.

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spreading Christianity, the missionaries studied the native languages, taught children to read and write, and taught adults trades such as carpentry and ceramics.

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Logan Wagner, E. The Continuity of Sacred Urban Open Space: Facilitating the Indian Conversion to Catholicism in Mesoamerica. Austin: Religion and the Arts, 2014.

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Whitaker, Arthur P. (1982). "Rim of Christendom: A Biography of Eusebio Francisco Kino, Pacific Coast Pioneer Herbert Eugene Bolton Eusebio Francisco Kino".

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and Spanish colonists wishing to exploit indigenous labor. However, the concentration of the indigenous people into reductions facilitated the spread of

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To begin the process of constructing a new parish, the priests entered an indigenous village and first converted the leaders and nobles, called

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was the first Dominican bishop in Mexico and played a pivotal role in dismantling the practice of "encomenderos", with the establishment of the

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associated the rise in death directly with these missionaries and their reductions, which spread disease and facilitated exploitative labor to

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dominated the religious and spiritual realm. In some regions, missionaries attempted to create settlements of indigenous people ruled by the

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systems by the Vice-royal authorities, which forced native labor onto land granted to Europeans by the Spanish Crown and led to oppression.

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Burkholder, Mark A., and Lyman L. Johnson. Colonial Latin America. 9th ed., Oxford University Press, 2014. Colonial Latin America. pg. 106

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Burkholder, Mark A., and Lyman L. Johnson. Colonial Latin America. 9th ed., Oxford University Press, 2014. Colonial Latin America. pg. 109

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Lipp, Solomon. Lessons Learned from Pedro de Gante. American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese. Hispania, 1947, 194.

4195: 3299: 1977: 809:, an African Catholic enslaved by Spaniards, was among the first European group to enter the region in 1528, via what would become 1886: 166: 3279: 1202:

Proano, Agustin Moreno. The Influence of Pedro de Gante on South American Culture. Artes de Mexico: Margarita de Orellana, 1972.

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The relationship between Spanish colonization and the Canonicalization of the Americas is inextricable. The conversion of the

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Wade, Lizzie. "New Mexico's American Indian population crashed 100 years after Europeans arrived." ScienceMag, 25 Jan. 2016,

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The first African Catholic slaves that arrived in what would eventually become the United States primarily came under the

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Morales, Francisco (2008). "The Native Encounter with Christianity: Franciscans and Nahuas in Sixteenth-Century Mexico".

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https://www.science.org/content/article/new-mexicos-american-indian-population-crashed-100-years-after-europeans-arrived

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In converting natives, missionaries had to find various ways of implementing sacramental practices among them. Some

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dominated the political, economic, and social realms of the Americas and people indigenous to the region, the

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during the 16th to 19th centuries in the period of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Many hundreds of

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slaves who reached their territory if they converted to Roman Catholicism. Most such freedmen settled in the

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Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish Colonization : The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians

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The Tepehuan Revolt of 1616: militarism, evangelism and colonialism in seventeenth century Nueva Vizcaya

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The Tepehuan Revolt of 1616: militarism, evangelism and colonialism in seventeenth century Nueva Vizcaya

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were scattered throughout the entirety of the Spanish colonies, which extended southward from the

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The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. Pedro de Gante. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1998.

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Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

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McAlister, Lyle (1984). "Instruments of Colonization: The Castilian Municipio".

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Colonialism : an international social, cultural, and political encyclopedia

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Lists of Spanish colonial missions of the Roman Catholic Church in the Americas

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and beholden to the Crown but independent of secular colonial authorities.

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Soldiers, Indians, and Silver: The Northward Advance of New Spain, 1550–1600

1481: 1448: 1400: 1076: 4268: 4258: 3987: 3526: 3380: 3205: 2721: 2497: 2179: 2027: 1922: 1754: 829: 605: 212: 3579: 1692:"Christianizing the Nahua." The Aztecs and the Making of Colonial Mexico, 22: 3169: 2995: 2564: 2442: 1630: 860: 727: 543: 527: 3159: 1225: 1151: 661:, by strictly limiting their power and dominion over groups of natives. 4033: 2767: 2047: 1932: 1681:

The Monk and the Mariposa: Franciscan Acculturation in Mexico 1520–1550

1348: 1143: 894: 881: 848: 813:. He would go on to serve on various other North American expeditions. 806: 771: 657: 598: 493: 222: 1655: 3000: 2757: 2657: 2432: 2334: 2268: 1061:. Sonnenburg, Penny M. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 418. 927:

language, often morphing it with Nahuatl and other native languages.

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An example of rebellion against colonization and missionaries is the

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Catholics, including at least ten of the recently re-discovered

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https://publications.newberry.org/aztecs/section_3_home.html

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Hämäläinen, Pekka; Truett, Samuel (2011). "On Borderlands".

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Newson, Linda. "The Demographic Impact of Colonization."

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Spanish missions of the Catholic Church in the Americas

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The lost paradise: the Jesuit Republic in South America

840:(Fort Mose), the first settlement of former slaves in 449:, durable and ephemeral, created by numerous Catholic 2301:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

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Missionaries usually followed a strategy of creating

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L. Campos. Gante, Pedro De. Detroit: Gale, 2007, 89.

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Spanish colonial pueblos and villas in North America

1508: 1506: 1009: 786: 573:Pedro de Gante living quarters before expedition. 4359: 1386: 1096:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History 878:Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of the Assumption 2845: 1536:The Cambridge Economic History of Latin America 1261:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Reductions of Paraguay" 1010:Burkholder, Mark A.; Johnson, Lyman L. (2019). 1503: 1416:Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492-1700 828:. The Spanish colonial authorities in Florida 4378:History of indigenous peoples of the Americas 2490:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 1971: 1740: 1709:. 1st ed. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico, 1995. 959:, Franciscan missions in the Peruvian Amazon. 414: 268: 4393:Spanish mission settlements in North America 2165:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 1705:Jackson, Robert H., and Edward D. Castillo. 1499:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 984:Supply of Franciscan missions in New Mexico 1978: 1964: 1747: 1733: 1550:"The Escaped Slave Who Discovered America" 1042:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 421: 407: 275: 261: 52: 4284:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 1413: 1211: 1125: 1123: 887: 4289:Colonial universities in the Philippines 1538:. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2005. 1318: 1171: 1169: 1092:"Christian Missions to American Indians" 777: 604:Another major Jesuit effort was that of 568: 560: 4403:Western (genre) staples and terminology 4398:History of Catholicism in South America 4388:History of Catholicism in North America 3280:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 1547: 1129: 4360: 4233: 1494: 1461: 1428: 1120: 1104:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.323 1089: 526:, or Royal Patronage, was a series of 353:History of the Philippines (1565–1898) 4232: 4128: 4127: 3251: 3129: 2844: 2703: 2671: 2608: 2545: 2460: 2383: 2323: 2237: 2226: 1998: 1997: 1959: 1728: 1166: 383:Spanish American wars of independence 4373:Spanish colonization of the Americas 2561:Captaincy General of the Philippines 2053:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 1056: 1005: 1003: 1001: 999: 851:region with a number of African and 323:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 4264:Indochristian painting in New Spain 2384: 1825:List of missions in Spanish Florida 1548:Herrick, Dennis (15 January 2019). 901: 838:Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose 664: 13: 3231:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 2704: 1985: 754:-speaking Pueblos took control of 653:indigenous peoples of the Americas 611:, in the region then known as the 14: 4414: 2461: 2324: 2205:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 1607:. 2 December 2016. Archived from 996: 713: 701: 517: 474:Indigenous people of the Americas 4368:Spanish missions in the Americas 4316:Criollos in the colonial society 4244:Spanish missions in the Americas 3366:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 435:Spanish missions in the Americas 363:Spanish missions in the Americas 311: 244: 21: 4343:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 2227: 1699: 1686: 1673: 1648: 1623: 1593: 1567: 1541: 1528: 1519: 1488: 1455: 1422: 1407: 1380: 1355: 1312: 1287: 1278: 1253: 1240: 1090:Higham, Carol L. (9 May 2016). 963:Franciscan missions to the Maya 2672: 2395:Captaincy General of Guatemala 2103:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 1205: 1196: 1187: 1178: 1083: 1050: 816:As early as the 17th century, 787:Future United States territory 538: 1: 4294:General Archive of the Indies 3555:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 3226:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 3211:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 2160:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 2113:War of the Spanish Succession 2078:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 1462:Gradie, Charlotte M. (2000). 1429:Gradie, Charlotte M. (2000). 989: 634: 328:Spanish conquest of Guatemala 3252: 2366:Captaincy General of Yucatan 2296:Union with Holy Roman Empire 2275:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 2190:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 1014:(Tenth ed.). New York. 866: 343:Spanish conquest of the Maya 7: 3130: 2846:Administrative subdivisions 2043:War of the League of Cognac 1495:Powell, Phillip W. (1952). 1389:Journal of American History 930: 395:Mexican War of Independence 333:Spanish conquest of Yucatán 10: 4419: 3560:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 3545:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 3447:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 2609: 2345:), Western United States ( 2238: 2108:Portuguese Restoration War 1250:, New York: Seabury Press. 790: 585: 581: 512: 4328:Slavery in Spanish Empire 4239: 4228: 4134: 4123: 4021: 3915: 3908: 3793: 3642: 3635: 3628: 3615:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 3525: 3394: 3356:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 3318: 3262: 3258: 3247: 3216:Barcelona Trading Company 3183: 3140: 3136: 3125: 3029: 2981:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 2951: 2893: 2855: 2851: 2840: 2791: 2750: 2714: 2710: 2699: 2678: 2615: 2556: 2488:Venezuela, part of Guyana 2467: 2390: 2341:, Central United States ( 2330: 2244: 2233: 2222: 2073:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 2058:Expulsion of the Moriscos 2004: 1993: 1915: 1862: 1762: 1656:"Cathedral of Cusco City" 1321:Pacific Historical Review 338:Spanish conquest of Petén 148:Missions in South America 61:Missions in North America 4269:Quito painting tradition 4259:Cusco painting tradition 3620:García López de Cárdenas 3610:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 3517:Felipe González de Ahedo 3437:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 2014:Conquest of the Americas 1696:. Accessed 14 Jan. 2020. 1516:. Accessed 14 Jan. 2020. 1246:Caraman, Philip (1976), 4054:Comuneros (New Granada) 3831:Balearic Islands (1558) 3550:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 3477:Ruy López de Villalobos 3432:Miguel López de Legazpi 3346:García de Toledo Osorio 2210:Western Sahara conflict 2200:Independence of Morocco 2140:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 2083:Piracy in the Caribbean 2068:French Wars of Religion 1367:Encyclopedia Britannica 1299:Encyclopedia Britannica 1057:Page, Melvin E (2003). 847:Spain also settled the 358:Piracy in the Caribbean 4299:Colonial Spanish Horse 3973:Colonia del Sacramento 3196:Spanish treasure fleet 2773:Royal Decree of Graces 1012:Colonial Latin America 888:Paternalist protection 726:in 1680, in which the 645:Bartolomé de las Casas 574: 566: 251:Catholicism portal 3457:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 3417:Juan Sebastián Elcano 2732:Council of the Indies 2093:Spanish–Moro conflict 2063:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 2023:Treaty of Tordesillas 1605:County of Los Angeles 1401:10.1093/jahist/jar259 968:Louisiana (New Spain) 820:acted as a haven for 778:Epidemics in missions 572: 564: 487:Catholic missionaries 378:Spanish–Moro conflict 4254:Mesoamerican Codices 3978:Comuneros (Paraguay) 3816:Siege of Castelnuovo 3402:Christopher Columbus 3221:Consulate of the Sea 3201:Casa de Contratación 2792:Titles and positions 2185:Spanish–American War 2175:Liberal constitution 2018:Asia and the Pacific 1635:missions.arizona.edu 1554:Zócalo Public Square 3983:Cartagena de Indias 3605:Diego de Mazariegos 3575:Pere Fages i Beleta 3442:Sebastián de Ocampo 2923:Provincias Internas 2895:Captaincies General 2809:Municipal president 2778:School of Salamanca 2549:Spanish East Indies 2528:Misiones Orientales 2400:Spanish West Indies 2364:, Central America ( 2311:Pyrénées-Orientales 2264:Union with Portugal 2155:Napoleonic invasion 2135:War of Jenkins' Ear 1226:10.1017/tam.2016.85 973:Santa Rosa de Ocopa 565:Fray Pedro de Gante 441:established by the 4279:Academia Antártica 4234:Other civil topics 3600:Pánfilo de Narváez 3502:Sebastián Vizcaíno 3467:Andrés de Urdaneta 3427:Juan Ponce de León 3412:Ferdinand Magellan 3386:Bernardo de Gálvez 3285:Indian auxiliaries 2783:Trial of residence 2763:Laws of the Indies 2547:Asia and Oceania ( 2408:Dominican Republic 1679:Reilly, Penelope. 1611:on 11 October 2020 1581:. 17 December 2019 1144:10.1353/tam.0.0033 924:adobe style houses 859:, the founders of 575: 567: 477:While the Spanish 348:Columbian exchange 4355: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4224: 4223: 4129:Spanish conquests 4119: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4107: 4106: 3904: 3903: 3585:Pedro de Alvarado 3570:Gaspar de Portolà 3565:Pedro de Valdivia 3540:Francisco Pizarro 3492:Nicolás de Ovando 3487:Alonso de Ercilla 3462:Alonso de Salazar 3295:Ships of the line 3243: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3121: 3120: 3117: 3116: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2667: 2666: 2624:Northern Africa ( 2620:Equatorial Guinea 2604: 2603: 2541: 2540: 2456: 2455: 2379: 2378: 2370:Spanish Caribbean 2343:Spanish Louisiana 2319: 2318: 2254:Crown of Castille 2218: 2217: 2195:Spanish Civil War 2170:Adams–Onís Treaty 2150:Nootka Convention 2098:Thirty Years' War 2088:Eighty Years' War 2009:Catholic Monarchs 1999:Timeline–immersed 1953: 1952: 1265:www.newadvent.org 1021:978-0-19-064240-2 826:Southern colonies 759:less oppressive. 694:in similar ways. 588:Jesuit reductions 505:diseases such as 439:Catholic missions 431: 430: 285: 284: 4410: 4230: 4229: 4196:Chibchan Nations 4125: 4124: 4094:Santiago de Cuba 3953:Guadalupe Island 3913: 3912: 3640: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3595:Diego de Almagro 3472:Antonio de Ulloa 3376:Ambrosio Spinola 3371:Pedro de Zubiaur 3341:Alfonso d'Avalos 3331:Antonio de Leyva 3275:Army of Flanders 3260: 3259: 3249: 3248: 3138: 3137: 3127: 3126: 2853: 2852: 2842: 2841: 2712: 2711: 2701: 2700: 2669: 2668: 2642:Peñón of Algiers 2606: 2605: 2543: 2542: 2458: 2457: 2381: 2380: 2363: 2321: 2320: 2235: 2234: 2224: 2223: 2145:Seven Years' War 2118:Queen Anne's War 1995: 1994: 1980: 1973: 1966: 1957: 1956: 1882:Circular Mission 1872:Jesuit reduction 1749: 1742: 1735: 1726: 1725: 1710: 1703: 1697: 1690: 1684: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1597: 1591: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1571: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1545: 1539: 1532: 1526: 1523: 1517: 1510: 1501: 1500: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1291: 1285: 1282: 1276: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1257: 1251: 1244: 1238: 1237: 1209: 1203: 1200: 1194: 1191: 1185: 1182: 1176: 1173: 1164: 1163: 1127: 1118: 1117: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1041: 1033: 1007: 902:Cultural changes 665:Parish expansion 649:New Laws in 1542 451:religious orders 423: 416: 409: 368:Queen Anne's War 315: 305: 287: 286: 277: 270: 263: 249: 248: 192:Eastern Missions 56: 39:Spanish missions 25: 18: 17: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4347: 4323:Old inquisition 4235: 4220: 4130: 4103: 4059:Trinidad (1797) 4029:La Noche Triste 4017: 4013:San Juan (1797) 3963:San Juan (1595) 3900: 3789: 3629:Notable battles 3624: 3590:Martín de Ursúa 3521: 3452:Alonso de Ojeda 3422:Juan de la Cosa 3407:Pinzón brothers 3390: 3361:John of Austria 3336:Martín de Goiti 3314: 3254: 3235: 3179: 3132: 3113: 3025: 3021:Terra Australis 3016:Río de la Plata 2961:Castilla de Oro 2947: 2889: 2885:Río de la Plata 2847: 2828: 2787: 2746: 2742:Santa Hermandad 2706: 2687: 2683:Terra Australis 2674: 2663: 2630:Spanish Morocco 2611: 2600: 2591:Northern Taiwan 2552: 2537: 2508:Río de la Plata 2463: 2452: 2386: 2385:Central America 2375: 2357: 2326: 2315: 2259:Crown of Aragon 2240: 2229: 2214: 2130:Bourbon Reforms 2000: 1989: 1984: 1954: 1949: 1928:Mission Indians 1911: 1858: 1775:Baja California 1758: 1753: 1714: 1713: 1704: 1700: 1691: 1687: 1678: 1674: 1664: 1662: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1614: 1612: 1599: 1598: 1594: 1584: 1582: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1558: 1556: 1546: 1542: 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3662: 3657: 3652: 3646: 3644: 3637: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3531: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3507:Juan Fernández 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3482:Diego Columbus 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3312: 3310:Army of Africa 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3290:Spanish Armada 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3266: 3264: 3256: 3255: 3245: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3191:Manila galleon 3187: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3146: 3144: 3134: 3133: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3035: 3033: 3027: 3026: 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2256: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2231: 2230: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2121: 2120: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2011: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1991: 1990: 1987:Spanish Empire 1983: 1982: 1975: 1968: 1960: 1951: 1950: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1940: 1930: 1925: 1919: 1917: 1916:Related topics 1913: 1912: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1868: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1857: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1801:United States 1799: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1785:Sonoran Desert 1782: 1777: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1752: 1751: 1744: 1737: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1698: 1685: 1672: 1647: 1622: 1592: 1566: 1540: 1527: 1518: 1502: 1487: 1473:978-0874806229 1472: 1454: 1440:978-0874806229 1439: 1421: 1406: 1379: 1354: 1327:(4): 381–383. 1311: 1286: 1277: 1252: 1239: 1220:(4): 520–522. 1204: 1195: 1186: 1177: 1165: 1138:(2): 137–159. 1119: 1112: 1082: 1068:978-1576073353 1067: 1049: 1020: 994: 993: 991: 988: 987: 986: 981: 976: 970: 965: 960: 954: 949: 944: 939: 932: 929: 903: 900: 889: 886: 868: 865: 857:Los Pobladores 788: 785: 779: 776: 715: 714:Native revolts 712: 703: 702:Parish economy 700: 666: 663: 636: 633: 586:Main article: 583: 580: 551:Pedro de Gante 540: 537: 524:Patronato Real 519: 518:Patronato Real 516: 514: 511: 443:Spanish Empire 429: 428: 426: 425: 418: 411: 403: 400: 399: 398: 397: 392: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 317: 316: 308: 307: 298: 297: 290: 283: 282: 280: 279: 272: 265: 257: 254: 253: 240: 239: 238: 237: 236: 235: 230: 220: 215: 207: 206: 205:Related topics 202: 201: 200: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 151: 150: 144: 143: 142: 141: 136: 131: 126: 124:Sonoran Desert 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 63: 62: 58: 57: 49: 48: 35: 34: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4415: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4274:Tapada limeña 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4238: 4231: 4227: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4133: 4126: 4122: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 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3031:Audiencias 3006:New Toledo 2971:La Florida 2804:Corregidor 2768:Papal bull 2673:Antarctica 2581:Micronesia 2038:Golden Age 1933:Reductions 1847:New Mexico 1815:California 1665:27 October 1640:27 October 1615:12 October 1585:12 October 1559:12 October 1418:: 133–152. 1372:20 October 1304:3 November 1030:1015274908 990:References 908:sacraments 882:Encomienda 849:California 641:Dominicans 635:Dominicans 599:reductions 544:Franciscan 494:reductions 223:Reductions 114:New Mexico 79:California 4383:New Spain 4191:Nicaragua 4169:Guatemala 4079:Pichincha 4064:Chacabuco 4003:Pensacola 3948:Mataquito 3928:Cajamarca 3909:New World 3881:Trafalgar 3785:Alhucemas 3665:Landriano 3650:Comuneros 3636:Old World 3580:Joan Orpí 3300:Royalists 3074:Guatemala 3001:New Spain 2938:Venezuela 2913:Guatemala 2870:New Spain 2865:Columbian 2758:Exequatur 2658:Cape Juby 2512:Argentina 2335:New Spain 2269:Gibraltar 2033:Habsburgs 1907:Río Bueno 1877:Chiquitos 1842:Louisiana 1835:Carolinas 1601:"History" 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Spanish missions in the Americas

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